GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY ● Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhwy ³ ● Aa¨vqwfwZwËK Ávbg~jK cÖkœ I DËi DËi: wmwjKv, KvP A_ev cøvw÷K-Gi GK ai‡bi

mwjKv, KvP A_ev cøvw÷K-Gi GK ai‡bi DËi: B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK †¯úKUªvg n‡jv Zwor
cvZjv ¯^”Q Zš¿ (myZv) w`‡q ˆZwi kw³kvjx Pz¤^Kxq Zi‡½i †iÄ ev e¨vwß, †hwU Ry‡o k~b¨ ev
Aa¨vq—2: KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷gm I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s gva¨g, hvi g‡a¨ w`‡q Av‡jvi MwZ‡Z †WUv evqy gva¨‡g B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK †iwW‡qkb ev
1. KwgDwb‡Kkb Kx? DËi: †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †¶‡Î †WUvi GKw`‡K Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq, Zv‡K dvBevi AcwUK ev Zi½ kw³wU Ae¯’vb K‡i|
DËi: wewfbœ e¨w³ ev h‡š¿i g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv gva¨g cÖevn‡K wmg‡cø· †gvW ejv nq| AcwUK¨vj dvBevi ejv nq| 24. gvB‡µvI‡qf Kx?
Øviv Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi cÖwµqv‡K KwgDwb‡Kkb 12. nvd-Wz‡cø· †gvW Kx? 21. †iwWI I‡qe Kx? DËi: B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK †¯úKUªv‡gi 300
ev †hvMv‡hvM ejv nq| DËi: †h c×wZ‡Z †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †¶‡Î †cÖiK DËi: 3 wK‡jvnvR© (KHz) †_‡K 300 †gMvnvR© (MHz) †_‡K 300 wMMvnvR© (GHz)
2. gWz‡jkb Kx? I cÖvcK Dfqw`K †_‡K †WUv †cÖiY Kiv hvq, wMMvnv‡R©i (GHz) g‡a¨ mxwgZ Zwor Pz¤^Kxq ch©šÍ wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ e¨vÛ‡K gvB‡µvI‡qf e‡j|
DËi: wWwRUvj ms‡KZ‡K GbvjM ms‡K‡Z Z‡e GKB mg‡q Zv m¤¢e bq, Zv‡K nvd-Wz‡cø· Zi½ (B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK †¯úKUªvg)-†K †iwWI A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, 1 GHz n‡Z 100 Ghz Gi
cwieZ©‡bi cÖwµqv‡K gWz‡jkb e‡j| UªvÝwgkb †gvW e‡j I‡qf ejv nq| †fZ‡i B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK †¯úKUªvg wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ
3. †cÖv‡UvKj Kx? 13. dzj-Wz‡cø· †gvW Kx? 22. †bUIqvK© e¨vK‡evb Kx? e¨vÛ‡K gvB‡µvI‡qf ejv nq|
DËi: †cÖv‡UvKj n‡”Q wbqgKvbyb hv KwgDwb‡KwUs DËi: †h c×wZ‡Z †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii †¶‡Î †cÖiK DËi: e¨vK‡ev‡bi Rb¨ KwgDwb‡Kkb P¨v‡bj 25. Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g Kx?
wWfvBm¸‡jv †g‡b P‡j| I cÖvcK Dfq w`K †_‡K GKB mg‡q †WUv †cÖiY wn‡m‡e K¨vej e¨envi Kiv n‡j G K¨vej‡K DËi: †Kv‡bv cÖKvi Zvi e¨envi bv K‡i GKvwaK
4. P¨v‡bj Kx? I MÖnY Kiv hvq, Zv‡K dzj Wz‡cø· †WUv UªvÝwgkb mvaviYfv‡e e¨vK‡evb wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq| wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Z_v †hvMv‡hvM
DËi: hvi ga¨ w`‡q †WUv Drm n‡Z MšÍ‡e¨ †gvW e‡j| 23. B‡jK‡Uªvg¨vM‡bwUK †¯úKUªvg Kx? Kivi c×wZ‡K Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g
¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq, Zv‡K gva¨g ev KwgDwb‡Kkb 14. BDwbKv÷ †gvW Kx? ejv nq|
P¨v‡bj ejv nq| DËi: †h UªvÝwgkb c×wZ‡Z GKRb †cÖiK †_‡K
5. e¨vÛDB_ Kx? GKRb cÖvc‡Ki g‡a¨ †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb n‡q
DËi: GKK †m‡K‡Û GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b †h _v‡K, Zv‡K BDwbKv÷ UªvÝwgkb †gvW ejv nq|
cwigvY †WUv UªvÝdvi nq Zv‡K A_©vr †WUv GwU 1 to 1 ev Point to Point †gvW wn‡m‡eI
UªvÝdv‡ii nvi‡K e¨vÛDB_ ejv nq| cwiwPZ|
6. b¨v‡ive¨vÛ Kx? 15. gvwëKv÷ †gvW Kx?
DËi: †h e¨v‡Û †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii MwZ mvaviYZ DËi: †h UªvÝwgkb c×wZ‡Z †bUIqv‡K©i †Kv‡bv
me©wbgœ 45 bps †_‡K m‡e©v”P 300 bps ch©šÍ GKwU †bvW †_‡K †WUv †cÖiY Ki‡j Zv
n‡q _v‡K Zv‡K b¨v‡ive¨vÛ e‡j| †bUIqv‡K©i Aax‡b ïaygvÎ wbw`©ó MÖæ‡ci m`m¨iv
7. f‡qm e¨vÛ Kx? MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K gvwëKv÷ ejv nq|
DËi: †h e¨v‡Û †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii MwZ mvaviYZ 16. EMI Kx?
me©wbgœ 1200 bps †_‡K m‡e©v”P 9600 bps DËi: B‡jKUªwbK wWfvBmmg~n Iq¨vi‡jm †iwWI
ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K, Zv‡K f‡qm e¨vÛ e‡j| wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi †PŠ¤^Kxq cÖfv‡ei Kvi‡Y †h
8. eªWe¨vÛ Kx? AbvKvw•¶Z b‡qR ˆZwi K‡i Ges Zv‡Z †WUv
DËi: D”P MwZm¤úbœ †h e¨v‡Û †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii UªvÝwgk‡b †h evav m„wó nq, Zv‡K B‡jK‡Uªv-
MwZ mvaviYZ me©wbgœ 1 Mbps †_‡K m‡e©v”P g¨vM‡bwUK B›Uvi‡dqv‡iÝ ev BGgAvB e‡j|
K‡qK Gbps ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K, Zv‡K eªWe¨vÛ 17. UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej Kx?
e‡j| DËi: †WUv UªvÝwgU Kivi Rb¨ `ywU cwievnx Kcvi
9. †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W Kx? ev A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi Zvi‡K mylgfv‡e †cuwP‡q ˆZwi
DËi: †h c×wZ‡Z GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨ Kiv K¨vej‡K UzB‡÷W †cqvi K¨vej ejv nq|
Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_v GK wWfvBm †_‡K Ab¨ wWfvB‡m 18. UTP Kx?
†WUv we‡Ui web¨v‡mi gva¨‡g ¯’vbvšÍi ev UªvÝwgU DËi: BDwUwc K¨vej g~jZ GKvwaK †Rvov
nq, Zv‡K †WUv UªvÝwgkb †g_W ejv nq| UzB‡÷W †cqv‡ii mgwó, hv Avevi cøvw÷K
10. c¨vivjvj UªvÝwgkb Kx? Avei‡Y †gvov‡bv _v‡K|
DËi: †h †WUv UªvÝwgk‡b AmsL¨ gva¨g w`‡q 19. wwww cwiwPwZ ev c~Y©iƒc †jL|
GKmv‡_ A‡bK weU mgvšÍivjfv‡e ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq, DËi: wwww cwiwPwZ ev c~Y©iƒc n‡jv-
Zv‡K c¨vivjvj UªvÝwgkb e‡j| World Wide Wireless Web.
11. wmg‡cø· †gvW Kx? 20. AcwUK dvBevi K¨vej Kx?
 GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY ● Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhwy ³ ● Aa¨vqwfwËK Abyavebg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËi 7. †WUv cwien‡b dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej wbivc` †Kb?
DËi: dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej n‡jv AZ¨šÍ miæ GK ai‡bi Kuv‡Pi Zš‘| Kuv‡Pi Zš‘i ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jvi MwZ‡Z †WUv
Aa¨vq—2: KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g I †bUIqvwK©s Av`vb cÖv`vb Kiv nq| †WUv cwien‡b dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej wbivc` KviY—
1. ¯^qswµqfv‡e mdUIq¨vi Avc‡WU I i¶Yv‡e¶Y Kivi cÖwµqvwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 1. B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨vj Gi cwie‡Z© Av‡jvK wmMb¨vj UªvÝwgU K‡i|
DËi: ¯^qswµqfv‡e mdUIq¨vi Avc‡WU I i¶Yv‡e¶Y Kivi cÖwµqvwU K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g m¤úbœ Kiv 2. cwi‡e‡ki Zvc, Pvc †WUv PjvP‡j evavi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡ibv|
hvq| GB cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ †bUIqvK©, mvf©vi, †÷v‡iR, mdUIq¨vi I mvwf©mmg~n B›Uvi‡bUwfwËK †mevi gva¨‡g 3. G‡Z Av‡jv‡Ki c~Y© Af¨všÍixY cÖwZdjb c×wZ‡Z †WUv Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ Mgb K‡i|
e¨enviKvix‡`i cÖ`vb Kiv nq| K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs-Gi myweav Abyhvqx e¨enviKvixiv mn‡RB Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx 4. `ªæZ †WUv Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
mdUIq¨vi e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zvr¶wYK Avc‡WUI †c‡q _v‡Kb|GB c×wZ‡Z mdUIq¨v‡ii 5. eo ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© GB K¨vej e¨eüZ nq|
Avc‡WU I i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi KvR ¯^qswµqfv‡e m¤úbœ nq e‡j e¨enviKvix‡K Avjv`vfv‡e wKQz Ki‡Z nq bv| d‡j 6. †WUv msi¶‡Yi wbivcËv I †MvcbxqZv †ewk|
MÖvnK‡`i Gme welq wb‡q Avjv`v K‡i †Kv‡bv wPšÍv Ki‡Z nq bv, hv mgq, kÖg Ges LiP mvkÖq K‡i| 8. Av‡jvi MwZi b¨vq †WUv †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ K¨vejwU e¨vL¨v Ki|
2. †WUv UªvÝdvi †gvW e¨vL¨v Ki| DËi: Av‡jvi MwZ‡Z †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi nq AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨ve‡ji gva¨‡g| †jRvi iwk¥i d‡j †WUv Av`vb cÖ`v‡b
DËi: †WUv UªvÝdvi †gvW n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv, hvi gva¨‡g `ywU wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb †Kvb w`K †_‡K GB K¨vej e¨eüZ nq| AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨vej nj GK ai‡bi Av‡jv cwievnx Zvi hv GK ev GKvwaK AcwUK¨vj
†Kvb w`‡K n‡”Q Ges KZUzKz cwigvY †WUv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡”Q, Zv wba©vwiZ nq| GwU g~jZ †WUv †cÖi‡Yi w`Kwb‡`©kbv dvBevi w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv nq| GB AcwUK¨vj dvBevi ˆe`y¨wZK AšÍiK ev WvB-B‡jKwUªK c`v_© w`‡q ˆZwi GK ai‡bi
†evSvq| †WUv UªvÝdvi †gvW‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq: Auvk ev dvBevi hv Av‡jv wbeÜKiY I cwien‡b m¶g|
1. wmg‡cø· (Simplex): †WUv GKw`‡K hvq, †hgb—gvB‡µv‡dvb| 1. B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨vj Gi cwie‡Z© Av‡jvK wmMb¨vj UªvÝwgU K‡i|
2. nvd-Wz‡cø· (Half-Duplex): †WUv `yBw`‡K hvq, Z‡e GKev‡i GKw`‡K, †hgb—IqvwKUwK| 2. cwi‡e‡ki Zvc, Pvc †WUv PjvP‡j evavi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡ibv|
3. dzj-Wz‡cø· (Full-Duplex): †WUv `yBw`‡K GKmv‡_ hvq, †hgb—†gvevBj †dvb| 3. G‡Z Av‡jv‡Ki c~Y© Af¨všÍixY cÖwZdjb c×wZ‡Z †WUv Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ Mgb K‡i|
3. †WUv eøK hv c¨v‡KU AvKv‡i UªvÝwgkb nq, e¨vL¨v Ki| 4. `ªæZ †WUv Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
DËi: †WUv eøK ev c¨v‡KU AvKv‡i UªvÝwgkb GKwU wbw`©ó c×wZ, hvi gva¨‡g Z_¨ †QvU †QvU fv‡M wef³ n‡q 9. AcwUK¨vj dvBevi `ªæZ MwZ‡Z †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i—eywS‡q ej|
†bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g †cÖwiZ nq| wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb-Gi †¶‡Î cÖwZwU eø‡Ki ïiæ‡Z GKwU †nWvi Bbdi‡gkb dvBj DËi: Av‡jvi MwZ‡Z †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi nq AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨ve‡ji gva¨‡g| AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨vej nj GK ai‡bi
Ges †k‡l GKwU †UBjvi Bbdi‡gkb wmMb¨vj mshy³ _v‡K| Gi d‡j Z_¨ mwVKfv‡e MšÍ‡e¨ †cŠuQvq| Av‡jv cwievnx Zvi hv GK ev GKvwaK AcwUK¨vj dvBevi w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv nq| GB AcwUK¨vj dvBevi ˆe`y¨wZK AšÍiK
GB UªvÝwgkb cÖwµqvq mgq wba©vwiZ _v‡K, †hgb cÖwZ wgwbU ev gvB‡µv ev b¨v‡bv †m‡K‡Û GKwU wbw`©ó eøK cvVv‡bv ev WvB-B‡jKwUªK c`v_© w`‡q ˆZwi GK ai‡bi Auvk ev dvBevi hv Av‡jv wbeÜKiY I cwien‡b m¶g|
nq| mvaviYZ 80 †_‡K 132 K¨v‡i±v‡ii GKwU eøK ˆZwi K‡i Zv UªvÝwgU Kiv nq| GB c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ wbf©i‡hvM¨fv‡e 1. B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨vj Gi cwie‡Z© Av‡jvK wmMb¨vj UªvÝwgU K‡i|
Ges msMwVZfv‡e †cÖiY Kiv m¤¢e nq| 2. cwi‡e‡ki Zvc, Pvc †WUv PjvP‡j evavi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡ibv|
4. Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi aviYvwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 3. G‡Z Av‡jv‡Ki c~Y© Af¨všÍixY cÖwZdjb c×wZ‡Z †WUv Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ Mgb K‡i|
DËi: Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb n‡jv Ggb GKwU †hvMv‡hvM c×wZ, †hLv‡b Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ai‡bi 4. `ªæZ †WUv Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
Zvi ev †Kej e¨envi Kiv nq bv| GwU †eZvi Zi½, †iwWI Zi½, Bbd«v‡iW, gvB‡µvI‡qf ev m¨v‡UjvBU cÖhyw³i myZivs ejv hvq, AcwUK¨vj dvBevi `ªæZ MwZ‡Z †WUv Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i|
gva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq| 10. †Kvb UªvÝwgk‡b GKB m‡½ Dfqw`‡K WvUv Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv hvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|
GB cÖhyw³‡Z †gvevBj †dvb, IqvB-dvB, eøyUz_, †Uwjwfkb, †iwWI BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g Z_¨ cvVv‡bv I MÖnY Kiv hvq| GwU DËi: dzj-Wz‡cø· UªvÝwgk‡b †WUv GKB m‡½ Dfqw`‡K Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|
e¨envi mnR, PjbmB Ges `xN© `~i‡Z¡ `ªæZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki| †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi mgq †WUv UªvÝdv‡ii †¶‡Î GKB mg‡q Dfq w`‡K †WUv †cÖiY I MÖn‡Yi e¨e¯’v _v‡K|
AZGe, Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb n‡jv Zviwenxbfv‡e Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi AvaywbK I RbwcÖq gva¨g| D`vniY—†Uwj‡dvb, †gvevBj †dvb|
5. †gvevBj †dv‡bi †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW e¨vL¨v Ki| 11. Av‡jvi MwZ‡Z †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi—e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi: †gvevBj †dv‡bi †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW n‡jv dzj Wz‡cø·| GB c×wZ‡Z Dfq w`‡K GKB mg‡q †WUv Av`vb cÖ`vb DËi: Av‡jvi MwZ‡Z †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi nq AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨e‡ji gva¨‡g| AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨vej nj GK ai‡bi
Kiv hvq| eZ©gv‡b Avgiv K_v ejvi Rb¨ †hme cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i _vwK, †m¸‡jvi me¸‡jvB dzj Wz‡cø· wWfvBm| Av‡jv cwievnx Zvi hv GK ev GKvwaK AcwUK¨vj dvBevi w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv nq| GB AcwUK¨vj dvBevi ˆe`y¨wZK AšÍiK
Gme cÖhyw³i d‡j †cÖiK I cÖvcK GKB mv‡_ Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| ev WvB-B‡jKwUªK c`v_© w`‡q ˆZwi GK ai‡bi Auvk ev dvBevi hv Av‡jv wbeÜKiY I cwien‡b m¶g|
6. Ô†WUv UªvÝwgk‡b Av‡jv‡K iwk¥ cwievnx Zvi DËg|Õ—e¨vL¨v Ki| 1. B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨vj Gi cwie‡Z© Av‡jvK wmMb¨vj UªvÝwgU K‡i|
DËi: †WUv UªvÝwgk‡b Av‡jvK iwk¥ cwievnx Zvi n‡”Q AcwUK¨vj dvBevi| 2. cwi‡e‡ki Zvc, Pvc †WUv PjvP‡j evavi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡ibv|
AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨vej nj GK ai‡bi Av‡jv cwievnx Zvi hv GK ev GKvwaK AcwUK¨vj dvBevi w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv 3. G‡Z Av‡jv‡Ki c~Y© Af¨všÍixY cÖwZdjb c×wZ‡Z †WUv Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ Mgb K‡i|
nq| GB AcwUK¨vj dvBevi ˆe`y¨wZK AšÍiK ev WvB-B‡jKwUªK c`v_© w`‡q ˆZwi GK ai‡bi Auvk ev dvBevi hv Av‡jv 4. `ªæZ †WUv Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
wbeÜKiY I cwien‡b m¶g| GB K¨ve‡ji gva¨‡g †WUv Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †jRvi iwk¥ e¨eüZ nq|
GB Zvi DËg nIqvi KviY n‡jv— 12. Ô†h K¨vej‡K †bUIqv‡K©i e¨vKeb ejv nqÕ—e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
1. B‡jw±ªK¨vj wmMb¨v‡ji cwie‡Z© Av‡jvK wmMb¨vj UªvÝwgU K‡i| DËi: AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨vej‡K †bUIqv‡K©i e¨vK‡evb ejv nq| KuvP ev cøvwóK w`‡q ˆZwi GK ai‡bi Auvk hv GB
2. G‡Z Av‡jv‡Ki c~Y© Af¨všÍixY cÖwZdjb c×wZ‡Z †WUv Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ Mgb K‡i| K¨ve‡j e¨eüZ nq| AšÍiK c`v_© w`‡q ˆZwi e‡j ˆe`y¨wZK Pz¤^Kxq cÖfve n‡Z gy³| †QvU AvK…wZi Ges Kg we`y¨r
3. `ªæZ †WUv Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| Li‡Pi Kvi‡Y AcwUK¨vj dvBevi †bUIqv‡K©i e¨vK‡evb wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
4. eo ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© GB K¨vej e¨eüZ nq| 13. ÔAcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨vej‡K †bUIqv‡K©i e¨vK‡evb ejv nqÕ—e¨vL¨v Ki|
 DËi: AvaywbK †bUIqv‡K©i e¨vK‡evb K¨vej wnmv‡e †Zv e‡UB GgbwK mvaviY †bUIqv‡K©i K¨vewjs wm‡÷g wn‡m‡eI GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY ● Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhwy ³ ● Aa¨vqwfwËK m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
B`vwbs dvBevi AcwUK AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖq| KviY dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej ev Ab¨vb¨ K¨ve‡ji Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk nvjKv,
cvZjv, †UKmB Ges EMI gy³| ZvB AcwUK¨vj dvBevi‡K †bUIqv‡K©I e¨vK‡evb ejv nq| Aa¨vq—2: KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷g I †bUIqvwK©s
14. 9600 bps w¯úWwU e¨vL¨v Ki| m„Rbkxj cÖkœ—1 ■ wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡ov Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:
DËi: 9600 bps w¯úWwU n‡jv f‡qm e¨vÛ| 9600 bps ej‡Z eySvq cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 9600 bit †WUv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| ÔYÕ K‡j‡R gvbweK, e¨emvq wk¶v I weÁvb wefv‡Mi 3wU Avjv`v feb i‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU wefv‡M Zv‡`i Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨
†Uwj‡dvb jvB‡b GB e¨vÛDBÌ e¨envi Kiv nq| wbR¯^ †bUIqvK© e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| K‡j‡Ri Aa¨¶ cÖwZwU wefvM‡K GKB †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvq Avbvi wm×všÍ wb‡jb| wKš‘
15. dvBevi AcwU· K¨vej BGgAvB (EMI) gy³ †Kb? wefvM¸‡jvi `~iZ¡ †ewk nIqvq gva¨g wn‡m‡e K¨vej e¨envi m¤¢e n‡”Q bv|
DËi: AcwUK¨vj dvBevi n‡jv WvB-B‡jKwUª· c`v_© w`‡q ˆZwi GK cÖKvi Auvk| hv Av‡jv wbeÜKiY I cwien‡b K. e¨vÛDB_ Kx?
m¤¢e| GwU B‡jKwUªK wmMbv‡ji cwie‡Z© Av‡jvK ev jvBU wmMb¨vj UªvÝwgU Kivi d‡j AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨ve‡j L. ¯^qswµqfv‡e mdUIq¨vi Avc‡WU I i¶Yv‡e¶Y Kivi cÖwµqvwU e¨vL¨v Ki|
†Kv‡bv Zwor †PŠ¤^K Gi Dcw¯’wZ †bB| A_©vr AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨vej Zwor †PŠ¤^K Gi Dcw¯’wZ bv _vKvi KviY M. ÔYÕ K‡jRwUi eZ©gvb †bUIqvK© e¨e¯’v †Kvb ai‡bi? e¨vL¨v Ki|
K¨vejwU BGgAvB (EMI) gy³| N. DÏxc‡Ki cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †Kvb gva¨gwU wbe©vPb Kiv DwPZ—hyw³mn gZvgZ `vI|
1 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. e¨vÛDB_ n‡jv wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ B›Uvi‡bU ev †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii ¶gZv, hv mvaviYZ weU cÖwZ
†m‡K‡Û (bps) cwigvc Kiv nq|
L. ¯^qswµqfv‡e mdUIq¨vi Avc‡WU I i¶Yv‡e¶Y Kivi cÖwµqvwU K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g m¤úbœ Kiv hvq|
GB cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ †bUIqvK©, mvf©vi, †÷v‡iR, mdUIq¨vi I mvwf©mmg~n B›Uvi‡bUwfwËK †mevi gva¨‡g
e¨enviKvix‡`i cÖ`vb Kiv nq| K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs-Gi myweav Abyhvqx e¨enviKvixiv mn‡RB Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx
mdUIq¨vi e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zvr¶wYK Avc‡WUI †c‡q _v‡Kb|GB c×wZ‡Z mdUIq¨v‡ii
Avc‡WU I i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi KvR ¯^qswµqfv‡e m¤úbœ nq e‡j e¨enviKvix‡K Avjv`vfv‡e wKQz Ki‡Z nq bv| d‡j
MÖvnK‡`i Gme welq wb‡q Avjv`v K‡i †Kv‡bv wPšÍv Ki‡Z nq bv, hv mgq, kÖg Ges LiP mvkÖq K‡i|
M. DÏxc‡K ejv n‡q‡Q †h, ÔYÕ K‡j‡R gvbweK, e¨emvq wk¶v I weÁvb—GB wZbwU wefv‡M Avjv`v Avjv`v feb i‡q‡Q
Ges cÖwZwU wefv‡M wbR¯^ Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© e¨eüZ n‡”Q| GB ai‡bi †bUIqvK© e¨e¯’v n‡jv LAN (Local Area
Network)| LAN n‡jv Ggb GKwU †bUIqvK©, hv mxwgZ GjvKvq e¨eüZ nq—†hgb GKwU feb, Awdm K¶ ev
†kÖwYK‡¶i g‡a¨| G‡Z Kw¤úDUvi, wcÖ›Uvi, mvf©vi BZ¨vw` mshy³ n‡q G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
ÔYÕ K‡j‡Ri cÖwZwU wefv‡M Zv‡`i wbR¯^ LAN †bUIqvK© i‡q‡Q, hv †Kej IB fe‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i mxgve×| A_©vr,
gvbweK, e¨emvq wk¶v I weÁvb wefv‡M Avjv`v Avjv`v LAN e¨eüZ n‡”Q| ZvB eZ©gvb Ae¯’vq cÖwZwU wefvM
wbR¯^fv‡e LAN cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g mshy³|
†h‡nZz Aa¨¶ me¸‡jv wefvM‡K GK‡Î GKwU †bUIqv‡K© mshy³ Ki‡Z PvB‡Qb Ges wefvM¸‡jvi g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ †ewk
nIqvq K¨vej e¨envi m¤¢e n‡”Q bv, ZvB fwel¨‡Z Zv‡`i GKwU eo †bUIqvK© ev WAN (Wide Area Network)
ev Iq¨vi‡jm †bUIqvK© cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e eZ©gvb e¨e¯’vwU ¯úófv‡e LAN wfwËK|
N. DÏxc‡Ki cwiw¯’wZ‡Z WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) gva¨gwU wbe©vPb
KivB me‡P‡q hyw³m½Z I Kvh©Ki n‡e| KviY, ÔYÕ K‡j‡Ri wewfbœ wefv‡Mi feb¸‡jv Avjv`v Avjv`v RvqMvq
Aew¯’Z Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ `~iZ¡I Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk| GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z K¨vej ev Zvi e¨envi K‡i ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv
Kómva¨, e¨qeûj Ges mgqmv‡c¶| ZvQvov feb¸‡jvi MVb I Ae¯’vbMZ ˆewP‡Î¨i Kvi‡Y K¨vewjs‡qi †¶‡Î
cÖhyw³MZ mxgve×ZvI †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| Gme Kvi‡Y WiMax-Gi g‡Zv Zviwenxb cÖhyw³B m‡e©vËg weKí|
WiMax GKwU DbœZgv‡bi Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb cÖhyw³, hvi gva¨‡g K‡qK wK‡jvwgUvi GjvKv Ry‡o B›Uvi‡bU ev
†bUIqvK© ms‡hvM we¯Ívi Kiv hvq| †hLv‡b mvaviY Wi-Fi mxwgZ cwim‡i Kvh©Ki, WiMax †mLv‡b `xN© `~i‡Z¡
D”PMwZi wbf©i‡hvM¨ ms‡hvM cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| WiMax-Gi me‡P‡q eo myweav n‡jv—GwU GKwU †K›`ªxq mieivn
†K›`ª †_‡K wewfbœ fe‡b ms‡hvM mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i, Avjv`v K‡i cÖwZwU fe‡b †bUIqvK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq bv| d‡j
GKw`‡K †hgb e¨q K‡g, Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb ms‡hvM e¨e¯’vI AviI mnR, Kvh©Ki I mvkÖqx nq|
WiMax cÖhyw³ ¯’vcb I i¶Yv‡e¶‡YI A‡bK mnR, KviY G‡Z RwUj K¨vewjs‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| ïay GKwU †K›`ªxq
BDwbU †_‡KB eû BDwb‡U ms‡hvM ¯’vcb m¤¢e| GB cÖhyw³ eo eo wk¶v cÖwZôvb, Awdm, wkívÂj ev nvmcvZvj
 e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ Dc‡hvMx| KviY G‡Z Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi MwZ ev‡o, Kv‡Ri Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× cvq Ges Dˇii mc‡¶ hyw³: U‡cvjwR¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wUª U‡cvjwRi e¨envi Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e myweavRbK, KviY GwU †h‡Kv‡bv mgq
GKB m‡½ e¨enviKvixiv GKwU mgwš^Z †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvq Avm‡Z cv‡i| bZzb kvLv ˆZwi K‡i †bUIqvK© mn‡RB m¤úªmvwiZ Kiv hvq| eo ai‡bi †bUIqvK© MV‡b GwU AZ¨šÍ Dc‡hvMx, Ges
myZivs ejv hvq, ÔYÕ K‡j‡Ri g‡Zv eû febwewkó cÖwZôv‡b, †hLv‡b feb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ †ewk Ges K¨vewjs Ab¨vb¨ U‡cvjwRi Zzjbvq Kg Li‡P Kvh©Ki †bUIqvK© ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e|
ev¯Íem¤§Z bq, †mLv‡b WiMax cÖhyw³ e¨envi KivB me‡P‡q †hŠw³K, e¨qeûj Ges †UKmB wm×všÍ| GwU AvaywbK hw` †bUIqv‡K©i †Kv‡bv GKwU kvLvq mgm¨v nq, Zvn‡j cy‡iv †bUIqvK© APj n‡q c‡o bv| GwU i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi w`K
I Kvh©Ki †bUIqvK© MV‡bi GKwU PgrKvi gva¨g| †_‡KI mnR|
Ab¨w`‡K, †gk U‡cvjwR‡Z cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi Ab¨ me Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mivmwi hy³ _v‡K e‡j †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ—2 ■ wb‡Pi wPθ‡jv jÿ¨ K‡iv Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI: `ªæZ nq, Z‡e G‡Z cÖPzi Zvi I ms‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb nq, Ges RwUj KvVv‡gvi Kvi‡Y GwU mvaviY †bUIqv‡K©i Rb¨
Dchy³ bq|
ZvB, eo †bUIqv‡K© Kg Li‡P mnR m¤úªmviY I i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨ wUª U‡cvjwR (wPÎ-3)-B †ewk myweavRbK|

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ—3 ■ wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡ov Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:

¯^cœv Zvi Awd‡mi wØZxq Zjvq eÜz Avwi‡di mv‡_ webv Li‡P Z_¨ †kqvwis KiwQ‡jb| Ggb mgq cÂg Zjvi Zvi mnKg©x
GKwU dvB‡ji Z_¨ †`L‡Z PvB‡j wZwb wm‡U e‡mB wbR¯^ †bUIqvK© e¨e¯’vq mnKg©xi Kw¤úDUv‡i Zv cvwV‡q †`b| cieZ©x‡Z
¯^cœv dvB‡ji Z_¨ we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ †µZvi Kv‡Q Zvr¶wYKfv‡e †cÖiY K‡ib|
K. gWz‡jkb Kx? K. dzj Wz‡cø· Kx?
L. †WUv UªvÝdvi †gvW e¨vL¨v Ki| L. †WUv eøK hv c¨v‡KU AvKv‡i UªvÝwgkb nq, e¨vL¨v Ki|
M. DÏxc‡K wPÎ-1 Gi cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ n‡j †h U‡cvjwR ˆZwi n‡e Zv wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Ki| M. ¯^cœvi eÜz Avwi‡di mv‡_ Z_¨ †kqvwis‡q e¨eüZ †bUIqvK©wU e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ wPÎ 2 I wPÎ 3 b¤^i U‡cvjwR¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU †ewk myweavRbK n‡e—Dˇii mc‡¶ hyw³ `vI| N. Z_¨ cvVv‡Z Avwi‡di e¨eüZ †bUIqv‡K©i g‡a¨ wØZxqwUB DËg—gZvgZ `vI|
2 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi 3 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. wWwRUvj ms‡KZ‡K A¨vbvjM ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍ‡ii cÖwµqv‡K gWz‡jkb ejv nq| K. dzj Wz‡cø· n‡jv †WUv UªvÝdv‡ii GKwU c×wZ, †hLv‡b GKB mg‡q `yB w`‡KB †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`vb m¤¢e nq| †hgb—
L. †WUv UªvÝdvi †gvW n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv, hvi gva¨‡g `ywU wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb †Kvb w`K †_‡K †Kvb †gvevBj †dvb|
w`‡K n‡”Q Ges KZUzKz cwigvY †WUv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡”Q, Zv wba©vwiZ nq| GwU g~jZ †WUv †cÖi‡Yi w`Kwb‡`©kbv †evSvq| L. †WUv eøK ev c¨v‡KU AvKv‡i UªvÝwgkb GKwU wbw`©ó c×wZ, hvi gva¨‡g Z_¨ †QvU †QvU fv‡M wef³ n‡q †bUIqv‡K©i
†WUv UªvÝdvi †gvW‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq: gva¨‡g †cÖwiZ nq| wmb‡µvbvm UªvÝwgkb-Gi †¶‡Î cÖwZwU eø‡Ki ïiæ‡Z GKwU †nWvi Bbdi‡gkb dvBj Ges †k‡l
1. wmg‡cø· (Simplex): †WUv GKw`‡K hvq, †hgb—gvB‡µv‡dvb| GKwU †UBjvi Bbdi‡gkb wmMb¨vj mshy³ _v‡K| Gi d‡j Z_¨ mwVKfv‡e MšÍ‡e¨ †cŠuQvq|
2. nvd-Wz‡cø· (Half-Duplex): †WUv `yBw`‡K hvq, Z‡e GKev‡i GKw`‡K, †hgb—IqvwKUwK| GB UªvÝwgkb cÖwµqvq mgq wba©vwiZ _v‡K, †hgb cÖwZ wgwbU ev gvB‡µv ev b¨v‡bv †m‡K‡Û GKwU wbw`©ó eøK cvVv‡bv
3. dzj-Wz‡cø· (Full-Duplex): †WUv `yBw`‡K GKmv‡_ hvq, †hgb—†gvevBj †dvb| nq| mvaviYZ 80 †_‡K 132 K¨v‡i±v‡ii GKwU eøK ˆZwi K‡i Zv UªvÝwgU Kiv nq| GB c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ wbf©i‡hvM¨fv‡e
M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-1 Gi U‡cvjwRwU n‡jv wis U‡cvjwR| wis U‡cvjwRi cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ n‡j †gk Ges msMwVZfv‡e †cÖiY Kiv m¤¢e nq|
U‡cvjwR ˆZwi n‡e| †gk U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK©fz³ Ab¨ cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mivmwi hy³ M. DÏxc‡K ¯^cœv I Avwid GKB Awd‡mi GKB Zjvq Ae¯’vb Ki‡Qb Ges Zviv e¨w³MZfv‡e Lye KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ †kqvi
_v‡K| K‡i‡Qb| GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z e¨eüZ †bUIqvK©wU n‡jv PAN (Personal Area Network)|
PAN n‡jv e¨w³MZ e¨env‡ii Rb¨ MwVZ ¯^í `~i‡Z¡i †bUIqvK© e¨e¯’v, hv mvavibZ 10 wgUvi cwim‡ii g‡a¨ `ywU ev
Z‡ZvwaK wWfvBm‡K mshy³ K‡i| GwU eøyUz_, Bbd«v‡iW, A_ev Wi-Fi Direct cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i| ¯^cœv
I Avwi‡di Kw¤úDUvi `ywU KvQvKvwQ _vKvq Zviv e¨w³MZ ch©v‡qi GB †bUIqvK© e¨envi K‡i †Kv‡bv LiP QvovB Z_¨
Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb|
myZivs, DÏxc‡K ¯^cœv I Avwi‡di g‡a¨ Z_¨ †kqvwis‡q e¨eüZ †bUIqvK©wU n‡jv cv‡m©vbvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (PAN),
hv `ªæZ I mnR Z_¨ wewbg‡qi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki|
N. cÂg Zjvi mnKg©x‡K dvBj cvVv‡Z ¯^cœv †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (LAN) Ges dvB‡ji Z_¨ we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ
wPÎ: †gk U‡cvjwR
†µZvi Kv‡Q Zvr¶wYKfv‡e †cÖiY Ki‡Z IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (WAN) e¨envi K‡i|
†gk U‡cvjwR‡Z †bUIqvK©fz³ Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi mv‡_ mivmwi mvf©vi ev wWfvB‡mi `iKvi c‡o bv| G‡Z †K›`ªxq
gZvgZ we‡kølY: mvaviYZ GKwU wbw`©ó `~i‡Z¡ K¨ve‡ji gva¨‡g GK Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ Ab¨ Kw¤úDUvi mshy³ K‡i
mvf©vi ev wWfvB‡mi `iKvi c‡o bv| G †bUIqvK©fz³ Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK ms‡hvM‡K c‡q›U-Uz-c‡q›U
Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v‡K LAN e‡j| GKB fe‡bi GKB Zjvq ev wewfbœ Zjvq, cvkvcvwk feb ev wbw`©ó GKwU
(wcqvi-Uz-wcqvi) wjsK ejv nq| GwU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c AvšÍtmshy³ U‡cvjwR bv‡gI cwiwPZ| †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi ev ms‡hvM
jvBb bó n‡q †M‡j †Zgb †Kv‡bv Amyweav nq bv| A_©vr mn‡R †bUIqv‡K© Lye eo ai‡bi mgm¨v m„wó nq bv| evwK K¨v¤úv‡m Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i LAN Kiv nq| mvaviYZ 100 wgUvi ev mxwgZ `~i‡Z¡i g‡a¨ G
Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv Øviv KvR Pvjv‡bv hvq| G‡Z †WUv KwgDwb‡Kk‡b A‡bK †ewk wbivcËv I wbðqZv _v‡K| e¨e¯’v M‡o D‡V| wewfbœ G e¨e¯’vq †WUv ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii nvi mvaviYZ 10 Mbps †_‡K 1000 Mbps| G ai‡bi †bUIqvK©
N. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-2 n‡jv †gk U‡cvjwR Ges wPÎ-3 n‡jv wUª U‡cvjwR| GB `yBwUi g‡a¨ wUª U‡cvjwR †ewk myweavRbK wewfbœ wk¶v cÖwZôvb, Awdm, wkí cÖwZôv‡b ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
n‡e| we¯Í…Z †fŠ‡MvwjK GjvKvq Aew¯’Z GKvwaK LAN I MAN †K wb‡q IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© (WAN) M‡o I‡V|
we¯Í…Z GjvKv wb‡q M‡o I‡V e‡j LAN I MAN-†K mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ we‡kl wWfvBm I †UK‡bvjwR e¨envi Kiv
 nq| G ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© †Uwj‡dvb jvBb, g‡Wg, †eZvi Zi½, m¨v‡UjvBU, gvB‡µvI‡qf e¨envi Kiv nq| Z_¨
Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b G ai‡bi †bUIqvK© †ewk e¨eüZ nq| K¨vej ms‡hvM mvaviYZ 56 Kbps †_‡K 1.5 Mbps
e¨vÛDB‡_i n‡Z cv‡i| Kw¤úDUvi weÁvbx Ges cÖhyw³we`MY WAN Gi gva¨‡g mviv c„w_ex‡K GKwU †Møvevj wf‡j‡R
cwiYZ K‡i‡Qb|
†h‡nZz WAN e¨envi K‡i †`‡k wKsev we‡`‡k Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv hvq wKš‘ LAN Øviv Kiv hvq bv| ZvB Z_¨
cvVv‡Z ¯^cœvi e¨eüZ †bUIqvK©Ø‡qi g‡a¨ WAN n‡”Q DËg †bUIqvK©| K. ivDUvi Kx?
L. †gvevBj †dv‡bi †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW e¨vL¨v Ki|
M. DÏxc‡K 2 bs wP‡Î †bUIqv‡K©i †Kvb U‡cvjwR AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ—4 ■ wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡ov Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:
N. DÏxc‡Ki 1 bs I 3 bs wP‡Îi U‡cvjwRi g‡a¨ †KvbwU AwaK myweavRbK? we‡kølY Ki|
GKwU wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ Zjvi A‡bK¸‡jv Kv¤úDUvi GKwU †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvq Avbv n‡jv| wKQzw`b ci we‡kl GKwU
5 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
Kw¤úDUvi bó nIqvq Ab¨ Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv †_‡K Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b RwUjZv †`Lv w`j|
K. ivDUvi GKwU †bUIqvwK©s wWfvBm hv †bUIqv‡K©i AšÍM©Z Drm Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K MšÍe¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv c¨v‡KU †cŠu‡Q
K. NIC Kx?
†`q|
L. Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi aviYvwU e¨vL¨v Ki|
L. †gvevBj †dv‡bi †WUv UªvÝwgkb †gvW n‡jv dzj Wz‡cø·| GB c×wZ‡Z Dfq w`‡K GKB mg‡q †WUv Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZôvbwU †Kvb U‡cvjwR e¨envi K‡iwQj? e¨vL¨v Ki|
hvq| eZ©gv‡b Avgiv K_v ejvi Rb¨ †hme cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i _vwK, †m¸‡jvi me¸‡jvB dzj Wz‡cø· wWfvBm| Gme
N. DÏxc‡Ki cwiw¯’wZ‡Z RwUjZv Gov‡Z †Kvb U‡cvjwR e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb? Dˇii mc‡¶ hyw³ `vI|
cÖhyw³i d‡j †cÖiK I cÖvcK GKB mv‡_ Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
M. DÏxc‡K 2 bs wP‡Îi †bUIqv‡K© ÷vi U‡cvjwR AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB †bUIqv‡K© GKwU Kw¤úDUvi Aci GKwU
K. NIC (Network Interface Card) n‡jv GKwU nvW©Iq¨vi wWfvBm ev KvW©, hv Kw¤úDUvi‡K †bUIqv‡K©i m‡½ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ Ggb fv‡e hy³ _v‡K hv †`L‡Z A‡bKUv AvKv‡ki Zvivi g‡Zv| GB †bUIqv‡K© nveI myB‡Pi mv‡_
mshy³ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| wewfbœ Kw¤úDUvi mshy³ _v‡K| GB HUB †WUv PjvPj wbqš¿Y K‡i| HUB Gi ¶gZv hZ †ewk n‡e †bUIqv‡K© ZZ
L. Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb n‡jv Ggb GKwU †hvMv‡hvM c×wZ, †hLv‡b Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Zvi ev †ewk ms‡hvM †`Iqv hv‡e| LAN ms‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î G ai‡bi msMVb †ewk e¨envi Kiv nq| GB U‡cvjwR‡Z †Kvb
†Kej e¨envi Kiv nq bv| GwU †eZvi Zi½, †iwWI Zi½, Bbd«v‡iW, gvB‡µvI‡qf ev m¨v‡UjvBU cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡q †M‡j m¤ú~Y© wm‡÷‡gi Dci †Kvb cÖfve c‡o bv| †K›`ªxqfv‡e GB U‡cvjwR wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq e‡j
m¤úbœ nq| ÎæwU wbY©q Kiv mnR nq|
GB cÖhyw³‡Z †gvevBj †dvb, IqvB-dvB, eøyUz_, †Uwjwfkb, †iwWI BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g Z_¨ cvVv‡bv I MÖnY Kiv hvq| GwU N. DÏxc‡Ki 1 bs wPÎwU wis U‡cvjwRi Ges 3 bs wPÎwU evm U‡cvjwRi| wis U‡cvjwR †_‡K evm U‡cvjwR AwaK
e¨envi mnR, PjbmB Ges `xN© `~i‡Z¡ `ªæZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki| myweavRbK| †h †bUIqv‡K© me¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi‡K K¨ve‡ji gva¨‡g Ggbfv‡e mshy³ Kiv nq hv‡Z GKwU wis ev jy‡ci
AZGe, Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kkb n‡jv Zviwenxbfv‡e Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi AvaywbK I RbwcÖq gva¨g| mywó nq Zv‡K wis U‡cvjwR e‡j| GB U‡cvjwR‡Z †Kvb ïiæ ev †kl cÖvšÍ mxgv Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq bv| Ab¨w`‡K †h
M. DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZôvbwU wis U‡cvjwR (Ring Topology) e¨envi K‡iwQj| GB U‡cvjwR‡Z cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi GKwU U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU gvÎ UªvÝwgk‡b gva¨‡g me¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi †bv‡Wi mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K Zv‡K evm U‡cvjwR e‡j| evm
e„ËvKvi web¨v‡m mshy³ _v‡K Ges GKwUi mv‡_ AciwU avivevwnKfv‡e mshy³ _v‡K| A_©vr, †WUv GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K †bUIqv‡K©i †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡q †M‡j Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR Ki‡Z Amyweav nq bv| mn‡RB †h †Kv‡bv
Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i wbw`©ó w`K w`‡q Ny‡i Ny‡i hvq| Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© n‡Z wew”Qbœ Kiv m¤¢e| wis †bUIqv‡K© GKwU Kw¤úDUvi mgm¨vq AvµvšÍ n‡j cy‡iv †bUIqvK©
wis U‡cvjwRi GKwU eo mxgve×Zv n‡jvÑhw` †Kv‡bv GKwU Kw¤úDUvi ev ms‡hvM c‡q›U bó n‡q hvq, Zvn‡j cy‡iv APj n‡q co‡e| evm †bUIqv‡K© †Kv‡bv mgm¨v nq bv| wis U‡cvjwRi †¶‡Î †bUIqv‡K©i †Kvb mgm¨v wbY©q Kiv †ek
†bUIqv‡K© Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb evavMÖ¯Í nq| DÏxc‡K ejv n‡q‡Q, GKwU we‡kl Kw¤úDUvi bó nIqvi d‡j Ab¨ RwUj| evm †bUIqv‡K© wewfbœ hš¿cvwZ mshy³ Ki‡Z me‡P‡q Kg K¨vej cÖ‡qvRb nq| d‡j LiP Kg nq|
Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv †_‡KI Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b RwUjZv †`Lv †`q, hv ¯úófv‡e wis U‡cvjwRi `ye©jZv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z †evSv hvq †h, 1bs wPÎ A_©vr wis U‡cvjwRi Zzjbvq 3bs wPÎ A_©vr evm U‡cvjwR AwaK
myZivs, DÏxc‡Ki cwiw¯’wZ Abyhvqx cÖwZôvbwU wis U‡cvjwR e¨envi K‡iwQj| myweavRbK|
N. DÏxc‡Ki cwiw¯’wZ‡Z RwUjZv Gov‡Z ÷vi U‡cvjwR (Star Topology) e¨envi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Gi ¯^c‡¶ hyw³:
• †K›`ªxq wbqš¿Y: ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUvi GKwU †K›`ªxq wWfvBm (†hgb—nve ev myBP)-Gi mv‡_ mivmwi m„Rbkxj cÖkœ—6 ■ wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡ov Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:
mshy³ _v‡K| d‡j †Kv‡bv GKwU Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡jI evwK Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hv‡M mgm¨v nq bv| K‡jR QvÎx mygvBqv MÖv‡gi evwm›`v n‡q K‡jR cÖv½‡Y wfwWI †dv‡b K_v ejvmn B›Uvi‡b‡Ui myweav¸‡jv †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Q|
• mnR i¶Yv‡e¶Y: †h‡Kv‡bv GKwUi mgm¨v Avjv`vfv‡e wPwýZ K‡i mgvavb Kiv hvq, KviY me ms‡hvM Avjv`v| wKš‘ w`‡bi we‡kl mgq †m Pvwn`vg‡Zv myweav cvq bv| eÜz‡`i Kv‡QI GKB mgm¨vi K_v Rvb‡Z †c‡i K‡jR KZ©…c‡¶i `„wó
• wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv: GKwU ms‡hvM ev Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡jI cy‡iv †bUIqvK© APj nq bv, ïaygvÎ †mB wbw`©ó ms‡hvM AvKl©Y Ki‡j Aa¨¶ g‡nv`q ICT wk¶K‡K `ªæZ weKí Dcv‡q mgm¨vwU mgvav‡bi wb‡`©k †`b|
wew”Qbœ _v‡K| K. LAN Kx?
• m¤úªmviY‡hvM¨: bZzb Kw¤úDUvi mn‡R †K›`ªxq wWfvB‡mi mv‡_ ms‡hvM K‡i †bUIqvK© m¤úªmvwiZ Kiv hvq| L. Ô†WUv UªvÝwgk‡b Av‡jv‡K iwk¥ cwievnx Zvi DËg|Õ—e¨vL¨v Ki|
ZvB ejv hvq †h, wis U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡j cy‡iv †bUIqv‡K© RwUjZv †`Lv †`q, wKš‘ ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z M. mygvBqv †Kvb cÖR‡b¥i wWfvBm e¨envi Ki‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
†K›`ªxq ms‡hv‡Mi Kvi‡Y GB mgm¨v nq bv| ZvB DÏxc‡Ki cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ÷vi U‡cvjwR e¨envi KivB me‡P‡q †hŠw³K N. DÏxc‡Ki mgm¨vwU mgvav‡b ICT wk¶K wK ai‡bi c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib? hyw³mn we‡kølY Ki|
I Kvh©Ki| 6 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. LAN Gi c~Y©iƒc Local Area Network| mvaviYZ 1km ev Zvi Kg Gwiqvi g‡a¨ †ek wKQz Kw¤úDUvi ev
■■■ cixÿv-cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ AwZwi³ m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I DËi ■■■ Ab¨‡Kvb wWfvBm mshy³ K‡i †h †bUIqvK© ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv‡K †jvKvj †bUIqvK© ev j¨vb (LAN) e‡j|
L. †WUv UªvÝwgk‡b Av‡jvK iwk¥ cwievnx Zvi n‡”Q AcwUK¨vj dvBevi|
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ—5 ■ wb‡Pi wPÎwU jÿ¨ K‡iv Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:
 AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨vej nj GK ai‡bi Av‡jv cwievnx Zvi hv GK ev GKvwaK AcwUK¨vj dvBevi w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv dvBevi w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv nq| GB AcwUK¨vj dvBevi ˆe`y¨wZK AšÍiK ev WvB-B‡jKwUªK c`v_© w`‡q ˆZwi GK ai‡bi
nq| GB AcwUK¨vj dvBevi ˆe`y¨wZK AšÍiK ev WvB-B‡jKwUªK c`v_© w`‡q ˆZwi GK ai‡bi Auvk ev dvBevi hv Av‡jv Auvk ev dvBevi hv Av‡jv wbeÜKiY I cwien‡b m¶g|
wbeÜKiY I cwien‡b m¶g| 1. B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨vj Gi cwie‡Z© Av‡jvK wmMb¨vj UªvÝwgU K‡i|
GB Zvi DËg nIqvi KviY n‡jv— 2. cwi‡e‡ki Zvc, Pvc †WUv PjvP‡j evavi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡ibv|
1. B‡jw±ªK¨vj wmMb¨v‡ji cwie‡Z© Av‡jvK wmMb¨vj UªvÝwgU K‡i| 3. G‡Z Av‡jv‡Ki c~Y© Af¨všÍixY cÖwZdjb c×wZ‡Z †WUv Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ Mgb K‡i|
2. G‡Z Av‡jv‡Ki c~Y© Af¨všÍixY cÖwZdjb c×wZ‡Z †WUv Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ Mgb K‡i| 4. `ªæZ †WUv Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
3. `ªæZ †WUv Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| M. DÏxc‡Ki 1 bs wP‡Î †bUIqvK©wU ÷vi U‡cvjwR| G †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR‡Z GKwU Kw¤úDUvi Aci GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii
4. eo ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© GB K¨vej e¨eüZ nq| mv‡_ Ggbfv‡e hy³ _v‡K hv †`L‡Z A‡bKUv AvKv‡ki ZviKvi g‡Zv| GB †bUIqv‡K© nve ev myB‡Pi gva¨‡g wewfbœ
M. mygvBqv MÖv‡gi evwm›`v n‡qI K‡jR cÖv½‡Y wfwWI †dv‡b K_v ejvmn B›Uvi‡b‡Ui myweav¸‡jv †fvM K‡i| A_©vr mygvBqv Kw¤úDUvi mshy³ _v‡K| GB nveB †WUv PjvPj wbqš¿Y K‡i| nve Gi ¶gZv †ewk n‡jB †bUIqv‡K© ms‡hvM †ewk
3q cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj †dvb e¨envi Ki‡Q| †`Iqv hv‡e| LAN ms‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î G ai‡bi msMVb †ewk e¨eüZ nq| GB U‡cvjwR‡Z †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUvi bó n‡q
3q cÖR‡b¥i †gvevBj wm‡÷‡gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨ n‡jv— †M‡j m¤ú~Y© wm‡÷‡gi Dci †Kv‡bv cÖfve c‡obv| †K›`ªxqfv‡e G U‡cvjwR wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq e‡j ÎæwU wbY©q Kiv mnR|
1. GSM, EDGE, CDMA cÖhyw³i e¨envi| N. DÏxc‡Ki 1 bs wPÎwU ÷vi U‡cvjwR Ges 2 bs wPÎwU evm U‡cvjwR| Kg Li‡P j¨v‡ei Rb¨ DÏxc‡Ki wPÎ-2 A_©vr
2. c¨v‡KU myBP c×wZ‡Z †WUv UªvÝwgU nq| evm U‡cvjwR AwaK Dc‡hvMx| evm U‡cvjwR c×wZ‡Z GKwU Awfbœ †WUv PjvP‡ji c_ we`¨gvb| mn‡RB bZzb †WUv
3. D”PMwZ m¤úbœ †WUv UªvÝdvi nq| ev‡mi mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i †bUIqvK©f‚³ Kiv hvq|
4. AvšÍR©vwZK †ivwgs myweav Pvjy nq| Avevi, †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUv‡i mgm¨v n‡j †bUIqvK© †_‰K Ly‡j wb‡jB nq| G‡Z Kvh©KvwiZv e¨nZ nq bv| bZzb Kw¤úDUvi
5. wfwWI K‡ji cÖPjb ïiæ nq| ms‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j g~j ev‡mi mv‡_ ms‡hvM w`‡jB nq| wm‡÷‡gi cwieZ©b nq bv| AwZwi³ LiP †eu‡P hvq|
6. †gvevB‡j B›Uvi‡bU cÖPjb ïiæ nq| cÖ‡qvR‡b wiwcUvi e¨envi K‡i evm U‡cvjwR m¤úªmviY Kiv hvq| ÷vi U‡cvjwR‡Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kw¤úDUvi GKwU nve ev
7. †gvevBj USB g‡Wg ms‡hvM e¨e¯’v| myB‡Pi ga¨‡g mshy³ _v‡K e‡j †K›`ªxq nve ev myB‡Pi mgm¨v n‡j cy‡iv †bUIqvK©wU APj n‡q hvq| U‡cvjwR‡Z cÖPzi
N. DÏxc‡Ki mgm¨vwU mgvav‡b ICT wk¶K GSM cÖhyw³i cwie‡Z© CDMA cÖhyw³ m¤úbœ ivDUvi e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| K¨vej e¨eüZ nq e‡j GwU e¨qeûj c×wZ|
KviY, GSM G e¨vÛDḂK UvBg ¯ø‡U wef³ Kiv nq| GB cÖhyw³‡Z GKvwaK e¨enviKvix GKB e¨vÛDB‡K †kqvi
K‡i _v‡K| ZvB mygvBqvi K‡j‡R e¨enviKixi msL¨v †ewk n‡j m¤úªPv‡ii †¶‡Î weNœ N‡U| ICT wk¶K CDMA m„Rbkxj cÖkœ—8 ■ wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡ov Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI:
cÖhyw³ m¤úbœ ivBUvi e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| KviY CDMA cÖhyw³‡Z †WUv A¨vwcø‡Kk‡b A‡bK e¨vÛDBW_ cvIqv we`¨v wb‡KZb K‡j‡R mvf©v‡ii mv‡_ GKwU gvÎ nve e¨envi K‡i AcwU‡Kj dvBev‡ii gva¨‡g K‡qKwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii ms‡hvM
hvq| GQvov †bUIqvK©fz³ cÖwZwU e¨enviKvixi Rb¨ Avjv`vfv‡e GKwU BDwbK †KvW eivÏ _v‡K| CDMA cÖhyw³‡Z ¯’vcb Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z cÖwZôv‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii msL¨v e„w× cvIqvq GB e¨e¯’v m¤úªmvi‡Yi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq| GQvov
we‡kl mgq Pvwn`vgZ myweav cvIqv hvq| CDMA cÖhyw³i †¯úKUvg© wmMb¨vj A‡bK †ewk Kfv‡iR cÖ`vb K‡i weavq `yBwU gvÎ wcÖ›Uvi Ges GKwU ¯‹¨vbvi e¨envi K‡iB cÖwZôvbwU cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K †m¸‡jv e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| Gi
DÏxc‡Ki mgm¨vwU mgvav‡b ICT wk¶K Gi CDMA cÖhyw³ m¤úbœ ivDUvi e¨envi Kiv DwPZ| d‡j nvW©Iq¨viMZ LiP A‡bK K‡g Av‡m|
K. †WUv Kwgwb‡Kkb †gvW Kv‡K e‡j?
L. †WUv cwien‡b dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej wbivc` †Kb?
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ—7 ■ wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡ov Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi `vI: M. DÏxc‡K †Kvb †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwRi D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
GKwU K‡j‡Ri my‡hvM¨ Aa¨¶ g‡nv`q 25wU bZzb Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q ICT j¨ve ¯’vc‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡jb| j¨vewUi †bUIqvK© N. ÔDÏxc‡K †bUIqvK© ¯’vc‡bi D‡Ïk¨ h_vh_ ev¯Íevqb n‡q‡QÕ—Dw³wU g~j¨vqb Ki|
¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ wb‡Pi `yBwU wPÎ j¶ Ki— 8 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b‡‡ WUv cÖev‡ni w`K‡K †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb †gvW e‡j|
L. dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej n‡jv AZ¨šÍ miæ GK ai‡bi Kuv‡Pi Zš‘| Kuv‡Pi Zš‘i ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jvi MwZ‡Z †WUv Av`vb
cÖv`vb Kiv nq| †WUv cwien‡b dvBevi AcwUK K¨vej wbivc` KviY—
1. B‡jKwUªK¨vj wmMb¨vj Gi cwie‡Z© Av‡jvK wmMb¨vj UªvÝwgU K‡i|
2. cwi‡e‡ki Zvc, Pvc †WUv PjvP‡j evavi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡ibv|
3. G‡Z Av‡jv‡Ki c~Y© Af¨všÍixY cÖwZdjb c×wZ‡Z †WUv Drm †_‡K MšÍ‡e¨ Mgb K‡i|
K. myBP Kx? 4. `ªæZ †WUv Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
L. Av‡jvi MwZi b¨vq †WUv †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ K¨vejwU e¨vL¨v Ki| 5. eo ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K© GB K¨vej e¨eüZ nq|
M. wPÎ-1 †Kvb †bUIqvK© U‡cvjwR e¨vL¨v Ki| 6. †WUv msi¶‡Yi wbivcËv I †MvcbxqZv †ewk|
N. Kg Li‡P j¨v‡ei Rb¨ ˆZwi DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb U‡cvjwR myweavRbK Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv K‡i gZvgZ `vI| M. DÏxc‡K †bUIqvK© wn‡m‡e ÷vi U‡cvjwR D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB †bUIqv‡K© GKwU Kw¤úDUvi Aci GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii
7 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi mv‡_ Ggbfv‡e hy³ _v‡K hv †`L‡Z A‡bKUv AvKv‡ki ZviKvi g‡Zv| G †bUIqv‡K© nve ev myB‡Pi gva¨‡g wewfbœ
K. †bUIqvK© myBP GK ai‡bi †bUIqvwK©s wWfvBm hv Gi AvIZvaxb wWfvBm¸‡jv‡K GK‡Î mshy³ K‡i| GLv‡b wWfvBm Kw¤úDUvi mshy³ _v‡K| GB nveB †WUv PjvPj wbqš¿Y K‡i| nve Gi ¶gZv hZ †ewk n‡e †bUIqv‡K© ZZ †ewk
ej‡Z Kw¤úDUvi, wcÖ›Uvi, ¯‹¨vbvi BZ¨vw`‡K eySvq| ms‡hvM †`Iqv hv‡e| LAN ms‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î G ai‡bi msMVb †ewk e¨eüZ nq| GB U‡cvjwR‡Z †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi
L. Av‡jvi MwZ‡Z †WUv ¯’vbvšÍi nq AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨ve‡ji gva¨‡g| †jRvi iwk¥i d‡j †WUv Av`vb cÖ`v‡b GB bó n‡q †M‡j †Kvb mgm¨v nq bv| †K›`ªxqfv‡e G U‡cvjwR wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq e‡j µwU wbY©q Kiv mnR|
K¨vej e¨eüZ nq| AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨vej nj GK ai‡bi Av‡jv cwievnx Zvi hv GK ev GKvwaK AcwUK¨vj
N. DÏxc‡K †bUIqvK© ¯’vc‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ h_vh_ ev¯Íevqb n‡q‡Q| DÏxc‡Ki eY©bv Abyhvqx cieZ©x‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi
Kw¤úDUv‡ii msL¨v e„w× cvIqvq wUª U‡cvjwR ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB U‡cvjwR‡Z Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ kvLv
cÖkvLv wn‡m‡e web¨¯Í _v‡K| hv †`L‡Z A‡bKUv Mv‡Qi g‡Zv| GLv‡b Mv‡Qi g~j n‡”Q †nv÷ Kw¤úDUvi, evwK
Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv n‡jv kvLv cÖkvLv|
kvLv cÖkvLvi gva¨‡g †bUIqvK© m¤úªmviY myweavRbK| Awdm e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ GB †bUIqvK© †ewk Dc‡hvMx| bZzb
†Kv‡bv †bvW ms‡hvM ev ev` w`‡j †bUIqv‡K©i ¯^vfvweK ¯’vc‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ h_vh_ ev¯Íevqb n‡q‡Q|