Experiment 1
Determine the Strength of KMnO4 using M/20
FAS
Aim:
To determine the strength of the given KMnO4 solution using
standard solution of Mohr’s salt
Materials Required :
● Electronic balance
● Distilled water
● Dilute H2SO4
● Concentrated H2SO4
● Test tube
● Potassium permanganate solution
● 250 ml conical flask
● Tripod strand
● Ferrous ammonium sulphate( Mohr’s salt)
● 250 ml standard flask
● Buret
● Glass rod
● Pipette
● Funnel
● Bunsenburner
● Weighing bottle
● Spatula
● White tile
● Wire gauze
● 250 ml Beaker
Procedure
Preparation of standard solution of Mohr’s salt (Ferrous
Ammonium Sulphate).[250 ml M/20 (0.05 M) solution]
● Using an electronic balance ,weigh exactly 4.9g of Mohr’s salt
crystals in a weighing bottle.
● Transfer these into a 250ml beaker. Add 5ml conc.H2SO4 into
the beaker.
● Wash the weighing bottle well with distilled water and transfer
all the washings into the beaker.
● Dissolve Mohr’s salt crystals in the beaker by gentle stirring
with a clean glass rod.
● When the crystals in the beaker are completely dissolved,
transfer the entire solution from the beaker into a 250ml
standard flask through a funnel and a glass rod.
● Wash the beaker thoroughly with distilled water and transfer
all the washings into the standard flask.
● Finally, wash the glass rod and the funnel thoroughly with
distilled water to transfer the solution on the sides of the
funnel into the standard flask. Add enough distilled water to
the standard flask so that the level is just below the
calibration mark on it.
● Add the last few drops of distilled water with a pipette until
the lower level of the meniscus just touches the mark on the
standard flask.
● Stopper the measuring flask and shake gently to make the
solution uniform throughout.
Determination of strength of KMnO4
● Take a burette and wash it with distilled water. Rinse and fill
the burette with the given KMnO4 solution and set the initial
burette reading as zero.
● Clamp it vertically to the burette stand. Rinse the pipette with
water and then with the given Mohr’s salt solution.
● Pipette out 20ml of the given Mohr’s salt solution into a
conical flask and add one test tube (~20ml) full of dil.H2SO4
into it.
● Titrate it against the KMnO4 solution taken in the burette till
the colour of the solution in the conical flask changes from
colourless to light pink.
● Note down the final burette reading. Repeat the titration until
concordant values are obtained.
Left page
Observation
The readings are recorded in a tabular form as shown and the
molarity of the given KMnO4 solution can be calculated using the
molarity equation given in the theory.
The Result
The strength of the given KMnO4 solution = .............g/litr
Experiment 2
Determine the Strength of KMnO4 using oxalic
acid
AIM:
To determine of the strength of the given
KMnO4 solution using M/20 oxalic acid solution
Materials Required:
● Electronic balance
● Distilled water
● Dilute H2SO4
● Test tube
● Potassium permanganate solution
● 250 ml conical flask
● Tripod strand
● oxalic acid
● 250 ml standard flask
● Buret
● Glass rod
● Pipette
● Funnel
● Bunsenburner
● Weighing bottle
● Spatula
● White tile
● Wire gauze
● 250 ml Beaker
Preparation of standard solution of oxalic acid [250 ml M/20
(0.05 M) solution]
● Using an electronic balance, first weigh exactly 1.575 g of
oxalic acid crystals in a weighing bottle.
● Transfer these into a 250 ml beaker. Then wash the
weighing bottle 2 or 3 times with distilled water and
transfer all the washings into the beaker.
● Dissolve the oxalic acid crystals in the beaker by gentle
stirring with a clean glass rod.
● When the oxalic acid crystals in the beaker are
completely dissolved, transfer the entire solution from
the beaker into a 250 ml standard flask through a funnel
and a glass rod.
● Wash the beaker 2 to 3 times with distilled water and
transfer all the washings into the standard flask.
● Finally wash the funnel thoroughly with distilled water to
transfer the drops of the solution on the sides of the
funnel into the standard flask.
● Add enough distilled water to the standard flask so that
the level is just below the calibration mark on it.
● Add the last few drops of distilled water with a pipette
until the lower level of the meniscus just touches the
mark on the standard flask.
● Stopper the measuring flask and shake gently to make
the solution uniform throughout.
Determination of strength of given KMnO₄
● Take a burette and wash it with distilled water.
● Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO₄ solution
and set the initial burette reading as zero.
● Clamp it vertically to the burette stand.
● Rinse the pipette with water and then with the given
oxalic acid solution.
● Then pipette out 20 ml of the given oxalic acid solution
into a conical flask and add one test tube (~20 ml) full of
dil. H₂SO₄ into it.
● Heat the contents of the conical flask to 60–70 °C.
● Titrate it against the KMnO₄ solution taken in the
burette till the colour of the solution in the conical flask
changes from colourless to light pink.
● Note down the final burette [Link] the titration
until concordant values are obtained.
Left page
Observation
The readings are recorded in a tabular form as shown and
the molarity of the given KMnO₄ solution can be calculated
using the molarity equation given in the theory.
Result
The strength of the given KMnO₄ solution = ............ g/litre
Experiment 3
Preparation of starch
Aim:
Preparation of colloidal solution of starch
Materials Required
● Soluble starch
● Distilled water
● 250 ml beaker
● 50 ml beaker
● Glass rod
● Funnel
● Filter-paper
● Pestle and mortar
● Tripod stand
● Wire-gauze
● Bunsen burner
Procedure
● Weigh a small quantity (500mg or 1 g) of soluble starch on an
electronic balance.
● Transfer the weighed quantity of starch into a mortar and add a
few drops of distilled water.
● Grind the starch using the pestle to make a thin paste and
transfer the paste into a 50 ml beaker.
● Take about 100 ml of distilled water in a 250 ml beaker and heat
the beaker till the water starts to boil.
● Pour the starch paste slowly into the boiling water while stirring
using a glass rod.
● Continue boiling for about 10 minutes and then allow the beaker
to cool.
● Filter the contents of the beaker, through a filter paper fixed in a
funnel and collect the filtrate.
● Label the filtrate as Starch Sol.
Experiment-4
Preparation of Fe(OH)3 solution
Aim:
Preparation of ferric hydroxide sol
Materials Required
● 2% solution of ferric chloride
● Distilled water
● 250 ml conical flask
● 250 ml beaker
● Glass tube
● Funnel
● Dropper
● RB flask
● Iron stand with clamp
● Wire gauze
● Tripod stand
● Bunsen burner
Procedure
● Take a 250 ml conical flask and clean it using the
steaming out process.
● To this cleaned conical flask, add 100 ml of distilled water
using a measuring cylinder.
● Bring the water to boil by placing the flask over a Bunsen
burner.
● Add ferric chloride solution dropwise to the boiling water
using a dropper.
● Continue heating until a deep red or brown solution of
ferric hydroxide is obtained.
● Note: Replace the water lost by evaporation during
boiling at regular intervals.
● Keep the contents of the conical flask undisturbed for
some time at room temperature.
● Label the solution as Ferric Hydroxide Sol.
Experiment-5
Separation of pigments of extracts of leaves using paper
chromatography
Aim:
Separation of pigments from the extract of spinach leaves
Materials Required
● Chromatographic chamber with lid
● Measuring jar
● Whatman filter paper
● Isopropyl alcohol
● Distilled water
● Extract of spinach leaves
● Pencil
● Fine capillary tube
● Scale
● Glass rod
Procedure
● Take a Whatman filter paper strip and using a pencil draw a
horizontal line 4cm from one end of the paper. Then draw another
line lengthwise (vertically) from the centre of the paper. Name the
point at which the two lines intersect as P.
● Using a fine capillary tube, put a drop of the extract of spinach
leaves at the point P. Let it dry in air.
● Put another drop on the same spot and dry again, so that the
spot is rich in the leaf extract.
● Pour equal amounts of isopropyl alcohol and distilled water into a
chromatographic chamber and mix it well using a glass rod. This
is used as the solvent.
● Suspend the filter paper vertically in the chromatographic
chamber containing the solvent in such a way that the pencil line
remains about 2cm above the solvent level.
● Close the jar with its lid and keep it undisturbed.
● Notice the rising solvent along with the coloured components of
the leaf extract.
● After the solvent has risen to about 15 cm you will notice two
different spots of coloured components on the filter paper.
● Take the filter paper out of the jar and using a pencil mark the
distance that the solvent has risen on the paper. This is called the
solvent front.
● Dry the filter paper and put pencil marks at the centre of each
spot.
● Measure the distance of each spot from the original line and the
distance of the solvent front from the original line.
● Calculate the Rf values of different components of leaf extract by
using the formula,
Left page
Observation
Observations can be recorded as shown.
[Link] Component Distance Distance Rf value
travelled by travelled by the
the component solvent from
from the the original
original line line (cm)
(cm)
1. Orange
(Carotene)
2. Yellow
(Xanthophyll)
3. Light green
(Chlorophyll a)
4. Dark green
(Xanthophyll)
Inference
● Rf value of orange (Carotene) = ……………
● Rf value of Yellow (Xanthophyll) = …………..
● Rf value of Light green (Chlorophyll a) = …………..
● Rf value of Dark green (Xanthophyll b) = …………..
Experiment -6
Preparation of potash alum
Aim:
Preparation of pure sample of potash
alum[K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O]
Materials Required
● Potassium sulphate
● Aluminium sulphate
● Dil. Sulphuric acid
● Distilled water
● Beakers
● China dish
● Funnel
● Glass rod
● Tripod stand
● Wire gauze
● Burner
● Wash bottle
● Measuring jar
● Electronic balance
Procedure
1. Take 2.5g potassium sulphate crystals in a clean beaker.
2. To this add 20ml of distilled water and stir using a glass rod until
the crystals completely dissolve.
3. Take 10g aluminium sulphate in another beaker.
4. Add about 20ml of distilled water and 1ml of [Link] acid to it.
5. Heat the contents of the beaker for about 5 minutes.
6. Mix the two solutions in a china dish.
7. Heat the solution in the china dish for some time to concentrate it
to the crystallisation point.
8. Transfer the solution into a crystallising dish and do not disturb it.
9. On cooling crystals of potash alum separate.
10.Decant the mother liquor and wash the crystals with a small
quantity of ice-cold water.
11. Dry the crystals by placing them between filter paper pads.
12.Find the weight of the crystals.
Left page
Observations
1. Weight of the crystals obtained = ....g
2. Colour of the crystals = ....
3. Shape of the crystals = ....
Experiment-7
Preparation of Acetanilide
Aim:
Preparation of acetanilide from aniline
Materials Required
● Aniline -10ml
● Acetic anhydride - 10ml
● Glacial acetic acid - 10ml
● Conical flask
● RB flask
● Funnel
● Filter paper
● Buchner funnel
● Water condenser
● Wire gauze
● Tripod stand
● Burner
● Measuring jar
Procedure
Real Lab Procedure
1. Take 10ml of acetic anhydride in a clean dry 250ml RB flask and add 10ml of
glacial acetic acid and shake the contents thoroughly.
2. To this mixture add 10ml of aniline and fit a water condenser.
3. Boil this mixture over a sand bath for 10min.
4. Pour the liquid from the RB flask into 200ml ice-cold water taken in a beaker.
While adding, stir the contents of the beaker vigorously using a glass rod.
5. Filter the white precipitate formed and wash it with cold water.
6. Recrystallisation of Acetanilide: Take the crude acetanilide in the beaker
and add 50ml of a mixture of 1 volume of acetic acid and 2 volumes of water.
Heat to dissolve the solid. Filter the hot solution into a conical flask and
cool the filtrate in ice. Filter off the crystals of acetanilide formed and dry
them by pressing them between the folds of a filter paper and measure the
weight of the crystals.
Left page
Observation
The weight of acetanilide= __________ g.
Experiment-8
Preparation of Dibenzal acetone
Aim:
Preparation of dibenzal acetone
Materials Required
● Benzaldehyde - 2.5ml
● Acetone - 1ml
● 10% NaOH solution - 5ml
● Rectified spirit - 25ml
● Conical flask
● Beaker
● Test tube
● Funnel
● Filter papers
● Burner
Procedure
1. Take 2.5ml of benzaldehyde, 10ml of acetone and 25ml of rectified spirit in a
conical flask. Cork the flask and shake it to obtain a clear solution.
2. Take 5ml of 10% NaOH solution in a test tube and add this to conical flask
drop by drop by shaking the flask. Maintain the temperature of the reaction
mixture between 20-25oC while adding the sodium hydroxide solution.
3. Cork the flask again and shake vigorously for about 10min, releasing the
pressure from time to time.
4. Allow it to stand for about 20min at room temperature and then cool in ice
water for a few minutes.
5. Filter the yellow coloured solid and wash it with water.
6. Recrystallisation of Dibenzal acetone: Dissolve the above yellow coloured
crude solid in minimum amount of hot rectified spirit and then allow it to
cool slowly. Pale yellow crystals of dibenzal acetone separate. Filter the
crystals and dry them by pressing them between the folds of a filter paper,
and then measure the weight of the crystals.
Left page
Observation
The weight of Dibenzal acetone = ___________ g.
Experiment-9
Test for functional group
Aim:
Tests for functional group
Experiment Procedure Observation Inference
Litmus Test Place a drop of the Blue litmus turns Presence of
given liquid (or a to red. carboxylic group.
crystal if solid) on
a moist blue litmus
paper.
Sodium Hydrogen Take 1 ml of the Brisk effervescence Presence of
Carbonate Test given organic is observed. carboxylic group.
compound in a
test tube and add
a pinch of sodium
bicarbonate to it.
Ester Test Take a small You get a fruity Presence of
quantity of the smell. carboxylic group.
given organic
compound in a
clean test tube,
add 1 ml of ethyl
alcohol and 1-2
drops of conc.
sulphuric acid into
it. Heat the
reaction mixture
on a water bath for
about 5 minutes.
Pour the mixture
into a beaker
containing water.
Tests for Amino Group
Experiment Procedure Observation Inference
Solubility Test Take a small Compound is Compound may be
quantity of the soluble in [Link]. amine.
given compound in
a clean test tube
and add 2-3 ml of
[Link] and shake
the test tube well.
Litmus Test Place a drop of the Red litmus turns to Compound may be
given liquid (or a blue. amine.
pinch of solid) on a
moist red litmus
paper.
Carbylamines Test Take a small An offensive smell Presence of
quantity of solid is produced. primary amine.
KOH in a clean dry
test tube and add
about 2 ml of
ethanol. Warm the
test tube until the
pellets dissolve. To
this add a few
drops of
chloroform and
small amount of
the given
compound and
warm gently.
Azo-Dye Test Take three test Formation of a red Presence of
tubes A, B and C. In or orange dye. aromatic primary
test tube A, amine is
dissolve a small confirmed.
quantity of the
compound in 2 ml
of HCl. In test tube
B, prepare an
aqueous solution
of sodium nitrite. In
test tube C,
dissolve a small
quantity of
β-naphthol in
dilute sodium
hydroxide. Place all
the three test
tubes in an ice
bath. Now add
sodium nitrite
solution into test
tube A and the
resulting solution
is added to test
tube C.
Distinguishing Tests for Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines
Experiment Procedure observation Inference
Nitrous acid Test Make a solution of Bubbles of Presence of
about 1 g of nitrogen gas. primary aliphatic
sodium nitrite in amine.
about 5 ml distilled
water in a test tube Formation of a Presence of
and cool it in an yellow oily layer. secondary amine.
ice bath. In a
No visible change. Presence of
separate test tube,
tertiary amine.
dissolve a small
quantity of the
given compound in
about 1 ml of conc.
sulphuric acid and
cool this also in ice
bath. Mix both the
solutions.
Hinsberg Test Take a small No precipitate Presence of
quantity of the (clear solution). On primary amine.
given compound in addition of conc.
a clean test tube, HCl, insoluble
add about 2 ml of material is seen.
25% NaOH, 2 ml of
water and 1 ml of Precipitate is Presence of
benzene sulphonyl formed in the test secondary amine.
chloride. Shake the tube. It does not
mixture for about dissolve in conc.
10 minutes and HCl.
then cool under
tap water and note Precipitate is Presence of
the formation of formed in the test tertiary amine.
precipitate. Treat tube. It dissolves in
the precipitate conc. HCl.
with 2 ml of
[Link].
Experiment-10
Food test(write in pencil
we don't know exact heading)
Aim:
Leave space (dont write it now)