Unit-2
SUBSTATIONS
CONTENTS
1. Location of substations
2. Rating of distribution substations
3. Service area within primary feeders
4. Benefits derived through optimal location of
substations
TRNSMISSION OF ELECTRIC POWER
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM:-
ELEMENT OF POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
GENRATING STATION
PRIMARY TRANSMISSION
SECONDRY TRANSMISSION
PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION
SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Transmission system & distribution system.
TRNSMISSION OF ELECTRIC POWER
TYPES OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM:-
TRANSMISSON LINE
A.C. TRANSMISSION [Link]
[Link] PHASE MID POINT EARTH [Link] WIRE MID POINT EARTH
FOUR WIRE SYSTEM A.C. SINGAL PHASE. SYSTEM. TYPE SYSTEM.
A.C. SINGAL PHASE [Link] PHASE
TWO WIRE SYSTEM THREE WIRE
Substation:
A collection of equipments used to transform
the characteristics (voltage, frequency and power
factor) of electrical energy from one level to
another level is known as substation.
➢ It controls the power flow from supplier to
consumer
➢ These are installed between the generating
stations and the consumer premises
SUBSTATION
FUNCTION OF SUBSTATION:-
• The main functions of sub-stations are to receive
energy transmitted at high voltage from the
generating station, reduce to a value appropriate
for local distribution and provide facilities for
switching.
The main equipment for Substation.
1. Main bus-bar.
2. Isolator.
3. Insulator.
4. Circuit breaker.
5. Load interrupter switches.
6. Fuses.
7. Power transformer.
8. Current transformer and potential transformer.
9. Control cable.
Classification of substations:
The substations are classified into
according to their
1. Service requirements and
2. Constructional features
1. Service requirements
i). Switching substations
ii). Transformer substations
iii). Frequency changer substations
iv). Converting substations
v). Power factor correction substations
vi). Industrial substations
2. Constructional features
i). Outdoor substations
ii). Indoor substations
iii). Pole mounted substations
iii). Underground substations
OUTDOOR SUBSTATION
Advantages of outdoor substations
✓ Location of fault is very easy
✓ Severity of fire effects are less
✓ Future extension of outdoor substations are very
easy
Disadvantages of outdoor substations
✓ Area required is more
✓ These are easily effected by the environmental
condition
INDOOR SUBSTATION
Advantages of indoor substations
✓ As the apparatus installed inside, there no risk of
weather conditions in performing the operation and
maintenance of apparatus
✓ No need of protective devices for protecting the
equipment against lightning surges, temperature
changes and environmental conditions
Disadvantages of indoor substations
✓ Difficult to locate the fault
✓ Possibility of fault occurrence is more because no
clearance can be provided between the conductors
UNDERGROUND SUBSTATION
Advantages of underground substations
✓ Very much suitable for public safety
✓ Much preferred where cost of land is high and
land is non available
Disadvantages of underground substations
✓ Most difficult to construct
✓ Fire hazards are possible
✓ For oil handling an adequate arrangement is
needed
POLE MOUNTED SUBSTATIONS
Advantages of pole mounted substations
✓ Require less space
✓ Faults can easily located
✓ These are very cheap and simple in
construction
Disadvantages of pole mounted substations
✓ These are very much effected by the
environmental conditions
✓ Only suitable for distributing power to local
areas i.e. very high capacity substations cannot be
installed on poles
Location of substations:
Select the location of substation such that
1. Close to the load centre of its service area
2. Proper voltage regulation can be obtainable without
taking extensive measures
3. It provides proper access for incoming sub
transmission lines, outgoing primary feeders and also
allows for future growth
4. It should provide enough space for the future
substation expansion
5. It should not opposed by land regulations, local
ordinances, and neighbors
6. It should help to minimize the no. of customers
affected by any service discontinuity
7. Other considerations such as adaptability, emergency
Rating of distribution substation:
The factors that decided by the rating of
substations are
1. Nature of the load
2. Load density of the are feeding
3. The rate of growth in load
4. Type of design adopted
5. Type of equipment employed
6. Quality of service provided
7. No. of feeders leaving the station
8. Different primary feeder voltages
Benefits of optimal location of substations
1. Design of substation is become cheap, simple
and feasible
2. Substation is very close to the load centre of its
service area
3. Capital cost is low
4. The product of KVA and distance is minimum
5. Voltage regulation is improved
6. When future loads are added, the access for
incoming and outgoing feeders is good
7. Voltage regulation requirement at the farthest load
point are satisfied
8. No. of customers effected by the service outage is less
due to possibility of alternative supply
9. Extension of substation is possible
10. Cost of feeders and power losses are reduced
11. No objection by legal administration laws for the right
way for the feeders and approach roads to the substation
12. Time required for the erection of substation is
reduced
View of distribution system.
View of L.T. distribution system.
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
VOLTAGE DROP: The reduction in in voltage
between the source end and the load end.
• It is always necessary to maintain a constant
voltage within the permissible limits at the load
end so that the appliances operate normally.
The factors that affects the voltage drop are
1. Concentrated load currents
2. load power factor
3. line impedance
POWER LOSS: The major losses in distribution system
are,
1. Transformer losses
2. Power line losses
Power losses in the distribution system accounts for
approximately 4% of the total system
The power loss calculation is very important because,
i. Distribution Efficiency
= (Power received at consumer end) / (power
received at consumer end + Distribution loss)
As the losses increases efficiency decreases.
ii. As the losses becomes high excess fuel cost is
needed to cover the lost energy.
SYSTEM ANALYSIS: Two types of systems
present in the distribution system
[Link] 3-phase system
2.3-Phase system
[Link] 3-phase system:
i. 1-Phase 2-wire system with ungrounded
neutral
ii. 1-Phase 2-wire uni-grounded laterals
iii. 1-Phase 2-wire laterals with multi
grounded common neutral
iv. 2-Phase plus neutral laterals
2. 3-phase system:
Primary system is either 3-phase 3-wire or a 3-
phase 4-wire main.
The laterals may be
i. 3-Phase 3-wire
ii. 3-Phase 4-wire
iii. 1-Phase with neutral ungrounded
iv. 1-Phase with neutral grounded
v. 2-Phase plus neutral open-Wye