Section I - Introduction

AEuropeit is the second smallest continent in the world after theOceania, having
a length of 10,530,751square kilometers, representing 11.5% of the land area.
Strictly speaking in terms ofgeographycontemporary, Europe, as
Oceania is no longer categorized as a continent and is
considered macrounits geographic (MUG), since effectively, in
In the case of Europe, this macro geographical unit is a western extension.
of the Eurasian continent.

Characterize Europe, both geographically (with a strong focus on the climate)

like in yourhuman geography, the high average amount of backs
maritime and oceanic due to the presence of abundant peninsulas, gulfs,
internal seas and islands. This is the influx of theGulf Streamand the proximity
the hot deserts of Africa and Asia determine that in Europe it prevails,
despite the latitudes, atemperate climate invulnerability benign for the
human habitability. On the other hand, the abundance of coasts and waterways.
allowed and allows the movement of populations and then their establishment
since the end ofPleistocene(when theHomo sapiens they replaced theMan
neandertalensis).

1.1 Objectives

1.1.1 General objective

Explain about Europe and its history;

Demonstrate your Location and Dimension;
Analyze your steps.

1.1.2 Specific objectives

Deepen the knowledge of the subject.

1.1.3 Methodology

The methodology used in this work was inductive and deductive;

The method used in this work was the scientific method because it was the
database of scientific books and virtual pages.

Europe Page 1
Section II - Europe

2.1 Concepts

Europe, by convention, one of the sixcontinentsof the world.

Understanding thepeninsulawestern ofEurasiaEurope generally divides

it is givenAsiato the east by thewatershedtwoUral Mountains, orUral River, o sea

Caspian, orCaucasus, and theBlack Seato the southeast. Europe is bounded by theocean
Arctic Glacialand other bodies of water in the north, by theAtlantic Oceanto the west,
hairMediterranean Sea to the south, and by theBlack Sea and by navigable waterways
interconnected to the southeast. However, the borders to Europe, a concept
that dates back toClassical antiquityare somewhat arbitrary, given that the term
"Europe" can refer to a cultural and political or geographical distinction.

Europe is the fourth most populous continent in the world, afterAsia,

aAfricaand the(s)America(s), with 740 million inhabitants in 2015, about
11% ofworld populationnaquele yesthat is, for every 100 people in the world
During this period, 11 lived on the continent. However, according to
aUnited Nations (average estimate), the European weight can
will fall to around 7% by 2050. In 1900, for example, the European population
represented 25% of the world population (that is, for every 4 inhabitants of
world that year, 1 lived within the limits of the continent.

Europe, namely theAncient Greece, is considered the cradle of culture

westernHaving played a predominant role on the world stage
starting from the 16th century, especially after the beginning ofcolonialismAmong the
From the 16th to the 20th century, European nations controlled at various times

asAmericasmost of Africa,Oceaniaand a large part of Asia.

Both theworld wars were largely centered in Europe,

being considered the main factor for a decline in dominance
da Western Europe in world politics and economy since the mid
of the 20th century, with theUnited States and aSoviet Union winning larger
protagonism. During theCold War, Europe was politically divided
throughout theIron Curtain between theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization

North, to the west, and theWarsaw Pact, to the east.

Europe Page 2
The desire to avoid another war accelerated the process ofEuropean integratione
led to the formation of theEuropean Council and fromEuropean Union in Europe
Western, which, since thefall of the Berlin Wall and I doend of the Union
Sovietin 1991, have beenexpand to the eastThe largest coin
part of the countries of the European Union, theeuro, it is more commonly used by
Europeans; TheSchengen Agreement abolished strong immigration controls in

borders of member countries of the European Union. Thehymn to Joyit is the anthem of
European Council and the European Union.

2.2 Definition

The use of the term 'Europe' has gradually developed throughout history.
Naantiquity, the Greek historian Herodotus probably referring to
maps ofHecataeus of Miletusalthough not naming it explicitly, describes the
world as if divided into three continents, namely Europe,
Asia and theLibya(Africa), with theNileand theFásis River forming from your borders,
although it also states that some considered theDon Riverinstead of the Fásis,
like the border between Europe and [Link] Josephus and theBook of
Jubileethey describe the continents as the lands given byNoahto your
three children, with Europe being defined among theColumns of HerculesnoNarrow
of Gibraltar, separating it from Africa, and the Don River, separating it from Asia.

The cultural definition of Europe as lands ofChristianityLatin America has consolidated.

in the eighth century, signifying a new cultural location created through the confluence
of Germanic traditions and Latin Christian culture, defined in part, in
contrast with theIslamandByzantine Empire, and limited to the north by the Iberia
(noCaucasus), British Isles, France, GermanywesternChristianized, and the
northern and central alpine regionsItalyThis division, both geographical
as a cultural element, was used until theLow Middle Ageswhen she was challenged

for theAge of DiscoveriesThe problem of redefining Europe,

finally was resolved in1730when, in time of channels,
ogeographerecartographerSwedishof Strahlenbergproposed the Ural Mountains as
the most important border of the east, a suggestion that was accepted in Russia and
throughout Europe.

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Europe is now generally defined by geographers as
apeninsulawestern of theEurasia, with its limits marked by large
water masses to the north, west, and south; limits of Europe for theExtreme
Eastare normally taken for theUrais, orUral Riverand theCaspian Sea, a
southeast, the mountains ofCaucasus, orBlack Seaand in the paths that connect the Sea
Black toMediterranean Sea.

Sometimes, the word 'Europe' is used in a waygeopoliticallylimited

to refer only toEuropean Unionor, even more exclusive, to a core
defined cultural. On the other hand, theCouncil of Europe there are 47 countries

members, and only 28 member states are part of theEuropean UnionBesides

therefore, people who live in insular areas, such as theIreland, orUnited Kingdom,
in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean and islands also in the Scandinaviacan

routinely refer tocontinental part or to the continent of Europeyou

simply as 'the continent'.

Map of Europe, showing thegeographic boundaries most used20

(legend:blue=transcontinental countriesgreen = historically countries
Europeans, but outside of European borders.

Europe Page 4
2.3 Etymology

NaGreek mythology, Europeshe was a princessPhoeniciawhatZeuskidnapped

after assuming the form of a stunning white bull. He took her to
the island ofCrete, where she gave birthMinos, RadamanthyseSarpedon.
ForHomerEurope (inGreekEurope was a mythical queen
from Crete and not a geographical designation. Later, the term Europe was
used to refer to thecentral-north Greece, and in 500 B.C., its meaning
It was extended to the lands to the north.

The name Europe has an uncertain etymology. One theory suggests that the word is
derived from the Greek εὐρύς (eurus), which means 'wide, broad' and ὤψ/ὠπ-/ὀπτ-
(ōps/ōp-/opt-) means 'eye, face, countenance', therefore Eur ṓpē would be something
as 'broad contemplation'. Broad was oneepithetof its ownEarthnareligion
proto-Indo-EuropeanAnother theory suggests that the term is based on a
wordpathas the same meaning ofAcadianerebu, something like "for
go down, put oneselfWest), a relative ofPhoeniciannight; west
and I doArabdoMaghreb, do HebrewEvening (ver Erebus, PIE*h1regʷos
darkness". However, M. L. West states that "phonologically, the
correspondence between the name Europe and any form of the Semitic word
is very poor.

The main languages of the world most use words derived from 'Europe'
to refer to the 'continent' (peninsula). TheChinese, for example, uses the
the word Ōuzhōu (Europe); this term is also used to refer to theUnion
Europeanin diplomatic relations inJapanese language, despite of the

termkatakanaEurope?) is more commonly used. In

meanwhile, in some Turkic languages, the name originallyPersianFrangistan
(land offrancsis used casually to refer to the large part of the
Europe, in addition to official names such as Avrupa or Evropa.

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Section III - Geography

PhysiographicallyEurope is the northwest component of the largest landmass.

of the planet, known as theEurasia, or EurafrasiaAsia occupies the largest
eastern part of this continuous land and everyone shares a platform
common continental. The eastern border of Europe is now commonly
defined by theUral Mountains, in Russia. The geographer of the 1st century [Link],
considered theDon River"Tanais" as the boundary for the Black Sea, as they used to say

the first sourcesJewish artifacts.

The southeast border with Asia is not universally defined, given that theriver
Ural, or, alternatively, the Emba Riverthey commonly serve as limits
possible. The limit continues until theCaspian Seathe crest of the mountains
doCaucasus, or, alternatively, theCura River in the Caucasus, and the Black Sea,
Bosphorus, orSea of Marmara, o Dardanelles Strait, oAegean Seathey conclude the
limit with Asia. TheMediterranean Sea to the south separates Europe from Africa. The
borderwesternit's theAtlantic Ocean, a Icelandalthough closer
ofGreenland(North Americathan that of continental Europe, are
usually included in Europe.

Por causa das diferenças sócio-políticas e culturais, existem várias descrições

of the border of Europe, with some sources indicating that some territories do not
they are included in Europe, while other sources include them. For example,
the geographers of theRussia and other post-Soviet countries usually include
the Urals in Europe, including the Caucasus in Asia. Similarly, theCyprusé
closer toAnatolia(orAnatolia), but it is often considered
part of Europe and is currently a member state ofEUIn addition

of this,Maltait has been considered an island of Africa for several centuries.

3.1 The Extension of Europe

Europe is the second smallest continent in the world after Oceania. It has
an area of 10,530,751 km², representing 11.5% of the emerged lands of
planet. It is located west of Asia, north of Africa, east of the Ocean
Atlantic and south of the Arctic Ocean. The continent is composed of 50
countries.

Europe Page 6
Two of these countries are also part of Asia, they are Turkey and the
Russia. If we don't count on Russia, the country where most of its
the territory is located in Asia, the area of Europe is smaller than that of Brazil,
even showing many more countries than Brazil has states.

3.2 The Divisions

According to spatial and economic viewpoints, it can be divided

aEuropein four regions:Western Europe, Northern Europe, Europe
Central-EasterneSouthern Europe. Being:

Western Europeregion that includes some of the so-called countries

atlantic or be, bathed hairocean Atlantic(Kingdom
United, Republic of Ireland andFrance) those who maintain a direct relationship
with o Atlantic through theNorth Sea: Countries
Lows, BelgiumeGermanyand the landlocked countries, but
that are directly or indirectly linked to the West
(Austria, Switzerland, LuxembourgandLiechtenstein).

Northern Europeregion that encompasses theNorwayand aSweden,

located inScandinavian Peninsula, besides the Finland,

IcelandeDenmarkalso includes theEstoniaLatvia andLithuania,

that from 1990 became independent from the thenUnion
SovietThe inclusion of these countries in the region is justified for reasons
economic and due to their ethnic and cultural proximity to the Finns.
Eastern Central EuropeIt is formed by the group of ancient countries.
Eastern socialistsPoland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary,
Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Slovenia,
Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina the Macedonia and by the republics that
constituted the ancientSoviet Union, in its European part:
Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia,
AzerbaijanandRussiaEuropean.
Southern Europeregion that is also called Mediterranean,
understand the countries located in the south of the continent, almost all

bathed hair sea Mediterranean Portugal, Spain,

The Europe Page 7

 Italy, GreeceandTurkeyEuropean in addition to several microstates

- Vatican, San Marino, Monaco, Maltae Andorra.

3.3 The Relief

The European relief shows great variation within relatively areas.

small. The southern regions are more mountainous, and as one moves to
north the land descends from the highsAlps, PyreneeseCarpathiansthrough

mountain plateaus and low plains of the north, which are vast
read. This extended plain is known as theEuropean Great Plain, and
in your heart lies theNorthern German PlainA bow of
highlands also exist along the northwestern coast, which begins at
western part of the island ofGreat Britainand fromIreland, and continues along the
mountainous column, withfjordscut, fromNorway.

This description is simplified. Sub-regions such as the Iberian Peninsula e

aItalian Peninsulacontain their own complex characteristics, as does the
Central continental Europe itself, where the relief contains manyplateaus,
valleys of rivers and basins that complicate the general trend. Sub-regions like
aIceland, aGreat Britainand aIrelandthere are special cases. The first is a
independent land in the northern ocean, which is considered as part of the
Europe, while the other two are mountainous areas that once were
part of the continent to sea level cuts them off from the main landmass.

3.4 The Fauna and the Flora

Fauna

The great variety of fauna is in the European continent, where you

you can find the most varied species of amphibians, birds, insects,
mammals, reptiles, and much more, spread across all countries, cities and
forests of Europe.

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Main species of European fauna

In the Arctic region (far north of Europe):

White bear
Arctic Hare
Wolf
Rena

In the Taiga regions

Brown bear
Lynx

In the Mediterranean region:

Dae (family of deer)

Iberian goat
Field mouse
Wild goat

In the Baltic coast region:

European otter
Seal
Seagull

European forests and woodlands:

Deer
Merlot (bird)
Noble deer
Gamer (similar to a deer)
European badger
Squirrel
Lebr
Wild boar

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 Ferret
Hedgehog
Mole
Fox
Weasel
Weasel
Bats

The Flora of Europe

The various plant landscapes of Europe are correlated with the types of
climate; however, they have suffered strong influence from human activity. The main ones are

the following:

Tundra: To the north, in a strip 200 - 300 km along the ocean's edge,
the tundra is found - a low vegetation formed by mosses,
lichens and dwarf birches.
Taiga: As the temperature rises, the taiga or forest emerges.
of conifers (pines, firs, etc.), found in Sweden, Norway and
north of Russia.
Broadleaf forest: To the south of the taiga, the broadleaf forest begins.
broad leaves), which gain greater presence on the Atlantic coast,
It is mainly made up of chestnut, beech, and oak.
Mixed forest of broadleaf trees and conifers. This vegetation formation
predominates in Central Europe.
Mediterranean forest: In the southeastern part of the Mediterranean Sea occurs the

called Mediterranean evergreen forest (of evergreen leaves), with

dominance of oak, cork oak, and thuja.
Steppe: In the southeast region of Europe, where the climate becomes drier,
the steppe appears, formed by low grasses and thorny plants.

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3.5 Hydrology and Types of Climates

Hydrography

(or delimit boundaries) of Germany,Austria, Czech Republic, Croatia,

Hungary, Serbia, Romania, BulgariaeUkraineThe Volga River is the longest river in
Europe. It starts inLake Ladoga and crosses north-south through the region
west of Russia to flow into theCaspian Sea.

Among the European lakes, the highlight is theCaspian Sea, located on the border with the

Asia and has 371,000 km²; and theLake Ladoga, na Russian Federation, this
the last or largest located entirely on the continent, with an area of 17,700 km².
Other extensive lakes are theOnega, orVener, orSaimaa, orVeteran, among others.

Climate

Europe is mainly found in the areas oftemperate climate, being

submitted to currents ofwinds from the westThe climate is milder in
comparison with other areas of the same latitude around the world due to
influence of theGulf StreamThe Gulf Stream is the nickname of
"central heating of Europe", because it makes the climate of Europe warmer
and more humid than it would otherwise be. The Gulf Stream carries not only
warm water off the coast of Europe, but also warms the winds that blow from
west across the continent ofAtlantic Ocean.

Therefore, the average temperature throughout the whole year ofNaples, it is from

16°C(60,8°F) while it stays at just 12 °C (53.6 °F), in New York,

it's almost the samelatitude. Berlin, noGermany; Calgary, noCanada,
eIrkutskin the Asian part of Russia, they are around the same latitude,
January temperatures in Berlin average around 8 °C (15 °F),
higher than those recorded in Calgary, and are almost 22 °C
higher than the average temperatures in Irkutsk.

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Section IV - Final Considerations

After the confrontations made and readings done through the internet and some
virtual books the group reached the following conclusion: Due to such assumptions,
especially concerning this last aspect, is that this work aims to
purpose to discuss Europe.

Europe is a continent situated in three distinct hemispheres: the northern,

the western and the eastern. It is located to the west of Asia, north of Africa, to the east
to the Atlantic Ocean and to the south of the Arctic Ocean. The societies that
the inhabitants of this continent were the main responsible for the colonization
da maior parte dos demais territórios do planeta, sendo, por isso, denominado
as the 'center of the world', although, in cartographic terms, this
expression to be considered incorrect.

Europe brings together a total of 50 countries, of which two also make

part of Asia: Turkey and Russia. Despite this high number of countries,
its area is small, about 10,180.00 km². If we do not take into account the
Russia, a country where most of its territory is located in Asia, its
space decreases to an area smaller than Brazil, having, however,
many more countries than Brazil has states.

This large concentration of small territories is explained by historical factors.

relations of instability that marked the region. As it was in Europe itself
where the idea of the modern state was first established, it was also there that the
different nations began their struggles for the constitution of their
own states. This struggle, it is worth remembering, is still present in many
places, with emphasis on Spain, where Catalans, Basques, Navarrese and
other peoples seek the formation of their own countries, which would elevate
even more the number of States on this continent.

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Bibliography and Reference

Bibliography

ANTUNES, Celso (1991). Geografia e participação. Europa, Ásia, África

Oceania 3rd ed. São Paulo: Scipione. 160 pages.
VARIOUS AUTHORS (2007). April Almanac 2007 33rd ed. São
Paulo: Abril. 730 páginas
Williams, Glyndwr (1968). The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth
Century. Blandford Press.

Reference

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