Nature and

Fundamentals
of Statistics

Prepared by: Dr. Patricia Erendida Muratalla Guzmán

 What is Statistics?

Collect and Analyze and Present

organize interpret

It is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing

interpret information and present it, for
help to make more effective decisions.

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 Classification of statistics
Pob
relation
JJJ J
JJ Muestra
J JJ JJ J JJ
JJ JJJJ J J
J J JJJ
JJ JJJ J JJ J
J JJJ J
JJJ J J J J J
JJ J J J

Set of methods for

Set of methods
organize, summarize and
to determine any
present the data in a way
informative, as well as the
measurable attribute about
calculation of measurements from a population to
representative statistics. from a sample.
Don't try to explain Make generalizations.
phenomena, just describe them.
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Objective of statistics

Make inferences
(predicciones, decisiones)
about a population,
on the basis of the
information contained in
a sample.

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Basic terms
statistical

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 Basic statistical terms

Set of all the A portion, collection,

elements (individuals or subset or part of the
objects) that are being elements that make up
the population.
studying about
which is attempted
draw conclusions.
When working with all the elements of a population, it is said
a census is being conducted.
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 Basic statistical terms

Population Sample

Parameter Statistician
A numerical measurement A numerical measurement
that describes some which describes some
characteristic of a characteristic of a
population. sample.

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 Basic statistical terms
Population

Variable
A characteristic of
interest about each
element of a
population or a
Sample sample.

Date
It is the value of the variable
associated with an element of
a population or a
sample.
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 Example 1 of basic concepts
Mitofsky Consult conducted an opinion study "How is
Does the Mexican feel it?
adults, residents in the Mexican territory. They are
He asked if it was better or worse for them than in 2006. The
66.7% (800) said that in 2007 it was "better" than in the
2006 and with it concluded two out of every three citizens.
they consider that in 2007 things went generally“better” what
a year ago.

What will Consulta Mitofsky report regarding the perception of

the Mexicans?
Is this an example of descriptive or inferential statistics?
Who is the population?
Who is the sample?
Who is the variable under study?
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 Data
Qualitative Quantitative
the attribute the numeric
It is the result of a It is the result of a
process that categorizes or process that quantifies,
describe an element of what counts or measures.
a population.

Discrete Continuous
They are those They are those
that arise from that arise from
a count. a measurement.

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 Types of variables

Qualitative Quantitative
(qualitative data) (quantitative data)

Discrete You continue

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Scales or notveles de m edición de a variable
(forma de clayesficar los datos)
Nominal Reason or
Ordinal Interval proportion
Classify or •Your values are They can With the data
categorize the they order (greater calculate obtained from the
data of the the minor or differences between variable
variable of vice versa. obtained values analyzed is
study It is not possible
from the variable. they can perform
They cannot determine There is no all the
to put oneself in [Link] between starting point operations
two values. inherent. mathematics (+,
There is no -, x, /).
relationship of They do not possess the The quotients
magnitude between property of among the data no The quotients
among the data
the categories. intervals they have meaning. obtained if
equal among The zero does exist, they possess
units
adjacent. it's just a point meaning
not on the scale They have a zero
represents the
absence of the absolute
condition. (absence of)

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 measurement
Nominal Reason or
Ordinal Interval proportion
Genre Improvement to a Improvement to a Weight
Blood group treatment treatment Monthly income
Religion Degree of Temperature ($)
satisfaction measured in °C •Longitud
•Nationality Social class Years of the
(high, medium, history of the Dose of
• Fumar (Sí/No) medications
low) humanity administered
Political ideology
Academic level •IQ Height
Chosen career
• Dates in the • Age
•Raza calendar
TV channel GMT time Pressure
preferred intraocular
Mental disorder: Speed of a
schizophrenia car in a
psychosis, manic competition
depressive
psychoneurosis
etc.

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 experiment?
Observation
When only the data is observed
the variable of interest unaltered or
modify the study elements.

Experiment
We collected the data when the
study elements are subjected
to a treatment, generating this a
effect on them.
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 Example 2 of terminology application
The general director of Volkswagen Mexico assigns the manager of
human resources, measure cognitive skills (Intelligence) of
all its employees. The manager knows that VW has 17,000 employees,
of which 230 are selected and given an Intelligence Test and
detects that the average IQ level of these evaluated individuals is 98.
the manager concludes and reports to the director that all the employees of the
the plant has an average of 98 points. Specify...
• Population •Sample
• Variableofinterest •Data and data types
• The statistician, does he • Is the parameter of interest known?
Do you know its value? its value?
• How would a census apply to this problem?
• Was the study an observation or an experiment?
• Does it correspond to an example of descriptive or inferential statistics?
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 Scientific Method

Relationship between the Scientific Method and Statistics

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 data

1. Sources of information

2. Experimentation

3. Surveys

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