Microwave Network Theory and Passive Devices 161

IS,l =(1-1S,) (6.53)

andthe input reflectioncoefficient
T =S + (6.54)
The last equation is the working equation for the computation of the
eters. By measuring T for known values of [, (0, -1and 1)a set of S-param
simultaneous
equations are obtained which will give the S-parameters of a reciprocal junction.
Comparison between IS1, [Zland [Y] Matrices
From the analysis of S, Z and Yparameters, it is known that [S], [Z] and [Y]
represent unique intrinsic properties of the device, supplyingall the circuit char
acteristics of the device ata given frequency. Therefore, terminal conditions may
be changed for convenience without affecting the matrices themselves. The [S]
can be expressed in terms of [Z]and [Y] as given below.
Relation between [S] and ( ]Matrices
For a multiport network, [V]= [Z] [I]. The steady-state total voltage and the
current at the kth port are
V,= V +V =Z +Z,I, t...... +ZnI,
n

(6.55-1)
j=1
1
and -(V-V,) (6.55-2)

Or, Zol= (Vt -V)

Or, V =V + Zo! =V -V+ Zolk
n

(6.55-3)
Or. V = j=1

V=22yl, - Zola
(6.55-4)
Similarly,
|Z, +Zo
+ Zo
Therefore, [v]= 2 :
Zm t lo
((Z]+Z%[UD[I (6.55-5)
2
(6.55-6)
Or, ]=2((Z]+ Z,[U) [V*]
Similarly. |V|=(|Z]- Z%|UD[|
=(|Z|-Z,|UD ((ZI+ Z%[UD [V*] (6.55-7,

Or. = (|Z]-Z|UD ((ZI+ Z,[U])

Or, [b] =((Z]-Z,[U)(Z]+ Z,[U]) a<=[S][a] (6.55-8
Therefore,
|S]=(Z]- Z, [U DX[Z]+Z,[U))= ((ZV- [UD(ZVz, +[U)) (6.55-9,

Relation between [S] and [Y] Matrices

Similar to the relation between [S]and [Z] matrices, we can write
V= V +V (6.55-10)

and (6.55-11)
j=l
n

Therefore, V" (V,Y, +1,)=2Y% (6.55-12)

2Y, j=1

and V = (V,%-1,)= (6.55-13)

2Y, 2Yo j=1
1
Hence [V']= ((Y]+ Y,[U)[V]:
2Y%
-1
and [VJ= ([Y-Y%UD [V]: (6.55-14)
21,
1
(Y%[U]-2%,Y) (Yl+ X%LU) vI (6.55-15)
2Y,
Or, [b] =(Y,[U]-[YD ((Y] + Y, [U) [a] = [S] [al (6.55-16)
Therefore, [S]= ([U]-[YVY%)((U]+[YVY,) (6.55-17)

Similarly, [Z] =(U- S) (U+ S); Z =ZZ, (6.55-18)

Thus, the following properties are found common for [S], [Z]and [Y]:
J. Number of elements are equal.
2. For reciprocal devices, both [Z] and [S] satisfy reciprocity properties.
3. If [Z] is symmetrical, [S| is also symmetrical.
4. The following are the advantages of [S]over [ZlorlY].
(a) In microwave techniques the source remainsTdeally constant in power,
regardless of circuit changes. Besides frequency measurements, the
only other possible measurement parameters are VSWR, power and
 Microwave Network Theory and Passive Devices 163
phase. These are eSsentially
direct correspondence is not measurements of b/a, la and \bl'. Such a
possible with (Z|or[Y|representations.
(b) The unitary property of |S]helps aquick
of lossless structure_. No such check of the power balance
or [Y]. immediate check is possible with [Z]
(c) [S] is defined for agiven set of reference planes
planes are changed, the S-coefficients vary only only.
If the reference
in
the case in (Z]or [Y], because voltage and currentphase. This is not
are functions of
complex impedance and therefore both magnitude and phase change
in |Z] and [Y].
When the characteristicimpedances of twoports are different, the S-matrix of the
iunction can be derived as given in Examples, 6.2 and 6.3.
Example 6.1 A shunt impedance Z is connected across a transmission
line with characteristic impedance Z. Find the S-matrix of the junction.
Solution
For S-parameters, two ports are considered matched. Let the output line be match
terminated. So that a, = 0.
Therefore,
b =Sjajs b, = Sa|
ZoZ Zo V2 Zo
Y-Yfn Y% -(Y% + Y)
S1 b -b2
Y, + Yin Y% + (Y% + Y)
-Y -1
=S, for symmetry
2Y% +Y 1+2Z/Z,
Now for the pure shunt element, the transmitted wave amplitude (for a, = 0)
S).
can be expressed by b, = a, + b = a,+ S a = a, (l+
Therefore,
2Y% 2ZIZ,
S = b =1+ Sy= S12 2Y% + Y 1+2Z/Z
-1 2ZIZ,
[S] = 1+2Z/Z,|2Z/Z, -1
2Y%, + Y2% -1
Alternative
V, = Zl, + ZI;i |]=z z
V,= Zl, + Zl;
s1-1-wn1:w +UJ
=|Z+U - 2]|Z +U=|U]-2|Z
-I 2Z S -Sp=-I
1+2Z|27 -!
 Microwave Engineering
4
transmission lines of characteristicimpedance
ample
Z, are at plane Two
joined6.2 p". Express S-parameters in terms of impedances when Zand
terminated.
cach line is matched
Solution
incident and scattered wave amplitude are related by [b] = |SLIal
The() Sincethe output line is matched (a, = 0), the input impedance Zi, at the

junction = Z, = load for line Z,.

Therefore,
= reflection coefficient on the input side.
S = Z, +Z
(ü) Similarly, for symmetry, assuming input side is matched (a, = 0),
Z-Z, a
S =
Z +Z, .=-S1 N Z2
(iii) In general,
b1
b, =S a + S2a
1
b, =S1 a,+ Sg ay
With output line matched (a, =0) for lossless line, Z,, at the junction =Z,
a pure shuntelement.
Therefore, bË = Sj a,. Due to different impedances of the two arms,
Jz,b, =(a tb) Z, =(a, +S, a) Z =4(1+S) JZ
Or, Szy =byla, = (1 +Si)\Z,Z,
or,
Sz =|1+ Z, +Z,J\ Z, 2/Z4
Z, + Z
(iv) With the input line matched (a, = 0), b, = a,S2

Zb, =(a, t b,)Z, =(a, + Sga) z, =[a, (1+ S;)Z, l

Or,
Sy = bla,=(1+S) Z,IZ
-1.4-4)4.2Vz
-|1+ Z, +Z, J\ z ZZ, +Z,
Z-Z 2\/ZZ
Z, +Z, Z, +Z,
Therefore, (S]=
2Z,Z, Z-Z,
|Z,+Z, Z,+Z,
 Microwave Network Theory and
Example 6.3 A
Passive Devices 165
series reactance
with different
Z =jX is
tion.
characteristic impedances Z, and Z,. Find the S-matrix of the junc-
Connected between two lines

Solution
The normalised voltages and power inputs at Port 1 and 2
are

jx

Z2 |V2
P= 2
-.P,= 2 b1 b,
Cmatrix is determined assuming that each of the lines are terminated by its char
acteristic impedances.

Therefore, = S1= jX +Z, -Z

a +2, jX + Z, + Z

and b,-= S2 jX +Z -Z,

V jX + Z + Z,
Net input voltage for output line matched (ay = 0)
a + b, a (1 +S)

Input current I,= =(1-s )

element jX, with output port
For the continuity of current in a lossless series
matched (a, = 0),
+

L(1-S,)=-l;
Also
V
1;= Z

-(1- S,) = V,
Z
Thus, for symmetrY
Sz = Si
-S,)

2/ZZ,
+7, + /X
Example 6.4 A series reactance Z=jX is inserted in aoo length of trans.
missionline of charactersisticimpedance Z4. Find S-parameters for the junction
Solution

Let Y=
jX
1, = YV,- YV, Zo Zo V
l, =-YV + YV,
|Y]= -Y

Now
[S]= (U- YING)(U +YY,)
- (U -r)(u +r) 1 11 2r]
1+2Y 2Y Si + Si =1
Example 6.5 Find the S-matrix of a length l of a lossless transmission
line ternminated by matched impedance.
Solution
For a length l of a transmission line there is no discontinuity at the two ends, so
that S = S =0. The output signals arise due to input:
b = a, e J
b, = a, e ßl
Zo
Or, =[S][a] b
0 b2
eiß
[S] = e jB
0

Example 6.6 Determine the S-matrix of a 3dB T-network

below terminated in a 50 ohm matched load with Z, =attenuator shown
17.12 ohms.
Z= 141.78 ohms.
Solution Z1/2 Zi2
17.12
2
=8.56 Zo Z2 Zo =50 2
2 V V
b Zin -Zu
Si= Zint
Zin t Zy
Zni = 17.12/2 + 141.78 x (17.12/2 + 50)/(141.78+ 17.12/2 + 50)
= 50ohms
.: S,, = 0
For the symmetry, S = S = 0, V,= 0, V, =0
 Microwave Network
Theory and Passive
S =2
Devices 167
1 lv;=0

Now

V,=V +V, =V,

17.12
Again
50+
2 I| 141.78= 141.78× 58.56 =4144
141.78+ 58.56
41.44
Therefore, V =y = V, 50
41.44 + 8.56)\ 50+8.56 =0.707 V,
0.7071
=0.707 or [S]= 0.707 0

Example 6.7 The S-parameters of a two-port network are given by

S =0.2 Z0, S, =0.1/0,
S12 =0.6 Z90°, S;, =0.6290°,
) Prove that the network is reciprocal but not lossless. (b)[Link] retur less at
Port 1when Port 2 is short-circuited.
Solution
T0.2Z0° 0.6Z90°
(a) [S]= 0.6/90° 0.1Z0
Since [S] is symmetric, the network is reciptoal, For lossless network
unitary property nust be satisfied:
S.S; +S,.S; =11S,,-S,,
Sik-S tS.S, =0
[S][S],= [U]
Here, IS,=(0.2) (0.6)=0.04
+ +.36 =0.40 <1
D21=Sp leads to 1S,,P+
Therefore, the network is not [Link]-circuit termination at Port 2
coefficient for
ne input reflection
(,=-1) (06en)'(-1)
S, I2 0.2+ 1-0.1x(-)
0.36 = 0.5273
= 0.2
(j0.6)* =0.2+
1+0.1
Therefore, return loss -20 log,o
(0.5273)
=-20 log lTl=
=5.56 dB
168 Microwave Engineering

6.3.4 Relations of Z, Y and ABCD Parameters wit%

S-Parameters
Relationship between ABCD Parameters and
Z-Parameters
For the two-port network shownin Fig. 6. 1, current-voltage equation in terms of
ABCD parameters is
B||W
C D.] (6.56-1)
The V-I equation in term of Z-parameters is
-
(6.56-2)
Solving these two Eqs 6.56-l and 6.56-2, we get
A= =Z,/Zz1
B=

I2lv,=0 1
C=
l,=0 Zz1
D= (6.56-3)
I,lv,=o
For a reciprocal network, Z=Z21 and AD-BC= 1. Equation 6.56-3 show the
relationship between ABCD parameters and Z-parameters.
Relationshipbetween ABCD Parameters and Y-Parameters
For the two-port network of Fig. 6.1, the current-voltage equation in terms of
Y-parameters:
I=Y,V+ YnV
(6.57-1)
Solving Egs 6.56-1 and 6.57-1, we get the relationship between ABCD and
Y-parameters:
A =
Y

1
B=

C=
Y1
D= (6.57-2)
Y1
 Microwave Network
celationship
Theory and Passive Devices 169
between
thetwo-port network have
[S]and [ABCD]
Let current and voltage
Fip.
61

stoeady state voltage and current

configurations as shown in
The are expressed in
general by
V=yt+ V:
(6.58-1)

b=
(6.58-2)
Therefore, V= JZ(a+b) (6.58-3)
11
(a-b) (6.58-4)
Now for the two-port network shown
V, = AV) + Bl,
and I=CV, + Di, (6.58-5)
B
JZo (a tb,) = AVZ (a, +b,) + =(a, -b,) (6.58-6)

1 D
and +a-b,)
-(a, -b) = ClZn (a, +h,) (6.58-7)
output lines,
where Zo1 and Z are the characteristic impedances of input and
respectively.
Therefore,
B
A |02 (a, +b,) + =(a, -b,) (6.58-8)
a + b, =

Zo (a, -b,)
to)+Z
(6.58-9)
a, - b, = CZojZo2 (a2
USing following normalisations:

A |Zo2 =A
=D (6.58-10)
B
=B, CJZojZoz =C and D
We can exXpress (6.58-11)

= (a,
A + b,) + B (ay -b) (6.58-12)
aj+ b,
-b, = C(a, + b,) + D (a,- b,)
a
 170 Microwave Engineering
The S-parameter equation is then given by
b, = Sj a +Sip d,
b, = Sz1 a + S a,
Solving for Eqs 6.58-11 - 6.58-14,
((66.5.58-8-114)3)
+B-C-D
Sy =
A+B +C+ D
-Á+ B-C+D
(6.58-15)
S= A+B C+ D (6.58-16)
2(AD - BC)
Si2 = A +B +C+ D
(6.58-17)
2
A +B +C+ D (6.58-18)
If the network is reciprocal,
S12 = Sl, So that AD- BC=1
2
and
S2= S21= A+B +C+D (6.59-1)
If the network is symmetrical,
Sy =S, so that A= D
B-C
and S = S2 = 2A (6.59-2)
+ B+C
If the network is placed in a common transmission line of characteristic im
pedance Z,= Zo1 =Zo2, then
=4, B= BIZ,, C= CZo, D=D
in above equations and
A+ B/Z,-CZ, + D (6.59-3)
S =
A+ BIZ + CZ, + D
2
Sz1 = A+ BIZ,+ CZ, + D (6.59-4)

Example 6.8 Find ABCD parameters of the shunt admittance Yin the
transmission line shown in the figure.
Solution Zo Zo
V
V1 Y
 Here VV, =V:
-Network Theory and Passive Devices
.:. A=I, 171
B=0
V,=
or 1, = V,Y + I,
C=Y, D=|
LABCD) =
Example 6.9 Find the ABCD
inthe following transmission line. parameters of the series reactance jX placed
Solution
For the curTent continuity, 1, = ,. jX
Therefore, C= 0, D=1
Also, Zo Zo V2
V, =,ÇX)+ V, leads to A=1, B=jX.
.: [ABCD]
lo 1
Example 6.10 In a lossless transmission line of
ance Zo, a series reactance jX and two shunt characteristic imped
susceptances are placed as shown
in the figure. Find the ABCD parameters for the
jB
network.
Solution
jX
l2
Here, the network is symmetric. The ABCD
matrix of the network is the result of cas- V, Zo jB jB Zo V2
caded ABCDmatrices for each element de
termined in Examples 6.8 and 6.9.
1 1- BX jX
[ABCD] =
jB(2 BX) (1- BX)
Example 6.11 n alossless transmission line, a symmetric T-junction is
IOFmed as shown in the figure. Find the resultant ABCD matrix.
Solution jX jX
For the cascaded ABCDmatrices formed by V
jB
Individual elements,
jX (2-BX)|
| - BX
[ABCD] =
matrix ofalength of lossless microstrip
6.12 Findthe ABCD
Example line terminatedin its characteristic impedance Zy:
 Microwave Eng1,

172
Zo, B
Solution
length=landy =iß volt- Zo
Let and
chosencurent the
With the attachedTigure,
age inthe linecquation is
transmission
=AV, + BI,
(y)
sinh
cosh(g)+1, DI,
V,=V, ()
cosh = C,+
sinh())+,

Now conparng fcoshyl sinhyl|

A B| =/sinhyl

CD
jß=jß.a=0so that
line, y= a+
Forlossless jZ, sinBl
cosBl
[A B =|jsinB1 cosBl
C D] Zo

PASSIVE DEVICES
MICROWAVE of c
6.4] components are designed using sections
laborator
Microwave passive devices
and
and microstrip linesfor use in both can be
waveguides, strip lines radar systems. These components
axial lines, communication and parameters
and in microwave networks characterised by the basic 6.21-6.24
multiport Eqs
consideredas one-portor coefficient, and various losses defined by
like the VSWR,
reflection
this section, the basic operating principls
conditions. In connectos,
under output matchedcommonly used devices such as line sections, divides,
of a number of most phase shifters, directional couplers, power
terminators, attenuators, described. In addition to coaxial and wavegud?
T-junctions, hybrides, etc., are
devices in MIC configurations are also included.
versions, important passive
6.4.1 Coaxial Cables Compo-
interconnecting several microwave
(Alength of coaxial cable is used for In this
coaxial lines was described in Chapter 3.
section
ofthe
nents. The theory of described. The outer
conductor
some practical aspects of these lines are theexter
coaxial line is usedIto guide the signal through TEM mode and
shhields
impedanc:
nal or internal signal leakage through it. The standard
characteristic ofcoaxil
50 ohms and 75 ohms. There are three basic ypes [Link]
of these cables are
cables with increasing order shielding, i.e., flexible, semi-rigid and Theoute
ible coaxial cables useloW-loss solid orfoam polyethylene dielectrics. electronag
or for Rigid
single braid double braid of the flexible cable is constructed [Link]
netic shielding by using knited metal wire mesh as shown in Fig.
cables have air dielectric and conductors are Supported bysmall dielectric
 Microwave Network Theory and Passive Devices173
thatthey do not
suchcables have produce significant discontinuities to the
rigid solid dielectric and use athin signal flow. Semi-
canbefrom for convenient routing.
bent Copper outer conductor so that it
de to Coaxial cables are used in the frequency
range
withfrequency, the
microwaves. Since the attenuation in these cables increases
upper frequency of operation is
Theshielding effectiveness of the outer limited.
cable, which is conductor
transfer impedance Z, of the is expressed in termns of
defined as
Longitudinal voltage V,
length on oneside of the induced per unit
shield (outside) V;
Z,= (6.60)
The leakage current I, flowing on the other I,
(inside) of the shield side

Insulating Braided Dielectric Centre

jacket outer Core conductor
conductor
(a)
Centre
conductor
Dielectric
material -Outer
--conductor

(b)
Centre conductor Outer conductor

Dielectric spacers
(C)

Fig. 6.4 Coaxial cable: (a) flexible (b) semi-rigid (c) rigid
If both ends of a short cable are
V terminated into matched loads, as
shown in Fig. 6.5, the load voltage
ls
is
Zo Zo V% = V/2 =1Z/2 (6.61)
Therefore,
Fig. 6.5 Transfer impedance of a Z, = 2V%/I, (6.62)
coaxial cable
impedance is given by
For a thin-walled tubular shield, the transfer
(1+ j)t/S
for t <<b«8 (6.63)
Z = 2bot sin h[1+ j)tlÝ|
 174 Microwave Engineering
where b is the inner radius of the shield, t is the shicld wall
thickness,
conductivity of the shicld, Sis the skin depth in the shield. For a
ois the
better shielding,
Z, should be smaller.
Some standard coaxial cables are given in Table 6.1 with their radi
(RG)and universal (U) numbers and specifications. guide
Table 6.1 Some standard coaxial cable
Number RG Zoohms Inner and outer conductor
9/0 50
11/U 75 Silver-plated copper
58AU 50
Tinned copper
59/U 75
Tinned copper
141A/U 50 Copper
179B/U 75 Silver-plated copper
214/U 50 Silver-plated copper
Silver-plated copper
6.4.2 Coaxial Connectors and Adapters
Coaxial cables are terminated or connected to other
cables and
means of shielded standard connectors. The outer shield makescomponents
by
a 360 degree.
extremely low-impedance joint to maintain shielding integrity.
are of various types depending on the These connectors
frequency range
Commonly used microwave connectors are type N and the cable diameter.
fémale), TNC(male/female), APC (sexless), etc. Adapters, (male/female), BNC(male/
nectors at the two ends, are also made for having different con
ports in a microwave system. The ba_ic interconnection between two different
schematic
and adapters are shown inPig. 6.6.(The type N diagrams of these connectors
75 ohm connector which was designed for (Navy) connector is a 50 and
World War II)This is suitable for flexible ormilitary
rigid
system applications during
of 1-18 GHA (The BNC (Bayonet Navy cables in the frequency range
50 ohm or 75 ohm flexible cables used up Connector) is suitable for 0.25 inch.
to 1GHz)The TNC(Threaded Navy
Connector) is like BNC, except that, the outer conductor has a thread to make
firm contaçt in the mating surface to minimise radiation
quencies/ These connectors are used up to 12 GHz. leakage at higher fre
(The SMA (Sub-Miniature A) connectors are used for thin
flexible or sem1
rigid cables. The higher frequency is limited to 24 GHZþecause of generation of
higher-order modes beyond this limit. Allthe above connectors can be of male or
female configurations except the APC-7(Amphenol Precision Connector-7 mm)
which provides coupling without maleor female configurations. The APC-7is a
very accurate 50 ohm, low VSWR connector which can operate up to 18 GHz.
Another APC-3.5 connector is åhigh precision 50 ohm, low VSWR connec
tor which can be either the male or female and can operate up to 34 GHz. It can
mate with the oppositely sexed SM cónnector. Table 6.2 shows the typ, dielec
tricin mating space and impedance of some of the above standard connectors.
 SIve Devices
175

N(M)
BNC(M) BNC(E)

TNC(M)
TNC(F) SMA(M) SMA(F)

BNC-SMA
BNC-TNC SMA-APC N-APC
Bagonut

BNC-APC
(a)

.625
(15.9 mm)
"A"DIA. MIN.
SMA
SNA Male schematic JACK SMA Female schematic
(b)

Fig. 6.6 Coaxial çonnectors and adapters

Table 6.2 Mating connectors

Dielectric in Impedance
Type Sex
mating space (ohms)

N Air
M/F 50/75
Solid
BNC M/F Solid 5o/75
TNC M/F Solid
50
SMA MF Air
50
50
APC-7 Sexless Air
APC-3.5 Sexed
 Example 6.14 A 20 mW signal is fed into oneof the collinear Port 1of a
lossless H-plane T-junction. Calculate the power delivered through each
when other ports are terminated in matched Joad. port
Solution
Since Ports 2 and 3are matched terminated, a = a, = 0, IS,,l= 1/2. The total
effective power input to the Port 1 is
1
P,= 2
la (1-IS,
=20 (1 -0.5) =15 mW
The power transmitted to the Port 3 is
1
Ps= 2
la,F IS,P
= 20 x (1//2)? = 10mW
Ihe power transmitted to the Port 2 is

P,=la,Is,,P
2
-20 Xx(1/2)= 5mW.
Therefore, P, = P, + P
delivered to
Example 6.15 In an H-plane T-junction, compute power
2when a 10 mW
arms 1and
Me loads of 40 ohm and 60 ohm connected to
POWer is deliveredto the matched Port 3.
 Microwave Engineering
200
Solution
scattering matrix for H-plane Tis
With the Port 3 matched, the
1 J2
[S]= 1/2 1 -1
W2
power at the Port 3is equally divided in arms 1 and
Therefore, input
10 mW=0.01 W, power towards Ports 1
and 2. Sinea
input at the Port 3 =
1/2 15,1 = 1/2lb,1. Considering Ist-order
reflection, 2=[Link]
reflected power 005
land 2 are Pom
1/2 IT;b, and 1/2 IGb,
Therefore, power delivered to load Z =40 ohm and Z,= 60 ohm are
P, = 1/2 lb,-1/2IT,b,= 1/2 Ib, (1 -IG
and P, = 1/2 lb,'- 1/2 IT,b, =1/2 lb, (1-Ir5
Now taking the characteristic impedance of the line= 50ohms
Irl=140- 5017140 + 50| = 1/9; IT=0.01234
ITl= l60-501 /I60+ 50l= 1/11;IT=8.2694 >x 103
Therefore, PË = 0.005 (10.01234) = 4.938 × 10 = 4.9383 mW
P,= 0.005(1- 8.2694 x 10) =4.9586x 10 w
= 4.9586 mW
 Example 6.16 Amagic-T is terminated at collinear Ports 1 and2 and
impedancessof
of reflection coefficients I 0.5, T,
difference Port 4 by If I1W
T= 0.8, respectively.
the Port 3 and
Wpower is fed at thesum Port 3, calculate
power transmitted to the
h=0.6poweran
the other three ports. the
reflected at
Solution
1
S-matrix for a matched magic-T with collinear Ports 1 and 2and sum and differ.
ence Ports 3 and 4, respectively, is given by
0 1 1
0 1 -1
[S] =1W2
1
1 10
|1 -1 0 0
If a,, a,, az and a, be the normalised input voltages and b, b, b, and b, are the
corresponding output voltage at Ports 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively, then
a = Tb, a, = Tb,, a, = input applied voltage, and
ay = Tb4.
Now, P= la,2= 1W, or, a, = V2V
Therefore,
0 1 1||.5b,
b
b = 1W2 0 1 -1|| .6b,
1 11 0
b,
|1 -1 0 0|8b,

Or, b, +0 +0-0.8baW2 =1
0+b, + 0+0.8 b4/N2 =1
-0.5b,N2 -0.6 b,/N2 + b, + 0=0
-0.5b,W2 +0.6 b,N2 +0 + b, = 0
The unknown quantities b's may be solved by Cramer's rule
 Microwave Network Theory and
0
Passive Devices 203
-08
0 08
0
-0.6 J2
0.6
b,= 0
2.0782
0 -0.8 2.2381 = 0.928 V
1
0 0.8
W2-05 '-06 W2 0
-0.5 0.6 0
2.3981
Similarly. b,= 2.2381 = l07 V
17524
b, = 2.2381 =0.78 y
-0.2827
b4= 2.2381 =-0.126 V
Therefore,
1
Power transmitted at Port 1=1b, =0.4309 W
2
1
Power transmitted at Port 2=lb,j = 0.5738 W
1
Power transmitted at Port 4=lb, = 0.00797 W
2
1
Power reflected at Port 3 = lb,l = 0.3065 W
2
power absorbed
Note: Power absorbed at Port i = 1/2 (b| -lal); i= 1, 2,4. Total
1
bythe system =(la, - lb);2
 Microwave Engineering
212
and an
Example 6.19 A matched isolator has insertion loss of 0.5 dB
isolation of 25 dB. Find the scattering coefficients.
Solution
Insertion loss = 0.5 dB = - 20log IShl
or, S = 10S20- 100.025
The isolation is 25 dB =-20 log lS12
Or.
S= 10520 10-1.2
S-matrix for the isolator
Since there is no reflection, Sj = S =0. Therefore, the
is
10-1.27
[S]= 10-0.025
0