INDEX

I. FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION

S. No Concept Name Page No.
1 INTRODUCTION 2
2 FORCE 2
3 EFFECTS OF FORCE 3
4 TYPES OF FORCE 3
5 MASS 4
6 THE RULE OF EQUILIBRIUM 6
7 FORCES ARE DUE TO AN INTERACTION 6
8 FRICTION 7
9 NEWTONS FIRST LAW OF MOTION 10
10 MASS AND INERTIA 11
11 NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION 11
12 LINEAR MOMENTUM 11
13 NEWTONS THIRD LAW OF MOTION 13
14 THRUST 19
15 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 19
16 PRESSURE IN A LIQUID 19
17 PASCAL’S LAW 21
18 BUOYANCY 22
19 PRESSURE IN A GAS 23
20 BOYLE’S LAW 24
21 BUOYANCY IN A GAS 24
22 MOTION OF FLUIDS 24

II. SOUND
S. No Concept Name Page No.
1 PERIOD AND OSCILLATORY MOTION 41
 AADARSH INSTITUTE FOR EXCELLENCE IN EDUCATION

2 SOUND IS PRODUCED BY A VIBRATING BODY 42

3 SOUND PRODUCED BY HUMAN 42
4 WAVE AND WAVE MOTION 42
5 FREQUENCY, TIME PERIOD, AMPLITUDE AND VELOCITY OF S SOUND WAVE 43
6 TYPES OF MECHANICAL WAVES 44
7 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION 45
8 TRANSMISSION OF SOUND 48
9 SPEED OF LONGITUDINAL WAVE 49
10 INFRASONIC, AUDIBLE, ULTRASONIC SOUNDS 49
11 HUMAN EAR 50
12 REFLECTION OF SOUND – ECHO AND REVERBERATIONS 51
13 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND 52
14 NOISE POLLUTION, BEATS 53

III. LIGHT
S. No Concept Name Page No.
1 LAWS OF REFLCTION 66
2 GENERAL DEFINITIONS 66
3 TYPES OF REFLECTION 68
4 ANGLE OF DEVIATION 69
5 OBJECT AND IMAGES 69
6 PROPERTIES OF IMAGE 71
7 TYPES OF CURVED MIRRORS 76
8 KEY PARTS OF CURVED MIRRORS 76
9 SIGN CONVENTION 77
10 THE MIRROR EQUATION 78
11 RAY DIAGRAM 79
12 USE OF SPHERICAL MIRRORS 80
13 THE HUMAN EYE 81

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FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION

CONCEPT – 1
Introduction
Force is a familiar word in science. In our daily life we experience, the concept of force. When we push
or pull an object, we exert a force on it. examples, the word force, is the state of motion of an object. We
exert a force when we throw or kick a ball. In these examples, the word force is associated with the result of
muscular activity and with some change in the state of motion of an object.

Force
Force is defined as a push or pull acting on a body. Whenever something
moves, force must be involved. The direction in which an object is pushed
or pulled is called the direction of force. The Sl unit of force is newton,
denoted by the symbol N. In CGS system, the unit of force is dyne. 1N = 105 dyne
DO YOU KNOW?
 The SI unit of force is newton (N). It was named after the scientist Sir Issac Newton.
 There are only four fundamental forces: Gravitational force, Electromagnetic force, Weak force
and Strong force.

Balanced and Unbalanced forces

If a set of forces acting on a body produces no acceleration in it, the forces are called balanced. If it
produces a non-zero acceleration, the forces are said to be unbalanced.
When forces are applied on an object in the same direction, we get the net force by adding the
magnitude of forces. When two forces are applied on an object in opposite directions, the net force is the
difference in the magnitude of forces and acts in the direction of larger force.

A force can be described by stating its magnitude and the direction in which it acts. When two forces
act on an object in the same or opposite directions, the effect on the object is due to the net force acting on
it. In this case it is the sum or difference of the two forces.

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Effects of Force
Force can make a stationary object move
When you throw a ball, it moves. If you push a book lying on a table, it starts moving, ie..you make it move.
When you pull a chair, it starts moving.
Force can change the direction of motion of a moving object
When a batsman hits a cricket ball with his bat, he applies force to change the direction of the moving ball.
Force can stop a moving object
If we apply brakes to moving car, it first slows down and then stops.

Types of Forces
Force is classified into two types:
Contact Forces
Forces that act only when there is physical contact between two interacting objects are known as
contact forces.
Example: Muscular force and frictional force.
Muscular force: The force applied by the muscles of our body is called muscular force or
biological force.
Frictional force: The frictional force is the opposing force exerted by one surface over other due to relative
motion between two surfaces in contact.
The force of friction always acts on all the moving objects and its direction is always opposite to the direction
of motion.
Non-contact forces
Force is being applied without touching the body. This is called action at a distance forces. It is also
called non distance forces.
Example: Gravitational force, magnetic force and electrostatic force.
Gravitational force : Gravitational force is the force of attraction between particles of matter. Every object
exerts this force on every other object. The magnitude of the force depends on the masses of the two objects
and the distance between them. The gravitational force exerted by the earth on all other bodies is called the
force of gravity or simply gravity. This gravitational force makes the earth move around the sun and also
makes the moon go around the earth.

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DO YOU KNOW?
The value of the gravitational constant G was first determined experimentally by English Scientist Henry
Cavendish in 1793.
Mass
 Mass is the amount of substance contained in a certain object. Substance that makes up an object is
known as matter. Hence mass is the quantity of matter present in the object.
 The unit of mass is kilogram (kg), the smaller units are gram (g) and milligram (mg).
1 kg = 1000g
1 g = 1000mg
 All object have mass. Every object on earth's surface is pulled towards its centre by gravitational
forces. The gravitational force pulling, an object towards itself is said to be its weight.
Weight (W) = mass (m) x gravity (g).
 On Earth, value of 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑕 varies from place to place. The gravitational force at the
poles is higher than at the equator. Hence an object appears to be heavier at the
poles than at the equator. The gravitational force on earth is six times stronger than
on the Moon. Therefore if your weight is 60 N on Earth, you will only be 10 N on the
1
moon. wm = 6 × we (or) we = 6 × wm

 The weight of an object can be measured by a spring balance or compressed Spring

balance with a weight balance. When we weigh an object using a spring balance, we are actually
measuring the earth's gravitational pull on that object. As weight is a force, its unit is newton.
Magnetic force: The force exerted by magnets (and some magnetic materials) on each other and on some
metals like iron, nickel, cobalt and alloys such as steel, etc., is known as magnetic force. Two magnets attract
or repel each other depending on which ends are facing each other. Like poles repel each other whereas,
unlike poles attract each other.
Newton's First Law of Motion
 A particle remains at rest or moves in a straight line with a constant speed unless it is compelled to
change that state by an external unbalanced force. First law of motion gives the definition of inertia.
Inertia and mass: The inertia of an object is measured by its mass. A massive object has more inertia than a
light object.
Inertia of rest: Tendency of a body to continue in its state of rest.
For example, when a bus starts suddenly, the passengers fall backwards. This is due to inertia of rest.
Inertia of motion: Tendency of a body to continue in its state of motion.

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 For example a bicycle rider is observed to move forward when cycle is stopped, this is due to inertia of
motion.
Newton's Second Law of Motion
 The rate of change of momentum of a particle is directly proportional to the force acting on it and
takes place in the direction of applied force.
∆𝑝 𝑝 2 −𝑝 1
Mathematically, 𝐹 ∝ ⟹𝐹=𝑘
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

𝑚𝑣 − 𝑚𝑢 𝑣−𝑢 ∆𝑣
⟹𝐹=𝑘 = 𝑘𝑚 = 𝑘𝑚
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
∆𝑣
∴ 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑚𝑎 ∵ 𝑎 =
∆𝑡
The value of constant of proportionality, k can be taken as 1 when unit of force is so chosen (in S.I. units) that
it produces unit acceleration in a unit mass then F = ma.

FORCE
Force is an external agent which changes or tries to
change the state of an object. It is a vector quantity
and its S.I. unit is newton (N). Its C.G.S unit is dyne
(1dyne = 10-5 newton). Note that when we
consider net force, acting on an object. Generally,
more than one forces act on an object. For
example, when a ball is sailing through the air,
the force of gravity and air resistance both act on it. The net force on the ball is the combination of force. It is
the net force that changes an object's state. If the net force in a body is zero, it will remain in its original state.
The foregoing figure will help in understanding what net force is.
When the net of all the forces acting on a body is zero forces are called balanced forces and if net
force is non-zero, forces acting on a body are called unbalanced forces.
Do You Know?
A force produces or tries to change the state of a body to produce motion in a body at rest, stops or tries to
stop a moving body, change or tries to change the direction of motion of a body and produces a change in the
shape of a body.

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THE RULE OF EQUILIBRIUM

When the net force acting on a system is zero, it is said to be in mechanical equilibrium. You will read
in higher classes that is said to be in rotational equilibrium if net torque acting on it is zero. Let us consider a
mass M hanging from a support with a massless string. Its weight (Mg) acts
vertically downward and the tension (T) in the string acts vertically upwards as
shown in the figure. Both forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
Hence, the net force is zero. Therefore, the mass is in mechanical equilibrium.
CHECK Point
1. Consider a gymnast hanging from the rings. If the girl shown in figure 1.3 hangs with her weight
evenly divided between the two rings, how would scale readings in both supporting ropes compare
with her weight?
2. Suppose the girl hangs with slightly more of her weight supported by the left
ring. How would a scale on the right read?
SOLUTION
1. The reading on each scale will be half her weight, the sum of the reading on both
scales then equals her weight.
2. When more of her weight is supported by the left ring, the reading on the right is less than half her
weight. No matter how she hangs, the sum of the scale readings equals her weight For example, if one
scale reads two-thirds her weight, the other scale will read one-third her weight.
Do You Know?
A number of forces acting at the same point are called concurrent forces. A number of concurrent forces are
said to be in equilibrium if their resultant or net force is zero.

FORCES ARE DUE TO AN INTERACTION

Consider a book lying at rest on a table. It is in equilibrium. What forces act on the hook? One is the force due
to gravity- the weight of the book. Since the book is in equilibrium, there must be another force acting on it to
produce a net force of zero an upward force opposite to the force of gravity. The table exerts this upward
force, called the support force. This upward support force, often calledthe normal force, must be equal to the
weight of the book.

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Fig. The table pushes up on the book with as much force as the downward force of gravity on the book. The
spring pushes up on your hand with as much force as you exert to push down on the spring.
To better understand that the table pushes upon the book, compare the case of compressing a spring
(figure) If you push the spring down, you can feel the spring pushing upon your hand. similarly, the book lying
on the table compresses atoms in the table which behave like microscopic springs. The weight of the book
squeezes downward on the atoms, and squeeze upward on the book. In this way, the compressed atoms
produce the support force.
Do You Know!!
The normal force is always acts in a direction perpendicular to the surface of contact .The number of normal
forces acting on a body depends on the number of points of surfaces in contact.

CONTACT AND NON-CONTACT FORCE

Frictional force, muscular force etc, are contact force. It is being applied by actually touching the body.
Non-contact force is the force being applied without touching the body e.g., gravitational force, electrostatic
force, magnetic force etc.
FRICTON
When one object rubs against something else (which
may be in any state such as solid, liquid or gas), a
force acts on the surfaces in contact which opposes
the relative motion between them. This force is called

the force of friction. It always acts in a direction opposite to the direction of motion. If we pull a block of wood
on a surface to the right, the force of friction on the block will be to the left.

Illustrations
1. Given diagram shows a moving ping pong ball, hit by a player. What effect of the
force is shown in the picture?
A. The force changes the direction of the moving object
2. The arrow in given diagram shows the direction of a sailing ship moves. What happens if a strong
wind blows in the same direction?
A. The sailing ship moves faster.
3. Mass of a body is 5 kg. What is its weight? [Take g = 9.8ms-2]
A. Mass ( m)= 5kg
Acceleration gravity (g) = 9.8ms2

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We know that W = mg = 5 x 9.8 = 49N

4. What is the mass of an object whose weight is 49 newton? [Take g = 9.8ms-2]
A. Weight (W) = 49N
Acceleration gravity (g) = 9.8ms2
Mass (m) = ?
We know that
𝑊 49
W= mg ⟹ ⟹ 𝑚 = 9.8= 5kg
𝑔

EXERCISES
1. 1 kilogram weight is equal to [ ]
(a) 98 N (b) 9.8 N (c) 0.98 N (d) 0.098 N
2. A man walking on the street slips on a banana skin because: [ ]
(a) it is sticky (b) his foot crushes it
(c) at that point there is very little friction (d) all of these
3. When does a body float on water? [ ]
(a) When no force is acting on it. (b) When the net force acting on the body is zero
(c) When there is a gravitational pull.
(d) When there is friction between the body and the water
4. Force acting on per unit area is called [ ]
(a) non-contact forces (b) contact forces (c) force (d) pressure

OBJECTIVE ASSIGNMENT
BOARD LEVEL
1. What is force? [ ]
(a) pull (b) push (c) pull and push both (d) none of these
2. What is state of motion? [ ]
(a) position of rest (b) position of motion
(c)both by the state of rest or motion (d) none of these
3. The strength of force is expressed by? [ ]
(a) weight (b) mass (c) magnitude (d) longitudinal force
4. The force between two charged bodies is called [ ]
(a) muscular force (b) gravitational force

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(c) magnetic force (d) electrostatic force

5. When two forces act in opposite directions, then net force acting is [ ]
(a) sum of two forces (b) difference between two forces
(c) both of these (d) none of these
6. Magnetic force is [ ]
(a) contact force (b) non-contact force
(c) both a and b (d) none of these
7. Force acts on an object may change [ ]
(a) direction (b) shape (c) speed (d) all of above
8. Leaves or fruits fall on the ground due to [ ]
(a)magnetic force (b) gravitational force
(c) electrostatic force (d) muscular force
9. An example of a non- contact force is [ ]
(a) Force exerted by us to lift a bucket (b) Push a stationary car
(c) Force exerted by magnet (d) Hit a cricket ball for a 6 run
10. Pressure = [ ]
(a) Area / force on which it acts (b) force / area on which it acts
(c) Volume / force on which it acts (d) Force / volume on which it acts
11. Gravity is [ ]
(a) Repulsive (b) Attraction Repulsive force
(c) Attractive force (d) Not a force
12. A batsman hits the ball for a boundary past the bowler i.e. four runs. The batsman thus
[ ]
(a) Changes the direction & speed of the ball (b) Does not change the direction but speed only
(c) Does not change the speed but direction only (d) Does not change either direction on speed
13. A push or pull on an object is called [ ]
(a) Gravitation (b) Pressure (c) Push-pull (d) Force

JEE/NEET MAINS MODEL

1. Which of the following is proper example(s) to explain that force on an object may change its shape
[ ]
(a) A ball of dough rolled into chapatti (b) Pressing a rubber ball kept on table
(c) Making model using clay (d) All of the above

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2. A ball rolling on the ground slows down and finally stops. This is because of [ ]
(a) Force (b) Less force applied (c) Friction (d) None of the above
3. Force of friction always acts on moving objects and its direction shall be ____ [ ]
(a) On any direction (b) Along the direction of motion
(c) Perpendicular to the direction of motion (d) Opposite to the direction of motion
4. If In a tug-o-war, when two teams are pulling a rope, and the rope does not move towards any team,
it implies that [ ]
(a) Equal force is being applied in the same direction
(b) Equal Force is being applied in opposite direction
(c) No force is applied in any direction (d) Cannot be explained
5. The pressure exerted by a liquid: [ ]
(a) decreases with depth (b) does not change with depth
(c) increases with depth (d) is different in different directions at he same depth
6. The weight of air that every square centimetre of any surface carries is: [ ]
(a) 1 kg (b) 10 kg (c) 1 gm (d) 100 kg
7. Two objects repel each other. This repulsion could be due to [ ]
(a) frictional force only (b) electrostatic force only
(c) magnetic force only (d) either a magnetic or an electrostatic force

CONCEPT – 2
NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTION
The first law of motion is generally called the Law of inertia. It is a restatement of Galileo's idea. It is
stated as: Every object continues in a state of rest or in a state of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is
compelled to change that state by external unbalanced forces exerted upon it.
The key word "continues" in this law means an object continues to do whatever it happens to be doing
unless a force is exerted upon it. This property of objects to resist changes in motion is called "inertia". If the
object is at rest, it continues in a state of rest. This tendency of an object is called "the inertia of rest". This is
nicely demonstrated when a bus starts moving, leaving the passengers leaning backward. Other examples are
involved in the answers of the following illustrations.

Fig. 1.9 Examples of inertia

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On the other hand, if an object is moving, it continues to move without changing its speed or direction.
This tendency of the object is called "the inertia of motion". This is demonstrated when a moving bus comes
to rest accidently, leaving the passengers leaning forward,
Do You Know!!
Newton's first law gives the qualitative definition of force according to which force is that external cause
which tends to change or actually changes the state of rest or of uniform motion of a body: Newton's first law
of motion is the same as law of inertia given by Galileo.

Mass and Inertia

Inertia is directly related to the mass of an object. A heavier body has higher inertia than that of a
lighter body. Mass in this context is called "inertial mass"
Do You Know!!
Inertia of direction is the property due to which a resistancy, change in its motion due to a change in direction.

NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

Newton formulated his second law, one of the most central rules of nature, which
relates force to mass in producing acceleration, in the following way. The acceleration
produced by a net force on an object is directly proportional to it and is in the same
direction as the net force but is inversely proportional to the mass of the object. In
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
shorter notation, Acceleration = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

Linear Momentum and the Newton's Second Law of Motion

Linear momentum of an object is the effect produced in it due to its mass and velocity. Quantitatively,
it is product of the mass and the velocity of an object,
Mathematically, Momentum = mass x velocity
It is a vector having direction in the direction of velocity. Its S.I. unit is kilogram meter per second (kgm/s),
Symbolically, p = mv
where, p = momentum; m = mass and v= velocity
Newton's second law is related to linear momentum. It is stated as "The force acting on an object it
directly proportional to the rate of change of momentum with time".
𝑐𝑕𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
i.e., Force = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

If an object of mass m moving with velocity v1 changes its velocity to v2 in time t then force acting on it
𝑚 𝑣2 −𝑚 𝑣1 𝑚 (𝑣2 −𝑣1 )
F= =
𝑡 𝑡

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Also, we know
𝑣2 −𝑣1
=(a) acceleration
𝑡
𝐹
∴F = ma or a = 𝑚 ,which is the second law.

Do You Know!!
The change in the linear momenta is called "impulse". Therefore, impulse = force x time A cricketer pulls
his hands backward while catching a ball. He does so to maximise the time and hence to minimise the force on
his hands due to the ball.

THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

It states that in absence of external force, the total linear momentum of a system remains conserved.
During collision of two particles, for example, the total linear momenta before collision is equal to the total
linear momenta after collision. Mathematically, if two objects of masses m1 and m2 moving with velocities u1
and u2 collide and moves with velocities v1 and v2 after collision, then
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
The principle of conservation involved in the process of firing a bullet by a gun. Let a bullet of mass m is
fired with a velocity v from a gun of mass M. As gun exerts a forward force on bullet, by third law of motion
(see next topic), the bullet also exerts an equal force in backward direction. Due to this force, gun recoil in
backward direction with a velocity, say, vrecknown as recoil velocity.

By conservation of momentum,
Total momenta before firing bullet = total momenta after firing bullet
⟹ 𝑀 × 0 + 𝑚 × 0 = −𝑀𝑣𝑟𝑒𝑐 + 𝑚𝑣
Negative sign in first term of R.H.S is due to the fact that the gun recoils in opposite direction.
𝑚𝑣
∴ 𝑀𝑣𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝑚𝑣 ⟹ 𝑣𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝑀

Think it Over
The propulsion of rocket is an example of momentum conservation. In a rocket gases at high temperature and
pressure are produced by the combustion of fuel .In a rocket fuel isof consumed at the rate of [Link]
exhaust gases are ejected at speed of 4.5 x 104 ms-1. What is the thrust experience by rocket?

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NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION

According to this law, whenever an object exerts a force on another object, the latter object exerts an
equal and opposite force on the first. We can call one force the action force, and the other the reaction force.
In action-reaction form, the third law is stated as To every action there is always an equal and opposite
reaction. Although action and reaction are equal and opposite but they never add to zero resultant force
because both acts on two different objects which can't be added. It doesn't matter which force we call the
action and which we call the reaction. The important thing is that they are coequal parts of a single interaction
and that neither force exists without the other. Action and reaction forces are equal in strength and opposite
in direction. They occur in pairs and make up a single interaction between two things.
Simple Rule to Identify Action and Reaction
There is a simple rule for identifying action and
reaction forces. First, identify the interaction –
one thing (object A) interacts with another
(object B). Then, action and reaction forces can
be stated in the following form:
Action: Object A exerts a force on object B.
Reaction: Object B exerts a force on object A

Illustrations
1. Two billiard ball, each of mass 0.05 kg, moving in opposite directions with speed of 6 ms -1, collide
and rebound with the same period. What is the impulse imparted to each ball due to the other?
A. Before collision, mass of each ball l = 0.05kg, speed of ball = 6ms-1
∴momentum, p = mv = 0.05× 6 = 0.3 kg ms-1
After collision, mass of each ball = 0.05 kg ,speed of ball = - 6ms-1 ^
∴momentum= 0.05 x (- 6) = -0.3 kg ms-1
(Change in momentum after collision = p2 – p1 )
∴change of momentum = impulse = - 0.3-0.3 = -0.6 kg ms-1
Hence an impulse of 0.6kgms-1will be imparted to each ball in opposite directions.
2. A gun weighing 4 kg fires a bullet with a velocity 50ms -1. If the weight of the bullet it 15g, find the
velocity of recoil of the gun.
𝑚𝑣 0.015×50
A. Here, M = 4kg; m = 15g = 0.015 kg ; v = 50ms-1 Vrec= = = 0.17 ms-1
𝑀 4

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EXERCISES
1. A cube of mass 2 kg with each side of 1 cm is lying on the table. Find the pressure exerted by the
block on the table (g = 9.8 m/s²).
2. The same force acts on two masses A and B separately, producing acceleration of 20 m/s 2 and 15
m/s2 respectively. Find the ratio of their masses.
3. A mass of 2 kg at rest travels for 4 sec with an acceleration of 1.5 m/s³. What is the gain of
momentum?
4. A body of mass 10 kg is moving with a velocity of 5 m/s. Find the momentum associated with the
ball.
5. How much force is needed to produce an acceleration of 20 m/s 2 in a body of mass 500 g?
6. A body of mass 5 kg is moving with a uniform velocity of 10 m/s. It is acted upon by a force of 20 N.
What will be its velocity after 1 s?
7. Two blocks of masses 5 kg and 2 kg are kept in contact with each other on a frictionless horizontal
surface. If a force of 14 N is applied on the larger block. What is the acceleration of the system?
What is the contact force between the two blocks?

OBJECTIVE ASSIGNMENT
BOARD LEVEL
1. The instrument used of measure atmospheric pressure is: [ ]
(a) mercury barometer (b) manometer
(c) pressure meter (d) none of these
2. Force is a: [ ]
(a) Vector quantity (b) Scalar quantity
(c) Both (a) & (b) (d) None of these
3. When an object undergoes acceleration: [ ]
(a) Its speed always increases (b) Its velocity always increases
(c) It always falls towards the earth (d) A force always acts on it
4. External forces are: [ ]
(a) Always balanced (b) Never balanced
(c) May or may not be balanced (d) None of these
5. The force exerted by one object on another by virtue of their masses is [ ]
(a) magnetic force (b) electrostatic force
(c) gravitational force (d) frictional force

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6. The standard unit of force is [ ]

(a) metre/second(b) newton (c) metre/second2 (d) gram-weight
7. A spring balance is used for measuring [ ]
(a) weight (b) speed (c) acceleration (d) mass
8. A force applied on a moving body may [ ]
(a) bring it to rest (b) increase its speed
(c) decrease the speed the above (d) all of the above
9. Earth always pulls everything towards it due to [ ]
(a) muscular force (b) mechanical force
(c) gravitational force (d) electrostatic force
10. A cart being carried by a horse is an example of [ ]
(a) muscular force (b) mechanical force
(c) gravitational force (d) electrostatic force
11. If you press an inflated balloon, it deforms due to a type of [ ]
(a) contact force (b) non-contact force
(c) gravitational force (d) none of these
12. Force exerted by the muscles is known as [ ]
(a) mechanical force (b) gravitational force
(c) electrostatic force (d) muscular force
13. A hockey player uses his hockey stick [ ]
(a) To push the ball (b) To pull the ball
(c) To change its direction (d) All of these
14. A force when applied brings change in [ ]
(a) Direction of motion of the body (b) Speed of moving body
(c) Shape of the body (d) Any of these
15. The force responsible for the wearing out of the car tyres is [ ]
(a) Frictional force (b) Gravitational force
(c) Magnetic force (d) Muscular force
16. The force you will use to collect the iron nails scattered on a sandy ground is [ ]
(a) Frictional force (b) Gravitational force
(c) Magnetic force (d) None of these

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17. The force you use to stretch a rubber band is [ ]

(a) Frictional force (b) Gravitational force
(c) Magnetic force (d) Muscular force
18. The SI unit of force is [ ]
(a) metre (b) newton (c) pascal (d) second
19. A contact force cannot act through [ ]
(a) empty space (b) touching (c) touching with a metal rod (d) touching with a wooden rod
20. A force that opposes the motion of one surface sliding over another is called [ ]
(a) friction (b) newton (c) Lubrication (d) ball bearing
21. The force exerted by a charged body on another charged or uncharged body is known as
[ ]
(a) Magnetic force (b) Gravitational force
(c) Electrostatic force (d) Muscular force
22. A charged balloon attaches to a wall because of _______ [ ]
(a) Muscular force (b) Electrostatic force
(c) Magnetic force (d) Gravitational force
23. A spring balance is used for measuring [ ]
(a) mass (b) weight (c) pressure (d) speed

JEE/NEET MAINS MODEL

1. A force can: [ ]
(a) Change the direction of a moving body
(b) Change the state of rest or uniform motion of a body
(c) Change the shape of body (d) All of the above
2. Sl unit of force is: [ ]
(a) dyne (b) newton (c) gf (d) can’t say
3. If a rock is brought from the surface of the moon. [ ]
(a) Its mass will change (b) Its weight will change, but not mass
(c) Both mass and weight will change (d) Its mass and weight will remain the same
4. A body is moving with certain velocity towards right. A force of 5N is applied on it towards right and
a force of 6 N is applied on it towards left then: [ ]
(a) Speed of body increases towards right (b) Speed of body increases towards left
(c) Speed of body remains the same (d) Speed of body decreases

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5. A force can be completely described by [ ]

(a) Its magnitude (b) Its direction
(c) Its magnitude and direction (d) Neither magnitude nor direction
6. When a body is stationary: [ ]
(a) There is no force acting on it (b) The forces acting on it are not in contact with it.
(c) The combination of forces acting on it balance each other (d) The body is in vacuum
7. If the normal reaction between the two surfaces in contact is double what happen to the coefficient
of friction. [ ]
(a) Double (b) Halved (c) Unchanged (d) Depend on the nature of surface.
8. Which of the following statements are true? net force acts on: [ ]
(a) A drop of rain falling vertically with a constant speed (b) A cork floating on water
(c) A car moving with constant velocity on rough road
(d) A body moving in a circular path at constant speed
9. Which is not a non-contact force: [ ]
(a) Gravitational (b) Electrostatic (c) Magnetic (d) Frictional
10. 1 Newton is a force which produces: [ ]
(a) An acceleration of 1ms-2 in a body of mass 1g. (b) An acceleration of ms-2in a body of mass 1kg
(c) An acceleration of 1cms-2in a body of mass 1kg (d) An acceleration of ms-2in a body of mass 10g.
11. When 2 bodies are moving with equal acceleration then, the relation of force, F and mass M is
[ ]
1 1
(a) F∝ 𝑀 (b) F∝m (c) F ∝ 𝑚 2 (d) None of these

12. Force changes ………………………..of an object [ ]

(a) volume (b) speed (c) density (d) none
13. Which of The Following Is Not A Non-Contact Force? [ ]
(a) Electrostatic force (b) Gravitational force
(c) Frictional force (d) Magnetic force
14. During Dry Weather, While Combing Hair, Sometimes We Experience Hair Flying Apart. The Force
Responsible For This Is: [ ]
(a) Force of gravity. (b) Electrostatic force.
(c) Force of friction. (d) Magnetic force.
15. Gravity is the property of ……………… [ ]
(a) earth above (b) every object (c) moon above (d) none

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16. Two Boys A (Left Side) And B (Right Side) Are Applying Force On A Block. If The Block Moves Towards
The Right, Which One Of The Following Statements Is Correct? [ ]
(a) Magnitude of force applied by A is greater than that of B.
(b) Magnitude of force applied by A is smaller than that of B.
(c) Net force on the block is towards A.
(d) Magnitude of forces applied by A is equal to that of B.
17. Which One Of The Following Forces Is A Contact Force? [ ]
(a) Force of gravity (b) Force of friction
(c) Magnetic force (d) Electrostatic force
18. If two forces act in the opposite directions on an object, the net force acting on it is the
[ ]
(a) Sum of the two forces (b) difference between the two forces
(c) Multiplication of the two forces (d) Division of the two forces
19. A Force Can Produce Many Effects. Choose The Correct Statements: [ ]
(a) A force can change the speed of a moving object.
(b) A force can change the direction of a moving object.
(c) A force can change the shape and size of an object. (d) All the above
20. When We Press The Rubber Sucker On A Flat, Smooth Surface. A Rubber Sucker Stays Attached
Firmly To A Flat Surface Due To: [ ]
(a) Gravity of the earth inside (b) Low atmospheric pressure inside
(c) High atmospheric pressure inside (d) High electrostatic force creates inside
21. Which of the following is the action-at-distance force? [ ]
(a) muscular force (b) frictional force
(c) magnetic force (d) gravitational force
22. According to Newton’s second law, the time rate of change of momentum of a body is the applied
force and takes place in the direction of force. [ ]
(a) Equal to (b) Inversely proportional to
(c) Independent of (d)Directly proportional to

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CONCEPT – 3
THRUST
The net force acting normal to a surface is called thrust. Thus, a body kept in any orientation exert
equal thrust on the surface. It is the net force, so, its S.I. unit is newton (N). It is also expressed in kilogramme
weight (kg wt) 1kgwt = 9.8N
The pressure of the book depends on the area over which the force is distributed. Pressure may be measured
in any unit of force divided by any unit of area. The standard international (SI) unit of pressure is newton per
square metre called the pascal (Pa).

Fig.1.19: Although the weight of both books is the same the upright book exerts greater pressure against
the table.
Huge pressure is measured in kilopascal (1kPa = 1000Pa)

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
We live at the bottom of an ocean of air. The atmosphere, much like the water in a lake, exerts a
pressure. Just as water pressure is caused by the weight of water, atmospheric pressure is caused by the
weight of air. We have adapted so completely to the invisible air that we sometimes forget it has weight.
Perhaps a fish "forgets" about the weight of water in the same way. The reason we don't feel this weight
crushing against our bodies is that the pressure (blood pressure) Inside our bodies equals that of the
surrounding air. There is no net force for us to sense.
The pressure of the atmosphere is not uniform. Atmospheric pressure is measured by barometer,
Measurement of changing air pressure is important to meteorologists in predicting weather.
Do You Know!!
Atmospheric pressure is maximum at the surface of the earth and decreases as we move upwards. The value
of the Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1.013 x 10 5 Nm-2 (or Pa) or 76 cm of Hg.

PRESSURE IN A LIQUID
When we swim in a river, we feel the water pressure the greater the pressure. The cause of this
pressure is the weight of the fluid, water plus air directly above us. As we swim deeper, there is more water
above us. Therefore, there is more pressure. If we swim twice as deep, there is twice the weight of water

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above us, so the water's contribution to the pressure felt by us is doubled. The
pressure due to a liquid also depends upon its density.
Mathematical expression for fluid pressure
Let us consider a liquid of density 𝜌 in a beaker of base area "A". If ‘h’ be the height
of the liquid column then Volume of liquid in beaker, V = A x h
Force (or thrust) acting at the bottom of the beaker is given by
F = Weight of liquid = mg
= V𝜌𝑔 (∵ 𝑚 = 𝑉𝜌= and V = A x h)
= 𝐴 × 𝑕 𝜌𝑔 = 𝜌 𝑔 𝑕 𝐴
𝐹 𝜌𝑔 𝑕𝐴
∴Pressure at the bottom of the beaker 𝑃 = 𝐴 = = 𝜌𝑔𝑕,
𝐴

Thus, we observe that pressure at a depth ‘h’ due to a liquid column is directly
proportional to
(i) the density ‘𝜌’ of the liquid.
(ii) the height 'h' of the liquid column and
(iii) the acceleration das to gravity ‘g’

Total Pressure at a Point in a Liquid

Let us consider a point B at a depth ‘x’ from the surface of a liquid of density ‘𝜌’.
Total pressure at the point B is the sum of the pressure due to atmosphere and the

pressure due to the liquid column.

That is, total pressure at B
= atmospheric pressure (Patm) + pressure due to liquid column = Patm + 𝜌gx
Do You Know!!
A vessel filled with water exerts a pressure P on its bottom. Now the whole set-up is carried on the moon.
What would be the pressure exerted by the water column on the bottom of the vessel now?
Water pressure acts perpendicular to the sides of its container, and it increases with increasing depth.
The relation P = pgh holds strictly only in case of an incompressible liquid.
1. Find the pressure at a point 5 cm inside the liquid column as shows in fig. 1.23. The atmospheric
pressure is given to be 1.013 x 105 Nm-2(The density of liquid = 1000kg /m3)
A. Total pressure at given point
= Atmospheric pressure+ Pressure due to liquid column
= (1.013 x 105) + 𝑕 𝜌𝑔

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= (1.013 x 105) + (5 x 10-2x 1000 x 10)

= 1.018 x 105 Pa

PASCAL'S LAW
Blaise Pascal formulated a law regarding the flow of liquid pressure.
This law is stated as "the pressure exerted by a liquid at rest is transmitted
unchanged and equally in all directions, and acts at right angles to the
surface of the container". The liquid has the property due to which its
molecules exert great repulsive forces when they are pushed closer to each

other than their normal distance. Due to this property it is difficult to compress a liquid by application of
thrust on the surface. Thus any force applied on a liquid surface is immediately transmitted to every part of
the liquid and the applied pressure at the surface is felt equally at every part of the liquid. This may be
demonstrated by filling a long necked bulb, having a number of holes, with water. When pressure is applied
on the water by pushing the piston fitted in the neck of the bulb, water rushed out with equal pressure from
all the holes.
Applications of Pascal's Law
Hydraulic Lever or Press: A hydraulic lever is used to magnify a force. Let us
consider two cylinders A1 and A2 Let the area of cross-section of A1 be 'x' square
units and that of A2 be ‘y’ square units such that ‘y’ is n times ‘x’. The two cylinders
are connected at the bottom by a horizontal connecting tube (T). The apparatus is
filled with a liquid. The cylinders A1 and A2 fitted with air tight pistons P1and P2.

Let us apply an external force F1 (or input) on the piston P1. The pressure exerted on P1 is F i /x.
According to Pascal's law the pressure exerted on P1 is transmitted unchanged equally by the liquid to piston
P 2.
𝐹𝑖
The downward pressure exerted on Pl = 𝑥

The upward force exerted on P2

= pressure on P2 x area of section of A2
For the piston P2 to be in equilibrium, there must be a downward force of magnitude F 0 on the output piston
from an external load (not shown).
Then, F0 = (Pressure on P2)y.
𝐹𝑖
But according to Pascal's law, pressure on P2 = pressure on Pl = 𝑥
𝐹𝑖 𝐹𝑖
∴ 𝐹0 = 𝑦,but y = nx⟹ 𝐹0 = × 𝐹𝑖 𝑛
𝑥 𝑥

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This shows F0>Fi, Therefore, a small force applied at a point can be used to exert a much larger force at
another point. A hydraulic lever also used
(i) to press the bales of cotton,
(ii) to extract oil from oil seeds, and
(iii) in hydraulic brakes that are used in brake systems of vehicles.

BUOYANCY
When we lift a submerged object out of the water, the weight of the object felt by us is less than its
actual weight. This loss in the weight of the object is due to a force called "buoyant" force and the property of
the liquid is called buoyancy. Buoyant force due to a fluid is the force acting upward on a submerged object
exactly opposite in direction to gravity. This force arises due to the pressure difference at different depths.
Figure shows why the buoyant force acts upward. Pressure is exerted everywhere against the object in a
direction perpendicular to its surface. The arrows represent the magnitude and the direction perpendicular to
its surface. The arrows represent the magnitude and the direction of the forces at different locations. Forces
that produce pressures against the sides due to equal depths cancel one another. Pressure is greatest against
the bottom of the boulder because the bottom of the boulder is at a greater depth. Since the upward forces
against the bottom are greater than the downward forces against the bottom are greater than the downward
forces against the top, the forces do not cancel, and there is a net force upward. This net force is the byoyant
force. If the weight of the submerged object is greater than the buoyant force, the
object will sink. If the weight is equal to the buoyant force acting up on the submerged
object, it will remain at any level, like a fish. If the buoyant force is greater than the
weight of the completely submerged object, it will rise to the surface and float. To
understand buoyancy, the meaning of the term “volume of liquid displaced” should be
clearly understood. If a stone is placed in a container that is full of water, some water will overflow as shown
in fig. The volume of water overflown is alone equal to the volume of the stone. That is, a completely
submerged object always displaces a volume of liquid equal to its own volume. Buoyant force is also called
upthrust.
Upthrust or buoyant force = h𝜌gA =V𝜌g (∵hA = V, volume of the solid)
where, V = volume of the liquid displaced
𝜌 = density of fluid
∴Upthrust= weight of the liquid displaced.
Thus, the upthrust or buoyant force is directly proportional to
[Link] volume (V) of the fluid displaced by a solid.

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[Link] density (𝜌) of the liquid in which the solid is immersed.

Do You Know!!
Upthrust depends on the density of the liquid, not on the density of the object.
CHECK Point
1. Drop a stone in a tall water filled container. As it descends beneath the surface, pressure on it
increases. Does this imply that buoyant force likewise increases?
2. Because buoyant force is the upward force that a fluid exerts on a body, and as we learned forces
produce accelerations, why doesn't a submerged body accelerate?
SOLUTION
1. No! Once the stone is beneath the water's surface, it has displaced all the water it can. This is
evidenced by the initial rise of the water level in the container,which corresponds to the volume of the
stone (and, hence, volume of water displaced by the stone). The level remains the same as the stone
descends further, showing that the water displacement, and therefore the buoyant force on the stone,
remains the same – even though water pressure on the stone increases with depth. Buoyancy and
pressure are different concepts.
2. It does accelerate if the buoyant force is not balanced by other forces that act on it like the force of
gravity and fluid resistance. The net force on a submerged body, is the result of the force the fluid
exerts (buoyant force), the weight of the body and, if the body is moving, the force of fluid friction.
When the net force is zero, the body is in equilibrium.
CHECK Point
Figure shows four solid objects Bosting in corn syrup. Rank the objects according to their density, greatest
first.
SOLUTION
The increasing portions of the objects submerged in the syrup are as
below 3>1>4>2. Hence, the objects can be ranked as below
Rank 1 – object 3
Rank 2 – object 1
Rank 3 – object 4
Rank 4 – object 2

PRESSURE IN A GAS
The molecules in a gas are relatively farther placed with respect to a liquid. Therefore, their motions
are less restricted. A gas expands, fills all space available to it, and exerts a pressure against its container.

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Boyle's Law
Robert Boyle related the gas pressure with its volume in a container. It states
that if temperature of a gas remains constant then for a given mass of the gas,
pressure is inversely proportional to its volume.
1
Mathematically, P ∝ 𝑉 (T = constant)or, PV = constant

where, P = Pressure of gas

V = Volume of gas
Therefore, if(P1,V1) and (P2, V2) be the pressure and volume in two states then
P1V1 = P2V2

Buoyancy in a Gas
Buoyancy in gas acts in the same way as that in a liquid. Objects in a liquid are buoyed upward because
the pressure acting up against the bottom of the object exceeds the pressure acting down against the top.
Likewise air pressure acting up against an object immersed in air is greater than the pressure above pushing
down. The buoyancy in both cases is numerically equal to the weight of fluid displaced. Archimedes' principle
applies to air just as it does for liquid: When an object is wholly or partially immersed in a gas, it loses some of
its weight which is equal to the weight of the displaced gas.
CHECK Point
1. Is there a buoyant force acting on you? If there is, why are you not buoyed up by this force?
2. How does buoyancy change as a helium filled balloon ascends?
SOLUTION
1. There is a buoyant force acting on you, and you are buoyed upward by it. You aren't aware of it only
because your weight is so much greater.
2. If the balloon is free to expand as it rises, the increase in volume is counteracted by a decrease in the
density of higher-altitude air. So, interestingly, the greater volume of displaced air doesn't weigh more,
and buoyancy stays the same. If a balloon is not free to expand, buoyancy will decrease as the balloon
rises because of the lesser density of the displaced air. Usually, balloons initially expand when they
rise, and, if they don't eventually rupture, fabric stretching reaches a maximum and the balloons settle
where buoyancy matches their weight.
Floatation:
Translatory equilibrium: When a body of density ρ and volume V is immersed in a liquid of density σ the
forces acting on the body are Weight of body W = mg = Vρg , acting vertically downwards through centre of
gravity of the body.

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Upthrust force = Vσg acting vertically upwards through the centre of gravity of the displaced liquid i.e., centre
of buoyancy.
Case-(i): If density of body is greater than that of a liquid ρ > σ, then weight will be more
than upthrust. So, the body will sink
Case-(ii): If density of body is equal to that of liquid ρ = σ, then weight will be equal to
upthrust. So the body will float fully submerged in neutral equilibrium with its top
surface just coincides with liquid surface.
Case-(iii): If density of body is less than that of liquid ρ < σ , then weight will be less than
upthrust when the body is completely inside the liquid. So the body will, move upwards
and in equilibrium, it will float and partially immersed in the liquid such that
W = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝜎𝑔 ⇒ 𝑉𝜌𝑔 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝜎𝑔
Vρ = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝜎 where Vin is the volume of body in the liquid.
i) A body will float in a liquid if and only if ρ ≤ σ
ii) In case of floating, weight of the body = upthrust
So Wapp = Actual weight - upthrust = 0
iii) In case of floating Vρg =Vinσg
So the equilibrium of floating bodies is unaffected by variation in g though both thrust and weight depend
on g.

Illustrations
1. A force of 40 N is applied on a nail, whose tip has an area of cross-section of 0.001 cm2. Find the
pressure on the tip.
A. Given that, F = 40N, A = 0.001cm2 = 10-7m2
𝐹 40
∴Pressure (P) = 𝐴 = 10 −7

= 4 x 108 N /m2
2. Atmospheric pressure is nearly 100 KPa. How large force does the air in a room exert on one side of
a window of dimensions 40 cm x 80cm?
A. Given that,
P = 100KPa = 100 x 103Pa
P=105 Pa
And A = 40cm×80cm = 40x80x10-4m²
∴F=PA= 105 x 40 x 80 x 10-4⟹ F=32 KN.

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3. The pressure exerted by water at the bottom of a tank of 5 m depth is 5 x 10 4 N/m2. If g =10m/s2
Calculate the density of water.
A. Given that
P = 5 x 104 N/m2
h = 5m, g = 10m/s2
Pressure (P)= hdg
5 x 104 = 5 x d x 10
5×10 4
or, d = = 103 kg/m3
50

EXERCISES
1. A force of 1200 N acts on the surface of area 10cm2normally. What would be the thrust and pressure
on the surface?
2. A stone weighs 500 N. Calculate the pressure exerted by it, if it makes contact with a surface of area
25cm2.
3. In a hydraulic lift, the surface area of the input piston is 10 cm2. The surface area of the output
piston is 3000 cm2. A 100 N force applied to the input piston raises the output piston. Calculate the
force required to raise the output piston.
4. A solid body weighs 150 N. When placed on a wooden surface, the area of contact is found to be 3
m². Find the pressure exerted by the solid body on the wooden surface.
5. Calculate the pressure at a depth of 6 m in a liquid of density 850 kgm -3. Take g = 10m/s2.
6. A gun weighing 4kg fires a bullet with a velocity 50ms -1. If the weight of the bullet is 15g, find the
recoil velocity of the gun.

OBJECTIVE ASSIGNMENT
BOARD LEVEL
1. Pressure varies with force (F) as (provided area is same) [ ]
1 1
(a) F (b) 𝐹 (c) F2 (d) 𝐹2

2. The pressure exerted a women wearing shoes with heels is …………..than what an elephant with one
foot can exert on ground [ ]
(a) much lesser (b) much greater (c) both equal (d) none of these
3. Liquid pressure at a point in a liquid does not depend on the [ ]
(a) density of liquid (b) shape of the vessel in which the liquid is kept

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(c) depth of the point from the surface (d) acceleration due to gravity
4. Pressure at a certain depth in river water is P1 and at the same depth in sea water is P2. Then
(density of sea water is greater than that of river water) [ ]
(a) P1 = P2 (b) P1> P2 (c) P1< P2 (d) P1– P2= atmospheric pressure
5. If the force on the surface is doubled and area is reduced to half, pressure will [ ]
(a) become 2 times (b) become 3 times
(c) become 4 times (d) remain unchanged
6. When a body of density 𝝆 and volume V is floating in a liquid of density [ ]
(a) its true weight is V𝜎g (b) loss in its weight is V𝜎g
(c) its apparent weight is zero (d) its density 𝜌is greater than that of liquid 𝜎
7. The unit of pressure used for meteorological purpose is called [ ]
(a) bar (b) Pascal (c) kg wt (d) N/m²
8. The pressure in liquid at greater depths is [ ]
(a) smaller (b)greater (c) same (d) none of these
9. The pressure at any point in a liquid at rest depends only on the depth and on the .......... of the
liquid [ ]
(a) density (b) weight (c) colour (d) none of these
10. For same amount of force acting on two surfaces, the pressure will be more on that surface whose
area is [ ]
(a) more (b)less
(c) pressure will not depend upon area (d) pressure will not depend upon force
11. The three vessels shown in the figure have same base area. Equal volumes of a liquid are poured in
the three vessels. The force on the base will be [ ]
(a) maximum in vessel a (b) maximum in vessel b
(c) maximumin vessel c (d) equal in all the vessels
12. A piece of ice is floating in a jar containing water. When the ice melts, then the level of water.
[ ]
(a) rises (b) falls (c) remains unchanged
(d) rises or falls depending upon the mass of ice
13. In a pressure cooker, the cooking is fast because [ ]
(a) the boiling point of water is raised by the increased pressure inside the cooker
(b) the boiling point of water is lowered by pressure

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(c) more steam is available to cook the food at 100°C

(d) more pressure is available to cook the food at 100°C
14. The pressure at the bottom of a tank containing a liquid does not depend on [ ]
(a) Acceleration due to gravity (b) Height of the liquid column
(c)Area of the bottom surface (d) Nature of the liquid
15. Why the base of a Dam is made thicker at the bottom? [ ]
(a) Quantity of water increases with depth. (b) Density of water increases with depth
(c) Pressure of water increases with depth (d) Temperature of water increases with depth
16. A piece of wood is floating in water. When the temperature of water rises the apparent weight of
[ ]
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) may increase or decrease (d) remain same

JEE/NEET MAINS MODEL

1. If the relative density of solid is less than one, then [ ]
(a) it sinks in water (b) it floats in water
(c) it sinks in all the liquids (d) in floats in all the liquids
2. A piece of nail sinks in water but a boat floats in it because [ ]
(a) there is no up thrust acting on the nail (b) a nail is heavier than boat
(c) a nail has a pointed end (d)up thrust acting on the nail is less than its weight
3. Three persons P, Q and R pull block with equal forces as shown in figure. Identify the direction of
motion of the block? [ ]
(a) In horizontal direction towards left
(b) In horizontal direction towards right.
(c) In vertically upward direction
(d) The block remains stationary.
4. Pressure varies with force (F) as (provided area is [ ]
1 1
(a) P ∝ F (b) P ∝ 𝐹 (c)P ∝ F2 (d) P ∝ 𝐹2

5. Liquid pressure at a point in a liquid does not depend on the [ ]

(a) density of liquid (b) shape of the vessel in which the liquid is kept
(c) depth of the point from the surface (d) acceleration due to gravity

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6. Fig. shows a container filled with water. Which of the following statements is correct about pressure
of water? [ ]
(a) Pressure at A> Pressure at B> Pressure at C
(b) Pressure at A = Pressure at B = Pressure at C
(c) Pressure at A< Pressure at B>Pressure at C
(d) Pressure at A< Pressure at B<Pressure at C

JEE ADVANCED MODEL

Multi correct questions

1. A block of weight 9.8 N is placed on a table. The table surface exerts upward force of 10 N on the
block. Assume g = 9.8 ms-2 [ ]
(a) The block exerts a force of 10 N on the table. (b) The block exerts a force of 19.8 N on the table.
(c) The block exerts a force of 9.8 N on the table. (d) The block has an upward acceleration.
2. Choose the CORRECT statements: [ ]
(a) Tension force always pulls a body.
(b) The number of normal forces acting on a body depends on the number of points of surfaces of
contact.
(c) Tension force always pushes a body.
(d) The number of normal forces acting on a body does not depend on the number of points of
surfaces of contact.
3. Choose the CORRECT statements: [ ]
(a) Normal force is perpendicular to the surface of contact.
(b) Normal force is parallel to the surface of contact.
(c) Tension force always pulls a body. (d) Tension force always pushes a body.
4. Which of the following statements are correct regarding linear momentum of a body?
[ ]
(a) It is measure of quantity of motion contained by the body
(b) Change in momentum is the measurement of impulse
(c) Impulse and acceleration act in same direction to the change in momentum
(d) In case of uniform circular motion, the linear momentum is conserved

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5. The given figure shows the cross section of a dam and its reservoir. Choose the correct options
[ ]
(a) The widening of the wall, towards the bottom is because of increase in pressure
with depth of water.
(b) The widening of the wall, towards the bottom is because of decrease in pressure
with depth of water.
(c) Torque about the base tries to turn the dam
(d) None of these
6. Two similar buses are moving with same velocity on a straight road. One of them is empty and the
other is loaded with passengers [ ]
(a) Both buses are stopped by the application of same force
(b) Loaded bus will be stopped by applying large force
(c) Loaded bus will be stopped by applying less force
(d) Empty buses will be stopped by applying less force and loaded bus will be stopped by appplying
large force.
7. Which of the following action cannot be describes as pushing by a body? [ ]
(a) kicking (b) lifting (c) picking (d) opening
8. Choose the correct options [ ]
(a) A force is applied to an object in the direction of its motion. The speed of object will increase
(b) If no force acts on a body it will either remain in rest or move in a straight line
(c) Friction force can change speed of an object
(d) None of these
9. Choose the correct options? [ ]
(a) A body floats in water because the net force acting on this body is zero
(b) A mountain climber experiences a nose bleed due to increase in atmospheric pressure
(c) A body floats in water because the net force acting on this body is non-zero
(d) A mountain climber experiences a nose bleed due to decrease in atmospheric pressure
10. Pressure at a point in a fluid is directly proportional to [ ]
(a) depth of the point from the surface (b) density of the fluid
(c) acceleration due to gravity (d) the area of cross section
11. Which of the following factors affect pressure? [ ]
(a) Area (b) Acceleration (c) Force (d) Current

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12. Which of the following statements are true? [ ]

(a) When the mass of a body is doubled then the momentum of a body is also doubled, provided the
body maintains the same velocity
(b) We feel pain in the hand on hitting the wall, this is a consequence of Newton's third law of motion.
(c) A table cloth can be pulled from the table without dislodging the dishes. This is due to inertia of
rest. (d) Momentum is a vector quantity.
13. A large truck and a car, both moving with a velocity of same magnitude have a head-on-collision. Car
suffers more damage than the truck. This is because [ ]
(a) the material used in car is inferior than the material used in truck.
(b) car experience the greater force of impact than the truck.
(c) momentum transferred to the truck is greater than the momentum transferred to the car
(d) momentum transferred to the car is greater than the momentum transferred to the truck.
14. Choose the correct options [ ]
(a) An object of mass 10g acquires a speed of 100m/s after 1 second. If the force acting on the object is
constant, its magnitude will be IN.
(b) If a force of 2.5N acts on a body of mass 0.5 kg, then the acceleration produced in the body would
be 5 m/s².
(c) An object of mass 10g acquires a speed of 100m/s after 1 second. If the force acting on the object is
constant, its magnitude will be 2N.
(d) If a force of 2.5N acts on a body of mass 0.5 kg, then the acceleration produced in the body would
be 2.5 m/s²
Match the following
1.
Column-I Column-II
A. Force (p) non-contact force
B. Change in object (q) contact force
C. Magnet pulling iron pins (r) air pressure
D. Pulling the window pane (s) effect
E. Bloating of tube of cycle tyre (t) cause
2.
Column-I Column-II
A. Going up an inclined plane is more tiring than walking on a (p) Magnetic force

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horizontal plane
B. It is difficult to inflate balloon beyond a certain point (q) Pressure
C. Walking on a sandy beach is more tiring than walking on a (r) Gravitational Force
road
D. A compass needle always point in the north-south direction (s) Friction
3.
Column A Column B
A. Thrust (p) F/A
B. Pressure (q) Force
C. Atmospheric pressure (r) Decrease with altitude
D. Fluid pressure acts (s) In downward direction

Comprehension Type
I. Liquid pressure in a container doesn't depend on the shape of the container but it only depends on the
height of the liquid column.
(i) A cylindrical container is full of water. The pressure will be maximum at
(a) top surface (b) mid of container (c) bottom (d) None of these
(ii) If half of the water is taken out, what is the pressure at the bottom? (P = pressure when
container full of liquid)
1 3
(a) P (b) 2P (c) 2P (d) 2P

II. Ramu applied a force of 10 N on a body to move it from rest. He wants to express the applied force in
terms of various system of units.
1. Express 10 N force in terms of dynes
(a) 105 dynes (b) 106 dynes (c) 107 dynes (d) 108dynes
2. Express 10 N force in terms of kgf
(a) 9.8 kgf (b) 56 kgf (c) 1 kgf (d) 84 kgf
3. Express 10 N force in terms of g cm s-2
(a) 105 g cm s-2 (b) 106 g cm s-2 (c) 103g cm s-2 (d) 104g cm s-2
III. Two bricks each of same dimensions are placed on level ground. Surface area of end of each brick is 40
cm2and the surface area of base of each brick is 150 [Link] brick weighs 40 N.

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1. If both bricks are placed as shown then pressure exerted by both bricks on ground is
(a) 10000 N m-2
(b) 2651.7 N m-2
(c) 1500.2 N m-2
(d) 12666.7N m-2
2. If both bricks are placed on standing position then, the total pressure exerted by the bricks on
ground is
(a) 10000 N m-2 (b) 20000N m-2 (c) 30000 N m-2 (d) 40000 N m-2

Integer / Numerical type Questions

1. The force acting on a body of mass 1 kg moving with a uniform velocity of 5 ms¹ is;
2. How many dynes are equal to 1N?
3. How much force is required to lift a mass of 100g:
4. A stretching force of 10 N is applied at one end of a spring balance and an equal stretching force is
applied at the other end at the same time. What will be reading of the balance?
5. 1 dyne is equal to:
6. The work to be done to increase the speed of a 0.5 kg ball from 4 m/s to 8 m/s is:
7. A force produces an acceleration of 16 m/s² in a body of mass 0.5 kg, and an acceleration of 4 m/s² in
another 2hs body. If both the bodies are fastened together, the acceleration produced by that force is
(1.6)x m/s². Find the value of x.
8. A 20 gm bullet moving at 300 m/s stops after penetrating 3 cm of bone. The average force exerted by
the bullet is -x × 104 N. Find the value of x.
9. A rocket of initial mass 6000 kg ejects mass at a constant rate of 16 kg/s with constant relative speed
of 11 m/s. What is the acceleration of the rocket one minute after blast?
10. The mass of an object whose weight is 50 N is x kg. Find x. (Take g = 10 m s -2)
11. A force of 16 N is distributed uniformly on one surface of a cube of edge 4 cm. The
pressure on this surface is 𝑥 x 104Pa. Find the value of x.
12. A horizontal force of 4 N is applied to a block of mass 2 kg resting on a frictionless
table. What is the acceleration of the block in ms-2?
13. The mass of the body is 60 kg, if value of acceleration due to gravity is 10 m s-² and weight of the body
is 𝑥 x 102N. Find x.

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NATIONAL SCIENCE OLYMPAID QUESTIONS

1. A block of mass 4 kg and dimensions 10 cm x 20cm x 30 cm rests on the floor. If g = 10 ms², then the
maximum pressure the block can exert on the floor is
(a) 2000N m-2 (b) 1000N m-2 (c) 4000N m-2 (d) 1333N m-2
2. A body of volume V and density d is completely immersed in a liquid of density 𝝆. Then the apparent
weight of the body will be
(a) Vdg (b) Vpg (c) V(𝜌 – d)g (d) V(d – 𝜌)g
3. In a container (cross- sectional area A) a homogeneous solid cylinder of length L( L < H/2 as shown in
the figure), cross-sectional area A/5 is immersed such that it floats with its axis vertical at the liquid-
liquid L/4 surface with length L/4 in the denser liquid as shown in the figure. The lower density liquid
is open to the atmosphere. Then the density D of solid is given by
4
(a) 5d

(b) 4d
𝑑
(c) 5
5
(d) 4 d

4. A piece of wood is floating in water kept in a bottle. The bottle is connected to an air pump. Neglect
the compressibility of water. When more air is pushed into the bottle from the pump, the piece of
wood will float with
(a) larger part in the water (b) lesser part in the water
(c) same part in the water (d) will sink to the bottom
5. Kerosene of mass 100 g is mixed with 100 g of water. One of them under given options that well
describes the reason for kerosene to float on water is
(a) mass of displaced water is less than the mass of kerosene of equal volume
(b) mass of kerosene is more than the mass of equal volume of water
(c) mass of kerosene is less than the mass of displaced water
(d) mass of kerosene is equal to mass of displacedwater
6. A body when floats in water, 1/3rd of its volume remains outside water. When it floats in another
liquid, 3/4th of its volume remains outside the liquid. Then the density of the liquid is
9 8 3
(a)4g/cc (b) 3g/cc (c) 4 g/cc (d) 8g/cc

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7. The displacement- time graph of a lift climbing from the ground floor to the top of the building is
given here. Which of the following statements are true about the graph?
(i) At point A, the lift is stationary
(ii) Velocity of lift is decreasing from point B to C
(iii) At point C, the lift is at zero velocity
(iv) Velocity of lift is minimum at B.
(a) (i) and (iii) only (b) (ii) and (iv) only
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii) only (d) (ii), (iii) and (iv) only
8. A force of 16 N is distributed uniformly on one surface of a cube of edge 8 cm. The pressure on this
surface is
(a) 3500 Pa (b) 2500 Pa (c) 4500 Pa (d) 5500 Pa
9. A football has lesser inertia than a stone of the same size because
(a) football has more air inside than the stone
(b) football has less air inside than the stone
(c) football has less mass than the stone
(d) football has more mass than the stone
10. A machine gun of mass 10 kg fires 20 g bullets with speed of 500 m/s at the rate of 10 bullets per
second. To hold the gun steady in its position how much force is necessary?
(a) 200 N (b) 500 N (c) 100 N (d) 250 N

Subjective Assignment
Level – 1
1. What is the direction in which an object is pushed or pulled is called?
2. Does a force acting on a body always cause a change in its state of motion?
3. What measures the earth's gravitational pull on an object, its weight or mass?
4. Which type of force is exerted by a static charge?
5. Which force tends to slow down objects or keep them from moving?
6. Name the force that acts on all bodies on the earth at all times.
7. What is the force per unit area?
8. Name the instrument used to measure liquid pressure.
9. How is pressure related to force and area ?
10. What do you call the force which can act from a distance?
11. What is the unit of pressure?

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12. What is the requirement for a force to come into play?

13. What is the resultant force when two forces act in same direction?
14. What will be the resultant force when two forces act in opposite directions on an object?
15. What happens in tug of war when two teams pull equally hard?

Level - 2
1. What is a force? Explain with the help of some examples.
2. Describe state of motion.
3. What do you understand about the force of friction?
4. What is electrostatic force? Why is it called non-contact force?
5. We observe that the wheels of buses and trucks are heavier than the wheels of car or scooter. Why?
6. What is atmospheric pressure?
7. If the area of your head is 15 cm x 15 cm, how much air (in weight) would you carry on your head?
8. Take a pencil sharpened at one end and press it between your fingers. Which end will hurt more and
why?
9. Why do deep-sea divers wear special suits?
10. Why do some people suffer from nose bleeding at higher altitudes?
11. Prove that the pressure exerted by water at the bottom of the container depends on the height of its
column.
12. What are contact forces? State different contact forces. What are non-contact forces? Explain different
types of non-contact forces.
13. Show that air has pressure with the help an experiment.
14. Explain that a liquid exerts pressure on the walls.
15. Explain that liquids exert equal pressure at the same depth.

Solutions for Exercises

CONCEPT – 1
1.b 2.c 3.b 4.d
CONCEPT – 2
𝐹
1. Pressure is given as, P = 𝐴

Force, F = mg = 2 x 9.8N = 19.6N

and area, A = 1 x 1 cm2 = 1cm2 = 1 x 10-4m2
19.6
Thus, the pressure exerted would be. P = 1×10 −4 = 1.96 × 105 Pa.

2. F=m1a1= m2a2

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𝑚1 𝑎2 15 3
= = 𝑜𝑟
𝑚2 𝑎1 20 4
∴mass of A : mass of B = 3 : 4.
3. Gain of momentum = final momentum – initial momentum
Now, v = u + at
= 0 + (1.5 x 4) = 6 m/s
Final momentum = m x v
=2x 6 kg m/s
= 12 kg m/s
Initial momentum = m x u = 2 x 0 = 0
∴Gain of momentum = (12 – 0) = 12kg m/s.
4. Given, mass of the body m = 10kg ,velocity v = 5m/s ,momentum p = ?
Using, momentum p = mv = 10 x 5 = 50 kgm/s
5. Given, mass of the body = 500g = 0.5kg, acceleration a = 20m/s2 ,force F = ?
Force, F = ma = 0.5 x 20 = 10N.
6. Given, mass of the body m = 5kg , initial velocity u = 10m/s ,force F = 20N.
𝐹 20
Force F=ma or a=𝑚 = = 4𝑚/𝑠 2
5

Using, v = u + at = 10 + 4 x 1 = 14m / s
7. m1 = 5 kg, m2 = 2 kg, F = 14N

𝐹 14
i) a = 𝑚 = 5+2 = 2ms-2
1 +𝑚 2

𝑚2𝐹 2
ii) f = 𝑚 = 14 = 4𝑁
1 +𝑚 2 5+2

CONCEPT – 3
1. Given:
Force F = 1200N , Area A = 10cm2
= 10 x 10-4m2 = 10-3m2
Thrust = Normal force = F = 1200 N
Pressure P = F/A

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1200
10×10 −4

=1.2 x 106 N/m2

2. Given: Weight of a stone F = 500N
Area A = 25cm2 = 25 x 10-4m2
To find: Pressure P = ?
Formula: Pressure P = F / A
= 500/[25×10-4]
Pressure P = 20 x 104 Nm-2 (or) 20 × 104 Pa
3. Pressure input on piston,
P = F/A
= 100 / [10 x 10-4 ] = 105N
According to Pascal's law
P=F/A
105 = F / [3000 x 10-4] = [F x 104] / 3000
104 x F = 105x 3000
F = 3000 x 101
F = 3 x 104N
4. Force or thrust = 150 N
Area of contact = 3m²
Pressure= ?
𝑇𝑕𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 150
Now pressure = = N/m2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 3

= 50 N/m2 = 50 Pa.
5. Given, h = 6m, d=850 kgm-3,g = 10m/s2
Pressure , P =hdg
= (6 x 850 x 10)Nm-2
= (5.1 x 104)Nm-2
6. Here, Mass of the gun M = 4kg
Mass of the bullet m = 15g v
= 0.015 kg
v = 50ms-1
By conservation of momentum
𝑚𝑣
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝑀

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0.015×50
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑐 =
4
-1
=0.19 ms

Solutions for Objective Assignment

CONCEPT – 1
BOARD LEVEL
1.c 2.b 3.c 4.d 5.b 6.b
7.d 8.b 9.c 10.b 11.c 12.a
13.d
JEE/NEET MAINS MODEL
1.d 2.c 3.d 4.b 5.c 5.a
6.d
CONCEPT – 2
BOARD LEVEL
1.a 2.a 3.d 4.c 5.c 6.b
7.a 8.d 9.c 10.a 11.a 12.d
13.d 14.d 15.a 16.c 17.d 18.b
19.a 20.a 21.c 22.b 23.b
JEE/NEET MAINS MODEL
1.d 2.b 3.b 4.b 5.c 6.c
7.c 8.d 9.d 10.b 11.b 12.b
13.c 14.b 15.b 16.b 17.b 18.b
19.d 20.d 21.d 22.d
CONCEPT – 3
BOARD LEVEL
1.a 2.b 3.b 4.c 5.c 6.c
7.a 8.b 9.a 10.b 11.c 12.c
13.a 14.c 15.c 16.d
JEE/NEET MAINS MODEL
1.b 2.c 3.c 4.a 5.b 6.d
JEE/NEET Advanced Model Assignment Answer Key
MULTI CORRECT QUESTIONS
1.c,d 2.a,b 3.a,c 4.a,b,c 5.a,c 6.b,d
7.b,c,d 8.a,b,c 9.a,d 10.a,b,c 11.a,c 12.a,b,c,d
13.b,d 14.a,b

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MATCH THE FOLLOWING

1.A-t, B-s, C-p, D-q, E-r 2.A-r, B-q, C-s, D-p 3.A-q, B-p, C-r, D-s
COMPREHENSION TYPE
1. (i)c (ii)b
2. (i)b (ii)c (iii)b
3. (i)d (ii)b
INTEGER/ NUMERICAL TYPE
1.0 2.105 3.100 /N 4.0 N 5.10-5 6.12J
7.2 8.3 9.0.0349 m/s2 10.5 11.1 12.2 m/s
13.6
NATIONAL SCIENCE OLYMPAID ANSWERS
1.a 2.d 3.d 4.a 5.c 6.b
7.a 8.b 9.c 10.c

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SOUND
CONCEPT – 1
PERIODIC AND OSCILLATORY MOTION
Look around the room you are sitting in .How many objects do you see moving back and forth or is
there any object that’s repeating its motion? The most obvious and common example will be clock. The
second hand of clock repeats its motion every 60 seconds, the minute hand of clock repeats in 60 minutes and
finally the hour hand in every 12 hours. Now if you are born in a family that loves to have Vintage and antics
decorative items, you must have seen a pendulum clock in your house. If not, clock with a pendulum bob is a
very common piece that we might have the seen in clock shop or in television. The pendulum bob in clock also
repeat its motion. It moves back and forth about its rest position.
Periodic motion: Both examples – clock and pendulum bob, have one thing in common. They repeat their
motion after a fixed interval of time . This motion is called periodic motion. The time after which the motion is
repeated is known as time period (T).
Oscillatory motion : The difference in both examples is the pattern repeated motion. The pendulum bob
moves to and fro about a fixed point. Such special type of periodic motion are given a different name –
oscillatory motion or simply oscillation. Fixed or mean position is the position where object will stay, when it is
not in motion. It is also known as rest position as when object is not oscillating, it will be at rest in that place.
And we all can easily imagine and make out the rest position of pendulum bob. From the examples discussed
above, one thing is very clear – every oscillatory motion is periodic but a periodic motion may not be
oscillatory. Motion of pendulum bob is oscillatory and hence periodic but motion of clock's-hand is only
periodic.

Learn More
Damped and Undamped Motion
Consider two wheels both free to rotate. One wheel is attached with a motor while the other is not.
Now both wheels are made to rotate, first one with the help of motor and second with help of hand.
You will notice that the one with motor will continue to rotate as long as motor is switched on. While
the second one will come to halt after some time.
The motion of wheel with motor is what we called undamped motion and one without motor damped.
Damped or free oscillation are the one that after some time ceases its motion.

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Undamped or forced oscillation are those which are made to oscillate continuously by providing some
external energy like motor.

SOUND IS PRODUCED BY A VIBRATING BODY

When the vibrations made in a medium reaches to our ears, we hear sound. Sound is a form of energy
which produces sense of hearing. When a drum player slaps it vibrates and sound is produced. Sound is
produced for the time the vibration is active. Production of sound stops as the vibrations die out. The nature
of sound produced depends on the nature of vibrating body. When the prongs of a tuning fork are made to
vibrate in air, the air particles in some regions will be momentarily bunched up (compressions), and in other
regions in between, they will be momentarily spread out (rarefactions). Vibrations made up of compressions
and rarefactions spread from the tuning fork throughout the air, and a sound wave is produced.

Fig: Compression and rarefactions travel (both at the same speed and in the same direction) from the
tuning fork through the air in the tube.

SOUND PRODUCED BY HUMANS

In humans sound is produced by the larynx or voice box situated at the upper end of the windpipe. Two vocal
cords are stretched across the voice box or larynx and leaves a narrow slit between them. When the lungs
force air through the slit the vocal cords vibrate producing sound.

Did You Know?

An oscillation is not a wave. Wave implies the transfer of energy through successive vibrations of the particles
of the medium.

WAVE AND WAVE MOTION

A wave is defined as a “a disturbance created in a medium which propagates in all directions, from the
point of generation , without actual translatory motion of particles of the medium”, and the propagation of
the wave is called the ‘wave motion’.
If you drop a stone into a calm pond, waves will travel outward in expanding circles. Energy is carried
by the wave, travelling from one place to another.

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When you speak , wave motion through the air travels across the room at about 340 m/s, the air itself
doesn’t travel across the room at this speed. In these examples, when the wave motion ceases, the water and
the air return to their initial position. It is characteristic of wave motion that the medium transporting the
wave returns to its initial condition after the disturbance has proved.
Transfer of Energy in Wave
We all are familiar with water waves, when a stone is dropped in a calm pond. The beautiful ripple
travel in outward expanding direction. But have you ever thought, is it the water actually displacing from its
position and moving forward or just the ripple pattern is getting transferred ? Let's find the answer.
Suppose two friends are standing at opposite ends of Lake. Since they are too far from each other,
they decided to communicate through letter. But how will they deliver the letter. One friend thought of
producing water ripples in lake and then by placing the letter (in glass bottle) on lake, the letter would reach
the other end of lake. But when he did that he was amazed and confused to see the bottle with letter did not
move forward but was moving up and down with water. That means water was just oscillating up and down
and not actually moving forward. What we see is just the pattern (ripple) getting transferred forward. In wave
motion, the wave propagates forward not the particle of medium (here water). Particle just oscillates or
vibrates at their position. It is the energy that gets transferred from one point of medium to the other. So,
unfortunately the friends have to find a different way of communication with each other!!

Did You Know?

Wave motion is possible only in a medium having the property of elasticity and inertia. In a wave motion, the
wave propagates but the particles of medium don't move themselves
To and fro motion with small frequency is called oscillation and with high frequency it called vibration.

FREQUENCY, TIME PERIOD, AMPLITUDE AND VELOCITY OF A WAVE

Frequency: The number of oscillations produced in a medium per unit time is called frequency or the number
of compressions and rarefactions (taken together) passing through a point in a unit time is called frequency.
The frequency is represented by 'n' or 'f'. The SI unit of frequency is hertz (symbol Hz) where 1 Hz is one
oscillations per second.
Time period: The time taken by one oscillation to cross a point, is called time period or the time taken by two
consecutive compressions or rarefactions to cross a point is called time period. This period is represented by
the letter T.
1
Time period (T) = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝑛 )

Its SI unit is second (s).

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Amplitude: The magnitude of the maximum displacement of vibrating particles of the medium on either side
of their mean position is called amplitude or the extent to which the medium is compressed, when a sound
wave passes through it, is called amplitude.
It is represented by the letter A. Its Sl unit is metre.
Wave speed: The speed of periodic wave motion is related to the frequency and wavelength of the waves.
Wavelength(𝝀): It is the distance covered by a wave during the time in which a particle of the medium
completes one vibration.
In one time period (T), a wave advances by a distance equal to one wavelength. Thus if 'v' is the velocity of the
given wave ,it is given by
𝜆 1
𝑣 = 𝑇or 𝑣 = 𝑛𝜆 (∵ 𝑛 = 𝑇)

Thus, velocity of wave proрagation= 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 × 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑕.

Learn More
Types of Mechanical Waves
Mehanical waves require material medium for their propagation. For example: sound waves, waves in
stretched string, etc. Electromagnetic waves do not require material medium for their propagation. For
example: light wave, X-rays, etc.
There are two types of mechanical waves (i) Transverse wave (ii) Longitudinal wave.
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
Fasten one and of a Slinky to a wall and hold the free end in your hand. If you shake the free end up and
down, you will produce vibrations that are at right angles to the direction of wave travel. The right-angled, or
sideways, motion is called transverse motion. This type of wave is called a transverse wave. Waves in the
stretched strings of musical instruments and upon the surfaces of liquids are transverse waves. We will see
later that electromagnetic waves, some of which are radio waves and light waves, are also transverse waves.
A longitudinal wave is one in which the direction of wave travel is along the direction in which the
source vibrates. You produce a longitudinal wave with your Slinky when you shake it back and forth along the
Slinky’s axis *figure+. The vibrations are then parallel to the direction of energy transfer. Part of the Slinky is
compressed, and a wave of compression travels along it. In the successive compressions is a stretched region,
called a rarefaction. Both compression and rarefraction travel in the same direction along the Slinky. Together
they make up the longitudinal wave.

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Did You Know?

Transverse waves cannot be formed in gases but can only form in solids and liquids whereas
longitudinal waves formed in solids, liquid and gases.
Time to Check Your Knowledge
Two astronauts on the surface of the moon cannot talk to each other. Why?
SOLUTION:
Sound is a mechanical wave which required material medium to propagate. There is no atmosphere on
the moon, so, sound cannot travel from one astronaut to other.

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

Pendulum is very useful example in studying the concepts related to oscillation. Let's again take the
help of our verstile pendulum bob to understand a very important topic in oscillation.
When you displace the pendulum from its mean position and release it, it always comes back to its rest
position. But due to gain in velocity, it overshoots and go to other end of it. After maximum displacement on
other side, it again comes back to mean position and whole process is repeated before pendulum comes to
rest.
Now, notice two things in the motion of pendulum –
(i) When displaced, pendulum always tries to restore to its mean position.
(ii) There must be some force acting on pendulum that brings back it to its mean position.
This motion, where a particle moves to and fro repeatedly about a mean position under a force that
tries to restore its original position and is also directed toward, the mean position is called simple harmonic
motion.
This restoring force, in simple harmonic motion is directly proportional to displacement of particle from the
mean position.
∴ 𝐹𝛼x
Where x = displacement from mean position
⟹F = - Kx
K = force constant.
-ve = restoring force is always directed towards mean position.

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Illustrations
1. An electric razor completes 60 cycles every second. What is
(a) its frequency and (b) its time period?
A. (a) 60 cycles per second or 60 Hz, frequency is the cycle per second.
1
(b) Time period = 𝑛 = 1/60 second.

2. If a train of freight cars, each 10 m long, rolls at the rate of three cars each second, what is the speed
of the train?
A. We can see this in two ways.
(i) According to the definition of speed, v = d/t = 3 x 10m/s = 30 m/s, since 30 m of train passes you in
1 s.
(ii) If we compare our train to wave motion, where wavelength corresponds to 10 m and frequency is 3
Hz, then
Speed = frequency x wavelength = 3 Hz x 10 m = 30 m/s

EXERCISES
1. A pendulum oscillates 40 times in 4 seconds, Find its time period and frequency.
2. The sound from the mosquito is produced when it vibrates its wings at an average rate of 500
vibrations per second. What is the time period of the vibration?
3. The sonic boom of an aircraft has a time period of 0.00005s. Calculate the frequency of the sound
produced.
4. What are the three factors on which the speed of sound depend upon?
5. Give some measures to control noise pollution?

OBJECTIVE ASSIGNMENT
BOARD LEVEL
1. The greater the surface area of the vibrating body, the _________is the loudness of sound.
[ ]
(a) lesser (b) greater (c) same (d) none of these
2. The characteristic of a musical sound by which a loud sound can be distinguished from a faint sound
even though both have the same pitch is [ ]
(a) loundness (b) pitch (c) quality (d) none of these
3. A shrill sound has a ______pitch. pitch and a dull sound has a _______pitch. [ ]
(a) high, low (b) low, high (c) low, low (d) high, high

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4. If you go on increasing the stretching force on a wire in a guitar, its frequency. [ ]

(a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains unchanged (d) none of these
5. A vibrating body: [ ]
(a) will always produce sound (b) may or may not produce sound
(c) will produce sound which depends upon frequency (d) None of the above
6. A body travelling with a speed of more than the velocity of sound in air is said to travel with
[ ]
(a) supersonic speed (b) hypersonic speed
(c) ultrasonic speed (d) infrasonic speed
7. When a sound wave goes from one medium to another, the quantity that remains unchanged is
[ ]
(a) Frequency (b) Amplitude (c) Wavelength (d) Speed
8. In ordinary talk, the amplitude of vibration is approximately [ ]
(a) 10-12 m (b) 10-11 m (c) 10-8 m (d) 10-7 m
9. The wavelength of ultrasonics in air is of the order of [ ]
(a) 102 m (b) 101 m (c) 10-2 m (d) 10-3 m
JEE/NEET MAINS MODEL
1. The property by virtue of which we can distinguish between deep sound and sharp sound is called
[ ]
(a) loudness (b) timbre (c) pitch (d) none of these
2. The sound which is produced due to a mixture of several frequencies is [ ]
(a) atone (b) frequency (c) a note (d) amplitude
3. In a classroom, all the students speak together in different ways the sound produced will be called
[ ]
(a) noise (b) pleasing sound (c) music (d) soothing sound
4. Bats produce these waves [ ]
(a) infrasonics (b) ultrasonics (c) supersonics (d) audible wanes
5. Elephants communicate with [ ]
(a) sonic sound (b) infrasonic sound
(c) ultrasonic sound (d) none of these
6. Bats detect the obstacles in their path by receiving the reflected [ ]
(a) infrasonic waves (b) radio waves

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(c) electro-magnetic waves (d) ultrasonic waves

7. The frequency which is NOT audible to the human ear is [ ]
(a) 50 Hz (b) 500 Hz (c) 5000 Hz (d) 50000 Hz
8. __________frequencies are utilized for monitoring earthquakes. [ ]
(a) Audible (b) Infrasonic (c) Ultrasonic (d) Supersonic
9. Stethescope works on the phenomenon of [ ]
(a) echo (b) absorption of sound (c) pitch (d) multiple reflection of sound
10. Which of the following is a bad reflector of sound ? [ ]
(a) Steel (b) Gold (c) Silver (d) Wood

CONCEPT – 2
TRANSMISSION OF SOUND/ SOUND NEEDS A MEDIUM FOR PROPAGATION
Mostly sound transmits through air but it can transmit through any elastic substance (an elastic
substance is like a spring and can transmit energy with little loss. For example, steel is elastic but lead is not.
Actually, air is a poor conductor of sound compared with solids and liquids.
If a person scratches one end of a long rail, the sound is not travelled through Air. Actually, Air is a
poor conductor of sound compared the sound produced would almost instantaneously be heard by another
person holding his ear to the rail at the other end. The same sound travelling through air would take longer
(nearly 14 times more time!) to be heard over the same distance.
When swimming, have a friend at a distance, click two rocks together beneath the surface of water
while you are submerged. Observe how well water conducts the sound. If the two divers under water are
stationed at two ends of a sufficiently long metal rod, and one of them taps the rod at his end, the other diver
would find that he is able to hear the sound earlier if he holds his ear to the rod. This shows that sound travels
faster in solids than in liquids.
Consider two divers under water, separated by a considerable distance. If one of them produces a
sound, the other can hear it after a certain time Separated by the same distance, if these two persons are
above water, and if one produces a sound, the other would take a little more time to hear it than the time
taken under water. This indicates that sound travels faster in liquids than in gases or air. Thus sound travels
fastest in solids, less in liquids and the least in air or gases i.e., Vsolid> Vliquid> Vgas.
The velocity of sound is about 5100 m/s in iron, about 1500 m/s in water and about 330 m/s in air.

Did You Know?

Sound waves do not travel in saw dust as it is not a continuous medium.

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Time to Check Your Knowledge

What is the approximate distance of a thunderstorm, when you note a 3-s delay between the flash of
lightning and the sound of thunder?
SOLUTION:
Assuming the speed of sound in air is about 340 m/s, in 3 s it will travel 340 m/s x 3s = 1020 m. There is
no appreciable time delay for the flash of light, so the storm is slightly more than 1 km away.
SPEED OF LONGITUDINAL (SOUND) WAVES
According to Newton's formula,
𝐸
Velocity of longitudinal wave in medium , Vmedium = 𝜌

where, E = elastic coefficient of density of medium and 𝜌 = density of medium

𝑌
(a)For solid medium: vsolid = (E = Y = Young's modulus)
𝜌

Velocity of sound in iron is 5150 ms-1 (approx)

𝐵
(b)For liquid medium : vliquid =
𝜌

here E = B, (Bulk modulus)

For water vwater = 1450 m/s
(c) For gas medium: The formula for velocity of sound in air was first obtained by Newton. He assumed that
sound propagates through air, temperature remains constant. (i.e. the process is isothermal)

So, isothermal elasticity = P ∴vair = (𝑃/𝜌)

At NTP for air, P = 1.01 x 105 N/m² and 𝜌 = 1.3kg /m3

1.01×10 5
So, vair = = 279 m/s
1.3

However, the experimental value of sound in air is 332 m/s which is much higher than given by
Newton's formula.

INFRASONIC, AUDIBLE AND ULTRASONIC SOUND

Sounds can be classified in three groups according to their range of frequencies.
Infrasonic sound: Longitudinal waves having frequencies below 20 Hz are called infrasonic sound. They cannot
be heard by human beings. They are produced during earthquakes, Infrasonic sound can be heard by snakes.
Audible sound: Longitudinal waves having frequencies lying between 20-20,000 Hz are called audible sound.
Human ears at detect only this range of frequencies.

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Ultrasonic sound: Longitudinal waves having frequencies above 20,000 Hz are called ultrasonic sound. They
are produced and heard by bats. Dog can hear ultrasonics.

Did You Know?

Elephants use infrasonic sound waves in communicate even when they are separated by many kilometers.

Applications of Ultrasonic Sound

Ultrasonic sound have a large range of application. Some of them are:
(i) to detect fine internal cracks in metal.
(ii) for determining the depth of the sea, lakes etc.
(ii) to clean clothes, fine machinery parts etc.
(iv) Ultrasonic waves can be used to kill smaller animals like rats, fish, frogs etc.
If the speed of the body in air is greater than the speed of the sound, then it is called supersonic speed. Such a
body with supersonic speed leaves behind a conical region of disturbance which spreads continuously, such a
disturbance is called a shock waves. This wave carries huge energy. If it strikes a building, then the building
may be damage.

Did You Know?

The ultrasound equipment familiar to us for investigating and tracking many medical problems works at
frequencies greater than 20,000Hz i.e., ultrasonics.
Time to Check Your Knowledge
Why ultrasound and not other sound such as audible and infrared are used to detect defects in
metals?
SOLUTION:
Ultrasound have very high frequency (> 20 k Hz). When it enters a metallic block, the loss of energy is
very less, so ultrasounds are used to detect defects in metals.

THE HUMAN EAR

It is a highly sensitive part of the human body which enables us to hear a sound. It converts the
pressure variations in air with audible frequencies into electric signals which travel to the brain via the
auditory nerve. The human ear has three main parts. Their auditory functions are as follows:

Outer Ear
The outer ear is called 'pinna' .It collects the sound from the surrounding. The collected sound passes
through the auditory canal. At the end of the auditory canal there is a thin membrane called the ear drum or
tympanic membrane. When compression of the medium produced due to vibration of the object reaches the

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ear drum, the pressure on the outside of the membrane increases and forces the eardrum inward .Similarly,
the eardrum moves outward when a rarefaction reaches. In this way the ear drum vibrates.

Middle Ear
The vibrations are amplified several times by three bones (the hammer, anvil and stirrup) in the middle
ear which act as levers. The middle ear transmits the amplified pressure variations received from the sound
wave to the inner ear.

Inner Ear
In the inner ear, the pressure variations are turned into electrical signals by the cochlea. These
electrical signals are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve, and the brain interprets them as sound.
REFLECTION OF SOUND - ECHO AND REVERBERATIONS
Sound reflects from a smooth surface in the same way that light does – the angle of incidence is equal
to the angle of reflection. We call the reflection of sound as echo. The fraction of sound energy reflected from
a surface is large if the surface is rigid and smooth, but it is less if the surface is soft and irregular. The sound
energy that is not reflected is transmitted or absorbed. Sometimes, when sound reflects from the walls,
ceiling, and floor of a room, the surfaces are too reflective and the sound becomes unclear. This is due to
multiple reflections called reverberations. On the other hand, if the reflective surfaces are too absorbent, the
sound level is low and the room may sound dull and lifeless. Reflected sound in a room makes it sound lively
and full, as you have probably experienced while singing in the shower. In the design of an auditorium or
concert hall, a balance must be found between reverberation and absorption.
Conditions for the Formation of Echoes
(i) The minimum distance between the source of sound and the reflecting body should be 17 m.
(ii) The wavelength of sound should be less than the height of the reflecting body.
(iii) The intensity of sound should be sufficient so that it can be heard after reflection.
(iv) Extended surfaces or obstacle of large size reflect sound waves. These surfaces need not be
smooth or polished.

Learn more
Sound waves get reflected and refracted just like light. The most example of reflection of sound is
echos. But what happens, when before a reflected wave reaches the observer , it meets another wave? What
happens to amplitude, frequency and wavelength when two waves meet? To determine this , physics has
given us a beautiful and simple method to use.

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SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE
The principle of superposition of waves states that when two or more wave meet at a point the net
displacement at a given time is the algebraic sum of displacements due to each wave at that time. When two
waves of same amplitude and on same side of mean position overlaps, the net amplitude is double the
amplitude of each wave. This condition is called constructive interference.
When two waves of same amplitude but on opposite side of mean position overlaps, the net
amplitude is zero. This condition is called destructive interference.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
The three characteristics of sounds are
(i) Loudness: It is the characteristic of a sound which distinguishes a feeble sound from a loud sound of the
same frequency.
Factors affecting the loudness of sound
1. Loudness increases with the amplitude of vibrating body.
2. Loudness increases with the increase in surface area of vibrating bodies
3. Loudness decreases with the increase in distance from the source of sound.
(ii) Pitch: It is the effect produced in the ear due to the sound of some particular frequency. Pitch depends
upon the frequency of a vibrating body i.e., the higher the pitch, the more is the frequency and the lower the
pitch, the less is the frequency .The voice of woman is more shrill than the voice of a man. The shrill sound is
called high pitch sound, whereas soft or less shrill sound is called low pitch sound.
Factors affecting the pitch of sound
1. It depends upon the frequency of a vibrating body. Higher frequency produces shrill sound and lower
frequency produces bass or flat sound.
2. Small lengths of vibrating air columns produce high pitched sound and vice versa.
3. Pitch of sound increases with the decrease in thickness or the length of vibrating wires.
(iii) Quality: The property due to which two notes of same pitch and loudness produced by two different
vibrating bodies can be distinguished, is called quality or timbre of sound.

Did You Know?

 The loudness that we sense is related to the intensity of sound. Our perception of loudness is better
co-related with the sound level measured in decibel (dB). When the intensity increases 10 times the level
increases by 10 dB.

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MUSICAL SOUND AND NOISE

The sound that produces a pleasing effect on our ears ic called music or musical sound ; whereas
sound that produces an unpleasant or irritating effect on our ears is called noise
Difference between musical sound and noise
Musical sound Noise
[Link] has a pleasant effect on the ears 1. It has unpleasant effect to the ears
2. Made by regular and periodic vibrations 2. Made by irregular and non-periodic
vibrations
3. Has a definite frequency 3. Does not have a definite frequency
[Link] is produced by musical instruments like 4. It is produced by machines in a factory,
sitar, violin, ektara etc. moving buses, cars and trains, etc.
5. Has regular wave form 5. Has an irregular wave form

NOISE POLLUTION
Noise tends to disrupt the natural flow of life and is also a solid pollutant that not many people
acknowledge. Any sound of 140 decibels and above can cause noise pollution. It is defined as an excessive
amount of noise or an unpleasant sound that causes a temporary disruption in natural balance. Loud music,
the television, people talking on their phone, the traffic, pets breaking in middle of night, all are example of
noise pollution that we suffer in our daily life. Other than that, industrialization, socialevents, poor urban
planning, construction activities are also some causes of noise pollution.
Understanding noise pollution is important because it can affect our health. Some problems caused by
noise pollution are hearing problem, sleeping disorders, cardiovascular issues and trouble communicating
between people.
Did You Know?
• Permissible noise level standard at night in residential area (in India) is only 55 dB.

BEATS
When two times of slightly different frequencies are sounded together, a fluctuation in the loudness of
the combined sounds is heard, the sound is loud, then faint, then loud, then faint, and so on. This periodic
variation in the loudness of sound is called beats.
Number of beats heard per second is equal to the difference between the frequencies of the two sources.

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DOPPLER EFFECT
When a source of sound is moving towards us or away from us then we observe different pitches of
the sound produced by it. This change in the frequency (or pitch) of the sound produced by a source due to
relative motion between the source and observer is known as Doppler Effect, after the Austrian physicist and
mathematician christain Johann Doppler.
The Doppler effect is evident when you hear the changing pitch of an ambulance or fire- engine siren.
When the siren is approaching you, the crests of the sound waves encounter and your ear more frequently ,
and the pitch is higher than normal. And when the siren passes you and moves away, the crests of the waves
encounter your ear less frequently and you hear a drop in pitch.

Did You Know?

 Doppler effect is used in SONAR (Sound Navigation And Ranging) detect sub-marines under the sea
water.
 Doppler effect won't be observed, if the source of sound moves towards the observer with velocity
more than the velocity of sound.

Illustrations
1. If a water wave oscillates up and down three times each second and the distance between wave
crests is 2 m,
(a) what is its frequency? (b) what is its wavelength? (c) what is its wave speed?
A. (a) As we know, the frequency is the no. of oscillations per second. Hence n = 3 Hz;
(b) wavelength is the distance between two consecutive crests or troughs. 𝜆 = 2 m;
(c) Wave speed = frequency x wavelength = 3/s x 2m = 6 m/s.
2. If the density of oxygen is 16 times that of hydrogen, what will be the corresponding ratio of their
velocities of sound waves?
1
A. As we know, velocity of sound vmed𝛼 𝜌

𝑣𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝜌𝐻 1 1
∴ = = = 4 = 1: 4
𝑣𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝜌𝑜 16

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EXERCISES
1. Find the time period of a wave whose frequency is 400 Hz?
2. Differentiate between musical sound and noise?
3. Suppose you and your friend are on the Moon. Will you be able to hear any sound produced by your
friend?
4. The frequency of a source of sound is 200 Hz. How many times does it vibrate in a minute?
5. How is ultrasound used for cleaning?

OBJECTIVE ASSIGNMENT
BOARD LEVEL
1. The sounds whose frequency range is 20 Hz - 20 KHz is [ ]
(a) audible range (b) microwave
(c) inaudible range (d) radio wave
2. The sounds whose frequency is less than 20 Hz are called [ ]
(a) ultrasonics (b) infrasonics (c) audible range (d) supersonics
3. The sounds whose frequency is greater than 20 kHz are called [ ]
(a) ultrasonics (b) infrasonics (c) audible range (d) supersonics
4. Sound waves with frequency less than 20 Hz and more than 20,000 Hz is called [ ]
(a) infrasonic and sonic boom (b) sonic boom and supersonic
(c) supersonic and ultrasonic (d) infrasonic and ultrasonic
5. The device which can detect the infrasonic sounds is called [ ]
(a) SONAR (b) Thermometer (c) Seismometer (d) Ammeter
6. The bouncing back of sound waves into the same medium from an obstacle is called
[ ]
(a) reflection of sound (b) reflection of light
(c)refraction of light (d) polarisation
7. The sounds used in SONAR are [ ]
(a) supersonics (b) infrasonics (c) ultrasonics (d) audible range
8. The minimum distance to hear an echo is [ ]
(a) 165 m (b) 16.5 m (c) 34 m (d) 1 m
9. The persistence of sound in an enclosure is [ ]
(a) pitch (b) reverberation (c) loudness (d) none of these

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10. The time taken to hear an echo is [ ]

2𝑑 𝑡 𝑡 𝑑
(a) t = (b) v = 2𝑑 (c) d= 2𝑣 (d) t = 2𝑣
𝑣

11. Which of the following material absorb sound without reflection? [ ]

(a) Cork (b) Thermocol (c) Wood (d) All the three

JEE/NEET MAINS MODEL

1. The principle used in SONAR is [ ]
(a) reflection (b) absorption (c) echo (d) loudness
2. Sound and light waves both [ ]
(a) have similar wavelength (b) obey the laws of reflection
(c)travel as longitudinal waves (d) travel through vacuum
3. Naval ships called "destroyers" can detect submarines in the sea. The device used by these ships is
called [ ]
(a) ultrasonometer (b) SONAR
(c) ultrasonography (d) none of these
4. The walls of theatres are arranged with sound proof materials because they [ ]
(a) absorb the sound waves (b) reflect the sound
(c) produce echoes (d) none of these
5. Which of the following sound is unpleasant to hear? [ ]
(a) Sitar (b) Veena (c) Machines (d) Piano
6. The pitch of the sound depends on [ ]
(a) amplitude (b) wavelength (c) frequency (d) loudness
7. The property of sound that depends on amplitude of vibrating body is [ ]
(a) pitch (b) quality (c) sharpness (d) time period
8. A shrill sound has a _______ pitch and a flat sound has a _______ pitch. [ ]
(a) high, high (b) low, low (c) low, high (d) high, low
9. Regular periodic vibrations produce [ ]
(a) music (b) noise (c) both (a) & (b) (d) none of these
10. Voice of a friend is recognised by its [ ]
(a) pitch (b) quality (c) intensity (d) velocity
11. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a musical sound? [ ]
(a) Pitch (b) Wavelength (c) Quality (d) Loudness

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JEE ADVANCED MODEL

Multi correct questions

1. The sound in human is produced by [ ]
(a) heart (b) mouth (c) larynx (d) hair
2. Frequency of sound is lowest for [ ]
(a) man (b) woman (c) young boy (d) young girl
3. In which medium sound travel fastest [ ]
(a) solid (b) liquid (c) gas (d) vacuum
4. Unit of frequency is [ ]
(a) decibel (dB) (b) hertz (Hz) (c) meter (d) second
5. Inverse of frequency is called [ ]
(a) amplitude (b) frequency (c) loudness (d) time period
6. The hearing range of human ear is [ ]
(a) 20 Hz to 20, 000 Нz (b) less than 20 Hz
(c) more than 20,000 Hz (d) 20,00 Hz to 25,000 Hz
7. The length of the vocal cords is maximum for [ ]
(a) man (b) woman (c) boy (d) girl
8. Shrill sound is of [ ]
(a) higher frequency (b) lower frequency
(c) higher amplitude (d) lower amplitude
9. Frequency of sound produced by a body is 10 Hz, then range is [ ]
(a) ultrasonic (b) infrasonic (c) audible (d) none of these
10. Unit of loudness [ ]
(a) hertz (Hz) (b) meter (c) second (d) decibel (dB)
11. Which of these pictures correctly show the way sound vibrations travel? [ ]

12. The speed of sound in air is [ ]

(a) 330 km s-1 (b) 330 km h-1 (c) 330 m s-1 (d) 300 m s-1
13. Regular vibration produces [ ]
(a) noise (b) music (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these

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14. A person, pressing his ear on the railway track can hear an approaching train. This is possible
because of [ ]
(a)vibration of railway tracks (b) vibration of air
(c) speed of sound is more in solid medium (d) hearing ability of the man
15. A person can be identified by the quality of sound produced by him. The characteristic of a sound
can be determined by [ ]
(a) amplitude (b) frequency (c) loudness (d) all of these
16. The voices of men, women and children an different due to difference in length of [ ]
(a) larynx (b) lungs (c) vocal cords (d) wind pipe
17. An object moving at a speed greater than that [ ]
(a) ultrasonic speed (b) sonic speed
(c) infrasonic speed (d) supersonic speed
18. The velocity of sound in vacuum is [ ]
(a) 332 m s-1 (b) 330 m s-1 (c) 288 m s (d) 0
19. An object oscillates 50 times in one second. What should be its frequency? [ ]
(a) 0.2 Hz (b) 0.02 Hz (c) 0.002 Hz (d) 50 Hz
20. The time period of a simple pendulum is 0.2 s. What is its frequency of oscillation? [ ]
(a) 0.5 Hz (b) 5 Hz (c) 50 Hz (d) 1Hz
21. Hertz stands for [ ]
(a) second (b) second-1 (c) meter (d) meter-1

Match the following

1.
Column-I Column-II
1) Audible range p) Less than 20 Hz
2) Infrasonics q) 16.5 m
3) Ultrasonics r) 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
4) Minimum distance to get an echo s) Greater than 20 kHz

2.
Column-l Column-ll
1) Pitch of sound p) Amplitude
2) Loudness of sound q) Frequency
3) Increase in density r) Increase in speed of sound

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4) Increase in humidity s) Decrease in speed of sound

3.
Column-l Column-ll
1) High pitch p) Faint sound
2) Low pitch q) Loud sound
3) Small amplitude r) High frequency
4) Large amplitude s) Low frequency

Comprehension Type

I. Human ears can pick up sounds ranging in amplitude (loudness) from 10 dB to 180 dB. A sound is
considered to be normal if it is between 50 dB to 60 dB. Sounds above 80 dB are painful and cause
various health problems.
1. Which of the following sounds human can hear, comfortably?
(a) 95 dB (b) 60 dB (c) 100 dB (d) 180 dB
2. The range of the normal sound is
(a) 0-10 dB (b) 40-50 dB (c) 50-60 dB (d) 80-90 dB
3. The sound becomes painful, if loudness is
(a) above 50 dB (b) below 50 dB (c) above 80 dB (d) below 50 dB
II. The number of oscillations or vibrations made by a vibrating body in one second is known as the
frequency of the wave. The S.I. unit of frequency is hertz (Hz) which is named after the name of
scientist Heinrich Hertz.
Time taken to complete one vibration by the vibrating body is known as time period. Time period and
1
frequency are related as Time period = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

1. The frequency of a source of sound is 20 Hz find its time period.

(a) 0.05 (b) 0.5s (c) 0.2s (d) 0.02s
2. A vibrating body vibrates 200 times in 5 second calculate its frequency?
(a) 30 Hz (b) 40 Hz (c) 500 Hz (d) 1000 Hz
3. A boy heard a sound of frequency 100 Hz at a distance of 500m from the source of sound. What is
the time period of oscillating particles of the medium?
(a) 0.1 s (b) 0.01 s (c) 0.2 s (d) 0.02 s
III. The human voice can produce sounds with a frequency between 60 Hz and 1300 Hz. It is interesting to
note that a normal human ear can hear sound of frequency between 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. The sound of

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frequency greater than 20000 Hz is called ultrasonic and the sound of frequency below 20 Hz is known
as infrasonic.
1. A human can produce sound of frequency
(a) 20 Hz (b) 200 Hz (c) 15 kHz (d) 20 kHz
2. Frequency of ultrasonic sound is
(a) below 20 Hz (b) above 20 Hz (c) below 20000 Hz (d) above 20000 Hz
3. Frequency of infrasonic sound is
(a) below 20 Hz (b) above 20 Hz (c) below 20000 Hz (d) above 2000 Hz
Integer / Numerical type Questions
1. A person lives at a distance of 1.32 km from a factory. If the speed of sound in air be 330 m s -1 , how
much time will the sound of factory siren takes to reach the worker?
2. A boy stands 165 m in front of a high wall and then blows a whistle. Calculate the time interval when
he hears an echo. (Speed of sound = 330 m s-1)
3. The distance of a reflecting surface from a source is 513 m, and speed of sound is 342 ms-1. Find the
time in which the echo return.
4. A sound wave has a frequency 1000 Hz and speed 330 m s-1. How long will it take to move through 1
km?

NATIONAL SCIENCE OLYMPIAD QUESTIONS

1. Voice of which of the following creatures in likely to have maximum frequency?
(a) Man (b) Cow (c) Bird (d) Dog
2. The thunder of a lightening in the sky is heard 10 seconds after the flash of light. If the speed of
sound is 330 m/s, the distance of lightening is
(a) 3.3 m (b) 33 m (c) 330m (d) 3000 m
3. If one puts ones ears to the steel rail, the sound of a coming train can be heard even when the train
cannot be seen. One can conclude from this observation that
(1) sound travels faster in steel than in air.
(2) amplitude of sound in the rail is much larger than in air.
(3) sound can travel faster in solids than in air.
(4) quality of sound in rail is better than in air.
The reasonable conclusions are
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 2 and 4

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4. While travelling from air to water path of a sound beam is likely to be (see figure below):

5. Loudness of sound is directly proportional to the ______ of the amplitude of vibration producing the
sound.
(a) square (b) cube (c) inverse square (d) inverse cube
6. When we tighten the string on a guitar, its pitch
(a) Increases (b) Decreases (c) Remains same (d) May increase or decrease
7. In regular vibrations
(a) Time period is always regular and constant (b) Frequencies of the vibrations are always
(c) Frequencies of sounds bear a definite relation with each other
(d) Wavelength of sound does not change even when the loudness is increased
8. Match the following and select the correct answer from the codes given below.
(i) Pitch (p) Wave form
(ii) Quality (q) Frequency
(iii) Loudness (r) Intensity
(a) (i) - (q),(ii)-(p),(iii)-(r) (b) (i)-(p),(ii) - (r),(iii) – (q)
(c) (i) - (r),(ii) - (p),(iii)-(q) (d) (i) -(q) ,(ii) - (r), (iii) - (p)
9. The ultrasonic waves take 4 seconds to travel from the ship to the bottom of the sea and hack to the
ship (in the form of an echo). What is the depth of the sea? (Speed of sound in water = 1500 m/s.)
(a) 3000 m (b) 2000 m (c) 1000m (d) 500m
10. The oscilloscope traces for sound waves with different frequencies are shown here. The noises
shown in the diagram in the increasing order of frequency are a

(a) Car engine, Scream, Dentist's drill, Road drill (b) Road drill, Car engine, Dentist's drill, Scream
(c) Scream, Car engine. Dentist's drill Road drill (d) Dentist's drill, Road drill, Scream, Car engine

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Subjective Assignment

Level – 1
1. What is sound?
2. What is vibration?
3. Name the sound producing organ in humans
4. Do the frequency of sound produced by men and women are same?
5. What types of medium is required for sound to travel?
6. Write the name of the organ through which human receives the sound.
7. What is the unit of frequency?
8. What is the name of the sound produced by irregular vibrations?
9. On which factor pitch of the sound depends?
10. What is the range of frequency that a human can hear?
11. What is the ultrasonic sound?
12. What is the unit of loudness?
13. What are sounds of frequencies below 20 Hz called?
14. In which medium the speed of the sound is maximum?
15. Can sound travel through vacuum?

Level - 2
1. What do you understand by "audible" and "inaudible" range of sound?
2. Why do women have shriller voice than men?
3. How is sound produced?
4. Explain the importance of sound in our daily life.
5. Explain with the help of an activity that vibrating bodies produce sound.
6. Name the organ in human that produces sound, How does it work?
7. A pendulum oscillates with the frequency of 50 Ha. Find its time period?
8. How does loudness of the sound depends upon amplitude?
9. What do you understand by shriller sound?
10. How is sound produced and how is it transmitted and heard by us?
11. With the help of an activity show that sound
(i) can travel through solids
(ii) cannot travel through vacuum.
12. What are the major sources of noise pollution? What are the harmful effect of noise pollution?

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13. Write the methods to control noise pollution.

14. Write the applications of the ultrasound.
15. How does loudness of sound is affected by amplitude?

Solutions for Exercises

CONCEPT – 1
1. Number of oscillations = 40
Time taken to complete 40 oscillations = 4s
4
Time taken to complete one oscillation = = 0.1s
40

So time period = 0.1 s

1 1
Frequency = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 0.1 = 10 Hz
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑

2. Total vibrations = 500

Time taken to complete 500 vibrations = 1 s
1
Time taken to complete 1 vibration = 500 = 0.002s

Time period of vibration = 0.002s

So time period = 0.002 s
3. Here, T = 0.00005 s,
1 1
𝑓 = 𝑇 = 0.00005 = 20000 Hz

4. The speed of sound depend upon the properties like elasticity and density of medium through which it
propagates and the temperature of the medium.
5. Some methods of controlling noise pollution are as follows:
(i) Reducing noise emission by developing low- noise products, for example, better silencers for the
automobiles.
(ii) Control over recreational noise, such as use of loudspeakers.
(iii) Measures at home such as double glazed glass in windows to keep out noise.
CONCEPT – 2
1. Here, frequency of the wave, f = 400 Hz
1 1
Time period of the wave, 𝑇 = 𝑓 = 400 = 0.0025 s

2.
Musical Sound Noise
(i) It has a pleasant effect on the ear. (i) It has an unpleasant effect on the ear.
(ii) It consists of a series of sound impulses (ii) The sound impulses do not follow one

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which follow one another regularly. another regularly.

(iii) The frequency of musical sound is high. (iii) The frequency of noise is low.
3. Sound waves need a material medium for their propagation. Since there is no atmosphere on the
Moon, one person cannot hear the sound produced by another person.
4. Since the frequency of the source of sound is 200 Hz,
Number of vibrations of the source in 1 second = 200
Number of vibrations of the source in 1 minute its (i.e., 60 second) = 200 × 60 = 12000 Hz
5. The object to be cleaned is placed in a cleaning solution. When ultrasonic waves are passed through on
the solution, due to their high frequency, particles of dust, dirt and grease get detached even from the
unreachable portion of the object and drop out in the solution.
Solutions for Objective Assignment
CONCEPT – 1
BOARD LEVEL
1.b 2.a 3.a 4.a 5.c 6.a
7.a 8.b 9.d
JEE/NEET MAINS MODEL
1.c 2.c 3.a 4.b 5.b 6.d
7.d 8.b 9.a 10.d
CONCEPT – 2
BOARD LEVEL
1.a 2.b 3.a 4.d 5.c 6.a
7.c 8.b 9.b 10.a 11.d
JEE/NEET MAINS MODEL
1.c 2.b 3.b 4.a 5.c 6.c
7.b 8.d 9.a 10.b 11.b

JEE/NEET Advanced Model Assignment Answer Key

MULTI CORRECT QUESTIONS
1.c 2.a 3.a 4.b 5.d 6.a
7.a 8.a,c 9.b 10.d 11.c 12.c
13.b 14.c 15.d 16.a 17.d 18.d
19.b 20.b 21.b
MATCH THE FOLLOWING
1.1-r, 2-p, 3-s, 4-q 2.1-q, 2-p, 3-s, 4-r 3.1-r, 2-s, 3-p, 4-q

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COMPREHENSION TYPE
1. (i) b (ii) c (iii) c
2. (i) a (ii) b (iii) b
3. (i) b (ii) d (iii) a
INTEGER/ NUMERICAL TYPE
1.4 sec 2.1 second 4.3sec 5.3sec
NATIONAL SCIENCE OLYMPAID ANSWERS
1.c 2.d 3.a 4.b 5.a 6.a
7.a 8.a 9.a 10.b

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LIGHT
CONCEPT – 1
When a beam of light falls on any surface, a part of it is sent back into the same medium from which it
is coming. This phenomenon is known as the reflection of light.
The ray of light which falls on the mirror surface is called the incident ray. The angle of incidence is the
angle made by the incident ray with the normal at the point of incidence.
The ray of light which is sent back by the mirror is called the reflected ray. The angle of reflection is
the angle made by the reflected ray with the normal at the point of incidence.
The normal is a line at right angle to the mirror surface at the point of incidence

LAWS OF REFLECTION:
(i) Incident ray, normal ray and the reflected ray, all lie in the same plane.
(ii) The angle of reflection is always equal to the angle of incidence.
∠i = ∠r [∠I = angle of reflection, ∠r = angle of incidence]
Law of reflection:
θ′ = θ where θ is the angle of incidence and θ' is the reflected angle from the normal.
General definitions in light:
SOURCE
A body which emits light is called source. The source can be a point one or an extended one. A source
is of two types.
Luminous bodies:
All bodies which emit light energy by themselves are called luminous bodies.
Eg: Sun, stars, electric bulb, candle etc.
Non-luminous bodies:
The bodies which do not emit light energy on their own, but reflect the light energy falling on them and
hence become visible are called Non-luminous bodies.
Eg: Moon, table, objects around us, book etc.
Optical Medium:
Any thing (material or non-material), through which light energy can pass partially or wholly is called an
optical medium

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Transparent medium:
A medium which allows most of the light energy to pass through it, is called transparent medium.
Eg:
Glass, diamond, thin layer of water, air, vacuum, etc
Translucent medium:
A medium which partially allows the light energy to pass through it, is called translucent medium
Eg:
Muddy water, smoke, fog, mist, oiled paper etc.
Opaque medium:
A medium which do not allow the light energy to pass through it, is called Opaque medium.
Eg:
Bricks, stones, wood and articles made from it, wool, cotton etc.
Point source of light:
Any source of light which has no dimensions is known as point source of light
Extended source of light:
Any source of light which has dimensions is known as extended source of light
Ray of light:
The path along which the light energy travels in a given direction is called ray of light

Figure shows a ray of light. It is represented by a Straight line. The arrow head shows the direction in which
light energy travels.
Beam of light:
A bundle of light rays is called beam of light.
Parallel Beam of Light.
When a large number of rays travel parallel to each other, then
collection of rays is called Parallel Beam of light. The diameter of
beam remains same. A very narrow beam is called a Pencil of Light
Divergent beam of light.
When the rays of light starting from a point travel in various
directions, then the collection of such rays is called divergent
beam of light. And the diameter of beam goes on increasing as the
rays proceed forward

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Convergent Beam of light.

When the rays of light coming from different directions meet at a
point, then such a collection of rays is called a convergent beam of
light. In this case diameter of beam decreases in the direction of
ray.
The rectilinear propagation of light, in spite of its wave-nature, is
attributed to its small wavelength, i.e., due to its very small
wavelength it appears to travel in a straight line.

Types of Reflection:
The phenomenon, by virtue of which incident light energy is sent back into the same medium from which it is
coming, after being obstructed by a surface, is called reflection of light.
Regular reflection:
The phenomenon due to which a parallel beam of light travelling through a
certain medium, on striking some smooth polished surface, bounces off from
it, as parallel beam, in some other direction is called regular reflection.
Irregular reflection or diffused reflection:
The phenomenon due to which a parallel beam of light, travelling through
some medium, gets reflected in various possible directions, on striking some
rough surface is called Irregular Reflection or Diffused Reflection.

Mirrors:
Any smooth highly polished surface acts as a mirror. A mirror may be plane or curved. Mirrors were usually
made by coating glass with silver or made by depositing a thin film of aluminum on a polished surface in
vacuum. Mirrors redirect light rays, thereby forming an image of some object.
Plane mirror is formed by polishing one surface of a plane thin glass plate It is also said to be silvered on one
side.
A beam of parallel rays of light, incident on a plane mirror will get reflected as a beam of parallel reflected
rays.

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Angle of deviation (δ)

Deviation (δ) is defined as the angle between the initial direction of the
incident ray and the final direction of the reflected ray or the emergent
ray.
Deviation produced in Reflection is δ = 180° - (i + r)
Since r = i
⇒ δ = 180° - 2i = 2×(90 - i) = 2 × Glance Angle of Incidence
The variation of deviation (δ) with the angle of incidence (i) is shown in
figure.
Special Cases:
Normal Incidence: In case light is incident normally,
i=r=0
δ = 180°
Grazing Incidence:
In case light strikes the reflecting surface tangentially,
i = r = 90
δ = 0° or 360°
Object:
An object is anything from which light rays emerge or scattered. These are two types.
i) Point object: Which has no dimensions
ii) Extended object: Which has dimensions
The object for a mirror can be real or virtual
A. REAL OBJECTS.
If the rays from a point on an object actually diverge from it and
fall on the mirror, the object is said to be real. In simple
language the incident rays are diverging and the point of

diverging is the position of the real object. The following diagrams support the arguments given.
B. VIRTUAL OBJECTS
If the rays incident on the mirror appear to converge to a point,
then this point is said to be virtual point object for the mirror. In
simple language the incident rays are converging and the point of
convergence is the position of the virtual object. The following

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diagrams support the arguments given.

Note: Virtual object cannot be seen by human eye, because for an object or an image to be seen by the eyes,
the rays received the eyes must be diverging.
Images:
When the rays of light diverging from a point, after reflection or refraction, either actually meet at some other
point, or appear to meet at some other point, then that point is called image of the object. (An optical image I
image is a point where reflected or refracted rays of light either intersect or appear to intersect). Thus, the
image of an infinite object is actually an assembly of the image points corresponding to various parts or the
points of the object. The image formed by an optical component may be real or virtual.
A. REAL IMAGES
If the rays after reflection or refraction
actually converge (or meet) at a point then
the image is said to be real and it can be
obtained on a screen
B. VIRTUAL IMAGE
However, if the rays do not actually converge
but appear to diverge from a point (or appear
to meet at a point), then the image so formed
is said to be virtual image. A virtual image
cannot be obtained on a screen
Note:
(a) The real images can be obtained on a suitably placed screen, but virtual images. cannot be obtained on a
screen
(b) Human eye cannot distinguish between the real image and the virtual image because in both the cases the
rays are diverging.
(c)Both real and virtual images can be photographed.
IMAGE FORMED BY A PLANE MIRROR:
A) Point object:
For construction of image of a point object, it is sufficient to consider any two rays falling on mirror. The point
of intersection of corresponding reflected rays give the position of image as shown

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B) Extended object:
An extended object can be considered as a collection of point object and same construction holds point by
point. Thus, a large number of point images are obtained which together constitute the image of the entire
object as shown

Properties of images:
i) Image formed by a plane mirror for a real object is always virtual and erect (up right).
ii) For a virtual object, image formed by a plane mirror is real
iii) The perpendicular distance of image from a plane mirror is always equal to perpendicular distance of
object from the mirror.
From the diagram ∠EDG = ∠DIO, ∠EDG = ∠GDO and ∠GDO = ∠DOI
Hence ∠DIO = ∠DOI.
∴ OD = DI
Now OP2 = OD2 - DP2 and Pl2 = Dl2 - DP2
∴ OP2 = PI2 or OP = PI (since OD = DI)
A plane mirror always forms virtual image to object and
vice versa and the line joining object and image is
perpendicular to plane mirror as shown in figure (a).
The graph between image distance (v) and object
distance (u) for a plane mirror is a straight line as shown
in figure(b).
iv) The size of the image is always equal to size of the object.
𝐴′𝐵′ 𝐴𝐵
From the diagram tan r = and tan i = 𝐶𝐴
𝐶𝐴′

We know that ∠ i = ∠rand CA’ = CA ∴ A’ B' = AB

The ratio of image height to the object height is called lateral magnification (m).

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Thus in case of plane mirror 'm' is equal to one.

NOTE:
A mirror whatever may be the size, it forms the complete image of the object lying in front of it. Large mirror
gives brighter image than a small one. This turn also implies that if a portion of a mirror is obstructed,
complete image will be formed but of reduced brightness.
v) LATERAL INVERSION:
The image formed by a plane mirror suffers lateral inversion. That is, in the image the left is turned to the
right and vice-versa with respect to object. However, the plane mirror does not turn up and down, as shown
in figure.

Object image Object image

Number of images formed by two inclined plane mirror

If two plane mirrors are kept inclined to each other at an angle θ with their reflecting surfaces facing each
other, multiple reflections takes place and more than one image are formed.
Number of images (n) for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 180° is given by
360 360
Case:- (1) If is even, no. of images = - 1 Numerical one is subtracted because of loss of one image due
𝜃 𝜃

to overlapping images).
360 360
Case:- (2) If is odd, no, of images = - 1 when object is placed symmetrically (on the angular bisector)
𝜃 𝜃
360
between the mirrors and No. of images = if the position of the object is asymmetric(not on the angular
𝜃

bisector).
360
Case:- (3) If is fraction, no. of images nearest even integer when object is placed symmetrically (on the
𝜃

angular bisector) between the mirrors and if the position of the object is asymmetric(not on the angular
bisector) no. of images = integer part of the fraction or integer part +1, depending on the angular position of
the object with respect to the mirrors.

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Note:- (1) All the images lie on a circle whose center is the point of intersection of the two
mirrors and the radius of the circle is equal to the distance between object and the point of intersection of the
mirrors.
Note:- (2) If θ is given n is unique but if n is given θ is not unique.
Note:- (3) The number of images seen may be different from number of images formed and depends on the
position of the observer relative to object and mirror.

Illustrations
1. What is the angle of incidence when a light ray strikes a mirror perpendicularly?
(a) 0° (b) 45° (c) 90° (d) 30°
A. (a) 0°
2. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of:
(a) Refraction (b) Reflection (c) Deviation (d) Dispersion
A. (b) Reflection
3. The image formed by a plane mirror is:
(a) Real and inverted (b) Real and upright
(c) Virtual and inverted (d) Virtual and upright
A. (d) Virtual and upright
4. Which of the following is true for the image formed by a plane mirror?
(a) It is magnified (b) It is diminished
(c) It has the same size as the object (d) It is real
A. (c) It has the same size as the object
5. If a ray of light hits a mirror at an angle of 35°, what is the angle of reflection?
(a) 55° (b) 70° (c) 35° (d) 0°
A. (a) 55°

EXERCISES
1. The phenomenon of light bouncing back from a surface is called:
(a) Refraction (b) Reflection (c) Absorption (d) Dispersion
2. Which type of image cannot be projected on a screen?
(a) Real image (b) Virtual image (c) Both real and virtual images (d) None of these

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3. What is the lateral inversion property of an image formed by a plane mirror?

(a) The image is inverted top to bottom (b) The image appears flipped left to right
(c) The image is magnified (d) The image is diminished

OBJECTIVE ASSIGNMENT
BOARD LEVEL
1. A light ray is incident on a plane mirror at an angle of 30° with the mirror surface. What is the angle
of reflection with respect to the normal? [ ]
(a) 30° (b) 60° (c) 90° (d) 45°
2. Which statement is true regarding the behavior of light in a periscope? [ ]
(a) The angle of incidence is always greater than the angle of reflection.
(b) The light ray reflects twice, each time with the angle of incidence equal to the angle of reflection.
(c) The image formed is real and can be captured on a screen.
(d) The image formed by the periscope is inverted.
3. If two plane mirrors are placed at an angle of 90° to each other and a light ray strikes one of the
mirrors at 45°, at what angle does it emerge after reflecting from both mirrors? [ ]
(a) 0° with respect to the original direction (b) 45° with respect to the original direction
(c) 90° with respect to the original direction (d) 180° with respect to the original direction
4. In a kaleidoscope, multiple reflections are created using plane mirrors. If there are three mirrors
arranged in an equilateral triangle, how many images of an object can be seen if object is placed at
centroid of triangle ? [ ]
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 12
5. A ray of light incident at an angle of 60° with the mirror surface find angle of deviation.
(a) 30° (b) 60° (c) 120° (d) 90°
6. When a light ray strikes a concave mirror parallel to its principal axis, it reflects and passes through:
[ ]
(a) The center of curvature (b) The principal focus
(c) A point between the focus and the mirror (d) The vertex of the mirror
7. An object is placed 10 cm from a concave mirror with a focal length of 5 cm. The nature of the image
formed will be: [ ]
(a) Real, inverted, and smaller than the object (b) Real, inverted, and same size of the object
(c) Virtual, upright, and larger than the object (d) Virtual, upright, and smaller than the object

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8. If a plane mirror is rotated by an angle θ, by what angle does the reflected ray rotate?
[ ]
(a) θ (b) 2θ (c) θ/2 (d) 90° - θ

JEE/NEET MAINS MODEL

1. A ray of light strikes a plane mirror at an angle of 40° to the mirror's surface. If the mirror is then
rotated by 10° clockwise while keeping the incident ray fixed, what is the new angle of reflection
with respect to the normal? [ ]
(a) 30° (b) 40° (c) 50° (d) 60°
2. Two plane mirrors are placed facing each other parallel at a distance of 5 cm apart. A point light
source is placed exactly midway between them. How many images will be formed? [ ]
(a) Infinite (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 10
3. An object is placed at a distance equal to twice the focal length from a concave mirror. What will be
the position of the image formed? [ ]
(a) At infinity (b) At the focus
(c) At the center of curvature (d) Between the mirror and the focus
4. In an experiment, a light ray strikes a plane mirror at an angle of incidence of 25°. The mirror is then
tilted by 5° while keeping the incident ray unchanged. What is the new deviation of the reflected ray
from its original direction? [ ]
(a) 5° (b) 10° (c) 15° (d) 25°
5. A ray of light undergoes multiple reflections between two parallel mirrors separated by 1 meter. If
the incident ray hits one mirror at an angle of 30° to the normal, how many times will it reflect
before exiting from the setup? [ ]
(a) 10 (b) 15 (c) 20 (d) Depends on the length of the mirrors
6. A concave mirror has a focal length of 20 cm. An object is moved from infinity towards the mirror. At
what distance from the mirror will the image change from being real and inverted to virtual and
upright? [ ]
(a) Beyond the center of curvature (b) At the center of curvature
(c) At the focal point (d) Between the focal point and the mirror
7. An optical system uses two plane mirrors inclined at 60° to each other. If a ray of light strikes one
mirror at 45°, what is the total deviation of the ray after it reflects off both mirrors? [ ]
(a) 60° (b) 90° (c) 120° (d) 120°

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8. If the angle of deviation is double the angle of incidence Find angle of incidence?
(a) 60° (b) 45° (c) 30° (d) 50°

CONCEPT – 2
1. Types of Curved Mirrors
Concave Mirror (Converging Mirror): The reflective surface is on the inner side of the sphere. It can converge
light to a focal point.
Convex Mirror (Diverging Mirror): The reflective surface is on the outer side of the sphere. It diverges light,
making rays appear to spread out from a focal point behind the mirror.

2. Key Parts of Curved Mirrors

Pole (P): The center of the mirror’s surface.
Center of Curvature (C): The center of the sphere of which the mirror is a part. It lies outside the mirror for
concave mirrors and behind it for convex mirrors.
Radius of Curvature (R): The distance between the pole and the center of curvature. It is twice the focal
length (R = 2f).
Principal Axis: A straight line passing through the pole and center of curvature.
Focus (F) or Focal Point: The point on the principal axis where parallel light rays converge (concave) or appear
to diverge (convex) after reflection.
Focal Length (f): The distance between the pole and the focal point.
REFLECTION OF LIGHT BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS
Law of Reflection
(i) The laws of reflection state that the angle of reflection (angle
between reflected ray and the normal to the reflecting surface)
equals the angle of incidence (Angle between incident ray and the
normal).
(ii) The incident ray, reflected ray lie in the same plane with normal to the reflecting surface. These laws are
valid at each point on any reflecting surface whether plane or curved.

Pole and optical centre:

Geometric centre of a spherical mirror is called its pole while that of a spherical lens is called its optical centre.
The line joining the pole and centre of curvature of spherical mirror is known as principal axis.

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Sign Convention:
To derive any formulae for reflection at spherical surfaces we must first adopt a sign convention for measuring
distances. According to Cartesian sign convention all distances are measured from pole of the mirror, optical
centre of lens.

P – Pole; F – Focus; C – Centre of Curvature

PF = f = Focal length of mirror.
CP = R = Radius of curvature of mirror.
The distances measured in the same direction as the incident light are taken as positive and those measured
in the direction opposite to the direction of incident light are taken as negative. Heights measured above
principal axis are taken as positive and the heights below the principal axis are taken as negative.
Focal Length of Spherical Mirrors
As we know parallel beam of light ray is incident on a concave or convex mirror as shown in figure, the rays
will converge (appear to diverge) at a point F called principal focus.

In case of a concave mirror the reflected rays will converge at focus F whereas in case of convex mirror the
reflected rays appear to diverge from focus F.
𝑅
f=2

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The Mirror Equation

The rays emanating from a point actually meet at another point after reflection
(refraction) is called as the image. Hence, an image is a point-to-point
correspondence of object. In practice we can take any two rays emanating from a
point on an object, trace their paths and find the intersection to obtain image.
1 1 1
+ 𝑢 = 𝑓 → This is called as mirror equation.
𝑣
𝑕 𝑣
∴ m = 𝑕 1 = − 𝑢 (Lateral Magnification)
0

These relations are true for both concave mirror and convex mirror.
1 1 1
Multiplying both sides of 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑓 by u. We get
𝑢 𝑢
1+𝑣 =𝑓
𝑢 𝑢 𝑢 −𝑓
or,𝑣 = 𝑓 − 1 𝑓
−𝑣 𝑓
∴m = = 𝑓−𝑢
𝑢

Similarly, multiplying the mirror formula by v, we get

𝑓−𝑣
m= 𝑓

Note:
(1) Lateral magnification is also called transverse or linear magnification.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣2
(2) Areal magnification = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑢 2 = 𝑚2
𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

It is also called superficial magnification.

(3) Newton's formula: For spherical mirrors, let
x = distance of the object from the focus
y = distance of the image from the focus
xy = f2
Rules for Image Formation
(a) A ray passing parallel to principal axis after reflection from the mirror passes or appears to pass through
focus

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(b) A ray initially passing through or directed towards focus becomes parallel to the principal axis after
reflection from the mirror.

(c) A ray passing through the centre of curvature retraces its path after reflection.

Location size and nature of image formed by Spherical Mirrors

Ray diagrams
Position of object Figure Position of image Nature of Image
1. At infinity At the principal focus Real, inverted,
or in the focal plane extremely diminished
in size

2. Beyond the centre of Between the principal Real, inverted and

curvature focus and centre of diminished
curvature

3. At the centre of At the centre of Real, inverted and

curvature curvature equal to object

4. Between focus and Beyond centre of Real, inverted and

centre of curvature curvature bigger than object

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5. At the principal focus At infinity Extremely magnified

6. Between the pole and Behind the mirror Virtual, erect and
principal focus magnified

Convex Mirror
Position of object Figure Position of Image Nature of image
1. At infinity Appears at the Virtual, erect and
principal focus extremely diminished

2. Between infinity Appears between the Virtual, erect and

and the pole prinicipal focus and diminished
the pole

Uses of Spherical Mirrors

(a) Concave Mirrors
(i) Concave parabolold mirrors are used in search lights, motor head lights, torches etc. Spherical mirrors are
not used due to spherical aberration.
(ii) Concave parabolold mirrors are used as dish antennas.
(iii) Concave mirrors are preferred over plane mirrors for shaving and make up because concave mirrors form
highly magnified, erect and virtual image.
(iv) Concave mirrors are also used as reflectors in cinema projectors, in reflecting type telescope, by dentists
and ENT specialists, in solar cookers etc.

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(b) Convex Mirrors

(i) Convex mirrors are used as rear view mirrors because their field of view is large, they produce erect and
diminished images.
(ii) These mirrors are also used as reflectors for street light purposes.
Identification of mirrors on the basis of images:
If the image of a real object placed near the mirror is
(i) virtual, erect and of same size, the mirror is plane.
(ii) virtual, erect and magnified, the mirror is concave.
(iii) virtual, erect and diminished, the mirror is convex.
Important points
(1) In case of a mirror or a lens, for a real erect object if the image is erect then image is virtual &
magnification will be positive. If image is inverted it will be real and magnification will be negative. Opposite
will be the case for virtual erect object i.e. Real image of a virtual object is erect and hence magnification is
positive. Virtual image of a virtual object is inverted and hence magnification is negative.
(2) If an object and its image are at same side of the mirror, then either both will be real or both will be virtual.
Signs of u and v will be same.
(3) If an object and its image are at the opposite sides of the mirror, they will be of opposite nature i.e., if one
is real, the other will be virtual and vice-versa. Signs of u and v will also be opposite.
(4) The image formed by a plane mirror may be real or virtual depending on whether the object is virtual or
real.
(5) The image formed by a concave minor may be real or virtual depending on whether u ≥ f or u< f, for real
object only.
(6) The image of a virtual object formed by a concave mirror is always real whatever be the positions of the
virtual objects.
1 1 1
∴ 𝑣 = 𝑓 − 𝑢 ⇒ v will be negative, for all values of u, because fis negative and u is positive.

(7) In case of a convex mirror, f is positive and u is also positive for a virtual object, hence v will be negative
i.e., the image is real if u ≥ f and v will be positive, i.e., the image is virtual if u ≥ f. Thus we conclude that a
convex mirror forms always virtual image of a real object but it may form real or virtual image of a virtual
object depending on whether u < for u> f.
The human eye
The human eye is one of the most valuable and sensitive sense organs. It enables us to see the wonderful
world and the colours around us. On closing the eyes, we can identify objects to some extent by their smell,

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taste, sound they make or by touch. It is, however, Impossible to identify colours while closing the eyes. Thus,
of all the sense organs, the human eye is the most significant one as it enables us to see the beautiful.
colourful world around us.
The human eye is like a camera. Its lens system forms an image
on a light-sensitive screen called the retina. Light enters the eye
through a thin membrane called the cornea. It forms the
transparent bulge on the front surface of the eyeball as shown
in Fig. 10.1. The eyeball is approximately spherical in shape with
a diameter of about 2.3 cm. Most of the refraction for the light
rays entering the eye occurs at the outer surface of the cornea.
The crystalline lens merely provides the finer adjustment of focal length required to focus objects at different
distances on the retina. We find a structure called iris behind the cornea. Iris is a dark muscular diaphragm
that controls the size of the pupil. The pupil regulates and controls the amount of light entering the eye. The
eye lens forms an inverted real image of the object on the retina. The retina is a delicate membrane having
enormous number of light-sensitive cells. The light-sensitive cells get activated upon illumination and
generate electrical signals. These signals are sent to the brain via the optic nerves. The brain interprets these
signals, and finally, processes the information so that we perceive objects as they are.
DEFECTS OF VISION AND THEIR CORRECTION
There are mainly three common refractive defects of vision. These are (i) myopia or near-sightedness, (ii)
Hypermetropia or far-sightedness, and (iii) Presbyopia. These defects can be corrected by the use of suitable
spherical lenses. We discuss below these defects and their correction.
(a) Myopia
Myopia is also known as near-sightedness. A person with myopia can see nearby objects clearly but cannot
see distant objects distinctly. A person with this defect has the far point nearer than infinity. Such a person
may see clearly upto a distance of a few metres. In a myopic eye, the image of a distant object is formed in
front of the retina (Fig. 10.2 (b)) and not at the retina itself. This defect may arise dueto (i) excessive curvature
of the eye lens. or (ii) elongation of the eyeball. This defect can be corrected by using a concave lens of
suitable power. This is illustrated in Fig. 10.2
(c). A concave lens of suitable power will bring the image back on to the retina and thus the defect is
corrected.

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Figure 10.2 (a).(b) The myopic eye. and (c) correction for myopia with a concave lens
(b) Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia is also known as far-sightedness. A person with hypermetropia can see distant objects clearly
but cannot see nearby objects distinctly. The near point, for the person, is farther away from the normal near
point (25 cm). Such a person has to keep a reading material much beyond 25 cm from the eye for comfortable
reading. This is because the light rays from a close by object are focussed at a point behind the retina as
shown in Fig. 10.3 (b). This defect arises either because (1) the focal length of the eye lens is too long, or (ii)
the eyeball has become too small. This defect can be corrected by using a convex lens of appropriate power.
This is illustrated in Fig. 10.3 (c). Eye-glasses with converging lenses provide the additional focusing power
required for forming the image on the retina.

Figure 10.3 (a).(b) The hypermetropic eye, and (c) correction for hypermetropia
N = Near point of a hypermetropic eye
N’ = Near point of a normal eye

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(c) Presbyopia
The power of accommodation of the eye usually decreases with ageing. For most people, the near point
gradually recedes away. They find it difficult to see nearby objects comfortably and distinctly without
corrective eye-glasses. This defect is called Presbyopia. It arises due to the gradual weakening of the ciliary
muscles and diminishing flexibility of the eye lens. Sometimes, a person may suffer from both myopia and
hypermetropia. Such people often require bi-focal lenses. A common type of bi-focal lenses consists of both
concave and convex lenses. The upper portion consists of a concave lens. It facilitates distant vision. The lower
part is a convex lens. It facilitates near vision. These days, it is possible to correct the refractive defects with
contact lenses or through surgical interventions.

Illustrations
1. A concave mirror forms an image of a distant object at a distance of 20 cm from the mirror. What is
the focal length of the mirror?
A. 20 cm
2. An object is placed 30 cm from a concave mirror with a focal length of 15 cm. Calculate the image
distance using the mirror formula. Indicate whether the image is real or virtual.
A. 30 cm, Real
3. An object 5 cm tall is placed 25 cm in front of a convex mirror with a focal length of 20 cm.
Determine the image distance and the height of the image. Is the image magnified or diminished?
A. 11.1cm, 2.22cm, diminished
4. A dentist uses a concave mirror to examine a patient’s teeth. The focal length of the mirror is 8 cm,
and the object (tooth) is placed 6 cm from the mirror. Calculate the image distance and describe the
nature (real/virtual, magnified/diminished) of the image.
A. 24 cm, virtual, magnified
5. A concave mirror forms an inverted image that is twice the size of the object. The focal length of the
mirror is 10 cm. Find the object distance.
A. u = -5 cm

EXERCISES
1. Explain how the focal length of a concave mirror is related to its radius of curvature.
2. What is the principal axis of a curved mirror, and why is it important?
3. Why do convex mirrors always form virtual images, and what are the practical applications of this
property?

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OBJECTIVE ASSIGNMENT
BOARD LEVEL
1. What is the center of curvature of a curved mirror? [ ]
a) The point where light rays meet after reflection b) The point on the mirror's surface
c) The center of the sphere from which the mirror is a part d) The focus of the mirror
2. The focal point of a concave mirror is: [ ]
a) Behind the mirror b) In front of the mirror
c) At the center of curvature d) At the focus of a convex mirror
3. What is the principal axis of a curved mirror? [ ]
a) A line parallel to the mirror's surface
b) A line passing through the center of curvature and the mirror's surface
c) A line perpendicular to the surface of the mirror
d) A line passing through the focus of the mirror
4. Which part of the curved mirror is the point where the principal axis meets the mirror's surface?
[ ]
a) Focus b) Vertex c) Center of curvature d) Pole
5. Which of the following is true about convex mirrors? [ ]
a) They always form real and inverted images b) They always form virtual and upright images
c) They have a real focal point in front of the mirror d) The center of curvature is behind the mirror
6. In a concave mirror, the image formed by an object at the focal point will be: [ ]
a) Real and inverted b) Virtual and upright
c) Real and upright d) Virtual and inverted
7. The focal length of a concave mirror is: [ ]
a) Always positive b) Always negative
c) Zero d) Dependent on the object’s distance
8. What is the significance of the pole of a curved mirror? [ ]
a) It is the point where the light rays meet b) It is the center of curvature
c) It is the midpoint of the mirror’s surface d) It is where the focal point is located
9. The focus of a convex mirror is located: [ ]
a) In front of the mirror b) Behind the mirror
c) At the center of curvature d) At the vertex of the mirror

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10. What happens to the image when an object is placed between the focus and the mirror of a concave
mirror? [ ]
a) The image is real and smaller b) The image is virtual and larger
c) The image is real and larger d) The image is virtual and smaller

JEE/NEET MAINS MODEL

1. For a concave mirror, if an object is placed beyond the center of curvature, which of the following is
true about the image formed? [ ]
a) The image is virtual and inverted b) The image is real, diminished, and inverted
c) The image is real, magnified, and upright d) The image is real, diminished, and upright
2. What happens when an object is placed at the focus of a concave mirror? [ ]
a) The image is formed at infinity b) The image is real, inverted, and formed at the focus
c) The image is virtual, upright, and at the focus
d) The image is virtual, inverted, and at the mirror’s surface
3. Which of the following statements is true for a convex mirror? [ ]
a) The focal point is real and located in front of the mirror
b) The focal point is virtual and located behind the mirror
c) The mirror forms real images only
d) The focal length of the convex mirror is negative
4. When light rays parallel to the principal axis strike a concave mirror, where do they converge after
reflection? [ ]
a) At the focus b) At the center of curvature
c) At the mirror surface d) At the vertex
5. If the radius of curvature of a concave mirror is 30 cm, what is its focal length? [ ]
a) 30 cm b) 60 cm c) 15 cm d) 10 cm
6. Which of the following would cause the image of an object placed in front of a concave mirror to
become larger and virtual? [ ]
a) The object is placed at the focal point of the mirror
b) The object is placed beyond the center of curvature
c) The object is placed between the focus and the mirror
d) The object is at the center of curvature
7. For a concave mirror, when the object is at the focus, the image formed is: [ ]
a) Virtual and upright b) Real, at infinity

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c) Real, inverted, and at the focus d) Virtual, at the focal point

8. The principal focus of a convex mirror is: [ ]
a) In front of the mirror, real b) Behind the mirror, real
c) Behind the mirror, virtual d) In front of the mirror, virtual

JEE ADVANCED MODEL

Multi correct questions

1. The mirrors that cannot be used in search light are [ ]
(a) Convex (b) Plane (c) Concave (d) Cylindrical
2. Choose the correct options? [ ]
(a) When light passes through prism, it is dispersed because speeds are different for different colours
(b) Concave mirror is used by dental surgeon (c) Convex mirror is used by dental surgeon
(d) Convex mirror is used as a shaving mirror
3. Choose the correct options [ ]
(a) The persistence of the eye is only for 1/10th of a second.
(b) The outer layer of the eye is called sclerotic (c) The outer layer of the eye is called cornea
(d) The least distance of distinct vision for a normal human eye is infinite
4. Choose the correct options [ ]
(a) The part which protects the human eye is called cornea
(b) The 'pupil' in human eye can be dilated by iris
(c) Nocturnal animals like owl & bat have retina with large number of rods
(d) Image is formed on the pupil of the eye
Match the following
1. Match the column items correctly:
Column A (Mirror Type/Concept) Column B (Properties/Descriptions)
a) Concave mirror i) Always forms a virtual, upright, and diminished image
b) Convex mirror ii) Can form both real and virtual images
c) Focal length iii) Negative for concave mirrors, positive for convex mirrors
d) Center of curvature iv) The point at twice the focal length from the mirror
e) Real image v) Formed when light rays actually converge

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2. Match the following pairs:

Column A (Position of the Object) Column B (Image Characteristics)
a) At infinity i) Image is highly diminished, real, and inverted
b) At the center of curvature ii) Image is real, same size as the object, and inverted
c) Between the focal point and the mirror iii) Image is virtual, upright, and magnified
d) Between the center of curvature and the iv) Image is real, larger than the object, and inverted
focal point
e) At the focal point v) No image is formed or the image is formed at infinity
3.
Column A (Type of Mirror Use) Column B (Mirror Type)
a) Rear-view mirror in vehicles i) Concave mirror
b) Shaving or makeup mirror ii) Convex mirror
c) Security mirror in stores iii) Plane mirror
d) Solar cooker

Comprehension Type

I. A concave mirror is a curved mirror that curves inward, resembling the inside of a bowl. When parallel
rays of light strike the mirror, they converge at a point called the focal point. The position of the image
formed by a concave mirror depends on the distance between the object and the mirror. If the object
is beyond the focal point, a real and inverted image is formed. If the object is placed between the focal
point and the mirror, the image formed is virtual, upright, and magnified.
What happens when the object is placed between the focal point and the concave mirror?
a) A real, inverted, and diminished image is formed.
b) A virtual, upright, and magnified image is formed.
c) A real, upright, and magnified image is formed. d) No image is formed.
II. Convex mirrors are curved outward, and they cause parallel light rays to diverge. The reflected rays
appear to come from a point behind the mirror, creating a virtual image. The image formed by a
convex mirror is always smaller, upright, and virtual, regardless of the object's distance from the
mirror. Convex mirrors are often used in rear-view mirrors of vehicles because they provide a wider
field of view.
Why are convex mirrors used in rear-view mirrors?
a) Because they form larger and real images.

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b) Because they form smaller, upright, and virtual images with a wider field of view.
c) Because they form inverted images.
d) Because they magnify the image.
III. The focal length of a concave mirror is the distance between the mirror’s surface and its focal point.
For any concave mirror, the focal length is half the radius of curvature. The image formed by a concave
mirror changes as the object is moved closer or farther from the mirror. If the object is at a distance
greater than twice the focal length, the image formed is real and smaller. As the object gets closer to
the mirror, the image becomes larger and inverted. When the object is at the focal point, no image is
formed.
Which of the following statements is correct when the object is placed at a distance greater than
twice the focal length of a concave mirror?
a) The image is real and smaller. b) The image is virtual and larger.
c) No image is formed. d) The image is real and magnified.

Integer / Numerical type Questions

1. The focal length of a concave mirror is 15 cm. What is the distance between the object and the mirror
if the image formed is at a distance of 30 cm from the mirror, and the object is real?
2. A concave mirror forms an image at a distance of 12 cm from the mirror when an object is placed at a
distance of 24 cm from it. What is the focal length of the concave mirror?
3. The radius of curvature of a concave mirror is 20 cm. What is the focal length of the mirror?
4. A convex mirror has a focal length of -12 cm. If an object is placed 18 cm in front of the mirror, what is
the image distance formed?
5. In a concave mirror, if the object is placed at a distance of 60 cm and the focal length is 15 cm, at what
distance will the image be formed?
6. An object is placed 50 cm in front of a concave mirror. If the image formed is real and located at 25 cm,
what is the focal length of the mirror?
7. The focal length of a convex mirror is -10 cm. What is the image distance when an object is placed 5 cm
in front of the mirror?
8. A concave mirror has a focal length of 10 cm. If an object is placed 30 cm in front of the mirror, what is
the nature of the image formed, and at what distance from the mirror is it located?

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NATIONAL SCIENCE OLYMPAID QUESTIONS

1. What does this experiment show? [ ]

(a) White light is split into its constituent colours (violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red in
this order).
(b) Orange is on top and violet at the bottom and other colours will be arranged in different ways in
the prism with different refractive index
(c) Ultraviolet light is having wavelength longer than violet (d) None of these
2. In the given figure P, Q and R respectively are [ ]
(a) Pupil, Lens, Iris (b) Lens, Pupil, Iris
(c) Iris, Lens, Pupil (d) Pupil, Iris, Lens

3. In the given figure, if P is a point of the source of light, R is retina, L is the lens of the eye and R I is
the image formed. The person having such condition of his eye is suffering from [ ]
(a) Hypermetropia (b) Myopia
(c) Cataract (d) Night blindness

4. When the distance between the object and the plane mirror increases [ ]
(a) The image remains at the same position
(b) The size of the image becomes less than the size of the object
(c) The distance between the image and the plane mirror increases
(d) The distance between the image and the plane mirror decreases
5. Image formed by a plane mirror is [ ]
(a) Virtual, behind the mirror and enlarged.
(b) Virtual, behind the mirror and of the same size as the object.
(c) Real, at the surface of the mirror and enlarged.
(d) Real, at the surface of the mirror and of the same size as the object

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6. The figure shows what happens to a ray of light as it strikes a plane mirror. Which statement is not
true about this figure? [ ]
(a) ∠AON = ∠BON
(b) AO is the incident ray.
(c) O is the only point from where the light ray can be reflected.
(d) If BO is the incident ray, then OA will be the reflected ray.

Subjective Assignment

Level – 1
1. Why fingers appear blurred when we move our hand very fast in front of our eyes?
2. What makes things visible?
3. Which element is used at the back of plane mirror?
4. The distance between the object and its image formed by a plane mirror appears to be 18 cm. What is
the distance between mirror and the object?
5. How is hypermetropia corrected?
6. How is myopia corrected?
7. A ray of light is incident on a mirror at an angle of 40°. What is the angle of reflect! u?
8. Name a device which works on the principle of multiple reflection.
9. Can we see an object in the dark?
10. What is the nature of the image formed by the plane mirror?
11. Where is the image formed in a plane mirror?
12. The angle between the incident ray and reflected ray is 100°. What is the value of angle of incidence?

Level - 2

1. What is yellow spot?

2. Give an example of night bird.
3. What do we call the image that cannot be obtained on a screen?
4. Show mathematically, the first law of reflection.
5. Name the phenomenon shown in the figure.
6. Express the mathematical formula to calculate the number of images formed when two mirrors are
inclined at angle.
7. How many colours are there in a spectrum of white light?

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8. Name the scientist who studied that if a white light is passed through a prism, it splits into different
colours.
9. Name the spot inside the human eye where the image is not visible.
10. Name the liquid found between the cornea and lens.
11. Name the liquid found between the lens and the retina.
12. Define the incident ray.
13. Define angle of reflection.
Solutions for Exercises
CONCEPT – 1
1. (b) Reflection
2. (b) Virtual image
3. (b) The image appears flipped left to right
CONCEPT – 2
1. The focal length of a concave mirror is half of its radius of curvature.
2. The principal axis of a curved mirror is a straight line that passes through the focus of the mirror, the
pole, and the center of curvature.
3. Convex mirrors always produce virtual images because they diverge light rays, making them appear to
come from a region behind the mirror.

Solutions for Objective Assignment

CONCEPT – 1
BOARD LEVEL
1.b 2.b 3.d 4.d 5.c 6.b
7.b 8.b
JEE/NEET MAINS MODEL
1.d 2.a 3.c 4.b 5.d 6.d
7.d 8.b
CONCEPT – 2
BOARD LEVEL
1.c 2.b 3.b 4.c 5.b 6.a
7.b 8.c 9.b 10.b
JEE/NEET MAINS MODEL
1.b 2.a 3.b 4.a 5.c 6.c
7.b 8.c

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JEE/NEET Advanced Model Assignment Answer Key

MULTI CORRECT QUESTIONS
1.a,b,d 2.a,b 3.b,c 4.a,b,c
MATCH THE FOLLOWING
1.a-ii, b-i, c-iii, d-iv, e-v 2.a-i,b-ii,c-iii, d-iv, e-v 3. a-ii,b-i,c-ii,d-i
COMPREHENSION TYPE
1.b 2.b 3.a
INTEGER/ NUMERICAL TYPE
1.-30cm 2.-8cm 3.10cm 4.7.2cm 5.-20cm 6.-16.67cm
7.3.33cm 8.-15cm
NATIONAL SCIENCE OLYMPAID ANSWERS
1.a 2.b 3.a 4.c 5.b 6.c

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