Research Article / Review Article FUPRE JOURNAL 9(1):85-100(2025)

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of
Scientific and Industrial Research
ISSN: 2579-1184(Print) ISSN: 2578-1129 (Online)
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Enhanced Voltage Stability and Loss Minimization through Optimal Placement and
Sizing of Dstatcom in Distribution Networks
ZELIBE, U.1,* , OSHEVIRE, P.2
1
Department of Marine Engineering, Federal College of Fisheries and Marine Technology, V.I,
Lagos State
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Delta
State

ABSTRACT
ARTICLE INFO
Integrating Distributed Static Compensators (DSTATCOM) into distribution
networks improves voltage profiles, reduces power losses, and enhances stability.
Received: 12/12/2024 This paper optimizes DSTATCOM placement and sizing within the 34-bus
Accepted: 01/04/2025 Thinkers Corner 6.0 MVA, 33/11KV distribution network in Enugu, Nigeria,
using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) in MATLAB R2017b. The Backward-
Keywords Forward Sweep method was employed to simulate load flow analysis, both with
and without DSTATCOM, to assess real and reactive power losses, voltage
DSTATCOM, profiles, and voltage stability indices. Validation of the model was performed using
Distribution network,
Load flow analysis,
the IEEE 33-bus system to ensure the robustness of the approach. Results show
loss reduction, Voltage that DSTATCOM integration reduces losses, stabilizes voltage, and improves
stability network efficiency.

1. INTRODUCTION with the distance from the central

Modern distribution systems face complex substation, creating the need for localized
challenges such as voltage instability, high reactive power compensation to maintain
power losses, and fluctuating voltage voltage stability (Gao et al., 2018).
profiles due to increasing demand and the
integration of distributed generation (DG) Reactive power compensation is essential
sources (Bollen, 2000; Saravanan et al., in distribution systems to enhance voltage
2007). Distribution networks, which are profiles and prevent voltage collapse
responsible for delivering electricity to end (Mahdad and Bouktir, 2011). A lack of
users, experience the highest levels of sufficient reactive power leads to declining
power loss across the electrical grid, bus voltages, which can initiate a chain
typically ranging between 5–13% of total reaction affecting other areas in the network
generated energy (Abdelaziz et al., 2016). (El-Fergany and Abdelaziz, 2014).
As load demand continues to grow, the Maintaining voltage stability becomes
voltage level at buses decreases, which can increasingly challenging in large-scale
lead to voltage collapse, particularly in networks operating close to voltage
industrial zones (Ramesh et al., 2019). instability limits (Del Valle et al., 2008).
Additionally, voltage drops tend to increase FACTS controllers such as the
*Corresponding author, e-mail: [Link]@[Link]
DIO
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 Zelibe and Oshevire (2025)/ FUPRE Journal, 9(1):85-100(2025)

DSTATCOM provide an efficient solution ensures accurate modeling and analysis of

by injecting or absorbing reactive power to DSTATCOM’s impact on voltage stability
stabilize voltage and improve power quality and power losses (Baklouti et al., 2022).
(Hingorani & Gyugyi, 2000). Compared to
traditional methods such as capacitor banks This paper focuses on the Thinkers Corner
or Static Var Compensators (SVCs), distribution network, a real-world 34-bus,
DSTATCOM offers superior regulation, 33/11 kV system in Enugu, Nigeria that
faster response to load changes, and suffers from substantial power losses and
minimal harmonic emissions, making it an voltage instability. The primary goal is to
ideal choice for modern distribution determine the optimal placement and size
networks (Sanam et al., 2016). of DSTATCOM using PSO to minimize
losses, improve voltage profiles, and
The integration of optimization techniques enhance system stability. The performance
is crucial to ensuring that DSTATCOMs of the network is analyzed using MATLAB
are placed and sized optimally to maximize R2017b, with and without DSTATCOM, to
their benefits. Various optimization quantify improvements in voltage stability,
methods, such as Genetic Algorithms (GA), power loss reduction, and operational
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and efficiency. The approach is validated using
hybrid algorithms, have been proposed for the IEEE 33-bus system to ensure the
optimal DSTATCOM placement and sizing generalizability of the proposed solution.
(Saravanan et al., 2007). PSO, a popular
meta-heuristic algorithm, is well-suited for 1.1. DSTATCOM Components
this task due to its simplicity and ability to
achieve global optima (Kennedy & A DSTATCOM is a shunt-connected
Eberhart, 1995). PSO has been successfully device that regulates voltage by injecting or
applied to a range of power system absorbing reactive power. It utilizes a
optimization problems, including voltage Voltage Source Converter (VSC) with
stability improvement and loss Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs)
minimization (Moghaddam et al., 2019). or similar switches to enhance voltage
Recent studies highlight that integrating stability, reduce fluctuations, and improve
PSO with load flow models, such as the the power factor. Key components are
Backward-Forward Sweep (BFS) method, illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Block diagram of DSTATCOM circuit

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A DSTATCOM comprises key components for active filter, injecting harmonic currents to
efficient reactive power compensation. The reduce Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Voltage Source Converter (VSC) converts DC and balance loads (Rashid, 2011).
voltage from the capacitor to synchronized AC
voltage for reactive power exchange (Hingorani
2. METHODOLOGY
and Gyugyi, 2000). The capacitor maintains
DC voltage and buffers energy (Miller, 1982),
while the coupling transformer connects the This section presents the methodology used
DSTATCOM to the grid, ensuring safe power to conduct the research. It begins with an
exchange and electrical isolation (Singh et al., overview of the Thinkers Corner
2015). Filters remove high-frequency distribution network, followed by the
harmonics, producing a sinusoidal output (Zhao optimization approach for DSTATCOM
and Zhang, 2010). placement and sizing. Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO), implemented in
1.2. DSTATCOM Working Principles MATLAB R2017b, served as the
optimization tool for determining the
The DSTATCOM regulates reactive power optimal location and size of the
exchange by generating or absorbing power DSTATCOM unit. Below is a detailed
to maintain voltage stability. It injects breakdown of the methods applied.
reactive power (capacitive mode) during
under-voltage conditions and absorbs it 2.1. Network Description and Data
(inductive mode) during over-voltage Acquisition
conditions (Bollen, 2000). The system
voltage is continuously measured and The Thinkers Corner network, operating at
compared with a reference, directing the 11 kV with a 6.0 MVA capacity, receives
Voltage Source Converter (VSC) to adjust power from the 33 kV Enugu substation via
reactive currents as needed (Hingorani & the New Haven transmission station. It
Gyugyi, 2000). The reactive power is given features one main feeder, several radial
by: sub-feeders, and 33 transformers supplying
34 load points with an average load of
Q = V * I sin(θ) 4636.5 kW and 2873.5 kVAR. Network
(1.1) data, including transformer ratings, line
impedances, and load conditions, were
Where Q is the reactive power, V is the collected through collaboration with EEDC
voltage, I is the current, and θ is the phase (Enugu Electricity Distribution Company)
angle between them (Akagi & Kanazawa, personnel. IEEE 33-bus system data was
1984). Operating in near-unity power factor also obtained, and all parameters were
improves efficiency and power transfer. converted to per-unit (p.u.) for consistent
The DSTATCOM also functions as an power flow analysis (see appendix).

Figure 2: One - Line Diagram of 34 Bus Thinkers’ Corner Distribution System

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Figure 2: One - Line Diagram of 33 Bus IEEE Distribution System

2.2. Modeling the Network and System Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), using the
Simulation Branch Current to Bus Voltage (BCBV)
matrix:
The DSTATCOM was modeled and
integrated into the Thinkers Corner Vk +1 = V1 - [BCBV][Ibranch]
network using MATLAB R2017b. A direct (2.3)
load flow simulation without DSTATCOM
established baseline metrics, including The solution converged when the
power losses, voltage profiles, and stability difference in successive voltage
indices. The efficient Backward-Forward magnitudes across all nodes was less than
Sweep method was used for this radial 1×10-5 p.u.
system. The base case scenario employed
the following equation to compute current 2.3. Incorporating DSTATCOM in Load
injection at each bus: Flow Analysis

𝑃𝑖 +𝑗𝑄𝑖 During each iteration of the forward sweep,

𝐼𝑖𝑘 = ( )
𝑉𝑖𝑘 the voltage magnitude at the node where the
(2.1) DSTATCOM was placed was regulated to
1 p.u. The DSTATCOM adjusted its
where 𝐼𝑖𝑘 is the equivalent current injection reactive power injection Qinj based on the
at the Kth iteration for bus i, and 𝑉𝑖𝑘 voltage deviation at the connected bus. The
denotes the voltage magnitude at that injected reactive power was computed as:
iteration.
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠
𝑄inj = (𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑉bus )
X
The simulation proceeded by solving for (2.4)
branch currents using the Bus Injection to
Branch Current (BIBC) matrix: where:
[Ibranch]=[BIBC][Inode] 𝑄inj = Reactive power injected or
(2.2)
absorbed by the DSTATCOM
Branch currents were then used to
iteratively update nodal voltages based on
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𝑉bus = Voltage magnitude at the Vinew = Updated voltage at bus i

connected bus
Viold = Previous voltage at bus i
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 = Reference voltage (1 p.u.)
ϵ = Convergence tolerance (1*10-5
X = Equivalent reactance of the p.u.)
DSTATCOM
By continuously regulating reactive power
if the required reactive power exceeded the injection, the DSTATCOM maintained the
DSTATCOM’s maximum capacity Qmax, voltage at 1 p.u. while minimizing power
the reactive power injection was capped: losses and ensuring stable network
operation.
𝑄inj = min⁡(𝑄calc, Qmax)
(2.5) 2.4. Optimization Using Particle Swarm
Optimization
Where:
PSO was employed to determine the
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑠 optimal size and location of the
𝑄calc = (𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑉bus )
X DSTATCOM. In the PSO algorithm, each
(2.6) particle represents a candidate solution with
a specific position and velocity. The
𝑄calc is the calculated reactive power algorithm iteratively updates the particle
required to maintain voltage at 1 p.u. velocities and positions using the following
equations:
Qmax = Maximum reactive power capacity
of the DSTATCOM 𝑣𝑖𝑘+1 = 𝑤𝑣𝑖𝑘 + 𝑐1 𝑟1 (𝑝𝑖𝑘 − 𝑥𝑖𝑘 ) + 𝑐2 𝑟2 (𝑔𝑘 −
𝑥𝑖𝑘 )
If capped, the remaining reactive power (2.9)
imbalance was treated as a negative load,
added to the system's reactive power 𝑥𝑖𝑘+1 = 𝑥𝑖𝑘 + 𝑣𝑖𝑘+1
demand at that bus: (2.10)

Qload, adj = Qload - Qinj Where 𝑣𝑖𝑘+1 is the updated velocity of the i-
(2.7)
th
particle, 𝑥𝑖𝑘+1 is the new position, w is the
inertia weight, and c1 and c2 are cognitive
The adjusted reactive power injection was and social coefficients, respectively.
then incorporated into the load flow Random variables r1 and r2 introduce
computations during the backward diversity to prevent premature
[Link] iterative process continued convergence.
until convergence was achieved, meaning
that the voltage deviation across all buses
was within an acceptable tolerance,
typically: 2.5. Optimization Algorithm for
DSTATCOM Placement and Sizing
|Vinew - Viold| < ϵ
(2.8) The following steps outline the
implementation of the proposed
Where: optimization technique for optimal

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DSTATCOM placement and sizing in the with system losses. The variable
Thinkers Corner radial distribution system Ii denotes the current flowing
(RDS): through the ith line, while Ri
represents the resistance of the
• Determine the number of same line. Furthermore, NBr
DSTATCOM units for signifies the total count of
deployment. branches within the system.
• Input line and load data of the ii. Voltage Profile Improvement
RDS. : The objective function for
• Define system constraints, PSO improving the voltage profile is
parameters (population size, expressed as:
Wmax, Wmin, C1, and C2), and F2 = ∑𝑁𝐵𝑢𝑠
𝑖=1 (𝑉 − 𝑉𝑖 )
2

the maximum iterations. (2.12)

• Initialize particles randomly, with The second component of the
each particle representing a objective function, denoted
DSTATCOM size and position. as⁡F2 , pertains to the
• Perform base-case load flow to enhancement of the voltage
evaluate bus voltages and profile. It involves the
real/reactive power losses. difference between the bus
• Identify candidate buses for voltage (Vi) and the reference
DSTATCOM placement based on voltage (V), which is set at 1 per
voltage stability indexes. unit (p.u.).
• Apply the PSO algorithm to iii. Voltage Stability
optimize the fitness function Improvement: The voltage
iteratively. stability index (VSI) is
• Select the optimal DSTATCOM introduced to identify the node
size and location. most vulnerable to voltage
collapse. The VSI is calculated
• Re-run load flow with the
for every bus, with values
integrated DSTATCOM to assess
ranging from zero (indicating
the improved voltage profile and
instability) to one (indicating
power loss reduction.
stability). In practical
• Display the optimal solution.
assessment, the VSI is
computed for all buses using
2.6. Problem Formulation
Equation (2.13), with the
This optimization aims to minimize losses,
weakest node having the lowest
improve voltage profiles, and enhance
value, thereby initiating the
voltage stability. Each objective is
voltage collapse event.
formulated individually and the overall
Employing load flow
objective function is constructed by
calculations for all buses within
amalgamating these terms with their
the given system, the VSI is
respective weighting coefficients.
determined, and the values are
i. Loss reduction : The total line
arranged in ascending order.
losses in the distribution system are
computed as follows: Maximizing the VSI of nodes
becomes imperative to avert
𝐹1 = ∑𝑁𝐵𝑟
𝑖=1 𝑅𝑖 × 𝐼𝑖
2
voltage collapse scenario.
(2.11)
𝑉𝑆𝐼(𝑡 + 1) = |𝑉𝑡 |4 − 4[𝑃𝑡+1 ×
In this context, F1 represents the
first component of the objective 𝑋𝑡 − 𝑄𝑡+1 × 𝑅𝑡 ]2 − 4[𝑃𝑡+1 ×
function, which is associated

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𝑅𝑡 + 𝑄𝑡+1 × 𝑋𝑡 ]|𝑉𝑡 |2 • Thermal limit

(2.13) The thermal capacity of the lines
𝐹3 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛(𝑉𝑆𝐼(𝑡 + 1)) limits the amount of power that can
(2.14) flow through them:
|𝑆𝑖𝑗 ≤ 𝑆𝑖𝑗𝑚𝑎𝑥 |
Where F3 is the objective function for (2.18)
voltage stability index, VSI (t+1) is the Here, Sijmax represents the
voltage stability index at bus t+1, t and t+1 maximum capacity of the line
are the sending and receiving bus number, connecting bus i and bus j. The
Pt+1 ⁡and Qt+1 ⁡are active and reactive power power flow across the lines is
demands at bus t+1, respectively, Vt is the constrained with Sijmax = 100 MVA.
voltage of the sending bus, Rt, t+1, Xt, t+1
are the resistance and reactance of branch.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The overall objective function (F) is
mathematically formulated as follows: This section presents the findings from the
Minimize (𝐹) = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑊1 × 𝐹1 + 𝑊2 × load flow analysis, Particle Swarm
1 Optimization (PSO), and Voltage Stability
𝐹2 + 𝑊3 × 𝐹 ) Index (VSI) approaches applied to the
3
(2.15) Thinkers Corner distribution network and
the IEEE Standard 33-bus system. The
The weights were assigned as W1 = 0.4, W2 implementation of the algorithms was
= 0.3, W3 =0.3, giving higher priority to executed using Matlab R2017b, with the
power loss minimization. parameters for the PSO algorithm detailed
in Table 1
2.6 System constraints Table 1: Parameter value for PSO
simulation
• Limit on voltage deviation PopulationValue 20
The voltage levels across all buses Iteration no 30
within the system should adhere to
Wmin 0.4
acceptable limits.
Wmax 0.9
𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ |𝑉𝑚 | ≤ 𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥
C1 1
(2.16)
The system voltage is restricted C2 1
with 0.95pu ≤ Vm ≤1.05 pu.
The initial power loss, bus voltages, and
voltage stability index for Thinkers Corner
• Compensation for reactive power distribution network and IEEE’s system
The amount of reactive power was calculated using a backward-forward
introduced into the system by sweep load flow algorithm. Subsequently,
DSTATCOM is bounded by lower the PSO method, guided by a bus-based
and upper constraints, as depicted in voltage stability index analysis, was
the following equation: employed to determine the optimal location
𝑄𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛
≤ |𝑄𝑚 | ≤ 𝑄𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥 and size of the DSTATCOM. The
(2.17) effectiveness of the simulation results for
The reactive power injected by both networks was evaluated under two
DSTATCOM is restricted by specific scenarios:
10KVar ≤Qm≤1000KVAr. Case 1: Simulation of the System Without
DSTATCOM

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Case 2: Simulation of the System With magnitude of 0.8603 p.u., and a Voltage
DSTATCOM Stability Index (VSI) of 0.5477 p.u. With
the integration of a 1000 kVAr
3.1. Simulation of Thinkers Corner DSTATCOM at bus 8, real power loss
decreased by 54.6% to 292.77 kW, and
The comparative analysis of the reactive power loss dropped by 48.2% to
performance metrics of the simulation of 95.071 kVAR. Voltage magnitude
Thinkers Corner distribution system improved to 0.95 p.u (between IEEE’s
without DSTATCOM and with the standard of 0.95-1.05 p.u), with the Voltage
integration of a single DSTATCOM are Stability Index (VSI) increasing to 0.8144
presented in Table 2. Without p.u. This optimal configuration
DSTATCOM, the system recorded 644.92 significantly enhanced the system's overall
kW of real power loss, 183.36 kVAR of performance, as reflected in the reduced
reactive power loss, a minimum voltage power losses and improved voltage
stability.

Table 2: performance evaluation of (Thinkers Corner)

No Parameters Base(Case) PSO (case)
1 Active power loss 644.92 KW 292.77 KW
Reactive power
2 loss 183.36 KVAr 95.071 KVAr
3 Minimum VSI 0.5477 0.81438
4 Minimum voltage 0.8603 0.95pu
5 Dstatcom location Bus 8
6 Dstatcom size 1000KVAr
Active power
7 loss% 54.6%
Reactive power
8 loss% 48.2%

Figure 3 shows the base case voltage profile case voltage stability index and the voltage
and the voltage profile after compensation stability index after compensation with
with DSTATCOM in Thinkers Corner DSTATCOM.
network, while Figure 4 shows the base

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Figure 3: Base case voltage profile and after compensation of Thinkers Corner (TC) with
DSTATCOM

Figure 4 Base case voltage stability index and after compensation of Thinkers Corner (TC)
with DSTATCOM

Figure 5 shows the base case active power loss of Thinkers Corner Network, while Figure
6shows the active power loss with DSTATCOM integrated.

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Figure 5: Base case active power loss of Thinkers Corner feeder

Figure 6: Active power loss of Thinkers Corner (TC) after compensation with
DSTATCOM

3.2. Simulation of IEEE 33- Bus System dropped by 50.2% to 140.73 kW, and
reactive power loss decreased by 54.8% to
Table 3 compares the IEEE 33-bus
85.36 kVAR. The minimum voltage
system’s performance with and without
magnitude improved to 0.95 p.u., and the
DSTATCOM. Without DSTATCOM, the
Voltage Stability Index (VSI) rose to
system recorded 282.41 kW real power
0.8145 p.u. This strategic implementation
loss, 188.95 kVAR reactive power loss, a
contributes to the system's improved
minimum voltage magnitude of 0.8814
performance, underscored by the
p.u., and a Voltage Stability Index (VSI) of
reductions in power losses and voltage
0.6036 p.u. With a 986.95 kVAr
stability enhancements.
DSTATCOM at bus 5, real power loss

Table 3: performance evaluation of (IEEE 33-bus)

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No Parameters Base(Case) PSO (case)

1 Active power loss 282.41 KW 140.73 KW
2 Reactive power loss 188.95 KVAr 85.355 KVAr
3 Minimum VSI 0.60356 pu 0.81449 pu
4 Minimum voltage 0.8814p.u 0.95pu
5 Dstatcom location Bus 5
6 Dstatcom size 986.94 KVAr
7 Active power loss% 50.2%
Reactive power
8 loss% 54.8%

Figure 7 shows the base case voltage profile voltage stability index and the voltage
and the voltage profile after compensation stability index after compensation with
with DSTATCOM in IEEE’s 33-bus DSTATCOM.
system, while Figure 8 shows the base case

Figure 7: Base case voltage profile and after compensation of IEEE 33-bus with
DSTATCOM

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Figure 8 Base case voltage stability index and after compensation of IEEE 33-bus
with DSTATCOM
Figure 9 shows the base case active power 10 shows the active power loss with
loss of IEEE’s 33-bus system, while Figure DSTATCOM integrated.

Figure 9: Base case active power loss of IEEE 33-bus feeder

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Figure 10: Active power loss after compensation of IEEE 33-bus with DSTATCOM

4. CONCLUSION References

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APPENDICES

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Appendix 1: Data of Thinkers Corner 34-bus distribution network

Table 1: Thinkers Corner’s line and bus data

LINE DATA BUS DATA

Sending Receiving Length Bus Transformer Pload Qload
No Resistance Reactance
node node (Km) No (KVA) (KW) (KVAr)
1 1 2 0.6 0.195 0.08 2 500 230 142.5

2 2 3 0.55 0.195 0.08 3 300 230 142.5

3 3 4 0.55 0.299 0.083 4 500 230 142.5

4 4 5 0.5 0.299 0.083 5 500 230 142.5

5 5 6 0.5 0.299 0.083 6 500 75 48

6 6 7 0.6 0.524 0.09 7 300 230 130

7 7 8 0.4 0.524 0.09 8 300 230 1425

8 8 9 0.6 0.524 0.09 9 500 230 142.5

9 9 10 0.4 0.524 0.09 10 200 230 120

10 10 11 0.25 0.524 0.09 11 300 230 142.5

11 11 12 0.2 0.524 0.09 12 300 137 84

12 3 13 0.3 0.524 0.09 13 200 72 45

13 13 14 0.4 0.524 0.09 14 200 72 45

14 14 15 0.1 0.524 0.09 15 300 72 45

15 15 16 0.55 0.524 0.09 16 100 13.5 7.5

16 6 17 0.55 0.299 0.083 17 500 230 142.5

17 17 18 0.5 0.299 0.083 18 300 230 142.5

18 18 19 0.5 0.378 0.086 19 500 230 142.5

19 19 20 0.5 0.378 0.086 20 500 230 142.5

20 20 21 0.5 0.378 0.086 21 300 230 142.5

21 21 22 0.6 0.524 0.09 22 300 230 142.5

22 22 23 0.4 0.524 0.09 23 500 230 142.5

23 23 24 0.25 0.524 0.09 24 500 230 142.5

24 24 25 0.3 0.524 0.09 25 500 230 142.5

25 25 26 0.3 0.524 0.09 26 300 230 142.5

26 26 27 0.3 0.524 0.09 27 200 137 85

27 27 28 0.3 0.524 0.09 28 200 75 48

28 28 29 0.4 0.524 0.09 29 200 75 48

29 29 30 0.5 0.524 0.09 30 200 75 48

30 10 31 0.3 0.524 0.09 31 100 57 34.5

31 31 32 0.4 0.524 0.09 32 200 57 34.5

32 32 33 0.2 0.524 0.09 33 200 57 34.5

33 33 34 0.3 0.524 0.09 34 200 57 34.5

Appendix 2: Data of IEEE’s 33-bus distribution system

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 Zelibe and Oshevire (2025)/ FUPRE Journal, 9(1):85-100(2025)

Table 2: IEEE’s line and bus data

LINE DATA BUS DATA

Sending Receiving
No Resistance Reactance Bus No Pload (KW) Qload (KVAr)
node node
1 1 2 0.092 0.047 2 100 60

2 2 3 0.493 0.251 3 90 40

3 3 4 0.366 0.186 4 120 80

4 4 5 0.381 0.194 5 60 30

5 5 6 0.819 0.707 6 60 20

6 6 7 0.187 0.619 7 200 100

7 7 8 0.711 0.235 8 200 100

8 8 9 1.03 0.74 9 60 20

9 9 10 1.044 0.74 10 60 20

10 10 11 0.197 0.065 11 45 30

11 11 12 0.374 0.124 12 60 35

12 12 13 1.468 1.155 13 60 35

13 13 14 0.542 0.713 14 120 80

14 14 15 0.591 0.526 15 60 10

15 15 16 0.746 0.545 16 60 20

16 16 17 1.289 1.721 17 60 20

17 17 18 0.732 0.574 18 90 40

18 2 19 0.164 0.157 19 90 40

19 19 20 0.504 1.355 20 90 40

20 20 21 0.4095 0.478 21 90 40

21 21 22 0.709 0.937 22 90 40

22 3 23 0.451 0.308 23 90 50

23 23 24 0.898 0.709 24 420 200

24 24 25 0.896 0.701 25 420 200

25 6 26 0.203 0.103 26 60 25

26 26 27 0.284 0.145 27 60 25

27 27 28 1.059 0.934 28 60 20

28 28 29 0.804 0.701 29 120 70

29 29 30 0.508 0.259 30 200 600

30 30 31 0.974 0.963 31 150 70

31 31 32 0.311 0.362 32 210 100

32 32 33 0.341 0.53 33 60 40

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