FSD

Week1
What is enterprise and examples?
The definition of an enterprise is a project, a willingness to take on a new project, an undertaking
or business venture. An example of an enterprise is a new start-up business. An example of
enterprise is someone taking initiative to start a business

Organizing the Enterprise - process

Five main steps involved in the process of organizing an enterprise.
1. Determining Activities
2. Grouping of Activities
3. Assigning Duties
4. Delegating Authority
5. Coordinating Activities.

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1. Determining Activities

 The first step in organizing is to identify and enumerate (to specify one after another) the

activities required to achieve the objectives of the enterprise.

 The activities will depend upon the nature and size of the enterprise.

 For instance, a manufacturing concern will have production, marketing and other.

2. Grouping of Activities

 The various activities are then classified into appropriate departments and divisions on

the basis of functions, products, territories, customers etc.

 Similar and related activities may be grouped together under one department or division.

 Grouping of activities helps to secure specialization. Each department may be further sub

divided into sections and groups.

3. Assigning Duties

 The individual groups of activities are then allotted to different individuals on the basis of

their ability and aptitude.

 The responsibility of every individual should be defined clearly to avoid duplication of

work and overlapping of effort.

 Each person is given a specific job best suited to him and he is made responsible for its

execution.

4. Delegating Authority:

 Every individual is given the authority necessary to perform the assigned task effectively.

 An individual cannot perform his job without the necessary authority or power.

5. Coordinating Activities:

 The activities and efforts of different individuals are then synchronized. Such co-

ordination is necessary to ensure effective performance of specialized functions.

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Understanding Business Activities

There are three main types of business activities: operating, investing, and financing.
 Operating Activities: Operating activities refer to all those business activities that are
directly or indirectly related to the provision of goods and services. As such they have a
direct impact on cash flow, and eventually on income.
 Investing Activities: Investing activities refers to all those activities that aimed to be
capitalized for more than a year. This includes capital expenditure such as purchase of
long term assets or real estate.
 Financing Activities: Financing activities refer to all those activities that fund the
business but are not directly related to the revenues from goods and services. Common
financing activities include bonds, loans, and share issues

What is a business process?

A business process is an activity or set of activities that can perform a specific taskl.
Example
 Manufacturing
 Quality Assurance
 Packaging
 Shipping
 Purchasing

What is Business Process Automation?

 Business Process Automation (BPA) is a technology, that enables to automate and control
repetitive business tasks.

 The technology controls tasks itself, independent of humans once automated.

 This reduces the time, cost, and human errors

 Ensures that the task accomplished correctly.

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Why automate business processes?

 More efficient operations including faster cycle times and first-time-right rates (First time
right is a manufacturing principle that denote the percentage of end-products that leave a
production process without any quality defects
 Improved compliance through more visible data trails and monitoring
 Reduced burden of slow, manual processes, creating greater freedom to innovate and
grow
 Real-time collaboration across an organization, building teamwork, and employee
success/satisfaction
 Improved customer service quality and response times

Some areas that often benefit from process automation

 Recruitment. Process automation tools can help streamline various recruitment activities
including the ability to upload résumés and references quickly and efficiently.

 Employee onboarding and training. From records processing to compliance and

training, process automation can help simplify recruitment and onboarding tasks.

 Payment and payroll processes. Automated processes can help businesses streamline
both regular payroll activities, as well as payment of contractors and external employees

 Workforce scheduling. It is a struggle to manage employee scheduling – especially

across multiple locations and departments. The ability to sync time off requests and
business trips across
 Simpler and more consistent invoicing. se. Automated invoicing processes can help to
reduce errors, accounting mix-ups, and even legal risk.

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Business division and their activities in a software company

According to their duties, people create their individual departments in a company such as

1. IT Department
 IT Department is a core of every software company.
 It has created by the group of software professionals who are technical part of the
project.
 Duties within this department are divided among Developers, Project Managers and QA
specialists.

2. UX/UI Department
 Here the graphic part of the project is created.
 UX design stands for user experience design, while UI design stands for user interface
design.
 Create interfaces that are both effective and easy to use.
 As a result they design the whole application and its individual components.
 While creating the product, they work closely with the IT Department.

3. Business Development Department

 Business Manager who is the first to have contact with the potential customer.

4. Marketing Department
 Responsible for creating the company's image on the market.
 Starting from the design of the website, through advertising, presence on industry
portals and press releases
5. HR Department
 Their main objective is to create the best possible team of dedicated and reliable
employees
 They are also aimed at staff development programs, improvement of staff efficiency and
career pathing.
 They play an important role in creating and implementing health and safety regulations
within the company.

6. Accounting and finances Department

 This department takes care of every financial aspect among the company.
 Also their aim is to control document flow and all settlements with partners.

7. Board of Directors

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 They are responsible for coordinating the design, development, and implementation of
an organization's applications.
 Director of software development, your responsibilities are to oversee the organization
and daily operations of a software development.

QUESTIONS ON BPA
• Identify the tasks involved in the process of receiving Admission Ticket for semester
exams in your college. Which of the identified tasks can be automated and illustrate
automation of one task.

• Shortage of attendance(condonable/non condonable)

• Eligible/Not Eligible (NE)

• No Dues Certificate(from labs,library,hostel)

• Exam form filling by students

• Exam formVerification(by HOD/Lecturer)

• Identify the task involved in the admission fees pay process in your institution.
Which of the identified tasks can be automated and illustrate automation of one
task.

• Admission form filling

• previous year/semesters marks card attachment

• Form verification(by HOD/Lecturer)

• fees calculation and payment process

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Digital transformation

• Digital transformation is the process of using digital technologies to create new or modify
existing business processes, culture, and customer experiences to meet changing business
and market requirements.

• This reimagining of business in the digital age is digital transformation.

• The process of using digitized information to make established ways of working simpler
and more efficient is called digitalization.

• Digitalization allows users to make things smartly instead of manually doing it.

• For example, The technology of Transferring money through online transactions is

nothing but digitalization.

Digital Transformation Success Stories

• Microsoft

They launched Microsoft Azure in 2008. Azure has now become the 2nd biggest cloud provider
in the world, providing a vast range of digital services for individuals and companies of all sizes.

• Capital One

Capital One has used new artificial intelligence technologies to provide brilliant customer
service. As one of the first banks to manipulate Amazon’s Alexa-enabled devices, their
customers can now quickly get the information they need when they need it.

By asking, “what’s my balance?”, “How much is my next car payment?” and “what’s the
due date on my next credit card bill?” customers get answers without even logging in to online
banking.

H&M

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• The fast fashion Swedish brand followed a similar approach toward digital
transformation:

• Driving intelligence through data

• Optimizing business operations

• Empowering end-users with a convenient digital-first online shopping experience

Netflix

• . AWS cloud services drove Netflix adoption at an exponential pace: within a decade, in
2017, Netflix reached 100 million subscriptions globally.

IKEA

• For over 80 years, one of the world’s most recognizable furniture and home accessory
brands engaged in entirely analogue business operations. The retail giant was competing
at scale, against small manufacturers as well as large retail warehouses, for affordable
products as it faced a unique set of challenges:

• A complex supply chain pipeline

• Under optimized goods supply

• Hectic traditional customer shopping experience

IKEA has also taken the digital transformation strategy forward by acquiring and
testing AR(augmented reality) and VR (virtual Reality)capabilities to further engage customers.

. Explain how digital transformation has brought revolution in retail

purchases with an example

• Digital Transformation Strategy: Walmart

Adopting a holistic approach to digitalization. All that indicates that it’s not about re-
platforming e-commerce business anymore, it’s about re-platforming across the board and
deploying transformation strategy across all aspects of the business from supply chain
management and delivery to the overall customer experience

• Using technology to improve operations: shelf scanning robots & electronic shelf
labels.

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For shelf inventory Walmart uses shelf scanning robots that are able to identify which stock
keeping unit is in its slot and the price that goes with it

• Understanding transitions: Offering a range of checkout options.

Walmart has tested cashier less technology in various stores, as well as Mobile scan and go
systems

• Having a space (literally!) to explore digital solutions. Walmart’s Intelligent Retail

Lab (or “IRL”; located in NY) is a fully operating store with an AI lab.

• Considering & Investigating Voice Technology.

A successful digital transformation strategy requires people to be constantly on the lookout for
relevant tech trends, and that's the case with Voice.

Explain how digital transformation can bring revolution in teaching learning process

• 1. Smart Class

• Teaching with a whiteboard, chalk, and markers are now a thing of the past, and teachers
have shifted to making use of projectors, VCD, DVD players and eLearning system to
display tutorial videos and short sessions online to help understand that learning can be
fun too.

• Many schools now come with a TV or a projector attached to their whiteboard where it is
easy to shift from a normal classroom session to an interactive digital session. This can
make students pay more attention as we are now in the digital era where Google is our
go-to place.

• 2. Being Digitally Updated

• Equipping students to be updated with news and other subject-related topics is the best
way to teach students to grow as a person. Students spend most of their time on their
laptops, their phones, and their iPads.

Knowing what sources students can refer to, online, and knowing which websites offer the
best information can be a great way to guide students

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• 3. Converting Books To PDFs

• Books are now taken to Kindle and other Tabs. Sending them notes, references, and other
information in PDF formats that can be easily accessed on laptops, phones, and tabs is a
good way to encourage students to choose to study better.

• 4. Encouraging Online Tests

• Training students on subjects by conducting fun online tests from time to time can create
a good learning environment for them.

• Students can be given online quizzes and assessments that they can take from home,
replacing general homework that they find excuses for.

[Link] Online Webinars

• Conducting online seminars and webinars, enabling all students to engage in commenting
and participating in questionnaires can help them stay alert. Keeping students interested
throughout a lecture is an art and a talent that teachers need to have, to benefit from the
entire teaching-learning process.

• It is very vital that students engage in seminars and the lectures involve two-way
communication.

6. Creating Communities

• The interaction between a teacher and a student does not have to end at school, in a
classroom. An online community is where a group or a team stay connected online,
submitting projects, discussing topics or expressing ideas.

• Teachers can set a platform for students to communicate their ideas, suggestions and
subject-related queries, for them to solve any time.

Benefits of Digital Transformation

• Enhanced data collection

• Stronger resource management

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• A better customer experience

• Encourages digital culture (with improved collaboration)

• Increased profits

• Increased agility

• Improved productivity

Workflow
 A Workflow is defined as a sequence of tasks that processes data through a specific path
from initiation to completion. They can be used to structure any kind of business function
regardless of industry. Essentially, anytime data is passed between humans and/or
systems, a workflow is created.

Design Thinking
Design thinking enables software development companies to test the feasibility of the future
product and its functionality at the initial stage. It allows them to keep end user needs in mind,
clearly specify all requirements and translate all this into product features

Design thinking for software development

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Design Thinking is a 5-step process to come up with meaningful ideas that solve real problems
for a particular group of people.

The five steps in design thinking are:

 Empathize: Understand the user’s needs and perspective
 Define: Define the problem that needs to be solved
 Ideate: Generate new and innovative ideas.
 Prototype: Create a prototype of the product.
 Test: Test the product with actual users to get feedback

Q. Digital Payments are transactions like Gpay, Phonepe etc. that take place via digital or
online modes, with no physical exchange of money involved. Explain how Design Thinking
has brought revolution in Digital Payments. - 10 Marks

ANS : Design thinking is a creative problem-solving approach that focuses on the needs of the
customer. In banking, design thinking can be used to create products, services, and experiences
that are more user- friendly and effective.

Digital Payment is a way of payment which is made through digital modes. In Digital
Payments, payer and payee both use digital modes to send and receive money. It is also called
electronic payment. No hard cash (currency notes) is involved in the Digital Payments. All the
transactions in Digital Payments are completed through online.

Design thinking in banking used to architect digital financial products in 5 steps:

Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype, Test : Currently available Digital Payment systems
include Banking cards, Digital wallets, Unified Payment Interface (UPI), Unstructured Supplementary

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Service Data (USSD), Immediate Payment Service (IMPS), Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS), National
Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT), Aadhar Enabled Payment System (AEPS) and Mobile banking.

1. Open banking :

Payment Cards- The most common types of payment cards are credit cards and debit cards. A
payment card is electronically linked to an account or accounts belonging to the
[Link] accounts may be deposit accounts or loan or credit accounts, and the card is
a means of authenticating the cardholder.

The information required for using payment cards are Card Verification Value (CVV Number)
and Expiry date of the payment card. The Payment cards are
Credit card: Central Bank of India was the first public bank to introduce Credit card. The issuer
of a credit card creates a line of credit for the cardholder on which the cardholder can borrow.
The cardholder can choose either to repay the full outstanding balance by the payment due date
or to repay a smaller amount, not less than the "minimum amount", by that date.
Debit card: Debit card was introduced by Citi Bank .With a debit card, when a cardholder
makes a purchase, funds are withdrawn directly from the cardholder's bank account.
Smartcard: Banks are adding chips to their current magnetic stripe cards to enhance security and
offer new service, called Smart Cards. Smart Cards allow thousands of times of information
storable on magnetic stripe cards.
Charge card: With charge cards, the cardholder is required to pay the full balance shown on the
statement, which is usually issued monthly, by the payment due date. It is a form of short- term
loan to cover the cardholder's purchases.
Fleet card: A fleet card is used as a payment card, most commonly for gasoline, diesel and other
fuels at gas stations.
Gift card: A gift card also known as gift voucher or gift token is a prepaid stored-value
moneycard usually issued by a retailer or bank to be used as an alternative to cash for purchases
withina particular store or related businesses.
Store card: It is a credit card that is given out by a store and that can be used to buy goods at
that store.

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2. Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) - USSD is sometimes referred to as

"Quick Codes" or "Feature codes". USSD is generally associated with real-time or instant
messaging services. The user sends a request to the network via USSD, and the network replies
with an acknowledgement of receipt. The Information required for USSD transaction is MPIN /
IFSC / Aadhar number/Account number. Mobile Banking Personal Identification Number
(MPIN) works as a password when we perform any transaction using Mobile.
3. Aadhaar Enabled Payment Service (AEPS) - The AEPS system leverages Aadhaar online
authentication and enables Aadhaar Enabled Bank Accounts (AEBA) to be operated in any time
– any where banking mode through Micro ATMs. This system is controlled by the National
Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).

For AEPS transaction information needed are.

1. Aadhaar Number
2. Bank Issuer Identification Number ( I I N ) or Name
3. Finger Print
4. Unified Payments Interface (UPI)-Unified Payment Interface (UPI) is a new payment
interface introduced by National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).

Unified Payments Interface (UPI) is a system that powers multiple bank accounts to use several
banking services like fund transfer, and merchant payments in a single mobile application.

5. Digital Wallets- A Digital wallet is a way to carry cash in digital format. Credit card or
debitcard information should be linked to digital wallet application or money can be transferred
in online to mobile wallet.

Ex: Paytm, Freecharge, Mobikwik, Oxigen, mRuppee, Airtel Money, Jio Money, SBI Buddy, itz
Cash, Citrus Pay, Vodafone M-Pesa, Axis Bank Lime, ICICI Pockets, SpeedPay etc.

6. Mobile Banking- Mobile banking is a service provided by a bank or other financial institution
that allows its customers to conduct different types of financial transactions remotelyusing a
mobile device such as a mobile phone or tablet.

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Ex: iMobile for ICICI bank, Kotak Bank App for Kotak Mahindra bank, SBI freedom app
forState bank of India
7. Internet Banking- Internet banking, also known as online banking, e-banking or virtual
banking, is an electronic payment system that enables customers of a bank or other financial
institution to conduct a range of financial transactions through the financial institution's
website. Online banking was first introduced in the early 1980s in New York, United States.
Following are the services provided by Internet banking.
 Bill payment service
 Railway pass
 Recharging the prepaid phone
 Shopping
 Fund transfer through NEFT, IMPS, RTGS or ECS

Full-Stack Development
 Full-stack development refers to building end-to-end software solutions including front-
end and back-end development.
 Front-end refers to the front part of the application or UI which is seen by the end-user
and used for end-user interaction.
 The back-end part is related to server-side development, database, and API development.

What is a full-stack web developer?

 Full stack web developers have the ability to design complete web applications and
websites. They work on the frontend, backend, database and debugging of web
applications or websites.

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 They are proficient (Skilled or expert) in both frontend and backend languages and
frameworks, as well as in server, network and hosting environments.

What is
project planning?
Project planning is a discipline addressing how to complete a project in a certain timeframe,
usually with defined stages and designated resources. One view of project planning divides the
activity into these steps:
 setting measurable objectives
 identifying deliverables
 scheduling
 planning tasks

How to create project plan

The software plan prevents hurdles that tend to crop up during the project’s execution.
It also ensures optimal utilization of every allotted resource and time.
1. Define your scope:
 A project's scope describes the goals needed to complete the project successfully.
 Defining your scope, consider project aspects like outcomes, tasks, budget, time
frame and deliverables.

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You can define these by writing them in sentences or creating a bulleted list within
your software project plan document.
2. Define and coordinate your requirements:
 Identify appropriate resources that will help you to meet the objectives.
 Define the other aspects of the project such as equipment, budget for software
development, team, skills, and timeline.
3. Understand your constraints:
 Project may encounter unexpected events that may adversely affect it. Such as
increase in costs, delayed results, technical and business etc.
 Such hurdles include support from the management, appropriate schedule,
appropriate budget, and skilled software developers.
4. Map your business processes:
 Business process mapping is a powerful technique to visually depict process steps
and show how a process should function from start to finish.
5. Estimate your budget:
 The estimates will help you get an idea of the money and time you need.
6. Draw up your staged deliverables:
 Next task is to draw software development milestones to give room for testing and
feedbacks at each phase.
 Milestones ensure the software development team focuses on specific functionality
aspects.
 When planning tasks and features to be done at the various phases, concentrate
more on achieving original targets.
7. Create a team:
 Project management requires one or several teams of professionals with the right
experience and skills.
 If your company lacks these individuals, you may hire from outside or outsource the
recruitment process to a company that will put together the teams for you.
8. Discuss quality and progress:
 Your planning is not yet over until you include the progress checks and quality
testing.
 Testing your stages ensures you’re meeting your milestone goals.

What is a product backlog?

A product backlog is a prioritized list of work for the development team that is derived from the
roadmap and its requirements. The most important items are shown at the top of the product
backlog so the team knows what to deliver first.

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Steps to create a product backlog

A product backlog is more than a simple to-do list—it’s where you break down complex tasks
into a series of steps and delegate them to team members.

1. Build a product roadmap

The product roadmap is the foundation for the product backlog. Your team should create a
roadmap first, which will then serve as the action plan for how your product will change as it
develops. The roadmap is the vision for long-term product development, but it can also evolve.

2. List product backlog items

These items should include both high-priority items and more abstract ideas. During this phase
of product backlog creation, you’ll also need to communicate with stakeholders and listen to
their ideas for product improvements.

3. Prioritize your backlog

After your team lists all the product backlog items, sort and prioritize your most important tasks.
You can identify top-priority items by putting the customer front of mind and considering what
items provide the most value to them.

4. Update regularly
As your team works through the product backlog, remember that it’s a living document. You can
continuously add items to the backlog and prioritize or refine them as you work.

Components of Full stack development

 Front End
 BackEnd

Front end: It is the visible part of website or web application which is responsible for user
experience. The user directly interacts with the front end portion of the web application or
website.

Front end Languages:

 HTML

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 CSS
 JavaSccript
 Libraries
 CSS Processors
 Build Tools
 Frameworks

Front End Frameworks and Libraries:

 AngularJS:
 [Link]:
 Bootstrap:
 jQuery:

Back end: It refers to the server-side development of web application or website with a primary
focus on how the website works. It is responsible for managing the database through queries and
APIs by client-side commands.

 PHP:
 C++
 Java:
 Python:
 JavaScript:
 [Link]:

Database
 Oracle: Oracle database is the collection of data which is treated as a unit. The purpose of
this database is to store and retrieve information related to the query. It is a database server
and used to manage information.
 MongoDB: MongoDB, the most popular NoSQL database, is an open source document-
oriented database. The term ‘NoSQL’ means ‘non-relational’. It means that MongoDB isn’t
based on the table-like relational database structure but provides an altogether different
mechanism for storage and retrieval of data.

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 Sql: Structured Query Language is a standard Database language which is used to create,
maintain and retrieve the relational database.

Full stack development Tools

 Backbone
 Code pen
 Visual Studio Code
 Type Script
 Web Strom
 GitHub
 Electron

Top 10 Front-End and Back-end Frameworks for Full-Stack Developers

1. React JS [Best JavaScript GUI library]
2. Spring Boot [Best Java Backend Framework]
3. Angular [Best JavaScript GUI Framework]
4. Node JS + [Link] [Best JavaScript Backend Framework]
5. Django [Best Python Full Stack Framework]
6. Flask [Best Python Backend Framework]
7. Bootstrap [Best CSS Framework for Web Development]
8. jQuery [Best JavaScirpt library]
9. Ruby on Rails [Best Ruby Framework for Web development]
10. GraphQL [Best JavaScript library for APIs]

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