DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN THE VENEZUELAN CONTEXT

PRESIDENTIAL PERIODS BEFORE AND AFTER VENEZUELAN DEMOCRACY

Andean Caudillismo
THE FEDERATION THE GUZMANCISM
1858-1870
1870-1887 1887-1935

ANTONIO GUZMAN BLANCO JUAN PABLO ROJALS PAUL

1870-1877 1888-1890
JULIÁN CASTRO 1858-1859 Issues the Primary Instruction Decree, He founded the National Academy of History.
the first civil president to complete his term
Promulgated the Constitution of 1858 Free and Mandatory in June mandate
allowing direct election of president, Promotes anti-clerical policy. Establishes the
vice president and governors. It happens again
civil marriage, the civil registry and abolition
four years in office without reelection of ecclesiastical privileges
Raimundo Andueza
inmediata
1890-1892
Border problems worsen with
Colombia imposes a reform to the
PEDRO GUAL 1859 constitution in 1891 that seeks to expand the
The federal case led by Francisco Linares presidential mandate for 4 years and the election
by Ezequiel Zamora and Juan ALCANTARA 1877-1878
Crisóstomo Falcón Start anti-guzmancito reaction. Emit a
peace decree for the return of politicians JOAQUIN CRESPO
exiles 1892-1894
Promotes a reform to the constitution for
The Constitution of 1893 is enacted in June.
MANUEL FELIPE TOVAR 1859-1861 extend the presidential term to four
Pardon for several liberal prisoners and years. It returns to the four-year presidential term.
years, without immediate reelection and the reestablishment of the
take several economic measures to
direct and secret vote.
restructure public finances
It stagnatesFederal War
IGNACIO ANDRADE
Divisions in the conservative party. A
sector according to the civilian government ANTONIO GUZMAN BLANCO 1898-1899
de Tovar and others demand the return of Páez Constitutional reform enacted in a
1879-1884
The bolívar is created as the national currency in economic crisis situation
March 1879 Arbitral ruling favors England
Promulgated the Constitution of 1881. A regarding the Esequibo
Federal Council that will elect the president and by
PEDRO GUAL 1861 they nickname the constitution 'La Suiza' CIPRIANO CASTRO
Vicepresidente asume la presidencia 1899-1908
temporarily New Constituent Assembly promulgates the
The political crisis is intensifying. Try Constitution of 1901 with a six-year mandate,
without immediate reelection and with election of
mediate between the most powerful sectors in
pugna, Páez and his followers on one side and JOAQUIN CRESPO segundo grado para el cargo
on the other hand the federals, however do not 1884-1886
Economy in crisis, affected by low prices JUAN VICENTE GOMEZ
achieve 1908-1914
He is deposed by the army and taken to the of coffee, public spending and locust plague
Constitutional reform of 1909 promulgated.
exile The president is elected by the National Congress.
Gómez is appointed Constitutional president
Inauguration of the Military Academy in 1910.
JOSE ANTONIO PAEZ 1861-1863 The army of "montoneras" dies and the
Antonio Guzmán Blanco professional
The war continues without a near resolution
1886-1887 The center of power moves to Miraflores in 1911
and Páez seeks a way to dialogue with the
liberals to seek peace. The attempts He continued with the policy of building roads.
stumble that will connect the country
The liberals begin to surround the government
and finally the dictatorship accepts now Victorino Marquez Bustillos
dialogue 1914-1922
It is signed theTreaty of Car in April of
Promulgated Constitution of 1914 in June with
1863 thus concludes theFederal War
a 7-year term and election
indirect by Congress
Oil exploitationfirst oil well
JUAN CRISTOSTOMO FALCO N Zumaque I
1863-1868
The Constitution of 1864 is enacted in April.
Decentralization is emphasized, preservation is maintained. JUAN VICENTE GOMEZ
direct election of the president with four 1922-1929
years of term and without immediate reelection. New oil reserves are discovered in
The position of vice president abolished Cabins in the wellThe Barrosos 2Start
large-scale oil exploitation
continues with the construction policy of
national roads
 DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN THE VENEZUELAN CONTEXT

PRESIDENTIAL PERIODS BEFORE AND AFTER VENEZUELAN DEMOCRACY

DEMOCRACY
Transition to Democracy 1958-1998
1935-1958

OCTAVIO LEPAGE 1993

ROMULO BETANCOURT
ELEAZAR LOPEZ CONTRERAS 1964-1964 Congress provisionally appoints Lepage,
1935-1941 Elected president popularly president of the Senate, as president of the
The constitutional reform of 1936 was promulgated. OPEC was born in September. republic
in July. Immediate reelection is eliminated and the Promulgated in January, the Constitution of 1961. Based on The bipartisanship of recent decades
presidential term is reduced to 5 years, in 1947 it maintains universal suffrage for the begins to disappear before the progressive
shortening López Contreras's mandate. popularly elected positions, presidential term of deterioration of the two traditional parties
Several new political parties are created such as five years and no immediate reelection. Constitution
ORVE, PRP or the UNE longest in our history. RAMON J VELAZQUEZ 1993-1994
Congress grants him a Enabling Law and of
ISAIAS MEDINA ANGARITA RAUL LEONI 1964-1969 In this way, the VAT is approved in November.
Leoni forms a government front called He promoted decentralization by creating, among
1941-1945
"Broad Base" with participation from AD, URD, and the other measures, the Ministry of State for the
In 1942 the government created the Party
National Democratic Front (Uslar Pietri's party) Decentralization
Venezuelan Democratic in November 1964. COPEI goes into opposition
The Hydrocarbons Law of 1943 was enacted. In January 1994, Banco Latino goes bankrupt and is
New road networks built and educational centers
receiving the State's most income from the intervened by the State. A crisis is generated.
inaugurated. First stage of the Guri completed.
oil exploitation en el sistema financiero
Constitutional reform of 1945 enacted in
RAFAEL CALDERA 1994-1999
May. The sixth section is removed and therefore RAFAEL CALDERA 1969-1974
the PVC is legalized Between 1994 and 1995, the financial crisis worsens.
The Oil Reversal Law has been enacted.
several banks are intervened
ROMULO BETANCOURT Nationalization of Gas The SENIAT is created in a context of prices of
Expansion and modernization of the networks of oil low and stable
1945-1948 telecommunication. Construction of several highways,
COPEI was founded in January 1946 and URD in
In 1994, Caldera exonerated the insurgent military.
housing complexes, the Poliedro and the Hospital since 1992, releasing, among others, Hugo
February Miguel Pérez Carreño. Conclusion of Second stage Chávez
The Constituent Assembly is established in of Guri In economic matters, the so-called Agenda is applied.
March, in the first direct elections, Promulgated constitutional amendment of 1972 for Venezuela, a program aimed at openness
secrets and universals of the country politically disable MPJ petroleum, the attraction of new investments to the country and
The Constitution of 1947 was promulgated in July. CARLOS ANDRES PEREZ 1974-1979 control of the fiscal deficit, among other measures
establishes direct, secret, and universal elections In January 1975, the industry is nationalized.
for all elected positions. The iron. In January 1976, the industry is nationalized
woman is incorporated into politics. Period oil company.
presidential set at 5 years Continues the construction of schools and libraries. It
approves the creation of new universities
The number of cities with service increases
ROMULO GALLEGOS 1948
sewers, new roads were built in the
interior, the number of houses built increased
First president elected directly, and the capacity for electricity generation was increased thus
universal and secret like the water supply to the whole country.
The trust in the Armed Forces is declining.
cracking due to various rumors that
they speak of the hidden communism of AD
Marcos Pérez Jiménez main conspirator LUIS HERRRERA CAMPIS 1979-1984
against the regime . New rise in oil prices unleashes
external debt crisis
CARLOS DELGADO CHALBAUD New drop in oil prices in 1982.
1948-1950 In that situation, in February 1983, the ...
Black Friday; the bolívar is devalued and a
AD is immediately banned and dissolved
currency control in the country (RECADI). The
CTV in 1949
The Constitution of 1947 is repealed, returning to the Venezuelan economic model, based on the
from 1936 Industrialization by substitution of
PCV was banned in May 1950 after Importaciones y específicamente en la renta
participate in an oil strike.
JAIME LUSINCHI 1984-1989
Subsidy policies for the broad are maintained.
MARCOS PEREZ JIMENEZ sectors of the economy while the reserves
1952-1958 internationals are declining. However, they
The 'New National Ideal' is promoted as they promote social assistance policies that help
mitigate the negative effects of the economy
orientation programmatic for the In December 1984, the Commission is created for the
physical transformation of Venezuela to State reform, which will seek solutions to a
through the construction of works State increasingly larger and inefficient.
public. In the following years, it will Government enters into conflict and harasses several media outlets
inaugurate large-scale works for communication that is adverse to him
 DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY IN THE VENEZUELAN CONTEXT

PRESIDENTIAL PERIODS BEFORE AND AFTER VENEZUELAN DEMOCRACY

GOVERNMENTS OF TODAY
1998 - TODAY

HUGO CHAVEZ FRIAS Diosdado Cabello NICOLAS MADURO

1999-2002 2002 2013 - TODAY

In April, a consultative referendum is held to Vice President at that moment, before the Popularly elected to complete the
call a Constituent Assembly and period of his predecessor
refund the State. The proposal succeeds. April coup goes underground but
once the government forces Present the Homeland Plan
the Constitution of 1999 is promulgated. Period
expanded presidential term to 6 years with re-election they regain control returns to Miraflores proposed by Chávez in the elections of
immediate. The Referendum is introduced. 2012) as a roadmap for the nation towards
He is sworn in as president
Recall, two new powers are introduced. Socialism
provisional by the president of the AN until
and the position of Vice President is reinstated, The problems of product shortages,
the return of Chávez on the 14th of the month of April
nonexistent in that of 1961. high inflation and insecurity are growing
Tensions are on the rise and in April of In February 2014, various events unfold.
In 2002, the management of PDVSA rejects the HUGO CHAVEZ FRIAS states of the country peaceful protests against
government interference. A strike begins 2007-2013 the major problems of the country
activities. The CTV joins and Chávez says goodbye starring students
on TV several workers from the company.
The policy of expropriations intensifies and university students
On April 11, a march takes place that ends
nationalizations in 2007 with the purchases of During March and April, the ...
arriving at the Miraflores Palace and succeeding CANTV and the electricity of Caracas. RCTV manifestations and in some regions of the
varios asesinatos. Las FFAA desacatan las it must be taken off the air because it is not renewed
orders given by the president and they demand the countries become violent with arrests and
its concession. abuses by the Armed Forces and acts
resignation which does not occur in writing. Chávez
Inflation in the country is starting to take shape.
is captured by the military and held in vandalism by some groups.
Strong Tiuna as a problem and high rates are recorded Several protesters die in the
of crime. The private initiative loses
course of these events
spaces in front of state entities and companies
Chávez creates a unique party that brings together
various leftist forces: Socialist Party
United of Venezuela in March. The polarization
politics is established in the country between these two
blocks
Corruption continues in the country as
one of the worst scourges. Also the
inefficiency in some state entities.
PEDRO CARMONA ESTANGA (PDVAL case May 2010).
2002 Crisis in the energy sector between 2010-
2011 missed recurring failures in the
Self-proclaimed president (president of electricity supply.
facto) Continue the construction policy of
In a situation of confusion and housing, the metro lines are being expanded in
uncertainty the momentary power vacuum is
Caracas and the construction of others begins
assumed by Estanga. A coup d'état to
violate the constitution with his assumption and dissolve metros in Valencia, Maracaibo and others
the constituted powers of the republic cities. New ones are also being built
A part of the armed forces led by roads and bridges
Chávez passed away in March 2013.

María Virginia Duque Vegas ID 15.760.451

Section AA-2018