Welcome to Class !!
We are eager to have you join us !!
In today’s Mathematics class, We will be talking about Variation. We hope
you enjoy the class!
Direct Variation
If a person buys some packets of sugar, the total cost is proportional to
the number of packets bought.
The cost of 2 packets at Nx per packet is N2x.
The cost of 3 packets at Nx per packet is N3x.
The cost of n packets at Nx per packet is Nnx.
The ratio of the total cost to the number of packets is the same for any
number of packets bought.
This is an example of direct variation or direct proportion. The cost, C,
varies directly with the number of packets, n.
In another example, the mass, M, varies directly with the length, L.
The symbol ∝ means ’varies with’ or ‘is proportional to’. The statements in
the previous paragraph are written:
C∝n
M∝L
M ∝ L really means that the ratio
Is constant (i.e. stays the same).
Example
1 packet of sugar costs x naira. What will be the cost of 20 packets of
sugar?
Solution
Cost varies directly with the number of packets bought.
Cost of 1 packet = x naira
Cost of 20 packets = 20 X x naira
= 20x naira
Example
C ∝ n and C = 5 when n = 20. Find the formula connecting C and n.
Solution
C ∝ n means
= k.
0r C = kn
C = 5 when n = 20
Hence 5 = k V 20
K=¼
Thus, C = ¼n is the formula which connects C and n.
A formula such as C = ¼n is often known as a relationship between the
variables C and n.
Exercise
1m of wire has a mass of x g. What is the mass of 25 m of the same wire?
A man cycles 15 Km in 1 hour. How many will he cycle in t hours in he
keeps up the same rate?
Eggs cost N25 each, how many will n eggs cost?
Answers
25x g 2. 15t km 3. N25n
Variation-functions direct and indirect math classnotesng
Inverse Variation
Inverse variation is the relationship of two variables such that one variable
increases in its value as the other variable decreases and vice-versa i.e
the two variables are inversely proportional to each other. In other words,
it is defined as the mathematical expression that shows the relationship
between two variables whose product is constant.
The Inverse Variation Formula is,
�
Some solved problems on inverse variation are given below:
Examples
Question 1: If y varies inversely with x and when y = 100, x = 25. What is
the value of y when x = 10?
Solution
Given,
Y = 100
X = 25
The inverse variation formula is,
Y = kx
100 = k25
K = 100 X 25
K = 2500
Now,
X = 10
K = 2500
Y = kx
Y = 250010
Y = 250
Question
The time taken to reach the church is inversely proportional to the driving
speed. If traveled at the speed of 30 miles per hour, it takes you 2 hours
to reach the church. How long will it take to reach the church if moving at
a speed of 60 miles per hour?
Solution:
Given,
Y=2
X = 30
The direct variation formula is,
Y = kx
2 = k30
K = 2 X 30
K = 60
Now,
X = 60
K = 60
Y = kx
Y = 6060
Y=1
Joint variation
The mass of a sheet of metal is proportional to both the area and the
thickness of the metal. Therefore M ∝ At (where M, A and t are the mass,
area and thickness). This is an example of joint variation. The mass varies
jointly with the area and thickness.
At midday, the temperature, T0C, inside a house is proportional to the
outside temperature, S0C, and inversely proportional to the thickness of
the house walls, t cm. In this case,
This is another example of joint variation.
The inside temperature varies directly with the outside temperature and
inversely with the wall thickness.
Example
X∝
. When y = 7 and z = 3, x = 42.
Find the relation between x, y and z.
Find x when y = 5 and z = 9.
Solution
1) X ∝ y/z
Thus, x = ky/z, where k is a constant.
When y = 7 and z = 3, x = 42.
Thus, 42 = k X 7/3
K = 3 X 42/7 = 18
Hence x = 18y/z
2) When y = 5 and z = 9,
X = 18 X 5/9 = 2 X 5
X = 10
Exercise
X ∝ yz. When y = 2 and z = 3, x = 30.
Find the relationship between x, y and z.
Find x when y = 4 and z = 6.
X ∝ y/z. X = 27 when y = 9 and z = 2.
Find the relationship between x, y and z.
Find x when y = 14 and z = 12.
Partial variation
When a tailor makes a dress, the total cost depends on two things: first
the cost of the cloth; secondly the amount of time it takes to make the
dress. The cost of the cloth is constant, but the time taken to make the
dress can vary. A simple dress will take a short time to make; a dress with
a difficult pattern will take a long time. This is an example of partial
variation. The cost is partly constant and partly varies with the amount of
time taken. In algebraic form, C = a + kt, where C is the cost, t is the time
taken and a and k are the constants.
Example
R is partly constant and partly varies with E. When R = 530, E = 1 600 and
when R = 730, E = 3 600.
Find the formula which connects R and E.
Find R when E = 1 300.
Solution
From the first sentence,
R = c + kE where c and k are both constants.
Substituting the given values gives two equations.
530 = c + 1 600k (1)
730 = c + 3 600k (2)
These are simultaneous equations.
Subtract (1) from (2).
200 = 2 000k
K = 200/2 000
=1/10
Substituting in (1),
530 = c + 1 600 X 1/10
530 = c + 160
Thus, c = 370
Thus, R = 370 + 1/10E is the required formula.
R = 370 + E/10
When E = 1 300,
R = 370 + 1 300/10
= 370 + 130
= 500
We have come to the end of this class. We do hope you enjoyed the class?
In our next class, we will be talking about Statistics. We are very much
eager to meet you there.