METAL STRUCTURES

DESIGN LOADS FOR SLABS

TYPES OF SLABS
I. SOLID BLOCK CAST IN PLACE.

A solid slab is one that covers rectangular or square panels that

edges rest on beams to which they transmit their load and these in turn
to the columns. It is supposed that the supports on all its sides are relatively
rigid, with very small arrows compared to those of the slab. The reinforcement for
these slabs are placed in two orthogonal directions to support the moments
developed in each of them. This type of slab is commonly used in the
house construction in Mexico, being simple to build,
economical and because it is easily adaptable to irregular designs.
. Works in two orthogonal directions (skeleton condition), works in
right angles of the beams to the columns.
. Depending on how it is supported, a solid slab should have greater
amount of reinforcement in one direction than in the other.
. If the slab has supporting walls on all four sides, its direction
The main one would be the shortest sense, if it is square either of the two.
senses is the same.
. If the slab has walls on only two sides (they must be opposite) the
the main direction will be the direction perpendicular to the direction of the
supports.
. Corrugated steel is used for adhesion, (which are cast or
emptied without any kind of lightener).
. Generally used with thicknesses up to 15 cm.

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II. INTERMEDIATE FLOOR SLAB

They must be rigid enough to ensure that all walls are

move uniformly in case of an earthquake and the covers must be stable against
the lateral loads, which is why it is necessary to drag them and anchor them to the
walls or support beams.
If the slab is constructed with prefabricated elements, they must be joined together.
and they must connect to the beams that surround the house.
The minimum thickness of the slab depends on the floor system used and the type of
support or supporting elements.

III. UNIDIRECTIONAL SLABS

The Unidirectional Slabs behave basically like wide beams, that

they usually design using a reference of a unit width strip (one meter of
There are additional considerations that will be studied in due course.
When rectangular slabs are supported on two opposite ends and lack
support on the other two remaining edges, they are worked and designed like slabs
unidirectional.

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If the efforts in one direction are predominant over the efforts in the
orthogonal direction, they are called Unidirectional Slabs

When the rectangular slab rests on its four sides (on beams or on
walls), and the length/width ratio is greater than or equal to. , the slab works
fundamentally in the shortest direction, and it is often designed
unidirectionally, although a minimum of assembly must be provided in the direction
orthogonal (long direction), particularly in the area close to the supports, where
important negative bending moments are always developed (tension in the
superior fibers). Positive moments in the long direction are generally
small, but they should also be taken into consideration.

IV. LIGHTENED BIDIRECTIONAL SLABS

The slabs
Foundation
Cover
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Intermediate floor

TRANSMIT THE LOAD WORK

The materials that can be used to make the coffers are the following:
.

BOXING OF
FIBER CASSEROLE Coffering of
POLYSTYRENE
OF GLASS CONCRETE
EXPANDED

CHARACTERISTICS
. Lightness
. Facilities
. It adapts to the project
. Cost
. Acoustic thermal insulation
. Little waste

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V. SLAB WITH BEAMS AND VOIDED BLOCKS

The beam and filler system consists of the load-bearing elements that
they are the prestressed concrete beams and the slabs as elements
joyful. The beams are produced in different sizes (geometric section)
and different shapes, likewise the vaults have different sections both in
length, width, and height, in such a way that there is a great variety of
combinations that can satisfy any need.
We can assure that up to 6.00 meters of clearance is the most economical system of
slabs. The beams are manufactured by different processes that can be: casting in
multiple metal molds and with extrusion machines.
The beams are components of lightweight vibro-compressed concrete for placement.
between the beams as formwork and integral part of the slab.
With the beam and block system, spans of up to 6.3 m can be covered with
the section that is shown.
The spacing between beams is 75 cm from center to center of the beams.
this system the beam is prefabricated and has prestressing type wire with teeth
of 5, 6, and 7 mm. OfØ.
The concrete is high strength f’c = 350 Kg/cm². On the surface of the beam.
the vault has a supplementary compression layer of 4 cm thickness
what will make the slab work as a composite section reducing vibrations and
deformations.

The loads of the system are as follows:

. Own weight of beam 30 Kg/m.
. Weight of the concrete block 20 kg/piece.
. Weight of concrete (firm) 130 Kg/m².

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VI. PREFABRICATED SLAB WITH DIE-CUT SHEET AND SIGNATURE OF

COMPRESSION

The 'steel-framed' has been used for years and to this day it has been established.
as a safe, effective, reliable, and economical product. Today, most of the
multilevel buildings use Losacero in their intermediate floors due to the speed of
execution of work.
It is manufactured in various sizes from 2.44m to 12.50m and in various gauges.
depending on your needs.
It is used in intermediate floors based on concrete or steel structures to
various uses such as parking lots, businesses, vaults, buildings, bridges, and
many others.
The elements that make up this type of cover are:
. Galvanized steel (electrolytic process that prevents it from rusting)
corrosion
. The metal anchored profile
. Concrete
. Welded wire mesh (black steel)

It is manufactured with a temperature pre-stress to achieve greater resistance.

Works with concrete fc= 200kg/cm2
It can only support a cantilever of 10 cm.
They are variables depending on the condition of the material to which they adhere, the ducts.
ya que les permiten estirarse (son flexibles)

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2. LOADS FOR SLABS

2.1. DEAD LOADS
They are the loads that act throughout the life of the structure. They include all
those elements of the structure such as beams, floors, ceilings, columns, roofs
and architectural elements such as windows, finishes, permanent divisions.
They are also called permanent loads. Their symbol 'D' corresponds to the
initial in English of Dead.
The main dead load is the weight of the structure itself. Its values are obtained
considering the specific weight of the material of the structure and the volume of the
structure. Although it is the easiest type of load to assess, its amount depends on
the dimensions of the members of the structure which are not known at the beginning
of the process. It is necessary to resort to estimates of the initial value. This
the action will be more or less approximate, depending on the experience of the
designer. In common cases, this initial estimate will be sufficient; but in
non-routine cases, it will be necessary to re-evaluate the weight of the structure and
review the design.
For longitudinal elements (beams), the load is evaluated per unit length.
It has become customary to evaluate it in the MKS system: "kg/m, t/m". However, starting from the
the validity of the NSR-98 standard should be done in the International System (SI):
N/m, kN/m.
The control of dead loads is very important in concrete structures.
reinforced built "in situ", as the volume of the placed concretes can
be very variable, leading to over-thicknesses that produce additional masses
to those included in the design, affecting the assessment of seismic loads.
In structural steel, they are more easily controlled, since the profiles come from
factory with small weight tolerances.

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For large area elements, such as plates or floors, it is evaluated by the meter
square: kN/m2, (kgf/m2 in MKS system).
Some common examples of self-weights, proposed by the NSR-98 standard and
The Peruvian Bridge Code (CCP-95) is:

MATERIAL WEIGHT DENSITY

Plain concrete 23 kN/m3 2300 Kg/m3
Reinforced concrete 24 kN/m3 2400 Kg/m3
Brick masonry 18 kN/m3 1800 Kg/m3
Steel 78 kN/m3 7850 Kg/m3
Laminated wood 6 kN/m3 600 Kg/m3
Wood, dense, dry 7.5 kN/m³ 750 Kg/m3
Sand, gravel, loose soil 16 kN/m3 1600 Kg/m3
Arena, compacted gravel 19 kN/m3 1900 Kg/m3
Macadam 22 kN/m3 2200 Kg/m3
Stone masonry 27 kN/m3 2700 Kg/m3
Glue mortar 21 kN/m3 2100 Kg/m3

2.2. LIVE LOADS

Live loads are non-permanent loads produced by materials or
articles, and even people in constant motion. Booths, partitions and
people who enter and exit a building can be considered as
live loads. To simplify calculations, live loads are expressed as
uniform loads applied over the area of the building. The live loads that
the maximum loads that are to be
wait for occurrences in the building due to the use it will have and are
determined based on a variable part and a portion sustained by use
daily.
The live loads given in the codes are intended to represent the sum
maximum of all loads that can occur in a small area during the
useful life of the building. In no case should the live loads be less than the
minimum live loads given below:
Vivienda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.80 kN/m2 (180 kgf/m2)
Office... 2.00 kN/m2 (200 kgf/m2)
Scalers in offices and residences... 3.00 kN/m2 (300 kgf/m2)
ó

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− With constant pressure (measured in kilogram-force per square meter) ... 3.00 kN/m2 (300 kgf/m2)
− Sine of the tensile strength... 5.00 kN/m2 (500 kgf/m2)

- Cuarctos .......................... 2.00 kN/m2 (200 kgf/m2)

- Depreciation rates... 4.00 kN/m2 (400 kgf/m2)

− Grades.................4.00 kN/m2 (400 kgf/m2)

− Scalers ................................................................................................ 5.00 kN/m2 (500 kgf/m2)

− Automobiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … . . . . . . . . . . . … . . . . 2.50 kN/m² (250 kgf/m²)

− Hotels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.00 kN/m2 (200 kgf/m2)
− Escuelas, Colegios y Universidades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.00 kN/m2 (200 kgf/m2)
−
− Reading stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … . . . . . . . . . … . . 2.00 kN/m2 (200 kgf/m2)
− Deposits of freeboard... 5.00 kN/m2 (500 kgf/m2)
, ......…...….. ó .
á
í í :
The pending stress is a major 20% ... 0.35 kN/m2 (35 kgf/m2)
− The pending stress is a memory of 20% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.50 kN/m2 (50 kgf/m2)
á :
− Livianas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.00 kN/m2 (500 kgf/m2)
− Pressures.............................. 10.00 kN/m2 (1000 kgf/m2)
ó
- Livianos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … . . . . . 5.00 kN/m2 (500 kgf/m2)
− Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . … . . . . 10.00 kN/m2 (1000 kgf/m2)

− Detail ............... 3.50 kN/m2 (350 kgf/m2)

- Por Mayor ................. 5.00 kN/m2 (500 kgf/m2)
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The railings, handrails, and parapets must be designed to withstand a force

horizontal of 0.75 kN per linear meter, applied at the top. It must
design with the most unfavorable live load effect in the different spans of the
structure or element.
Live loads on a construction site or during the construction process must include:
construction materials, formwork and cranes or other machinery. For
workers and construction materials should be included within the covers
analysis of live loads.

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3. PRACTICAL EXAMPLE

For the calculation of slabs, this will be carried out by load descent, for
which will proceed to calculate the weight of the slab per square meter, through the
next methodology:

a) Sense of Beams:

The direction of the beams has been determined because if they are
arranged based on the shortest span of the main beams generate less
magnitude of Moment, this implies less amount of steel in the design of
the beams, for the project to be carried out were arranged as follows:

Scheme meaning of Beams.

b) Area of Influence Slab on Beam.

Once the direction of the beams is determined, the area is calculated.

of the influence generated by the slab on the beams, this data will be calculated in the
opposite direction to the beams, this data will be useful for later calculations.

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Influence Area of Slab on Beam.

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c) Weight of slab per square meter:

To determine the weight generated on a square meter of slab
we must specify what are the elements that make up or are part of the
losa. These are:
Elements of a Slab.

There are 2 beams per square meter to determine the weight.

from these, the volume they occupy in the square meter is calculated
slab

( ) [2(Area) * 1 (m)] * γ(H) )

( )[ = 2(0.1m ∗ 0.20m) ∗]1 (m)∗ 2450( )

m2

( ) 98 (kg)

To determine the weight of the compression folder, it is determined as follows

way

( . ) = [(Area) * 1 (m)] * g(H)

( . piso) [ = (0.05m * 1m) * 1 (m)∗] 2450( )

m2

( . ) = 122.5 (kg)

( . ) = 123 (kg)

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The implementation of a leveling folder is necessary as in the

At the moment of emptying the subfloor, there are areas or sections of the slab where
note an unevenness either due to poor vibration or workmanship, and the weight that influences

this leveling folder is calculated as follows:

( . ) ó = [(Area) * 1 (m)] * γ(H)

( . niveleación) [ = (0.05m * 1m) * 1 (m)∗ ]2400( )

m2

( . ) ó = 120 ( )

( á ) =(Area) * 1 (m) * γ(ceramics)

( á )[ ]
(0.02m ∗ 1m) ∗ 1 (m)∗ 1800( )
m2

( á ) = 36 (kg)

For the plastering of the lower base of the slab, gypsum will be considered:

( ) [(Area) * 1 (m)] * γ(yespo)

( )[ (0.03m ∗ 1m) ∗ 1 (m)∗] 1500( )

m2

( ) = 45 (kg)
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The weight of the slab per square meter is:

. =( ) ( + ) ( . )+ ( . ) ó + á + ( )

. ( )
= 98 ( kg
+ 123 ) + 120( kg) + 36 (kg ) + 45 (kg)

. = 425( )
m2

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