48 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

FG y IJ , show that x ∂u + y ∂u
17. If u = f H xK ∂x ∂y
= 0.

LM x + y OP
1
4
1
4 ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 1
1 8 . If u = sin M
MN x + y PPQ
–1 , prove that x 2 2 tan u [tan2u – 11].
2 + 2xy ∂x∂y + y =
1 1
∂x ∂y2 144
6 6

∂u ∂u 5 F x +y I
3 3
1 9 . Prove that x
∂x
+y
∂y
=
2
tan u if u = sin–1 GH x + y JK .
z y x
2 0 . Verify Euler’s theorem for f = + + .
x+ y z+x y+ z
F xI ∂u ∂u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
2 1 . If u = y2 e y x + x2 tan–1 GH y JK , show that x ∂x
+ y ∂y = 2u and x2
∂x2
+ 2xy
∂x∂y
+

∂ 2u
y2 = 2u.
∂y2
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
22. If e j sin u = x + y , prove that x
x+ y 2
1
3
1
3
2
∂x 2 + 2xy
∂x∂y
+ y2
∂y 2 =
tanu
12
F 13 + tan u I 2

GH 12 12 JK .
F y2 I ∂ 2u
2 3 . If u = tan G x J , show that x
H K–1
∂x2
2

1
1 log x − log y ∂f ∂f
2 4 . If f (x, y) = +
+ , show that x + y ∂y + 2f (x, y) = 0.
x 2
xy 2
x +y 2
∂x
∂u ∂u
2 5 . If u = sec–1 {(x3 + y3) / (x + y)}, show that x + y ∂y = 2 cot u.
∂x

1.7 TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT

Let z = f (x, y) ...(i)
where x = φ (t) and y = ψ (t), then z can be expressed as a function of t alone by substituting the
values of x and y in terms of t from the last two equations in equation (i).
dz
And we can find the ordinary differential coefficient , which is called total differential
dt
coefficient of z with respect to t. Since it is very difficult sometimes to express z in terms of t alone
dz
by eliminating x and y. So we are now to find without actually substituting the values of x
dt
and y in terms of t in z = f (x, y).
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS-I 49

Let δx, δy and δz be the increaments in x, y and z corresponding to a small increament δt in

the value of t.
then z + δz = f (x + δx, y + δy) ...(ii)
where x + δx = φ (t + δt), y + δy = ψ (t + δt)

Now,
dz
= Lim
δz
= Lim
b g
f x + δx, y + δy − f (x, y)
(from ii)
dt δt→ 0 δt δt→ 0 δt

= Lim
b g
f x + δx, y + δy − f (x + δx, y) + f (x + δx, y) − f (x, y)
δt→0
δt
{Adding and subtracting f (x + δx, y)}

= Lim
b g
f x + δx, y + δy − f (x + δx, y)
+ Lim
b g
f x + δx, y − f (x, y)
δt→0 δt→0
δt δt
LM f bx + δx, y + δyg − f bx + δx, yg ⋅ δy OP Lim LM f bx + δx, yg − f bx, yg ⋅ δx OP
= Lim
MN
δt→0 δy δt PQ + t 0 MN
δ→ δx δt PQ
Also, as δt → 0, δx → 0, δy → 0

∴
dz
= Lim M
L ∂f bx, yg δy OP + Lim LM ∂f bx, yg δx OP
dt t 0 MN ∂y δt PQ t 0 MN ∂x δt PQ
δ→ δ→

∂f bx, yg dy ∂f bx, yg dx
= + ⋅
∂y dt ∂x dt
dz ∂z dx ∂z dy
∴ = + ...(iii) (As z = f (x, y))
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt

dz ∂z dx1 ∂z dx2 ∂z dxn

In general = + +....+
dt ∂x1 dt ∂x2 dt ∂xn dt
The above relation can be also written as

∂z ∂z
dz = dx + ∂y dy , which is called total differential of z.
∂x
Corollary: If z = f (x, y) and suppose y is the function of x, then f is a function of one
independent variable x. Here y is intermediate variable. Identifying t with x in (iii), we get
dz ∂z dx ∂z dy dz ∂z ∂z dy
= + ∂y ⇒ = + .
dx ∂x dx dx dx ∂x ∂y dx

1.7.1 Change of Variables

Let z = f (x, y) where x = φ (s, t) and y = ψ (s, t) then z is considered as function of s and t.
Now the derivative of z with respect s is partial but not total. Keeping t constant the
equation (iii) modified as
∂z ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
= · + · ...(A)
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s
50 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

In a similar way, we get

∂z ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
= · + · ...(B)
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t
The equations (A) and (B) are known as chain rule for partial differentiation.
Example 1. Find the total differential coefficient of x2 y w.r.t. x when x, y are connected by
x2 + xy + y2 = 1.
Sol. Let z = x2 y ...(i)
Then the total differential coefficient of z
dz ∂z dx ∂z dy ∂z ∂z dy
= · + · = + ∂y · ...(ii)
dx ∂x dx ∂x dx ∂x dx
∂z ∂z
From (i) = 2xy, ∂y = x2 and we have
∂x
x2 + xy + y2 = 1 ...(iii)
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy dy
2x + x + y + 2y = 0
dx dx
dy
(2x + y) + (x + 2y) = 0
dx
dy 2x + y
⇒ = –
dx x + 2y
Putting these values in equation (ii), we get

dz F
2x + y I b
x 2 2x + y g.
dx
= 2xy + x2 − GH
x + 2y JK = 2xy –
bx + 2 y g
Example 2. If f (x, y) = 0, φ (y, z) = 0, show that
∂f ∂φ dz ∂f ∂φ
∂y ∂z dx = .
∂x ∂y
·

Sol. We have f (x, y) = 0 ...(i)

φ (y, z) = 0 ...(ii)

FG ∂f IJ
df ∂f ∂f
⋅
dy
=0⇒
dy
= −
H ∂x K
From (i)
dx
=
∂x
+
∂y dx dx F ∂f I
GH ∂y JK
F ∂φ I
dφ ∂φ ∂φ dz dz
GH ∂y JK
⋅ =0⇒ −
From (ii)
dy
=
∂y
+
∂z dy dy
=
FG ∂φ IJ
H ∂z K
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS-I 51

Multiplying these two results, we get

FG ∂f IJ F ∂φ I
dz H ∂x K GH ∂y JK
dx
=
F ∂f I ×
FG ∂φ IJ
GH ∂y JK H ∂z K
∂f ∂φ dz ∂f ∂φ
or = ⋅ · Hence proved.
∂y ∂z dx ∂x ∂y

F y − x , z − x I , show that
Example 3. If u = u GH xy xz JK
∂u ∂u ∂u
x2 + y2 + z2 = 0. (U.P.T.U., 2005)
∂x ∂y ∂z
y−x 1 1 z− x 1 1
Sol. Let s = = – and t = = –
xy x y zx x z
∂s 1 ∂s 1 ∂t 1 ∂t 1 ∂t
So = – , = 2 , = − 2, = 2, =0
∂x x 2
∂y y ∂x x ∂z z ∂y
∂s
= 0
∂z
Since u = u(s, t)
∂u ∂u ∂s ∂u ∂t
∴ = ⋅ + ⋅
∂x ∂s ∂x ∂t ∂x
∂u ∂u FG – 1 IJ ∂u FG − 1 IJ
⇒
∂x
=
∂s H xK 2 +
∂t H xK 2

∂u ∂u ∂u
or x2 = – – ...(i)
∂x ∂s ∂t
∂u ∂u ∂s ∂u ∂t
Next, = +
∂y ∂s ∂y ∂t ∂y
∂u 1∂u ∂u ∂u
or ∂y = y2 + 0 ⇒ y2 ∂y = ...(ii)
∂s ∂s
∂u ∂u ∂s ∂u ∂t 1 ∂u
and = + =0+ 2
∂z ∂s ∂z ∂t ∂z z ∂t
∂u ∂u
⇒ z2 = ...(iii)
∂z ∂t
Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
x2 + y2 ∂y + z2 = – – + + = 0. Hence proved.
∂x ∂z ∂s ∂t ∂s ∂t

∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
Example 4. Prove that + = + , where
∂x2 ∂y2 ∂ξ 2 ∂η2
x = ξ cos α – η sin α, y = ξ sin α + η cos α.
52 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

Sol. We have x = ξ cos α – η sin α, y = ξ sin α + η cos α.

∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
∴ = cos α, = – sin α and = sin α, = cos α
∂ξ ∂η ∂ξ ∂η
Now, Let u = u (x, y)
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂u
⇒ = · + · = cos α + sin α ...(i)
∂ξ ∂x ∂ξ ∂y ∂ξ ∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂u
and = · + · = – sin α + cos α ...(ii)
∂η ∂x ∂η ∂y ∂η ∂x ∂y
∂ 2u ∂ FG ∂uIJ = F cos α ∂ ∂ I F cos α ∂u ∂u I
Again
∂ξ 2
=
∂ξ H ∂ξ K GH ∂x + sin α
∂y JK GH ∂x + sin α
∂y JK
2
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ u
⇒ = cos2α 2 + 2 sin α cos α ∂x∂y + sin α ∂y 2
2 ...(iii)
∂ξ 2 ∂x
∂ 2u ∂ FG IJ F
∂u ∂ ∂ IF ∂u ∂u I
and
∂η2
=
∂η H K GH
∂η
= – sin α
∂x
+ cos α
∂y JK GH
– sin α
∂x
+ cos α
∂y JK
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
= sin α
2 – 2 sin α cos α + cos α
2 ...(iv)
∂η2 ∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y2
Adding (iii) and (iv), we get
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2 α + sin2α) + (cos2α + sin2α)
∂ 2u
2 + = · (cos
∂ξ ∂η2 ∂x2 ∂y2
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
= 2 + . Hence proved.
∂x ∂y2
Example 5. If u = f (y – z, z – x, x – y), show that
∂u ∂u ∂u
+ + = 0. (U.P.T.U., 2003)
∂x ∂y ∂z
Sol. Let r = y – z, s = z – x, t = x – y
Then u = f (r, s, t)
∂u ∂f ∂r ∂f ∂s ∂f ∂t
∴ = · + · + ·
∂x ∂r ∂x ∂s ∂x ∂t ∂x
∂u ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂r ∂s ∂t
⇒ = ×0+ (–1) + (1) As = 0, = −1, =1
∂x ∂r ∂s ∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x
∂u ∂f ∂f
⇒ = – + ...(i)
∂x ∂s ∂t
∂u ∂f ∂r ∂f ∂s ∂f ∂t
∂y = ∂r · ∂y + ∂s · ∂y + ∂t · ∂y
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂r ∂s ∂t
= (1) + (0) + (–1) As = 1, = 0, = −1
∂r ∂s ∂t ∂y ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂f ∂f
⇒ ∂y = – ...(ii)
∂r ∂t
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS-I 53

∂u ∂f ∂r ∂f ∂s ∂f ∂t
and = · + · + ·
∂z ∂r ∂z ∂s ∂z ∂t ∂z
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂r ∂s ∂t
= (–1) + (1) + (0) As = −1, = 1, = 0
∂r ∂s ∂t ∂z ∂z ∂z
∂u ∂f ∂f
⇒ = – + ...(iii)
∂z ∂r ∂s
Adding equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
∂u ∂u ∂u
+ ∂y + = 0. Hence proved.
∂x ∂z
Example 6. If x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, show that
∂r ∂x ∂x ∂θ ∂ 2θ ∂ 2θ
= ; =r and find the value of + ·
∂x ∂r r∂θ ∂x ∂x2 ∂y2
Sol. We have x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ
y FG IJ
⇒ r2 = x2 + y2 and θ = tan–1
x H K
∂r ∂r x = r cos θ
∴ 2r · = 2x ⇒ = = cos θ ...(i)
∂x ∂x r r
∂x
and we have x = r cos θ ⇒ = cos θ ...(ii)
∂r
From equations (i) and (ii), we get
∂r ∂x
= . Hence proved.
∂x ∂r
∂x 1 ∂x
Now, = – r sin θ ⇒ = – sin θ ...(iii)
∂θ r ∂θ
∂θ 1 y FG y IJ r sin θ
and
∂x
=
1+ 2
y 2
− 2 =–
x H 2
x +y K
2 = –
r2
x
1 ∂θ
= – sin θ ⇒ r = – sin θ ...(iv)
r ∂x
From equations (iii) and (iv), we obtain
1 ∂x ∂θ
= r . Hence proved.
r ∂θ ∂x
∂θ y ∂ 2θ y × 2x ∂ 2θ 2 xy
Since = – ⇒ = ⇒ = ...(v)
∂x x2 + y2 ∂x2
e
x + y2
2
j 2 ∂x2
e
x + y2
2
j2
∂θ 1 FG 1IJ = x ∂ 2θ 2xy
and ∂y =
y
1+ 2
2 H x K ex 2
+y 2
j
∴
∂y 2 = –
e
x2 + y2 j 2 ...(vi)

x
Adding equations (v) and (vi), we get
∂ 2θ ∂ 2θ
+ = 0.
∂x2 ∂y2
54 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

Example 7. If φ (x, y, z) = 0, show that

FG ∂y IJ FG ∂z IJ FG ∂x IJ
H ∂z K H ∂xK y H ∂y K
x z
= – 1. (U.P.T.U., 2004)

Sol. We have φ (x, y, z) = 0

Keeping y as constant, differentiate partially w.r.t. x, we get
FG ∂φ IJ + FG ∂φ IJ · FG ∂z IJ
H ∂xK H ∂z K H ∂xK y
= 0

FG ∂φ IJ
FG ∂z IJ H ∂x K
⇒ H ∂xK y
= –
FG ∂φ IJ ...(i)
H ∂z K
Next, keeping z as constant, differentiate partially w.r.t. y, we obtain
∂φ F ∂x I ∂φ
∂x
GH ∂y JK z
+
∂y
= 0

F ∂φ I
F ∂x I GH ∂y JK
⇒ GH ∂y JK = −
FG ∂φ IJ ...(ii)
z
H ∂x K
FG ∂φ IJ
FG ∂yIJ H ∂z K
Similarly,
H ∂z K = –
F ∂φ I ...(iii)
x
GH ∂y JK
Multiplying equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
FG ∂y IJ FG ∂z IJ FG ∂x IJ
H ∂z K H ∂xK y H ∂y K
x z
= –1. Hence proved.

Example 8. If x + y = 2eθ cos φ and x – y = 2i eθ sin φ, show that

∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V
+ = 4xy · (U.P.T.U., 2001)
∂θ 2 ∂φ 2
∂x ∂y
Sol. We have x+y = 2eθ cos φ
x–y = 2ieθ sin φ
Adding 2x = 2 (eθ) (cos φ + i sin φ)
x = eθ + i φ ...(i)
and subtracting, we get y = eθ – i φ ...(ii)
Let V = V (x, y)
∂V ∂V ∂x ∂V ∂y
∴ = · + ·
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y ∂θ
∂V ∂V ∂V ∂x ∂y
= x +y As = e θ+iφ = x, = e θ − iφ = y
∂θ ∂x ∂y ∂θ ∂θ
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS-I 55

∂ 2V ∂ FG ∂VIJ = FG x ∂ + y ∂ IJ FG x ∂V + y ∂V IJ
∴
∂θ 2 =
∂θ H ∂θ K H ∂x ∂y K H ∂x ∂y K
∂ 2V 2 ∂ V2 F ∂V ∂V I
+ G x ∂x + y ∂y J
∂ V ∂ V 2
⇒
∂θ 2
= x2
∂x 2 +y 2
∂y
+ 2xy
2
∂x ∂y H K ...(iii)

∂V ∂V ∂x ∂V ∂y ∂V ∂V ∂x ∂y
Now
∂φ
= · + = (ix) + (–iy) As = ix = = –iy
∂x ∂φ ∂y ∂φ ∂x ∂y ∂φ ∂φ
∂V F x ∂V − y ∂V I
⇒
∂φ
= i GH ∂x ∂y JK
∂ F ∂V I F I F I
Next
∂ 2V
∂φ 2
= G J = i GH x ∂∂x − y ∂∂y JK i GH x ∂∂Vx − y ∂∂Vy JK
∂φ H ∂φ K
F ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V + x ∂V + y ∂VI
− G x2 2 + y2 2 − 2xy
H ∂x ∂y ∂y JK
=
∂x∂y ∂x

∂ 2V ∂ 2v ∂2v ∂ 2v ∂v ∂v
= – x2 − y 2 2 + 2 xy −x −y ...(iv)
∂φ 2
∂x 2
∂y ∂ x ∂ y ∂ x ∂y
Adding equations (iii) and (iv), we get
∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V
+ = 4xy . Hence proved.
∂θ 2 ∂φ 2 ∂x ∂y
Example 9. If x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = f (x, y), prove that
∂z ∂z 1 ∂z ∂z ∂z 1 ∂z
= cos θ – sin θ ; = sin θ + cos θ.
∂x ∂r r ∂θ ∂y ∂r r ∂θ

Prove also that

e
∂ 2 r n .cos nθ j
= – n (n – 1) rn – 2 · sin (n – 2) θ.
∂x ∂y
Sol. Here z is a function of x and y where x and y are functions of r and θ.
∂z ∂z ∂r ∂z ∂θ
∴ We have = · + · ...(i)
∂x ∂r ∂x ∂θ ∂x
∂z ∂z ∂r ∂z ∂θ
and ∂y = ∂r · ∂y + ∂θ · ∂y ...(ii)

FG y IJ .
Now, x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, so r2 = x2 + y2 and θ = tan–1 H xK
∂r ∂r ∂θ sin θ ∂θ cos θ
Then, = cos θ, ∂y = sin θ, =– and ∂y =
∂x ∂x r r
Substituting these values in equations, (i) and (ii), we have
∂z ∂z 1 ∂z
= cos θ – sin θ . Hence proved. ...(iii)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ
∂z ∂z 1 ∂z
and ∂y = sin θ + cos θ . Hence proved. ...(iv)
∂r r ∂θ
56 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

Again substituting rn cos nθ for z in (iv), we get

∂ ∂ cos θ ∂ n
∂y (r cos nθ) = sin θ · ∂r (r cos nθ) + r
n n (r cos nθ)
∂θ
cos θ
= sin θ (nrn – 1 cos nθ) + (– rnn sin nθ)
r
= nrn−1(cos nθ sin θ − cos θ sin nθ)

or
e
∂ r n cos nθ j = nrn–1 sin (θ – nθ) ...(v)
∂y

e
∂ 2 r n cos nθ j LM e
n
∂ ∂ r cos n θ j OP
Now,
∂x∂y
=
∂x MN
∂y PQ
=
∂
∂x
a f
nr n– 1 sin 1 − n θ , from (v) = n
∂ n– 1
∂x
r sin 1 − n θ a f
LM ∂ {r sina1 − nfθ} − sin θ ∂ {r sina1 − nfθ}OP
= n cos θ n −1 n −1
N ∂r r ∂θ Q
n LMcos θ an − 1f r sin a1 − nf θ – r a1 − nf cos a1 − nf θOP
n− 2 sin θ n −1
=
N r Q
= – n (n –1) rn–2 [sin (n – 1)θ cos θ – cos (n – 1) θ sin θ]
= – n (n – 1) rn-2 sin (n – 2) θ. Hence proved.
Example 10. If u = f (x, y) and x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, prove that
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 1 ∂ 2u 1 ∂u
2 + 2 = 2 + 2 +
r ∂r
·
∂x ∂y ∂r r ∂θ 2

Or

F ∂ u I F ∂ 2uI
2

Transform GH ∂x JK + GH ∂y2 JK
2 = 0 into polars and show that u = (Arn + Br–n) sin nθ satisfies

the above equation.

Sol. We know x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ ...(i)
∴ r2 = x2 + y2 ...(ii)
FG y IJ
and θ = tan–1 H xK ...(iii)

∂r ∂r x r cos θ
From (ii), we get 2r = 2x or = = , from (i)
∂x ∂x r r
∂r
or = cos θ ...(iv)
∂x
∂r y r sin θ
Similarly, = = = sin θ ...(v)
∂y r r
∂θ 1 FG − y IJ y
Also from (iii),
∂x
=
FG IJ H x K
y 2 · 2 =–
x + y2
2
1+
xH K
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS-I 57

∂θ r sin θ sin θ
or = – 2 =– ...(vi)
∂x r r
∂θ 1 FG IJ
1 x r cosθ cos θ
and ∂y = yFG IJ H K
2 · x = x2 + y2 = r 2 =
r
...(vii)
1+
H xK
∂u ∂u ∂r ∂u ∂θ
Now, we know = · + ·
∂x ∂r ∂x ∂θ ∂x
∂u ∂u sin θ FG IJ
∂r
(cos θ) +=
∂θ
−
r
, from (iv), (vi)H K
∂ ∂ sin θ ∂
or (u) = cos θ (u) – (u) ...(viii)
∂x ∂r r ∂θ
∂u
Replacing u by
∂x
∂ 2u ∂ ∂u FG IJ∂ ∂u FG IJsin θ ∂ ∂u FG IJ
∂x 2 = ∂x ∂x H K
= cos θ.
∂r ∂x H K
–
r ∂θ ∂xH K ,

∂ L ∂u sin θ ∂u O sin θ ∂ L ∂u sin θ ∂u O

= cos θ ⋅
∂ N
r Mcos θ −
∂ r r P
∂θ Q
−
r M
∂θ N
cos θ −
∂r r ∂θ PQ

LM FG IJ OP LMF – sin θ ∂u + cos θ ⋅ ∂ 2u I − 1 ∂ F sin θ ⋅ ∂u I OP

= cos θ cos θ
∂ 2u ∂ 1 ∂u sin θ
MNGH G ∂θ JK P
∂θ ∂r JK r ∂θ H
MN ∂r 2
− sin θ ⋅
H ⋅
∂r r ∂θ K PQ –
r ∂r Q
∂ 2u LM ∂ 2u RS
1 ∂ 2u 1 ∂u UVOP
= cos θ cos θ ⋅ − sin θ ⋅ −
or
∂x 2
MN ∂r 2
T
r ∂r ∂θ r 2 ∂θ WPQ
LM 2 F 2
sin θ – sin θ ∂u + cos θ ⋅ ∂ u − 1 sin θ ∂ u + cos θ ⋅ ∂u I OP
–
r MN ∂r ∂r ∂θ r ∂θ 2
GH ∂θ JK PQ
∂ 2u 2 θ
∂ 2u 2sin θ cos θ ∂ 2u sin 2 θ ∂ 2u sin 2 θ ∂u
or = cos – + +
∂x2 ∂r 2 r ∂r ∂θ r 2 ∂θ 2 r ∂r
2 cos θ sin θ ∂u
+ ...(ix)
r2 ∂θ
∂ 2u ∂ 2u 2sin θ cos θ ∂ 2u cos2 θ ∂ 2u
Similarly, 2 = sin2 θ + +
∂y ∂r 2 r ∂r ∂θ r2 ∂θ 2
cos 2 θ ∂u 2 cos θ sin θ ∂u
– + ...(x)
r ∂r r2 ∂θ
Adding equations (ix) and (x), we get

∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 1 ∂ 2u
+ 2 = (cos2 θ + sin2 θ) + 2 (sin2 θ + cos2 θ)
∂x2 ∂y ∂r 2 r ∂θ 2
1 ∂u ∂ 2u 1 ∂ 2u 1 ∂u
+ (sin2 θ + cos2 θ) = 2 + 2 2 + .
r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ r ∂r
Hence proved.
58 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

Or
If u = (Arn + Br–n) sin nθ, then
∂u ∂u
= n (Arn–1 – Br–n – 1) sin nθ; = (Arn + Br–n) n cos nθ
∂r ∂θ
∂ 2u
and = n [A(n – 1)rn – 2 + B (n + 1) r–n –2] sin nθ;
∂r 2
∂ 2u ∂ FG ∂uIJ
∂θ 2 =
∂θ H ∂θ K = – (Arn + Br – n) n2 sin nθ

∂ 2u 1 ∂ 2u 1 ∂u
∴ 2 + r2 2 + r ∂r = n[A (n – 1) r
n–2 + B (n + 1) r–n–2] sin nθ
∂r ∂θ
1 1
– (Arn + Br–n)n2 sin n θ + n(Arn–1 – Br–n–1) sin nθ
r2 r
= [A{n2–n–n2 + n}rn–2 + B(n2 + n – n2 –n)r–n – 2] sin nθ
= 0. Hence proved.
Example 11. If x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ or r2 = x2 + y2, prove that
∂ 2r ∂ 2r 1 R|F ∂r I F ∂r I U|
2 2

2 + ∂y2 = r S|GH ∂x JK + GH ∂y JK V| ·
∂x
T W
Sol. Since x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ
2
∂r x ∂r y ∂ 2r r 2 − x2 ∂ r r2 − y2
∴ = ; ∂y = ; = ; 2 = ,
∂x r r ∂x 2
r 3 ∂y r3

Adding
∂ 2r
+
∂ 2r
=
er 2
− x2 j + er 2
− y2 j =
e
2r 2 − x 2 + y 2 j
∂x2 ∂y2 r 3
r 3
r 3

2 2
2r − r
= , l x2 + y2 = r2
r3
∂ 2r ∂ 2r 1
or + = ...(i)
∂x2 ∂y2 r
R|F ∂r I F ∂r I U|
2 2
R|FG x IJ + F y I U| 1 F x2 + y2 I
2 2
1 S|GH ∂x JK + GH ∂y JK V| 1
S|H r K GH r JK V| = r G r2 J
Also,
r T W
=
r T W H K
1 Fr I
2

= G J,lx +y =r
r Hr K 2
2 2 2

1 ∂ 2r ∂ 2r
= = + , from (i) Hence proved.
r ∂x2 ∂y2

Example 12. If V = f (2x – 3y, 3y – 4z, 4z – 2x), compute the value of 6Vx + 4Vy + 3Vz.
(U.P.T.U., 2008)
Sol. Let r = 2x – 3y, s = 3y – 4z, t = 4z – 2x
∴ V = f(r, s, t)
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS-I 59

∂V ∂f ∂r ∂f ∂s ∂f ∂t
Vx = = ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
∂x ∂r ∂x ∂s ∂x ∂t ∂x
∂r ∂s ∂t
=
∂f
∂r
⋅2 +
∂f
∂s
⋅0 +
∂f
∂t
−2a f As =
∂x
= 2,
∂x
= 0,
∂x
= −2

⇒ Vx = 2fr – 2ft ...(i)

∂V ∂f ∂r ∂f ∂s ∂f ∂t
Vy = = ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
∂y ∂r ∂y ∂s ∂y ∂t ∂y

∂r ∂s ∂t
=
∂f
∂r
a f
−3 +
∂f
∂s
3 + af
∂f
∂t
⋅0 As
∂y
= − 3,
∂y
= 3,
∂y
= 0

⇒ Vy = – 3fr + 3fs ...(ii)

Similarly
Vz = 4fr – 4fs ...(iii)
Multiplying (i), (ii) and (iii) by 6, 4, 3 respectively and adding, we get
6Vx + 4Vy + 3Vz = 12fr – 12ft – 12fr + 12fs + 12fr – 12fs
⇒ 6Vx + 4Vy + 3Vz = 0. Hence Proved.
du
Example 13. If u = x log xy, where x3 + y3 + 3xy = 1, find . [U.P.T.U. (C.O.), 2005]
dx
Sol. By total differentiation, we know that
du ∂u dx ∂u dy ∂u ∂u dy
= ⋅ + ⋅ = + ⋅ ...(i)
dx ∂x dx ∂y dx ∂x ∂y dx
we have u = x log xy
∂u 1
= log xy + ⋅ y = log xy + 1 ...(ii)
∂x y
∂u
∂y
=
x
xy
x =
x
y
af ...(iii)

Also, given that

x3 + y3 + 3xy = 1
Differentiating w.r.t. ‘x’, we get
dy dy
3x2 + 3y2 + 3y + 3x = 0
dx dx
dy
⇒ (x2 + y) + (x + y2) = 0
dx

or
dy
= −
e
x2 + y j ...(iv)
dx e
x + y2 j
Using (ii), (iii) and (iv) in (i), we get
x x2 + y F I
du
dx
= (1 + log xy) −
y x + y2 GH JK
60 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

Example 14. If x = u + v + w, y = vw + wu + uv, z = uvw and f is a function of x, y, z, show

∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
that u +v +w = x + 2y + 3z .
∂u ∂v ∂w ∂x ∂y ∂z
Sol. Let f = f(x, y, z)
∂f ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y ∂f ∂z
= ⋅ + ⋅ +
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂z ∂u

=
∂f
∂x
a
+ w+v
∂f
∂y
+ vw
∂f
∂z
f As
∂x
∂u
= 1,
∂y
∂u
a
= w+v ,f∂z
∂u
= vw

or u
∂f
∂u
= u
∂f
∂x
+ u w+v
∂f
∂y
a
+ uvw
∂f
∂z
f ...(i)

∂f ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y ∂f ∂z
= ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂z ∂v

=
∂f
∂x
a
+ u+w
∂f
∂y
+ uw
∂f
∂z
fAs
∂x
∂v
= 1,
∂y
∂v
= u+w ,
∂z
∂v
= uw a f
or v
∂f
∂v
= v
∂f
∂x
+ v u+w
∂f
∂y
a
+ uvw
∂f
∂z
f ...(ii)

Similarly

w
∂f
∂w
= w
∂f
∂x
+ w u+v
∂f
∂y
+ uvwa∂f
∂z
f ...(iii)

Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get

u
∂f
∂u
+v
∂f
∂v
+w
∂f
∂w
= au + v + wf ∂∂xf + 2avw + wu + uvf ∂∂yf + 3uvw ∂∂fz
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
or u +v +w = x + 2y + 3z . Proved.
∂u ∂v ∂w ∂x ∂y ∂z

Example 15. If by the substitution u = x2 – y2, v = 2xy, f(x, y) = φ(u, v) show that

∂2 f ∂2 f F ∂ φ + ∂ φI .
2 2

∂x 2
+
∂y 2
= 4(x2 + y2) GH ∂u ∂v JK
2 2

Sol. We have f(x, y) = φ(u, v)

Differentiating partialy w.r.t. ‘x’.
∂f ∂φ ∂u ∂φ ∂v ∂φ ∂φ ∂u ∂v
= ⋅ + ⋅ = 2x + 2y As = 2x, = 2y
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂u ∂v ∂x ∂x
∂2 f FG IJ = ∂ FG 2x ∂φ + 2y ∂φ IJ
∂ ∂f
∂x 2
=
H K ∂x H ∂u ∂v K
∂x ∂x
∂ F ∂φ ∂φ I ∂u ∂ F ∂φ ∂φ I ∂v
= G 2x + 2y J
∂u H ∂u
G
∂v K ∂x ∂v H ∂u
+ 2x + 2y J ⋅
∂v K ∂x
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS-I 61

F 2x ∂ φ + 2y ∂ φ I .2x + F 2x ∂ φ + 2y ∂ φ I .2y
2 2 2 2
= GH ∂u ∂u∂v JK GH ∂v∂u ∂v JK
2 2

∂2 f ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ
or = 4x2 2 +
8xy + 4y 2 2 ...(i)
∂x 2
∂u ∂u∂v ∂v
Again differentiating f(x, y) partially w.r. to y
∂f ∂φ ∂u ∂φ ∂v ∂φ ∂φ ∂u ∂v
= ⋅ + = − 2y + 2x As = − 2 y, = 2x
∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂u ∂v ∂y ∂y

∂2 f ∂ FG ∂φ ∂φ IJ
∂y 2
=
∂y H
−2 y
∂u
+ 2x
∂v K
∂ ∂φFG IJ
∂φ ∂u ∂ FG
∂φ ∂φ ∂v IJ
=
∂u
−2 y
∂u H
+ 2x
K +
∂v ∂y ∂v
−2 y
H
∂u
+ 2x
∂ v ∂y K
F −2y ∂ φ + 2x ∂ φ I b−2yg + F −2y ∂ φ + 2x ∂ φ I a2xf
2 2 2 2
= GH ∂u ∂u∂v JK 2 GH ∂u∂v ∂v JK 2

∂2 f ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ 2
2∂ φ
or = 4y 2 − 8xy + 4x ...(ii)
∂y 2 ∂u2 ∂u∂v ∂v2
Adding (i) and (ii), we get

∂2 f ∂2 f 2 2
+
∂x 2 ∂y 2
e
= 4 x2 + y 2 j ∂∂uφ 2 e
+ 4 x2 + y2 j ∂∂vφ 2

j FGH ∂∂uφ + ∂∂vφ IJK .

2 2
e
= 4 x2 + y2 2 2
Hence Proved.

dx dy dz
Example 16. If x2 + y2 + z2 – 2xyz = 1, show that + + = 0.
2 2
1−x 1− y 1 − z2
Sol. We have
x2 + y2 + z2 – 2xyz = 1
or x2 – 2xyz + y2 z2 = 1 – y2 – z2 + y2 z2
(x – yz)2 = (1 – y2) (1 – z2)

or (x – yz) = e1 − y j e1 − z j 2 2
...(i)

Again y2 – 2xyz + z2 x2 = 1 – x2 – z2 + z2 x2
or (y – zx)2 = (1 – x2) (1 – z2)

or (y – zx) = e1 − x j e1 − z j 2 2
...(ii)

Similarly (z – xy) = e1 − x j ⋅ e1 − y j
2 2 ...(iii)

Let u K x2 + y2 + z2 – 2xyz – 1 = 0
62 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I

By total differentiation, we get

∂u ∂u ∂u
du = dx + dy + dz = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂u
As = 2x − 2 yz
∂x
∂u
or (2x – 2yz)dx + (2y – 2zx)dy + (2z – 2xy)dz = 0 = 2 y − 2zx
∂y
∂u
= 2z − 2xy
∂z
or (x – yz)dx + (y – zx)dy + (z – xy)dz = 0 ...(iv)
Putting (i), (ii) and (iii) in equation (iv), we get

e1 − y j e1 − z j . dx + e1 − x j e1 − z j
2 2 2 2
dy + e1 − x j e1 − y j
2 2
dz = 0

Dividing by e1 − x j e1 − y j e1 − z j , we get
2 2 2

dx dy dz
+ + = 0. Hence proved.
2 2
1−x 1− y 1 − z2

EXERCISE 1.6

dy LMA ns. dy LM
yx y −1 + y x log y
=− y
OPOP
1 . Find
dx
if xy + yx = c.
MN dx MN
x log x + xy x -1 PQPQ
LM x L ( x + y) O O
2
2 . If u = x log xy, where x3 + y3 + 3xy = 1, find
du A ns.
dx
.
MN
du
dx
= b1 + log xyg + M− PP
y MN ( y + x) PQ QP
2

LMA ns. du = 2xy − x L b2x + yg OOP

du
MN dx MM bx + 2yg PPP
2
3 . If u = x2 y, where x2 + xy + y2 = 1, find
dx
.
N QQ
4 . If V is a function of u, v where u = x – y and v = x – y, prove that
∂ 2V ∂ 2V F∂ V 2
∂ 2V I.
x
∂x 2
+ y
∂y 2
= (x + y) GH ∂u 2
+ xy
∂v 2 JK
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
5 . Transform the Laplacian equation
∂x2
+
∂y2 = 0 by change of variables from x, y to r, θ
LMA ns. e FG ∂ u + ∂ uIJ = 0OP
−2r
2 2
when x = er cos θ, y = er sin θ.
MN H ∂r ∂θ K PQ
2 2

du LMA ns. du = 1 + log xy − x . x + y OP 2

6 . Find
dx
, if u = x log xy where x3 + y3 + 3xy = 1.
MN dx y x + y PQ 2
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS-I 63

7 . If the curves f (x, y) = 0 and φ (x, y) = 0 touch, show that at the point of contact
∂f ∂φ ∂f ∂φ
· = · .
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

dy LMA ns. dy y tan x + log sin y

=
OP
8 . Find
dx
, when (cos x)y = (sin y)x.
N dx log cos x − x cot y Q
9 . If x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, prove that

∂ 2r ∂ r
2
F ∂ 2r I 2

∂x
GH
2 · ∂y2 = ∂y∂x . JK
1 0 . If z is a function of x and y and x = eu + e–v, y= e–u –ev prove that
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
– =x –y .
∂u ∂v ∂x ∂y
1 1 . If u = log (tan x + tan y + tan z) prove that
∂u ∂u ∂u
(sin 2x) + (sin 2y) ∂y + (sin 2z) = 2.
∂x ∂z
1 2 . If u = 3 (lx + my + nz)2 – (x2 + y2 + z2) and l2 + m2 + n2 = 1, show that
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
2 + + = 0.
∂x ∂y 2
∂z2
1 3 . If u = x2 + 2xy – y log z, where x = s + t2, y = s – t2, z = 2t, find
∂u ∂u LMA ns. ∂u
= 8,
∂u
= 8t – 4
OP
,
∂s ∂t
at (1, 2, 1).
N ∂s ∂t Q
du
1 4 . If u = x2 – y2 + sin yz, where y = ex and z = log x, find .
dx
LMA ns. 2ex – e j + e cosee log xjFG log x + 1 IJ OP
H xK Q
x x x

N
+ bx − yg
∂z ∂z
15. 2 2
If z = z(u, v), u = x – 2xy – y and v = y, show that (x + y) = 0 is equivalent
∂x ∂y
∂z
to = 0.
∂v

CURVE TRACING
Introduction
It is analytical method in which we draw approximate shape of any curve with the help of
symmetry, intercepts, asymptotes, tangents, multiple points, region of existence, sign of the first
and second derivatives. In this section, we study tracing of standard and other curves in the
cartesian, polar and parametric form.