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“YEAR OF STRENGTHENING NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY TORIBIO

RODRIGUES DE MENDOZA DE AMAZONAS

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND

ENVIRONMENTAL

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

AMBIENTAL

OPERATIONS
UNITARIAN

THEME : EXERCISES FROM CHAPTER 3

TEACHER : CAMPOS RAMOS RICARDO EDMUNDO

CYCLE : IV

STUDENTS : - ALVA CHAVEZ DEICY MARIBEL

HUAMURO VELA JORDAN GESSLER

VELA SILVA HELDER GIL

SALAZAR OLASCOAGA MARDELITH

CHACHAPOYAS - PERU
2023
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EXERCISES FROM CHAPTER THREE MASS BALANCES,

FLOW MODELS AND REACTORS

[Link] a chemical reaction, the following concentrations were observed

of species A at different times.
The following data was obtained:
TIME CONCENTRATION OF
(h) A mg/l
0 50.8
7.5 32.0
15 19.7
22.5 12.3
30 7.6

Graph 1

CONCENTRATION vs TIME
60
50.8
50

40
32
30
19.7
20
12.3
10 7.6

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (h)

Determine:
a) The reaction order and the rate constant, k.
b) The concentration of A after 20 hours.
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Solution:
a) In this problem there are many possibilities that our reaction will be different.
type of order whether zero order or in any case first or second order.

CONCENTRATION OF A TIME
APPLYING ln (h)
3.93 0
3.47 7.5
2.98 15
2.51 22.5
2.03 30

CONCENTRATION vs TIME
4.5
3.93
4
3.47
3.5
2.98
3
2.51
2.5
2.03
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time in (h)

By replacing the concentration value with the natural logarithm in the line of the graph
we note that the concentration is linear with time and therefore the order of reaction is of
first order.
Speed constant, k

By definition we have that:

Replacing:

Solving we have that:

Constant speed:
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b) With the already obtained constant, the concentration of A can be calculated at a time of 20.
hours.

Formula:

Property:

We replace:

RESPONSE:

The concentration over a period of 20 hours will be 14.306 mg/l.

02.-During a chemical reaction, the following concentration of species was observed.

To the different moments.

Tabla de datos:
CONCENTRATION OF A TIME
APPLYING ln (h)
3.93 0
3.47 7.5
2.98 15
2.51 22.5
2.03 30
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Graph: The concentration is not linear with time.

CONCENTRATION REGARDING TIME

140
125
120

100

80

60

38.5
40
23.3
20 16.1 12.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time in (h)

We determine:
a) The reaction order and the rate constant, k.
b) The concentration of A after 18 hours

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Solution:
a) When replacing the value of the concentration with its inverse, in the line of the
In the graph we notice that the concentration is linear with time and therefore the order
The reaction is of second order.

Concentration at a certain time

0.09
0.08
0.08

0.07
0.062
0.06

0.05 0.043
0.04

0.03 0.026

0.02
0.008
0.01

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

Time in (h)

We calculate the constant K

By formula we have:

Replacing:

Response:

The rate constant is

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b) We calculate the concentration of A after 18 hours.

We apply the formula for a second-order reaction.

Operating we have to:

Response:
The concentration of A after 18 hours will be

A plug flow chemical reactor has an inlet flow with a

concentration of 150 mg/l of A and a flow rate of 100 gal/min (380 l/min). The
the reaction is first order, the reaction is first order, the equation of

speed is: ythe speed constant is 0.40 h

Determine:
a) The necessary detention time and the volume of the reactor if the effluent
contiene 20mg/l de A. exprese el volumen en galones y litros.

Formula for a flow reactor:

Where do we have to: , y

Replacing:

Time of detention equal to:

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After determining the stopping time, we now calculate the

volume for an effluent of 20 mg/L.

b) A graph of the percentage of deleted or converted against the time of

detention.

For a first-order reaction:

We replace:

To create the graph we assign values to

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04.-. A dispersed plug flow chemical reactor has an influent flow with
a concentration of 150 mg / l of A and a flow rate of 100 g. min (380 l / min). The
The reaction is of first order, the rate equation is:

The rate constant is 0.40 h.

Determine:
a) The required detention time and the volume of the reactor if the effluent
contains 20 mg/L of A.

Equation to determine the concentration of the effluent:

Where:

, y

Dismantling:

We replace:

Response:

The stop time is 16.25 hours

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After determining the detention time, we now calculate the

volume for 20 mg/L

Response:

When the effluent contains 20 mg/L, its volume is 370,500 liters.

b) A graph of the percentage eliminated or converted in front of the time of

detention.

We clear from the equality:

So we have to:

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To create the percentage chart, we assign values to

TIME (h)
%
0 0.00 0%
5 0.67 67%
10 0.80 80%
15 0.86 86%
20 0.89 89 %
25 0.91 91%
30 0.92 92 %
35 0.93 93 %
40 0.94 94%
45 0.95 95%
50 0.95 95%
55 0.96 96%
60 0.96 96%
65 0.96 96 %
70 0.97 97%
75 0.97 97%
80 0.97 97 %

Graph

PERCENTAGE GRAPH
120%

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
T (h)

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05. A dispersed plug flow chemical reactor has an incoming flow with a
concentration of 150 mg/L of A and a flow rate of 100 gal/min (380 L/min). The

the reaction is first order, the rate equation is

Velocity constant is 0.40 h-1. The longitudinal dispersion number, D/vL, is

1,0.
Determine: a. The required stopping time and the required volume if the
elimination or conversion of A is 90%. Express the volume in gallons and liters.
We converted the percentage removed (the conversion rate, ) in the relationship of the
initial concentrations and ends

We calculate the detention time in a piston flow:

With the performance comparison table of reactors we have:

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We calculate the detention time for the dispersed piston flow:

The detection time for the dispersed plug flow reactor is 12.7 hours.

Lo siguiente será calcular el volumen utilizando la ecuación:

b) The residence time and the volume of the reactor required if the removal or
The conversion of A is 80%. Express the volume in gallons and liters.

We convert the eliminated percentage (the conversion rate, ) in the relationship of the
initial concentrations and finals

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We calculate the detention time in a piston flow:

With the performance comparison table of reactors, we have to:

We calculate the detention time for the dispersed piston flow.

The detection time for the dispersed plug flow reactor is 10.4 hours.

The next step will be to calculate the volume using the equation:

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06. A piston flow reactor has a conversion of A of 90% and the reaction is of
first order. If a dispersed plug flow reactor has the same volume and a
dispersion index, D/vl, of 1.0, what will be the conversion percentage?
We use the yield equation and evaluate at a 90% conversion:

We compare the two reactors according to the graph developed by Levelpiel and
Bischoff for a first-order reaction in a plug flow reactor
dispersed in relation to its volume.

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Where do we obtain that the performance of the dispersed piston flow reactor is:

Then we calculate the conversion percentage:

Response:
The relationship percentage for a dispersed piston flow reactor is 78%

07. Three CSTRs of equal volume will be used in series. The inflow has a
concentration of 150 mg/l of A and the flow rate is 100 gal/min (380 l/min). The
The reaction is first order, the rate equation is:

The rate constant is 0.40 h−1.

Determine:

a graph of on the y-axis in front of on the x-axis on arithmetic paper.

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b) The average residence time and the volume of each reactor if the elimination or
The conversion of A is 80%. What are the concentration of A and the rate of
conversion in each reactor? Use a graphical solution that employs the graph of the
Part (a). Express the volume in gallons and liters.

Departure concentration()

Residence time (θ)

For 'n' reactors:

What are the concentration of A and the conversion rate in each reactor?

For n reactors:

Conversion rate:

REACTOR NO. 1:

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CONCENTRATION A vs TIME
70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

REACTOR N° 2:

REACTOR N° 3:

Express the volume in gallons and liters. Based on the time formula.
residence
V=Q

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If a single CSTR has an average residence time equal to the total of the times
residence time for the three CSTRs in series in part (b), what will it be?
concentration of effluent A? What will be the percentage of elimination or
conversion? For parts (b) and (c). Use a graphical solution using the graph of the
part (a).

CSTR = Total tiempo de los tres reactores:

What will be the concentration of effluent A?

Reactor #1:

What will be the elimination or conversion percentage?

The percentage eliminated is 78%

08. Three CSTRs will be used in series. The second reactor has double the volume.
that the first and the third. The inflow has a concentration of 150 mg/l of
And the flow rate is 100 gal/min (380 t/min). The reaction is first order, the
equation of:

Speed is And the reaction constant is

Determine:

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a. A graph of on the y-axis versus Ca on the x-axis on arithmetic paper.

First we determine the velocity equation to have 2 points and graph.
point (0,0) and a point (150, X)

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
CA(mg/L)

b) The average residence time and the volume of each reactor if the elimination or
conversión de A es del 90%. ¿Cuál es la concentración de A y la tasa de conversión
in each reactor?, use a graphical solution using the graph from part (a).
Express the volume in gallons and liters.
We drew the three reactors according to the given proportional measurements.

We know that V=Q

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Replacing:

Residence time:

VOLUME IN LITERS AND GALLONS.

Volume of the first and third reactor:

Volume of the second reactor:

Concentration of a in each reactor:

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Conversion rate in each reactor.

Three CSTRs of equal volume will be used in series. The inlet flow has a
concentration of 150 mg/L of A and the flow rate is 100 gal/min (380 L/min). The
−d C A
The reaction is first order, the rate equation is =KC2A=−r A the
dt
reaction constant is 0.007 h−1

Determine:

a) The graph of−rAon the y-axis versus CA on the x-axis on an arithmetic paper

−r A =K C2A
2
−r A = ( )(
0.0070L150mg
mg−hr L )
−r A =157.7hr

CA −r A =K C2A

0 0
20 2.8
30 6.3
50 17.5
70 34.3
90 56.7
110 84.7
130 118.3

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150 157.5

180

160 157.5

140

118.3
120

100
84.7
80

60 56.7

40 34.3

20 17.5

2.8 6.3
0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

10.- Three CSTRs of equal volume will be used in series. The inlet flow has a
concentration of 150 mg/L of A and the flow rate is 100 gal/min (380). The reaction is

of second order, the velocity equation is

The rate constant is 0.0070 l/mg-hr
Determine:

a) The graph of -rA on the y-axis versus CA on the y-axis on arithmetic paper.

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CA −r A =K C2A

0 0.0
10 0.7
20 2.8
30 6.3
40 11.2
50 17.5
60 25.2
70 34.3
80 44.8
90 56.7
100 70.0
110 84.7
120 100.8
130 118.3
140 137.2
150 157.5

180

160 157.5

140 137.2

118.3
120
100.8
100
84.7
80 70

60 56.7
44.8
40 34.3
25.2
20 17.5
11.2
2.8 6.3
0 0.7
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

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b) The average residence time and the volume of each reactor if the elimination or
The conversion of A is 80%. What are the concentration of A and the rate of
conversion in each reactor? Use a graphical solution employing the graph
from part (a). express the volume in gallons and liters.
We make the equality in the equations:

To determine the average residence time and the volume of each reactor, one
perform the following calculation:

Replacing the value of :

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Then we calculate the volume:

We calculated the concentration of each reactor:

We calculate the conversion rate:

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11) 3 CSRT of equal volume will be used in series. The influent flow has a
concentration of 150mg/l of A and the flow rate is 100 gal/min (380 L/min). The
−d C A
the reaction is first order, the rate equation is =k C A =−r A and the
dt
velocity constant is 0.40 h−1

a) The residence time and the average volume of each reactor if the conversion of
It is 90%. Express the volume in gallons and liters.

For the start concentration:

( C A ) C=C1−
A
1
X(
A n 0 A )
CA=150 ( 1−0.9 )=150
n ( 101 ) mg/ L
C A=15mg/ L
n

-For the residence time (θ):

CA n

In n reactors: CA
= n 1
1+k θ
0
( )

( ( ) ) ((
−1
CA
) −1 )
−1
1 n 1 15
θ= n
−1= 3
k CA 0
0.4 150

θ=2.89 hours

We express the volume in gallons and liters using the time formula.
residence: V = Q* θ

100 gallons in 60 minutes

V= × ×2.89h=17340 gallons
min h

380L60min
V= × ×2.89h=65892L
min h

b) The concentration of A in each reactor and its effluent

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CA n
In reactors:
CA
n

0
= ( 1
1+k θ )
1
In reactor 1: C A= 1
( 1
1+ 0.4 ) (2.89 )
(
( 150=70mg/L
)
)
2
-In reactor 2: C A= 2
( 1
1+ 0.4 ) (2.89 )
(
(150=32.3mg/
)
)L

3
In reactor 3: C A= 3
( 1
1+ (0.4 ) (2.89 ) )
(150=15mg/
) L

c) The average total residence time and the total volume for the three reactors.
Express the volume in gallons and liters

Residence time (θ)

CA n

In "n" reactors: CA
n

0
= ( 1
1+k θ )

(( ) ) ((
−1
CA
) hours
−1
θ=
1
k CA
n

0
n
−1=
1
0.4
15
150 ) −1=2.89
3

Total residence time (θ)

θtotall =3θ
θtotall =3∗( 2.89 hours )
θtotal=8.67 hours

-Total volume in gallons and liters

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V total=3∗(17340 gallons)
V total=52020gal

V total=3∗(65892L)
V total=197676L

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