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Understanding Formal Logic and Inference

The document discusses formal logic, emphasizing its role in distinguishing valid and invalid arguments through premises and conclusions. It provides examples of inference exercises to illustrate how conclusions are derived from given premises. Additionally, it highlights the importance of identifying true and false propositions in logical reasoning.

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5 views4 pages

Understanding Formal Logic and Inference

The document discusses formal logic, emphasizing its role in distinguishing valid and invalid arguments through premises and conclusions. It provides examples of inference exercises to illustrate how conclusions are derived from given premises. Additionally, it highlights the importance of identifying true and false propositions in logical reasoning.

Translated by

ScribdTranslations
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Philosophical logic

FORMAL LOGIC: It is understood as the science that has


methods that help distinguish between arguments
(reasoning what demonstrate, refute or justify
valid and invalid, using state values such as:
true (T) and false (F).
Characteristics
This logic is useful for going to the truth, logic studies the
formal structure of thought, works from
premises (STATEMENT OR IDEA GIVEN AS TRUE AND
WHAT SERVES AS A BASIS FOR A REASONING OR A
DISCUSSION) and conclusion (END OF SOMETHING), that is, it makes the
premises give birth to a conclusion.
Inference exercises
For example: (A proposition is a statement) P: V
P= Proposición C: Conclusión.
1.- P1: All Greek gods are immortal.
P2: Zeus is a God.
Therefore, Zeus is immortal.

All trees belong to the kingdom


vegetal.
The pine is a tree.
C: Therefore, the pine is a plant of the
species of trees.
When I am going to create an inference exercise, I must
to consist of three elements: (this is the formula) P1 + P2 + C
Therefore,
Today Tuesday I am cold.
All winters are cold.
C: Therefore, we are cold because we are in winter.

Arturo Prat is considered a national hero.


P2: Chile remembers its heroes every year.
Therefore, Arturo Prat is a hero remembered by all
years.

3.- P1: We are in winter and it's cold today.


This Friday I must bundle up because it's cold.
C: Therefore, in winter we must keep warm.

Leo Rey is a cumbia singer.


Leo sings a hit called Eva.
Therefore, Leo Rey is a successful singer.

This process is called INFERENCE, which is to extract from


the premises a conclusion or take for granted that a
one proposition follows another in a chain.
In logic, propositions are categorized as truths or
in falsehoods. For example, a false proposition would be:
This is an exercise in inference Proposition
False. - exercise of inference is: true.
All panda bears are red.
P2: The panda July is a red mammal.
C: Therefore, the panda Julio is red. (this is a fallacy, the
it means deception or lie

The months of the year are 13.


August is one of the months of the year.
Therefore, August is one of the 13 months of the year.

The proposition is false, that is to say, it is a fallacy. But the


inference is true
P1: Todos los humanos son inmortales.
Martn is a human.
Therefore, Martin is immortal.

All birds fly.


Chickens are birds.
C: Therefore, all chickens fly.

In your notebook: EVALUATION 4 COF1


1. Observe the following
next puzzle exercise,
where you should create an inference
about what was observed:
A) I must have premises (two). P
B) P1 :
C) P2:
D) C: THEREFORE, in the conclusion
you must include the reply of
acertjo.
E) A conclusion C
F) You have until 11:45 to
send it to the professor's email
with your first name, last name, and course

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