Cellular reg
- Refers to all function carried out w/in a cell to maintain homeostasis, including its
responses to extracellular signals(hormones, cytokine and neurotransmitter) and the way
each cell produces an intracellular response
Key terms
- Replication; copying or reproducing something
- Growth; getting bigger
- Proliferation; rapid production of a cell; large number or something
- Differentiation; difference btween cells
- Neoplasia; presence of new or abnormal growth of tissue
- Neoplasm; tumor
- Benign; not harmful
- Malignant; cancerous
Review of cellular reproduction and growth
- Mitosis
- Meiosis
- Cell cycle
- Differentiation
Surveillance of cellular replication
- Accurate intracellular and intercellular signaling is required for normal cellular replication
and growth; surveillance mechanisms exist to detect and correct errors
- Cellular mutations that can lead to neoplasia occur when mistakes are undetected or
uncorrected
Spread Variations and context
- Neoplasms can be either benign (excessive growth of normal cells that are not capable
of metastasis) or malignant (abnormal cells that are capable of metastasis)
Stages of development of a malignant neoplasm are
- Initiation
- Promotion
- Progression
Consequences of malignant neoplasia
- Without successful treatment: fatigue, weight loss, pain, organ failure, and death
- Fear, stress, and anxiety
- Changes in family dynamics
- Financial challenges
- Changes in self-image and interpersonal relationships
Population at greatest risk
- 55+
Individual risk factors
- Smoking/tobacco
- Poor nutrition
- Excess weight
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Exposure to environmental carcinogens such as sunlight; pollutants in the air, soil, water,
or food; or medical treatments such as medications or radiation
- Genetics
- Infectious agents
Examination finding commonly associated with neoplasia
- Visible lesions
- Physical asymmetry
- Palpable masses
- Presence of blood in stool or on pelvic examination
Common dia test
- Radiographic tests: x-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography
(CT), radioisotope scans, ultrasound, diagnostic mammography
- Direct visualization: colonoscopy, endoscopy
- Laboratory tests: complete blood count, chemistry panel, genetic or tumor marker tests
- Pathology: examination of cells and tissues for a diagnosis of malignancy, tissue type,
grade of tumor
Cancer staging
look this UP
- Maria Lovato; Age 56; Breast Cancer; T1, N2, M0
- Wayne Nelson; Age 78; Prostate Cancer; T3, N2, M3
- Dorothy Ryan; Age 69; Colon Cancer; TIS, N0, M0 100
Primary Prevention
- Healthy diet
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- Regular physical activity 3x wk
- Smoking cessation
- Avoidance of excessive exposure to sunlight
- Prophylactic surgery
Secondary prevention; screening
- Mammogram
- Prostate specific antigen age 40
- Colonoscopy
- Guaiact test for occult blood
Collab interventions
Surgery
- Diagnosis
- Staging
- Debulking (reducing size)
Surgery is often curative bc the entire neoplasm is removed b4 it invades or metastasizes to
other tissues
Chemo
- Pharmacological agents used to prevent cancer cells from multiplying, invading, or
metastasizing
- Provides systemic treatment
- Usually administered by nurses who are certified in providing chemotherapy
- Multiple side effects require symptom management
Radiation
- Energy used to damage and kill cancer cells
- Energy delivered to specifically targeted tissue area
- Multiple forms of delivery
- Multiple side effects require symptom management
Targeted therapy
- Use of molecular and genetic biology linked to cell functioning
- Prevents tumor growth and metastasis by blocking signaling processes responsible for
look growth and spread of disease
Biologic therapy
Use of biological agents to activate the immune system as cancer treatment, including
again - Colony-stimulating factors
- Gene therapy
- Monoclonal antibodies
- Nonspecific immunomodulating agents
- Angiogenesis
- Vaccines
Hormonal therapy
- Used to treat hormonally responsive cancers (breast, prostate, uterine)
- Hormones act as agonists or antagonists to block specific receptors with target tissues
Bone marrow and stem cell transplant
- Replaces diseased or destroyed cells from the bone marrow with normal healthy cells
- Cells must be a close match (autologous or allogeneic)
- Multiple complications can occur
Sympt Management
- Treatment for cancer associated with multiple complex complications, adverse effects,
and side effects
- Multiple nursing interventions are geared toward managing complications and symptoms
- Primary complications and effects are reflected in interrelated concepts
caution
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