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4TH Quarter T.L.E. 7 Handsout 2025

Bachelor of Secondary Education (Mindanao State University)

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Republic of the Philippines

Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
Ministry of Basic Higher and Technical Education
Division of Lanao del Sur II
BACOLOD KALAWI NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Bubong, Bacolod Kalawi, Lanao del Sur

LRN: ___________________________ GRADE & SECTION: __________________

NAME: ________________________________________ SUBJECT: T.L.E. 7
SCHOOL: BACOLOD KALAWI NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
HANDSOUT/FACTSHEET: 4TH QUARTER in T.L.E 7
TEACHER: MA’AM JOHANA M. HADJINOR
CONTENT/S:
 WEEK 1
History of Industrial Arts
Areas in Industrial Arts
Industrial Arts strand specializations
Career and Business Opportunities in Industrial Arts -Construction, Electrical-electronics,
and Automotive and small engine
 WEEK 2
• Codes and Standards in Industrial Arts Services
National Building Code of the Philippines or Republic Act No 6451 (residential
construction)
Philippine Electrical Code (Residential Wiring)
Philippine Electronics Code
Traffic and road signs
 WEEK 3
Hand tools
Power tools
Instruments (analog, digital, and computer based)
Equipment and accessories
 WEEK 4
Classification of Tools in Industrial Arts Services
 WEEK 5
Maintenance Tools and Equipment
 WEEK 6
Topic: Scale Reading
 Subtopic: Volt-ohm-milliammeter
 WEEK 7
Scale Reading
Tachometer
Oscilloscope
Ampere meter
 WEEK 8
Mensuration and Calculation
Systems of Measurement
Conversions of Fraction to Decimal and Decimal to Fraction
Conversion of System Measurement
Ohm’s Law
Power Law

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The industrial revolution in the new century is, in

essence,
a scientific and technological revolution, and
breaking through
the cutting edge is a shortcut to the building of an
economic giant.
- Kim Jong-un

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WEEK 1
History of Industrial Arts
Industrial arts are an educational program that features the fabrication of objects made in wood or metal
using a variety of hand, power, or machine tools. Industrial arts education encompasses many hands-on skills
and trades that prepare students for careers in various industries. Some common examples include
woodworking, metalworking, automotive, welding, graphics design, and computer-aided drafting.
According to the Journal of Technology Education, industrial arts began as early as prehistoric times
when humans first developed tools. Formal instruction for industrial arts arose during the late 1800s and
consisted of manual training for trades in manufacturing. Industrial arts education became popular in the 1900s
as an alternative for students seeking to learn a trade, known as vocational school.
Purpose of industrial arts
The purpose of industrial arts classes included teaching students’ specific skills such as automobile
repair or furniture design. Today, the meaning of industrial arts encompasses various technical specialties.
Industrial arts incorporate societal factors such as technology with personal career development. A student
trained in industrial art contributes to the advancement of society regardless of whether the career is in
manufacturing or design.
Vocational Building Trades allows students to explore twenty areas of pre-apprenticeship training for
those considering construction as a career. Craftsmanship is not dead; it just must be taught and honored. The
Industrial Arts strand under the Technical-Vocational-Livelihood track provides students with the necessary
knowledge and skills for employment.
These include technical and manual skills in:
Construction Sector Electrical and Electronic Sector
● Construction Painting ● Electrical Installation and Maintenance
● Furniture Making ● Electric Power Distribution Line Construction
● Carpentry ● Transmission Line Installation and Maintenance
● Masonry ● Electronic Products Assembly and Servicing
● Tile Setting
● Plumbing
Metals and Engineering Sector Automotive and Land Transportation Sector
● Gas Metal Arc Welding ● Automotive Servicing
● Gas Tungsten Arc Welding ● Motorcycle/Small Engine Servicing
● Shielded Metal Arc Welding ● Driving
Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
• Domestic Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Servicing
Industrial Arts Strand Specializations
Industrial arts provide an orientation to how people earn their livelihoods in occupations within
technology. They acquaint the student with the nature, qualifications, purposes, and values of such occupations
and help him see possible opportunities therein. Industrial arts also allow students to get exploratory, try-out
experiences in basic industrial occupations. The industrial arts activities aim to give the students a background
in our industrial society. Career education plays an equally important role in the student's educational process.
It involves the student in everyday life decisions and helps him to become a better-informed citizen in his
community. The Industrial Arts strand helps students develop their technical skills. These skills are helpful for
industry jobs, including carpentry, automotive services, electronics, plumbing, welding, and many more.
The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) is the government agency that
manages and supervises technical education and skills development (TESD) in the Philippines. It was created
by Republic Act 7796, otherwise known as the “Technical Education and Skills Development Act of 1994.”
TESDA is essential because it provides technical education and skills development training to individuals,
helping them acquire the necessary skills for employment and livelihood opportunities.
Industrial Arts strand specializations:
 Automotive Servicing (NC I, NC II)
Electronic Products Assembly and Servicing (NC II)
Carpentry (NC II, NCIII)
Machining (NC I, NC II, NC III)
Construction Painting (NC II)
Masonry (NC II)
Driving (NC II)
Mechatronics Servicing (NC II)
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 Electric Power Distribution Line Construction (NC II)

Motorcycle/Small Engine Servicing (NC II)
Electrical Installation and Maintenance (NC II)
Plumbing (NC I, NC II)
Furniture Making (Finishing) (NC II)
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (NC I, NC II)
Instrumentation and Control Servicing (NC II)
Tile Setting (NC II)
Transmission Line Installation and Maintenance (NC I)
Career and Business Opportunities in Industrial Arts
A. Construction Sector
Construction Painter A skilled professional applies paint, coatings,
and finishes to various surfaces in construction
projects. Apply paint, stain, and coatings to
walls, ceilings, buildings, large machinery and
equipment, bridges, and other structures

Carpenter A skilled craftsperson who performs carpentry.

Carpenters work with wood to construct,
install, and maintain buildings, furniture, and
other objects
Mason A mason is a skilled tradesperson who builds
structures with brick, stone, concrete blocks,
and other masonry materials.

Tile Setter They lay and set tiles to create decorative wall,
mural, and floor designs. Cut and fitted tiles
around obstacles and openings using hand and
power cutting tools and prepared, measured,
and marked surfaces to be covered.
Plumber A tradesperson who specializes in installing
and maintaining systems used for potable
(drinking) water, sewage, and drainage in
plumbing systems.
B. Electrical and Electronics Sector
Wiring Electrician A wiring electrician is responsible for
installing, repairing, and maintaining electrical
wiring systems in various settings, such as
residential, commercial, and industrial
buildings.
Mechatronics Installed, configured, and tested the industry's
Technician automated machinery and computer controlled
mechanical systems.
Electronic An electronic technician is responsible for
Technician installing, maintaining, repairing, and
troubleshooting electronic equipment and
systems.
C. Automotive and Land Transportation Sector
Automotive Perform basic care and maintenance, including
Mechanic changing oil, checking fluid levels, and
rotating tires. Repair or replace worn parts,
such as brake pads, wheel bearings, and
sensors. Perform repairs to manufacturer and
customer specifications. Explain automotive
problems and repairs to clients.
Automotive Service The main job is to diagnose and repair vehicle
Technician problems. Advise customers on work
performance and working closely with other
mechanics.

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Driver To safely transport cargo or passengers from

one location to another, they must follow
traffic laws and correctly route themselves,
ensuring enough gas is always in the tank for
their destination.
D. Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
Refrigerator and Installed, maintained, repaired, and overhauled
aircon Technician residential central air conditioning systems,
commercial and industrial refrigeration and air
conditioning systems, and combined heating,
ventilation, and cooling systems.
E. Metals and Engineering Sector
Welder A welder is a skilled tradesperson specializing
in joining materials, typically metals, through
welding
WEEK 2
National Building Code of The Philippines Or Republic Act no 6451 (Residential Construction)
THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES - PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1096
Adopting A National Building Code of The Philippines Thereby Revising Republic Act Numbered Sixty-Five
Hundred Forty-One (RA 6541)
Philippine Electrical Code (Residential Wiring)
The Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) is a set of standards and regulations that govern the safe and
proper installation, operation, and maintenance of electrical systems in the Philippines. It provides guidelines
for electrical design, wiring, equipment selection, grounding, protection, and other related aspects to ensure
electrical safety and efficiency.
The use of PEC is mandated by R.A. 7920 (formerly R.A. 184), also known as the New Electrical
Engineering Law. Likewise, referral codes are also used which are mandated by their corresponding laws.
1. P.D. 1096 – National Building Code
2. P.D. 1185 – Fire Code of the Philippines
3. Structural Code R.A. 7920 – is an act providing for a more responsive and comprehensive
regulation for the practice, licensing and registration of electrical engineers and electricians.
Government Authorities who implement PEC
1. Office of the Building Official
2. Office of the City Electrician (City Electrical Supervising Engineer)
3. Office of the Municipal Electrician (Municipal Electrical Supervising Engineer)
4. Regional Office of the DOLE
The local Building Officials are responsible in enforcing the provisions of the Philippine Electrical
Code as indicated in RA 7920, Sec 39 and PD 1096, Sections 205 and 1301.
The role of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) as per provisions of the Republic Act No. 9514(3),
Fire Code regarding electrical systems is to enforce the provisions of the Fire Code particularly Section 7.
Permits and inspection certificates
A permit is required before undertaking any electrical installation. An inspection is also required after
which certificate of final electrical inspection (CFEI) is issued by the authority.
Exceptions
A permit is not required for;
1. The installation of electrical portable equipment rated not more than 1,200 VA.
2. reconnection of disconnected service due to non-payment of electric bill or change of occupants for a
period of one year.
Philippine Electronics Code

SECTION I: GENERAL RULES

1.1 PURPOSE OF RULES The primary purpose of these rules is to establish, for the Republic of Philippines,
uniform standards, regulations and requirements for Electronics and Communications Design, planning
manufacture, production, fabrication, construction, installation, operation, and maintenance, the application of
which will insure adequate protection and safety to persons therein engaged and as well as in the provision,
operation and use of electronics and or communications components, devices, equipment, systems, plants,
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stations, services, and or facilities. Application of the rules will also establish an acceptable level of protection
for electronics and communication devices, equipment, and plant from damages due to electrical and/or
physical hazards.

SECTION III: GENERAL ELECTRICAL PROTECTION AND GROUNDING REQUIREMENTS

3.1 GENERAL Electrical protection measures covered in this Code are directed against the effects of lightning,
accidental contact with power lines, voltages/ electromagnetically /electrostatically induced into communication
circuits by normal or fault currents in parallel runs of power lines and, also, local earth potential rises due to the
flow of lightning or power fault currents.
3.1.1 Objective
Communication systems are subject to electrical hazards from exposure to lightning and power systems and
unless adequate protection measures are employed, such exposures may result in loss of life, service
interruptions and excessive maintenance expense.
A. The primary considerations of electrical protection are:
a) to minimize, as far as practicable, electrical hazards to persons engaged in construction,
operation, maintenance or use of communication systems;
b) to reduce, as far as practicable damage to equipment and plant;
c) to eliminate, as far as practicable, any fire hazard resulting from the operation of
communication systems; and
d) to minimize, as far as practicable, acoustic shock hazards to anyone using communication
services.
Government Agencies tasked to implement Philippine Electronic Code:
The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH), Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) and Department of Trade and
Industry (DTI) goes hand in hand for Joint Memorandum Circular No. 2018-01 dated January 4, 2018 –
Guidelines in Streamlining the Process for the Issuance of Building Permits and certificates of Occupancy.
Traffic and Road Signs in The Philippines
Road traffic signs and symbols serve as visual indicators intended to direct drivers and pedestrians safely to
their destinations. These markers provide directions, warnings, or instructions that both drivers and pedestrians
must heed while on public roads. While most signs are located at the side of the street, some can also be
positioned above roads or on pavements, bridges, and even on the roads themselves. Traffic signs in the
Philippines are created to be straightforward, prominent, and easily comprehensible. They are typically
displayed in large letters or depicted as clear pictures or symbols. To ensure understanding among locals, some
signs are translated into Filipino or the local dialect. Overall, these signs are meticulously designed to avoid any
misinterpretation of their meanings.
The traffic signs are divided into eight categories namely:
1. Regulatory Signs [Link] Signs
• Priority Signs • Horizontal Signs
• Directional Signs • Intersection Signs
• Prohibitive / Restrictive Signs • Advance Warning / Traffic Control Device Signs
• Speed Signs • Road Width Signs
• Parking and Stopping Signs • Road Obstacle Signs
• Miscellaneous Signs • Pedestrian Signs
• Railway Level Crossing Signs
• Supplementary Signs
• Other Warning Signs
[Link] / Informative Signs [Link] on Expressway
• Advance Direction Signs • Expressway Approach Signs
• Intersection Direction Signs • Expressway Information Signs
• Reassurance Direction Signs • Advance Exit Signs
• Fingerboard and Direction Signs • Expressway Exit Direction Signs
• Street Names Signs • Expressway Service Signs
• Town Names and Geographical Feature Signs • Start and End of Expressway Signs
• Service Signs • Toll Signs
• Tourist Information and Tourist Destination Signs • Expressway Traffic Instruction and Regulatory
• Route Markers Signs
• Asian Highway Route Marker

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[Link] Instruction Signs 6. Hazard Markers

• Supplementary Signs
• Movement Instructions Signs
7. Road Work Signs 8. Pavement markings
• Longitudinal Lines
• Traverse Lines
• Other Lines
• Object Markings
• Raised Pavement Markers
• Other Markings
WEEK 3
Hand Tools
Hand tools play a vital role in everyday activities. Throughout history, individuals have relied on them
to perform various practical tasks. Numerous hand tools are available, each serving a specific purpose.
It is essential to have a good understanding of their proper usage to achieve optimal results. Neglecting
to use these tools correctly can lead to mistakes and accidents. Therefore, craftsmen must choose the right tools
for the job.
Hand Tools Classifications
Hand tools can be categorized into various groups, each serving specific purposes. Consequently, these
groups are utilized in different situations and for other tasks.
Here are some prevalent classifications you may encounter regarding hand tools:
1. Holding tools – bench vise, pipe vise, wood lathe machine, clamps
2. Driving tools – hammers, rubber mallets, and screwdrivers
3. Measuring tools – push-pull tape, caliper, ruler, measuring wheel, meter stick, wire gauge
4. Guiding tools - plumb bob, level hose,
5. Tooth Cutting tools – handsaw, hacksaw. coping saw
6. Marking tools – pencil, chalk line reel, divider, scratch awl
7. Edge cutting tools - chisel, plane, spokeshave,
8. Boring tools - gimlet, bradawl, hand drill
9. Gripping and squeezing tools - pliers, vise grip, wrenches
DIFFERENT TYPE OF HAND TOOLS
Hand Tool Picture Characteristic Usage
1. Hammer Hammers are versatile They are essential for
tools with a metal head driving nails, shaping
for striking force and a metal, and breaking
handle for gripping and objects apart.
control.
2. Screwdrivers Screwdrivers are hand Driving or removing
tools with a handle and screws.
a shaft ending in a tip,
designed to fit into the
head of a screw to turn
it. They come in various
types and sizes, each
suited for specific screw
head types applications.
3. Wrenches It comes in different Turning nuts, bolts, and
types, including open- other fasteners.
end, box end, and
adjustable wrenches,
each tailored for specific
tasks and fastener types.
4. Calipers Adjustable jaws for Precise measurement of
measuring internal and physical dimensions.
external dimensions.
5. Precision Small-scale Working with tiny
Screwdrivers screwdrivers, often with screws, often in
a revolving top for ease. electronics.

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6. Riveters A hand tool used to Joining two pieces of

apply rivets. metal or other materials.
7. Handsaw Handheld device to Fastening paper, cloth,
drive metal staples into or other materials
materials. together.
8. Pliers Hand tools with two It is commonly used to
levers joined at a grip and twist wires,
fulcrum, featuring jaws bend metal components,
or pincers at one end hold objects firmly in
and handles at the other. place, and cut wires or
They are used for cables.
gripping, bending,
cutting, and holding
objects. Pliers come in
various types, such as
needle-nose, cutting,
and locking pliers, each
suited for specific tasks
and materials.
9. Digital Digital display, often Measuring distances
Tape Measures with memory functions. with digital readout.

10. Laser Levels Project a laser line to Ensuring straight and

establish straight and level lines for
level lines. construction.
11. Digital multimeters Digital display: measure Testing and
voltage, current, troubleshooting
resistance, etc. electrical components.

Essentials: Common Hand Tools

1. Hammers – are used to drive nails, fit parts, forge metal, and break apart objects.
● Claw Hammer: Most used for driving and removing nails.
● Ball-peen Hammer: For peening rivets and shaping metal.
● Sledgehammer: Heavy-duty hammer for more significant tasks.
2. Screwdrivers - essential for driving or removing screws.
● Flat head: For slotted screws.
● Phillips: Cross shaped, for Phillips screws
3. Wrenches - gripping, fastening, turning, or loosening objects.
● Open-end and Box-end Wrenches: For nuts and bolts.
● Adjustable Wrench: Jaws can be adjusted for various sizes.
[Link] - used to measure the distance between two opposite sides of an object.
● Vernier Caliper: Offers precision measurements.
● Digital Caliper: Provides digital reading.
[Link] screwdrivers - for delicate tasks like repairing electronics or eyeglasses.
● Flathead, Phillips, and Torx: Available in much smaller sizes
[Link] screwdrivers - for delicate tasks like repairing electronics or eyeglasses.
● Flathead, Phillips, and Torx: Available in much smaller sizes.
7. Riveters - used to drive rivets.
● Hand Riveter: Manual tool requiring physical force.
8. Handsaw - a manual cutting tool with a toothed blade designed for cutting wood or other materials by
hand.
● Rip saw, crosscut saw, Combination Rip and Crosscut saw, Hacksaw, Coping saw
Power Tools
Most modern construction or manufacturing applications will likely utilize one or a combination of two
(2) power sources: hydraulic and pneumatic. Although specific actuators and lifting devices may operate
solely on electricity through a screw system, most applications will involve some form of fluid power. This
leaves you with the option of choosing between hydraulics and pneumatics. The distinction between pneumatics
and hydraulics is based on the medium used for power transmission. Pneumatics rely on compressible gases

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such as air or pure gas. At the same time, hydraulics uses incompressible liquids like mineral oil, ethylene
glycol, water, synthetic fluids, or high-temperature resistant fluids to enable power transmission.
Common Pneumatic Tools
1. Air impact wrenches -. powerful tools commonly used for
loosening or tightening bolts and nuts with high torque.

2. Pneumatic drill – a handheld air powered tool that drills

holes or destroys hard surfaces such as rock, concrete, and
roads.
3. Air hammer - It uses compressed air to drive a hammering
piston that delivers repeated impacts to the attached chisel or
tool bit.
[Link] inflator—A simple tire inflator is a popular air tool,
even with general consumers (rather than industrial workshop
users). There are several tire inflators; some use air pumps
(cars and bikes), balls, mattresses, etc., to inflate tires. A tire
inflator with a dedicated air compressor will be necessary for
heavy workloads and inflating large tires (for trucks and semi-
trucks).
5. Paint sprayer - Spray painting is another essential
application of compressed air. One of the simplest paint
sprayers is an airbrush. You can use these sprayers with cars,
mural painting, artists, building models, and even tee shirt
painting. A slightly advanced paint sprayer is a Paint Gun.
Air Tools make the job easy and fast, whether drilling holes, tightening/loosening nuts/bolts,
demolishing roads/buildings, inflating tires, painting, etc. They are also known as Pneumatic Tools as they use
compressed air as the energy source (in contrast to fuel electricity).
Common Hydraulic Tools
1. Hydraulic Wrench - A conventional hydraulic torque
wrench kit generally comprises a hydraulic torque wrench, a
particular hydraulic pump station for hydraulic torque
wrenches, a double high-pressure hose, and a high-strength
heavy-duty socket.
2. Hydraulic Jack - a jack that uses a plunger or a hydraulic
cylinder as a rigid jacking member. Simple lifting equipment
is generally only equipped with a lifting mechanism to lift
heavy objects. It is simple in structure, light in weight, easy to
carry, and easy to move.
3. Hydraulic puller—This is an ideal new tool to replace
traditional pullers. It has a compact structure, flexible use,
convenient carrying and operation, fewer restrictions on site,
etc. It is suitable for various maintenance places. If the handle
slightly swings back and forth, the hydraulic starting lever
moves forward, the hook claws retreat correspondingly, and
the object can be pulled out.
4. Hydraulic nut cutters - are also called nut cutters. In some
industries, for rusted nuts that cannot be disassembled, a nut
cutter can be used to cut the bolt without damage to the bolt
easily, and the bolt can be used next time.
5. Hydraulic press - is a mechanical press that utilizes
hydraulic cylinders to generate compression force. It uses the
hydraulic equivalent of a mechanical lever, also known as a
Brahma press.
6. Hydraulic crimpers are tools used to connect the ends of
two cables, wires, or similar flexible materials, such as
hydraulic hoses, to match hose ends. The tool allows the user
to create a crimp connection through a hydraulic fluid
mechanism that transfers force from the user to the tool.

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Instruments (Analog, Digital, and Computer-based) and Equipment and Accessories

An analog instrument shows the measurement results either in a wave or by the deflection of a pointer
on an analog scale. Analog instruments work on the principle of electromagnetic induction, consisting of a
magnet (permanent or electromagnet) and a coil through which the current flows. The measurement is then
performed by the interaction between the magnet's magnetic field and the magnetic field produced by the
electric current in the coil, and the results of the measurement are generally shown by the deflection of a pointer
on a scale.
Examples of analog instruments include:
1. Analog multimeter – a device that measures electrical quantities such as voltage, current, and
resistance.
2. Analog thermometer – a device that measures temperature using a liquid filled tube or coil that
expands or contracts in response to temperature changes.
3. Analog pressure gauge – a device used to measure the pressure of gases or liquids using a
mechanical mechanism to display the pressure reading on a dial physically.
4. Analog oscilloscope – a device used to measure and display voltage signals over time using a
cathode-ray tube to represent the signal visually.
5. Analog caliper – a device used to measure the distance between two points using a slider with a scale
and pointer to indicate the measurement.
A digital instrument is a measuring instrument that represents the output in the form of digits on a
screen (LCD or LED).
The principle of a digital instrument is based on the binary number system where two binary digits (0
and 1) denote two distinct values. Digital instruments are made of solid-state devices such as diodes, transistors,
MOSFETs, LEDs, etc. The results shown by the digital instruments are straightforward and accurate. Some
common examples of digital instruments are digital multimeters, digital ammeters and voltmeters, digital
energy meters, digital speedometers, etc.
Examples of Digital instruments include:
1. Digital Caliper 2. Digital Multimeter 3. Digital Measuring Tape 4. Digital Weighing
Scale

Computer-Based Instrument
Computer-based instruments are devices used for measuring, monitoring, controlling, and analyzing
various processes within the industrial arts field. Their computing capabilities allow them to perform tasks more
accurately and efficiently than traditional instruments.
Some examples of computer-based instruments in industrial arts include:
1. Car Scanner – a car scanner is a common tool in the automotive industry used by automotive
technicians and engineers to read trouble codes generated by the vehicle system
2. Oscilloscope - An oscilloscope is a device that measures and displays voltage signals as a waveform.
It is commonly used in electronics and telecommunications to analyze and diagnose circuit problems.
3. Spectrum Analyzer - A spectrum analyzer is a device used to measure the frequency spectrum of a
signal. It is commonly used in telecommunications, audio engineering, and radio frequency (RF) testing to
analyze and diagnose signals.
4. Logic Analyzer - A logic analyzer is a device used to capture and analyze digital signals in a system.
It is commonly used in computer hardware development and debugging to test and diagnose digital circuits.
5. Data Acquisition System - A data acquisition system is a computer-based instrument that measures
and records physical phenomena such as temperature, pressure, or vibration. It typically consists of sensors,
signal conditioning hardware, and software for data analysis.
6. Power Quality Analyzer - A power quality analyzer is a device used to measure and analyze
electrical power quality in a system. It is commonly used in industrial and commercial applications to monitor
voltage sags, harmonics, and other power disturbances.
7. Temperature Calibrator - temperature calibrator is a device that calibrates and tests temperature
sensors and instruments. It can simulate different temperature ranges to ensure the accuracy of temperature
measurement devices.

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8. Pressure Gauge Calibration System – a pressure gauge calibration system is a computer-based

instrument to calibrate and test pressure gauges and sensors. It can generate and measure pressure levels to
verify the accuracy of pressure measurement devices.
Equipment and Accessories:
1. Construction services —Equipment and accessories could include concrete mixers, dump trucks,
loaders, cranes, scaffolding, and safety gear.
2. Electro-mechanical services —Equipment and accessories could include electronic components such
as circuit boards, machinery parts such as gears and motors, and tools such as soldering irons.
3. Electrical services —Equipment and accessories could include wiring, switches, outlets, and tools
such as wire cutters and voltage testers.
4. Automotive and small engine services – equipment and accessories could include diagnostic tools
such as OBD scanners, replacement parts such as spark plugs and filters, and maintenance tools such as
wrenches and socket sets.
WEEK 4
Name of Tools Images Uses
This tool is used to break an
object, drive a nail or spike into
1. Claw Hammer
another, or mold the desired shape
of the material.
They are used to cut across the
2. Crosscut Saw grain of the wood.

They are used to cut along the

3. Rip Saw grain of the wood.

A powered handheld tool is used

4. Circular Saw to cut wood.
Hand drills make holes in some
5. Hand Drills wood crafts and are helpful in
outdoor projects.
A cutting tool with sharpened
6. Chisel edges at the end of metal blades or
used for cutting or shaping wood.
Measuring tape is a fundamental
tool for accurately measuring
7. Measuring Tape
various materials, primarily wood,
lengths, distances, and dimensions.
It is a 90-degree standard right-
angle tool sometimes called a try
or trying square (90-degree angle),
8. Square a miter square (45-degree angle), a
combined try and miter square,
combined square framing, or steel
square.
A hand plane is a tool for shaping
and refining wooden surfaces. It
9. Plane
can also be operated as a powered
tool.
A wood lathe is a machine used in
woodworking to shape wood into
10. Wood lathe Machine
various cylindrical forms, such as
balusters.
Masonry Tools - are instruments and equipment specifically designed for working with materials such as
bricks, stones, concrete blocks, and mortar in construction and masonry projects. These tools are essential for
cutting, shaping, laying, and finishing materials and maintaining and repairing masonry structures.
Name of Tools Images Uses
1. Trowel A handheld tool with a flat,
pointed blade is used for spreading
and shaping mortar and scooping
and applying other masonry
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materials.
A hand tool used for smoothing
2. Float and finishing freshly applied
mortar or concrete
A hawk is a tool consisting of a
flat, square board with a handle
3. Hawk Tool underneath. It holds a small
quantity of mortar or plaster while
working.
Also known as a brick hammer has
a chisel shaped edge for splitting
4. Masonry Hammer bricks and a flat face for striking
or setting bricks and stones.
A power tool equipped with a
5. Masonry Saw diamond-tipped blade for cutting
bricks, blocks, or stones.
A drill bit specifically designed for
6. Masonry Drills drilling holes in masonry materials
such as bricks, blocks, or concrete.
A handheld tool with a pointed or
rounded edge shape and
7. Brick Jointer
smoothing mortar joints between
bricks or blocks.
A sharp edge for cutting bricks
8. Cold Chisel and shaping stone in masonry
works.
Construction Painting and Metal Works Tools
Construction Painting Tools are essential for preparing surfaces, applying coatings, and achieving
quality finishes in construction and painting projects.
Name of Tools Images Uses
Paintbrushes are handheld tools
1. Paint Brushes with bristles used for applying
paint to surfaces.
Roller frames are handheld
devices that hold paint roller
2. Roller Frames covers and facilitate smoothly and
even paint applications over large
surfaces.
Paint trays are shallow containers
used for holding paint during roller
application. They typically feature
3. Paint Trays
ribbed sections to distribute the
paint evenly on roller covers and
raised edges to prevent spills.
Paint scrapers are handheld tools
with sharp blades that remove old
4. Paint Scrapers
paint, dirt, and debris from
surfaces before painting.
Also known as roller sleeves, they
are cylindrical sleeves made of
5. Roller Covers absorbent material such as
synthetic fibers or sheepskin.
Metal Works Tools - are instruments and equipment specifically designed for shaping, cutting, joining, and
finishing metal materials in various manufacturing, fabrication, and repair applications. These tools are essential
for machining, welding, forging and forming metal components to precise specifications.
Name of Tools Images Uses
A handheld saw is a cutting tool
with a fine-toothed blade for
1. Hack Saw
cutting metal rods, pipes, and
sheets.

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A cutting tool used for shearing or

2. Metal Shear cutting sheet metal, plate, and bar
stock.
A power tool is used to join metal
3. Welding pieces together by melting and
fusing them with heat.
Rotating abrasive wheel grids,
4. Grinding Wheel smoothing, and finishing metal
surfaces.
A machine used for precision and
5. Drill Press accuracy to drill holes in metal
workpieces.
A cut-off tool refers to a handheld
6. Cut-off power tool or machine used to cut
through materials such as metal,
A chipping hammer is a handheld
tool used in welding and
7. Chipping Hammer metalworking to remove slag and
unwanted materials from welded
joints and metal surfaces.
Plumbing Tools and Tile Setting Tools
Plumbing Tools - are instruments and equipment specifically designed for installing, repairing, and
maintaining plumbing systems, including pipes, fittings, fixtures, and appliances. These tools are essential for
various tasks such as cutting, joining, tightening, and testing plumbing components.
Name of Tools Images Uses
A heavy-duty wrench with
serrated teeth is used to grip and
1. Pipe Wrench
turn pipes, fittings, and other
plumbing components.
A pipe vise is a specialized tool
used in plumbing and pipefitting to
2. Pipe Vise hold pipes securely in place during
cutting, threading, and assembly
operations.
Pipe cutters are handheld tools
used for cutting pipes cleanly and
accurately. They come in various
3. Pipe Cutter types, including standard, tubing,
and ratcheting cutters, each suited
to different pipe materials and
diameters.
A pipe threader is a tool used in
plumbing and pipefitting to create
threads on the ends of pipes,
4. Pipe Threader
allowing them to be joined
together with fittings or other
pipes.
A rubber suction cup attached to a
handle clears clogged drains,
5. Plunger toilets, and sinks by creating
hydraulic pressure to dislodge
blockages.
Tile Setting Tools - are instruments and equipment specifically designed for installing, aligning, cutting, and
finishing ceramic, porcelain, or stone tiles during tiling projects. These tools are essential for achieving precise
and professional looking tile installations.
Name of Tools Images Uses
A handheld tool used for cutting
ceramic, porcelain, or stone tiles to
size. Tile cutters come in various
1. Tile Cutter
types, including manual, tile
scoring tools, and tile nipper
pliers.
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A power tool with a diamond-

tipped blade cuts tiles significantly
larger or thicker than those that
2. Tile Saw cannot be cut with a manual tile
cutter. Tile saws come in various
types, including tabletop tile saws,
wet tile saws, and bridge tile saws.
A handheld tool with a flat,
notched blade spreads adhesive or
mortar onto the substrate before
3. Tile Trowel
laying tiles. various sizes and
shapes, including square notch, V-
notch, and U notch trowels.
A system of clips and wedges
ensures level and uniform tile
installations. Tile leveling systems
are designed to hold tiles in place
4. Tile Leveling System
and maintain consistent spacing
between tiles during installation,
preventing lippage and ensuring a
flat surface.
A handheld tool with a flat,
rubber, or foam pad applies, and
smooths grout into the joints
5. Grout Float between tiles. Grout floats come in
various sizes and shapes, including
square-edged and rounded-edge
floats.
Electrical Tools and Electronic Tools
Electrical tools are instruments and equipment specifically designed for working with electrical
systems, components, and wiring. These tools are essential for installing, maintaining, repairing, and
troubleshooting electrical systems in residential, commercial, and industrial settings.
Name of Tools Images Uses
A handheld tool removes
insulation from electrical wires to
expose the conductive metal
1. Wire Stripper underneath. It features cutting jaws
or blades with various-sized
notches for stripping wires of
different gauges.
This, also known as a volt ohm
meter (VOM), is a handheld
2. Multi Meter/Volt-Ohm-
device for measuring electrical
milliammeter
parameters such as voltage,
current, resistance, and continuity.
Wire crimpers are tools for
3. Wire Crimper attaching terminals or connectors
to the ends of electrical wires.
A voltage tester is a handheld tool
for quickly and safely checking the
4. Voltage Tester presence of electrical voltage in
wires, outlets, switches, and other
electrical components.
A circuit tester, continuity tester,
or test light is a handheld tool for
5. Circuit Tester
checking the continuity or
integrity of electrical circuits.
Electronic Tools—Electronic tools are devices or instruments that utilize electronic components to perform
specific functions. They range from simple handheld devices to complex machinery and equipment used in
various industries.
Name of Tools Images Uses

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A soldering iron is a handheld tool

1. Soldering Iron used for soldering electronic
components.
A soldering stand is a tool used to
2. Soldering Strand hold a soldering iron when it's not
in use.
They remove soldering material
(often a metal alloy) from
3. Desoldering Tools
electronic components and circuit
boards.
Breadboards are essential for
testing circuit designs, trying new
4. Breadboard
ideas, and troubleshooting
electronics projects.
Used to measure frequency
5. Spectrum Analyzer
information on a signal.
They are used to measure the
6. Oscilloscope timing information around a
signal.
Captures and analyzes digital
7. Logic Analyzer
signals in electronic circuits
Produces precise electrical signals
of different frequencies and
8. Signal Generator
waveforms for testing electronic
devices.
Automotive and Small Engine Tools
Automotive and small engine tools are specialized equipment for diagnosing, repairing, and
maintaining vehicles, including cars, motorcycles, boats, and lawnmowers. These tools are essential for
automotive technicians, mechanics, and hobbyists working on engines, transmissions, brakes, suspension
systems, and other vehicle components.
Name of Tools Images Uses
They are used for loosening and
1. Socket Wrenches (Rachet) tightening nuts and bolts of
various sizes.
They specifically designed sockets
2. Spark Plug Socket for removing and installing spark
plugs in engine cylinders.
Includes combination wrenches,
adjustable wrenches, and specialty
3. Wrenches
wrenches for different
applications.
Used to apply a specific amount of
torque to fasteners to ensure they
4. Torque Wrench
are tightened to the correct
specification.
They are designed to remove and
install oil filters on vehicles. It is
5. Oil Filter Wrench
either a chain, cap, strap, or jaw
type.
Essential for lifting and supporting
6. Jack and Jack Strands vehicles safely during maintenance
and repair work.
Check the voltage and condition of
7. Battery Tester
vehicle batteries.
Used to scan for and diagnose
8. Diagnostic Scan Tool
problems in the vehicle's onboard.

WEEK 5
Unlocking Vocabulary:
• Maintenance- refers to the process of preserving or restoring something to its desired condition.
• Tightening- the act of making something tighter or more secure
• Hazard- any source of potential harm or adverse health effect on people, property, or the environment.
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• Adjustment- a change or modification made to something to improve its function.

• Troubleshoot- to identify and solve problems or issues that arise in a system, device, process or
situation.

Maintain Tools and Equipment

1. Instruction Manuals:
These provide step-by step guidance on how to operate machinery, tools, or
equipment safely and efficiently. Instruction manuals often include diagrams,
illustrations, and troubleshooting tips.
2. Safety Manuals:
Safety manuals outline safety protocols, procedures, and guidelines to ensure
a safe working environment within industrial settings. They typically cover
topics such as hazard identification, personal protective equipment (PPE),
emergency procedures, and accident reporting.
3. Maintenance Manuals:
Maintenance manuals detail the procedures for inspecting, servicing, and maintaining machinery and equipment
to ensure optimal performance and longevity. They often include schedules for routine maintenance tasks,
troubleshooting procedures, and parts replacement instructions.
4. Operations Manuals:
Operations manuals provide comprehensive information on the overall
operations of an industrial facility or process. They may cover topics
such as production workflows, equipment utilization, scheduling, and
resource management.
5. Quality Assurance Manuals:
Quality assurance manuals outline the standards, processes, and procedures
for maintaining product quality and consistency. They may include
information on quality control methods, inspection procedures, and
documentation requirements.
6. Training Manuals:
Training manuals are used to educate personnel on various aspects of
industrial arts, such as manufacturing processes, quality control standards,
and safety protocols. They may include instructional materials, exercises,
and assessments to facilitate learning.
7. Equipment Manuals:
Equipment manuals provide detailed information about specific pieces
of machinery or equipment, including specifications, operating
instructions, maintenance requirements, and troubleshooting tips.
Methods and Techniques in Preventive Maintenance
Common Methods and Techniques Used in Preventive Maintenance:
1. Scheduled Maintenance: Establishing a regular maintenance schedule based on equipment
manufacturer recommendations, historical performance data, and industry best practices. Scheduled
maintenance tasks are performed at predetermined intervals (e.g., daily, weekly, monthly) to inspect,
clean, lubricate, adjust, or replace components as needed.
2. Tightening and Adjustment: Checking and tightening loose fasteners, bolts, nuts, belts,
chains, and other mechanical components to prevent excessive movement, misalignment, or loss of
tension. Proper adjustment of equipment settings and controls ensures optimal performance and prevents
premature wear or damage.
3. Inspections: Conducting routine visual inspections of equipment to identify any signs of
damage, wear, or deterioration. Inspections involve checking for loose or worn parts, leaks, unusual
noises, vibrations, or any other abnormalities that may indicate potential issues.
4. Lubrication Management: Implementing a systematic lubrication program to ensure that
equipment components are properly lubricated to reduce friction, minimize wear, and extend service
life. This involves using the correct type and quantity of lubricants and following recommended
lubrication schedules.
5. Cleaning and Housekeeping: Maintaining a clean and organized work environment to
prevent contaminants, debris, or foreign objects from interfering with equipment operation. Regular

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cleaning of equipment surfaces, air intakes, filters, and cooling systems helps prevent overheating and
component damage.

WEEK 6
Unlocking Vocabulary
• Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter (VOM) – It is an instrument that can be is used to measure voltage, current and
resistance.
• Voltmeter - Measures electrical pressure (voltage) between two points.
● Ohmmeter - Measures resistance to electrical flow (resistance).
● Milliammeter - Measures small electrical currents (milliamps).
● Scale - refers to the series of graduated marks or numerical settings used to interpret the readings of voltage,

current, resistance, and other electrical properties.

Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter
• Voltage, current and resistance in electrical circuit need to be determined and measured. The volt-ohm-
milli-ammeter (VOM) is also called as Multimeter. This type of meter performs several functions. In other
words, in VOM the several measuring functions are combined in a single unit. It is used to measure voltage,
current, and resistance.
A. Types of Volt-ohm-milliammeter/Multimeter:
1. Analog Multimeter- Analog multimeters use a microammeter, voltmeter, and ohmmeter with
a moving pointer to show or display its readings.
2. Digital Multimeter- This device displays the measurements on a digital screen, making it
easy to read and understand the results accurately.
B. Parts of Multimeter
ANALOG MULTIMETER DIGITAL MULTIMETER

a. Pointer – Shows the values read from the scale.

b. Scale – Shows the value of what is being measured
c. Zero position adjuster - adjusts/positions the a. Selector knob – It comes with an arrow pointer to
needle at the right scale. its end to choose the parameter being measured.
d. Test pins – They serve as the conductor from the b. Ports – Displays the three main ports on the front
item being tested to the multimeter of the panel.
e. Test Probes - It is used to connect to the device c. Probes – It is used to establish an electrical
under test. connection between the device under test (DUT) and
f. Zero Ohm Adjustment knob - is used to calibrate the multimeter
the multi-tester when you want to measure the
resistance of an object.
How to read Analog Multimeter Result
1. Find the right scale on an analog multimeter. Analog multimeters have needle behind a glass cover,
which moves to show the result. Naturally, there are three arcs printed behind the needle. These are three
different scales, each of which is used for a different purpose.
2. Make a voltage scale reading based on your range. Look carefully at the voltage scales, either DC or
AC. There should be several rows of numbers beneath the scale. Check which ranges you have selected on the
dial and look for a corresponding label next to one of these rows.
3. Estimate the value between numbers. Voltage scales on an analog multimeter work just like an
ordinary ruler. The resistance scale, however, is logarithmic, meaning that the same distance represents a
different change in value depending on where you are on the scale.

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4. Multiply the resistance reading on an analog multimeter. Look at the range setting that the dial of your
multimeter is set to.
5. Find out more about the dB scale. The "dB" (decibel) scale, typically the lowest, smallest one on an
analog meter, requires some additional training to use. It is a logarithmic scale measuring the voltage ratio (also
called gain or loss).
C. SCALE of VOM
Multimeters can have different types of scales to display these measurements, depending on whether
they are analog or digital.
1. Analog multimeters use a needle and a printed scale to display measurements. The types of scales
found in analog multimeters include:
 Voltage (V) Scale: Indicates the voltage measurement. Separate scales are typically provided
for AC (alternating current) and DC (direct current) voltage measurements.
 Current (A) Scale: Indicates the current measurement. Similar to the voltage scale, there are
separate scales for AC and DC current.
 Resistance (Ω) Scale: Indicates the resistance measurement. The resistance scale often has a
non-linear progression due to the nature of how resistance is measured.
 Decibel (dB) Scale: Used for measuring audio signals, particularly in telecommunications and
audio equipment testing.
 Continuity Scale: Indicates if there is a continuous path in the circuit. This is often a simple
pass/fail indication.
2. Digital Displays Digital multimeters (DMMs) have numeric displays that show the measurement
values directly. The main types of measurement functions in a digital multimeter include:
 Voltage (V) Display: Displays the voltage reading, selectable for AC and DC measurements.
 Current (A) Display: Displays the current reading, also selectable for AC and DC
measurements.
 Resistance (Ω) Display: Shows the resistance value directly.
 Continuity Indication: Often provided as an audible beep when a continuous path is detected.
 Capacitance (F) Measurement: Some digital multimeters include a capacitance measurement
function.
 Frequency (Hz) Measurement: Digital multimeters may also measure the frequency of an
electrical signal.
 Temperature (°C/°F) Measurement: Some advanced multimeters can measure temperature
using a thermocouple probe.
D. TYPES OF SCALE IN ANALOG VOM
SCALE DEFINITION USAGE CHARACTERISTIC
Variable Intervals: The distance
between units increases as the value
increases. For example, the space
A LOGARITHMIC SCALE is one
between 1 and 10 is the same as the
in which the spacing between each Typically used for measuring
space between 10 and 100.
mark increases logarithmically. resistance and sometimes for
Handling Large Ranges: Useful for
This means that each successive unit decibel scales in audio
measuring quantities that cover a
of measurement represents a tenfold equipment.
large range of values, making it
increase in quantity.
possible to represent both very small
and very large values on the same
scale.
A LINEAR SCALE is one in which Example: In a resistance
the spacing between each mark is measurement, the scale might start
Typically used for measuring
consistent across the entire range. with very small intervals for lower
quantities like voltage and
This means that each unit of resistance values and expand to
current.
measurement is represented by the larger intervals for higher resistance
same physical distance on the scale. values.

E. RESISTANCE (OHMMETER) SCALE

Reading Ohmmeter Scale How to read
the ohmmeter scale of the multi tester?
To read the multi tester's resistance range,
consult the table below.

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Ohms are the unit of measurement for resistance.

PREPARATION OF MEASUREMENT

a. Before making any measurements, make sure that the

meter pointer is in the zero position. If not, you may turn
the zero adjuster so that the pointer may align right to zero
position.

Wrong Pointer Setting

If this occurs, you should turn the adjustment screw (zero
corrector screw) in a counter clockwise direction until the
pointer is at zero voltage range. Turn adjustment screw to
counterclockwise.

If the pointers not exactly to the infinity at ohmmeter

reading, this causes inaccuracy to the measured value.
Turn the adjustment screw to a clockwise rotation.

b. Check the accuracy of the ohmmeter by touching two test probes, Set VOM to x1 ohm or x10 ohm
selector resistance range. Hold the two sets probes simultaneously.

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If the pointer did not deflect at all, check the probes,

there’s a possibility that one is broken or open at
some point. If probes are good, there is also a
possibility that the fuse is busted, otherwise tester is
defective.

INTERPRETING RESISTANCE READING

If the pointer stays at infinite resistance even

after using the highest ohm range, then the
circuit is open.

If the pointer deflects to zero resistance

when the selector switch is ar Rx1 range.

If the pointer deflects in between infinite

and zero resistance that is equivalent to the
load resistance using any range, then device,
circuit is in good condition.
C. VOLTMETER SCALE
The voltmeter scale is intended
for reading voltage and can be
used to measure both DC
(Direct Current) and AC
(Alternating Current) voltages

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Voltmeter Scale (Linear scale)

Value per Major Number of Value per Minor
Scale Type Description
Division Minor Division Division
Represent larger Calculated based on
Major Division Varies (e.g. IV, 2V. 5V) Varies
intervals major division
Lie between Calculated based on major Varies (typically Calculated based on
Minor Divisions
major divisions division 5 or more) major division
WEEK 7
Measuring Instruments Description
1. A tachometer is an instrument that is used to
measure the working speed of an engine, usually in
revolutions per minute (RPM). It is commonly used
in cars, boats, planes, and other types of vehicles.
Most tachometer gauges have either an analog (dial)
or digital (LCD or LED screen) display.
Types of Tachometer
Analog Tachometer
It is used to count the RPM based on the period. It
uses a series of reeds that helps in detecting the
engine speed. It is a device that has all centrifugal
force. It has a power on the rotating mass that helps
in extending and compressing the mechanical spring
Electronic Tachometer
An Electronic Tachometer is a significant component
that helps measure the engine’s speed in RPM. It is a
device that is available in the car’s dashboard to
measure the driving speed. This device uses a
magnetic pickup that you can find here the rotating
engine. It produces electric pulses. The pulses that
this device causes have a frequency proportional to
the engine speed.
B. Parts of Tachometer
1. Contact measuring device is a key part of the whole tachometer.
2. RPM adapter is the element that contacts the object the speed of which you want to measure.
3. Function switch is used to switch between the units of measurement.
4. Memory call button is used to show the last reading.
5. Display shows the readings or result.
6. Measure button is used to start the measurement.
7. Battery cover is used to cover and protect the battery from dust and any damage.

Measuring Instruments Description

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2. Oscilloscope
Formerly known as an oscillograph (informally
scope, oscope, or o scope), is a device that
graphically displays electrical signals and exhibits
how those signals change over time. It measures
these signals by connecting with a sensor, which is a
device that creates an electrical signal in response to
physical stimuli like sound, light and heat.

The oscilloscope, an indispensable piece of

equipment in signal analysis, helping engineers
reveal the hidden rhythms of electricity.
Parts of Oscilloscope-An In-depth Overview
The oscilloscope contains various intricate components that work together to analyze and visualize
complex electronic signals. Here's a list of the main parts:
1. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube): Acting as the heart of traditional analog oscilloscopes, the CRT
generates electron beams to create visual displays of waveforms.
2. Display: Whether a phosphor screen in analog scopes or a digital LCD in modern ones, the display
translates complex data into visual waveforms that engineers can interpret.
3. Vertical system: This part controls the amplitude of the signal, allowing adjustments to how the
waveform stretches or compresses vertically on the display.
4. Horizontal system: Governs the time base and allows engineers to control the horizontal scaling of
waveforms, essential for examining frequency and time relationships.
5. Trigger systems: Ensures stability and clarity of the waveform; the trigger systems detect specific
events in the signal, providing a stable and repeatable display.

Measuring Instruments Description

An ammeter (abbreviation of Ampere meter) is an
instrument used to measure the current in a circuit. Electric
currents are measured in amperes (A).
An ammeter is a measuring device that measures the flow
of current in a circuit. It gives the exact reading of how
much current passes through the conductor. Ammeter is
derived from the Greek word ‘amps’ which means current.
Analog Ammeter
The pointer inside the ammeter moves within a span of 90°.
The tip of the pointer corresponds to a numeric value.
Digital Ammeter
It measures current flow in amps and display current levels
as per the number of digits provided on a digital display.
Parts of an Ammeter
The general construction of an ammeter includes:
 U-shaped magnet – The magnet serves as a major component in an ammeter. It consists of
concave poles.
 Copper coil – The copper coil is generally rectangular and is wound around a metallic core.

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 Iron Core – The copper coil is wound around a soft iron core. Due to the presence of the soft
iron cylindrical core, the magnetic field between the poles increases and the field lines remain
parallel.
 Shunt – It is a low-value resistance connected in parallel to the galvanometer.
 Pointer – The pointer which is attached to the coil in a pivoting manner to read the deflection.

Home Wiring Check: Ammeters lend a hand in confirming if your home’s electrical system is running
smoothly. By measuring current flow, they ensure that circuits aren’t overloaded, averting potential problems.
Gadget Performance: By hooking up to devices like your computer or fridge, they unveil their power
consumption details.
Car Troubleshooting: Behind a vehicle’s dashboard, ammeters can uncover if the battery and alternator are
matched perfectly. Too much or too little current can point to issues that need fixing.
Industrial Buzz: Ammeters are like stage managers in factories. They keep tabs on the currents feeding heavy
machinery, guaranteeing a smooth performance.
Renewable Energy Setup: Ammeters can help us monitor and optimize the energy harnessed from solar panels
and wind turbines.
Electronics Creation: They can help fine-tune the components, ensuring they consume the right amount of
current.
How to use an Ammeter
Follow the basic steps using ammeter correctly and safely:
1. Choose the right model. Do you need analog or digital? Do you need high or low capacity?
2. Before you begin, make sure that all the equipment is use has been checked thoroughly for any faults.
Use insulated gloves to protect you from live electrical current.
3. Apply the ammeter leads to the target area-the point at which you want to measure the current. Use a
crocodile clip, attach the red lead to the wire nearest the positive terminal and black lead to the wire nearest to
the negative terminal on the device you are measuring.
4. Check your reading. On analogue panel ammeters, look for the nearest marker to the needle.
Note: A multimeter is a great little tool used for testing and checking electrical circuits in your vehicle
or electrical devices. The most common use is to check the voltage of electrical circuits, but they can also be
used to check the Amperage and Ohms.
Milli-Ammeter: Measuring Small Amount of Current
1. When operating on the 50μA range, we utilize the 0-50 scale and read the scale directly.
2. To read current in the 2.5mA range, read the black 0-250 scale and move the decimal point two places to the
left.
3. If the instrument is operated on its 25mA range, read the black 0-250 scale and move the decimal point just
once to the left.
4. When the VOM is set to its 0.25 range, read the black 0-250 scale and move the decimal point three places to
the left.
Observe correct polarity of the instrument when measuring DC current. Be very careful against overloading
your meter. If you are doubt of approximate reading, always start with the highest range. If the pointer deflects
lefts across zero point, just reverse the connections; no damage to the meter if this occurs.
WEEK 8
Measurement systems are a collection of units of measurement and rules relating them to each other. The word
“measurement” is derived from the Greek word "metron," which means a limited proportion. It is used to
associate physical quantities and phenomena.
The Metric system is a decimal-based system of measurement. The current international standard for the metric
system is the International System of Units (Système international d'unités or SI), in which all units can be
expressed in terms of seven base units: the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela.

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SYMBOLS UNITS
mm Millimeter
cm Centimeter
dm Decimeter
m Meter
dam Decameter
hm Hectometer
km Kilometer
1. The English system of measurement is used in medieval England which evolved from the Anglo-Saxon and
Roman systems. The basic units for length or distance measurements in the English system are the inch, foot,
yard, and mile.
SYMBOLS UNITS
in Inch
ft Foot
Yd Yard
mi Mile

In English system, the inch is divided into

16 graduations and the smallest graduation
is read as 1/16 inch.

Fraction is a numerical representation that indicates the quotient of two numbers. It represents a part of a whole
or, more generally, any number of equal parts.
A fraction has two parts:
a. Numerator: It is the top part of the fraction, that represents the sections of the fraction.
b. Denominator: It is the bottom part that represents the total parts in which the fraction is
divided.
Decimal is a type of number that consists of a whole number and a fractional part separated by a decimal point.
The factor-label method, also called Dimensional Analysis, is a problem-solving technique using units
(labels) and conversion factors. It uses the fact that any number or expression can be multiplied by one without
changing its value.
Changing Fractions to Decimals
Any rational number can be changed from fraction to decimal. This is done by simply dividing the
numerator by the denominator.
3
Example: A. = 8 √ 3 = 0.375
8
7
B. = 25√ 7 = 0.28
25
C. In case of a mixed fraction, change it first to improper fraction.
 Multiply the whole number by the denominator.
 Add on the numerator.
 Write the improper fraction by using calculated value as the numerator
over the original denominator.
3 ( 2 x 4 )+ 3 11
2 = 4√ 11 = 2.75
4 4 4

Changing Decimal to Fraction

A decimal is changed to fraction by using Examples:
10 or any power of 10 as denominator of the
given decimal. Then reduce to lowest term if possible.

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Sample Problems: 1. How many millimeters are in 1 meter?

2. How many centimeters are in 25 decameters?

3. How many meters is in 1,000 centimeters?

4. How many meters are in 4,000 millimeters?

LINEAR ENGLISH SYSTEM UNITS EQUIVALENT

1. How many inches are in 4 feet?

2. How many feet are in 60 yards?
3. How many yards are in 360 inches?
Metric System to English System Conversion / English System to Metric System Conversion
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Metric System to English System Conversion Table

English System to Metric System Conversion Table

Sample Problems:

Ohm’s law and Power law

The continuous movement of electrons through a circuit is called current. The unit of measurement is
Ampere which is named after Andre Marie Ampere, a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the
founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as “electrodynamics”. Current is
symbolized by the letter I.
Voltage is the force that pushes electrons to flow through a circuit. It is measured in Volt, the unit of
measure derived from Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist and chemist who was a pioneer of electricity and
power. Voltage is symbolized by the letter V or E.
Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electrons on a circuit. It is measured in Ohm or the symbol
Ω, named after Georg Simon Ohm, a German physicist and mathematician. It is symbolized by the letter R.

Ohm’s Law
states that the current through a conductor between
two points is directly proportional to the voltage
across the two points. It can be represented by
the mnemonic device.

If you need to calculate V, cover the V with your thumb, and you’ll see IR. If you need to calculate I, cover it
and what’s left is V/R. And if you need to calculate R, cover it to reveal V/I.
V= I x R I= V / R R= V / I

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Power is the rate at which an electrical energy is

transferred or transformed by an electric circuit.
It is a measure of how much of work is done or
energy is used in a span of time. In a circuit, power
is the product of voltage and current.
Power is measured in Watts.
P= V x I V= P / I I= P / V
Sample Problems (Ohm’s Law)
A. Calculate the voltage, given the values of current (I) and resistance (R).

V= I x R
V= 4 A x 3Ω
V= 12 Volts

B. Calculate the amount of current (I) in a given circuit where the values of resistance (R) and Voltage (V).

I= V/R
I= 9 Volts / 2 Ω
I= 4.5 Amp

C. What resistance would produce a current of 60 Amp from a 6 Volts battery?

R= V/I
R= 6 Volts / 60 Amp
R= 0.1 Ω
Sample Problems (Power Law)
A. If the current and voltage of an electric
circuit are given as 2.5 A and 10 V respectively.
Calculate the electrical power.
P= V x I
P= 10 V x 2.5 A
P= 25 Watts
B. How much current can
run a 50 Watts microwave that is
linked to a 20 Volts source?

I= P / V
I= 50 Watts /
20 Volts
I= 2.5 A
C. What is the value of the
source of a circuit that has 2 A of
current passing through a 30W load?
V= P / I
V= 30 W / 2 A
V= 15 Volts

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