Index

1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................4

1.1. Objectives..............................................................5

1.1.1. Objective general

1.1.2. Objective specific

2. Methodology........................................................................................................................6

3. System Windows Operating System...............................................................................................7

3.1. Definition

4. History do Sistema Operativo Windows............................................................................8

4.1. Evolution of the Windows Operating System......................................................................9

4.1.1. Windows 95.................................................................................................................9

4.1.2. Windows 98...............................................................................................................10

4.1.3. Windows XP..............................................................................................................11

4.1.4. Windows View...........................................................................................................11

4.1.5. Windows 7.................................................................................................................12

4.1.6. Windows 8.................................................................................................................13

4.1.7. Windows 10...............................................................................................................14

4.1.8. Windows 11...............................................................................................................14

5. Resources of the Windows Operating System........................................................................15

5.1. Lines of interruption requests (IRQ).................................................................16

5.2. Channels direct memory access (DMA)..................................................................16

5.3. Addresses from input/output (I/O) entrance/exit................................................................16

5.4. Stripes of memory addresses...................................................................................16

Editions do Sistema Operativo Windows..........................................................................17

7. Conclusion

8. Bibliography.......................................................................................................................24
 4

1. Introduction

Microsoft Windows (or simply Windows) is a family of operating systems

operational solutions developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It is made up of
several families of operating systems, each serving a specific sector of
computer industry, with the system generally being associated with IBM architecture
Compatible PC. The active families of Windows include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and
Windows Phone; these may encompass subfamilies, such as Windows CE or Windows Server.

Among the extinct Windows families are Windows 9x; Windows 10 Mobile is one.
active product, not related to the defunct Windows Mobile family. Microsoft introduced a
operational environment called Windows on November 20, 1985, as a shell for
MS-DOS, in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).

Microsoft Windows has come to dominate the personal computer (PC) market.
world, with over 90% market share, surpassing Mac OS, which had been
introduced in 1984. Apple came to see Windows as an unfair invasion into its
innovation in the development of GUI products, such as the Lisa and the Macintosh (eventually
resolved in court in favor of Microsoft in 1993). On PCs, Windows is still the system
most popular operational.

No entanto, em 2014, a Microsoft admitiu a perda da maioria do mercado global de

operating systems of the mobile operating system Android, due to the huge growth
in smartphone sales. In 2014, the number of Windows devices sold was
less than 25% of Android devices sold.

These comparisons, however, may not be fully relevant, since the two
operating systems target traditionally different platforms. In September 2016,
the latest version of Windows for PCs, tablets, smartphones, and embedded devices
It was Windows 10. The latest versions for servers were Windows Server 2016.
A specialized version of Windows runs on the Xbox One game console.

Microsoft began developing Microsoft Windows in September 1981. The

earlier Windows, such as 1.0, 2.0, are compatible only with partitions formatted in
FAT file system, or as it is called, FAT16. The 3.x could be installed on FAT.
 5

32, however it needs to have MS-DOS 7.10 installed, which was included on the floppy disks of

Initialization of Windows 95 OSR2 and Windows 98, requiring modification of some files.
to allow its operation.

When changing from 3.1 to 95B (Windows 95 OSR 2/OSR 2.1), the HDs could be
formatted in FAT32. Initially released with Windows NT, Microsoft started to
develop Microsoft Windows in September 1981.

The first Windows, such as 1.0, 2.0, are compatible only with partitions
formatted in FAT file system, or as it is called, FAT16. The 3.x could be
installed in FAT32, but it requires MS-DOS 7.10 to be installed, which was included in the
Windows 95 OSR2 and Windows 98 boot disks, requiring modification.
some files to allow its operation.

When changing from 3.1 to 95B (Windows 95 OSR 2/OSR 2.1), the HDs could be
formatted in FAT32. Initially launched with Windows NT, the NTFS technology is now
the de facto standard for this class. With the convergence of both systems, Windows XP
also came to prefer this format. The NTFS technology is now the de facto standard for this
class. With the convergence of both systems, Windows XP also began to prefer this
format.

1.1. Objectives

In light of this research question, the objectives presented were developed.

sequence.

1.1.1. General objective

The general objective of this research is to develop knowledge about the System.
Windows Operating System

1.1.2. Specific objective

Define the Operating System;

Address the History and evolution of the Windows Operating System;
Talk about the resources and their editions.
 6

2. Methodology

In order for the work objectives to yield satisfactory results, the study was
based, fundamentally, on bibliographic and documentary research. Were used
books, articles, newspapers, magazines, internet, in addition to other means that added
informações relevantes sobre o assunto pesquisado.

In order to obtain a comprehensive analysis of the researched topic, it was

texts from authors of different eras were used, with predominantly system perspectives
operational.

Based on this bibliographic utilization, an attempt was made to analyze the technological debate about

of the Windows operating system, delving into the theme of its emergence in the world
until then.
 7

3. Windows Operating System

3.1. Definition

We can simply say that the Operating System (OS) of a computer

is responsible for managing all resources, that is, is responsible for the management of
memory, peripheral management and management of dialog/interface with the user.

Microsoft Windows is a family of operating systems created by Microsoft.

company founded by Bill Gates. Windows is a commercial product, with prices
differentiated for each of its versions.

Windows is a multitasking operating system for computers and devices.

furniture developed by Microsoft. The word Windows literally means 'windows'. Or
it is a set of programs (software) that allows managing the resources of a
computer

It is the most widely used operating system on personal computers in the world.
the impact of this system on the current world is very large due to the enormous number of copies

installed. Basic knowledge of this system, its operation, its history and
in your context are, in the view of many, essential, even for the laypeople in
computer science.

Every computer needs, in addition to the physical parts, programs that make this part work.
physics work correctly. There are several programs for various functions, such as typing
texts, draw, calculate, create astrological chart, and many others.

Operating systems can be classified according to the number of users.

simultaneous that allows and regarding the number of programs that can be simultaneously
in memory.

As for the number of users, an operating system can be classified as:

Mono – user: it only allows one user at a time (e.g.

MSDOS
Multi-user: if it supports more than one user simultaneously (e.g.
Unix
 8

As for the number of programs that can be run simultaneously:

Single-tasking: it allows the execution of only one program at a time (e.g.

MSDOS
Multitasking: it allows the simultaneous execution of multiple programs (e.g.
Windows, Unix

4. History of the Windows Operating System

When typewriters, carbon paper, and the

mimeograph, there was hardly any talk of microcomputers. Bill Gates and Paul Allen, young
visionaries invest in personal computing as the way to the future. In 1975 it is
founded Microsoft, still small, but with a big vision: 'A computer on every'
table and in each house.

The first operating system created by the company was MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk
Operating System - Microsoft Disk Operating System, with the objective of
manage the computer hardware and connect it with the software. MS-DOS is efficient, but
still difficult to understand for many people. Thus, Microsoft plans a new project,
initially called Interface Manager, 'Windows' ends up
as the name chosen represents well the layout of the new system.

Although announced in 1983, it only began to be sold in 1985.

Windows 1.0. Instead of typing commands, in Windows it is enough to drag the mouse and click on the
windows. Drop-down menus, scroll bars, icons, and dialog boxes make the
easiest programs to learn and use. There is also the possibility of switching between several
programs without needing to close and restart them.

On December 9, 1987, Windows 2.0 was released, featuring desktop icons.

and with greater memory capacity. This system was developed for the Intel processor
286. But soon the 386 and the subsequent versions follow, improving the quality,
reliability and usability of computers.

Based on sales, Microsoft becomes the largest software company for

computers in the world in 1988, leading computers to become part of everyday life
some offices. In 1990 and 1992, versions 3.0 and 3.1 are announced, respectively.
 9

selling over 10 million copies in two years. The graphics are improved (with 16
cores) and the icons. The systems are installed via floppy disks with many manuals of
instruction.

On August 24, 1995, Windows 95 sets sales records. It features the button
"Start" has support for Internet, dial-up networks, and Plug and Play features, allowing
easily install hardware and software. The 32-bit operating system offers
enhanced multimedia for mobile computing integrated networks.

At the time of its launch, 80% of the computers in the world were still using MS-
DOS. Windows 95 leads to a mass migration to its system. The internet becomes each
more popular and the first version of Internet Explorer emerges.

4.1. Evolution of the Windows Operating System

4.1.1. Windows 95

Windows 95 was released on August 24, 1995. It was a Windows

completely new, and it bears no resemblance to the Windows of the 3.x family. The leap from Windows 3.0

Windows 95 was very large and there was a radical change in the way it was presented.
from the interface. Introduced the Start Menu and the Taskbar.

While in this version, MS-DOS lost part of its importance since the
Windows can now activate itself without the prior dependency on MS-DOS.
the memory limitations still offered by Windows 3.0 have been practically eliminated
In this version, the multitasking system has become more effective.

It used the FAT-16 file system (VFAT). The files could be

from then on have 255 characters of name (plus an extension of three characters that indicates the
file content, thus facilitating its identification and being able to be associated for
opening in certain programs). The leap was enormous, and the launch was widely
disseminated by the press, including by the major television networks.

There is another version of Windows 95, released in early 1996, called

Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2 (OSR 2), with native support for the file system
FAT32. Windows 95, starting from revision OSR 2.1, included native support for the Bus
Universal Serial (USB) and Ultra DMA (UDMA). A special version was also released, the
 10

Windows 95 Plus!, with a package of different visual and sound themes for customization
of the operating system. This version also included the Internet Explorer browser.

4.1.2. Windows 98

This version was released on June 25, 1998. Many of the bugs were fixed.
its predecessor. The biggest novelty of this version was the complete integration of the O.S. with the

Internet. Used Internet Explorer 4.

Introduced the FAT32 file system and began to introduce telecommuting (only was
possible due to the integration of the Web). Improved the graphical interface a lot. Included the
support for multiple monitors and USB (Universal Serial Bus). However, because it is larger than the

Windows 95 had more features, but it was also slower and more unstable.

In this version, the system restore via MS-DOS ([Link] /restore) is introduced.
system restoration aimed to correct problems by returning the computer to a state
previously accessed.
 11

4.1.3. Windows XP

Windows XP was a family of 32 and 64-bit operating systems produced by

Microsoft, for use on personal computers, including home and office computers.
offices, laptops, tablets, and media centers.

The name 'XP' derives from eXPerience. Windows XP is the successor of both.
Windows 2000 and Windows ME are the first operating systems for consumers
produced by Microsoft built on a new architecture and core (Windows NT 5.1).

Windows XP was released on October 25, 2001, and more than 400 million
copies were in use in January 2006, according to estimates made that month
by the statistics company IDC. It was succeeded by Windows Vista released for pre-
manufacturers on November 8, 2006, and for the general public on January 30,
2007.

Your sales stopped on June 30, 2008, but it was still possible to purchase
new licenses with the system developers until January 31, 2009 or by purchasing and
installing the Ultimate or Business editions of Windows Vista and then performing the
downgrade to Windows XP. Until the end of July 2010, Windows XP was the system
most used operating system in the world with 62.43% market share, having
reaching 85% in December 2006. The numbers show the exponential decline in the use of
operating system, accelerated by the launch of Windows 7, which came to fix the
Vista problems
 12

4.1.4. Windows Vista

Windows Vista is an operating system developed by Microsoft, being the sixth

Windows version for use on personal computers, including home computers
and offices, laptops, Tablet PCs, and Media Center computers.

Before its announcement on July 22, 2005, Windows Vista was known for
code name Longhorn. The release of Windows Vista came more than five years later
from the introduction of its predecessor, Windows XP, being the longest period between
consecutive releases of Microsoft Windows versions.

Windows Vista has new features and functions compared to those presented by its
previous version of Windows XP, with a new graphical user interface, nicknamed
Windows Aero.

4.1.5. Windows 7

Windows 7 is a version of Microsoft Windows, a series of operating systems.

produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including computers
domestic and business, laptops, tablets and media center PCs, among others.

Windows 7 was released to businesses on July 22, 2009, and began to be

freely sold to regular users at 00:00 on October 22, 2009, less than 3
years after the release of its predecessor, Windows Vista. Just over three years
Then, its successor, Windows 8, was released on October 26, 2012.

Unlike Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new

features, Windows 7 was a more modest and focused update to be more
 13

efficient, clean, and more practical to use, with the intention of making it fully compatible with
applications and hardware that Windows Vista was already compatible with.

4.1.6. Windows 8

The penultimate version released, Windows 8.1, is a more stable operating system.
its visual is simple and performs well on a wide range of computers,
tablets and Hybrid Notebooks of various configurations. The layout also underwent some changes.
modifications, to make it easier to find what you need, when you need it,
allowing the user to save time on routine tasks.

One of the interesting points of this version of Windows is the new Start menu with the
Metro style. By moving the mouse pointer to the bottom left corner, you can either
visualize your files and programs in the classic way, like Windows applications
Store, in addition to the search maintained from Windows 7.

The desktop has been maintained for access to files as in previous versions.
through intuitive folders and navigation menus, allowing users to easily adapt to
Windows 8 as a whole. Among the improvements in Windows 8, it is also noteworthy that the
Microsoft has improved the startup speed and basic tasks such as opening and using
programs.
 14

4.1.7. Windows 10

Microsoft launched the Windows 10 Technical Preview (codenamed Threshold) on

September 30, 2014, and at its launch, the return of the Start Menu was emphasized.
how much the users missed.

Regarding the design, there were many changes compared to the previous version.
(Windows 8.1). The promise of the new Windows is to unite the best of both worlds.
became distant (Windows 7, focused on desktops, and Windows 8.1, focused on tablets).
Another resource presented was the new Live Tiles, which can now be inserted alongside
from the Start Menu, and sized, just like in Windows 8.1.

Furthermore, Windows 10 brings several new features and innovations that surpass,
quantity, as presented in Windows Vista. Several features and functionalities were
replaced/ remodeled or simply deleted, making the system cleaner and
fluid. Common functionalities, such as calculator for example, have been replaced by
Universal Apps.

If the user does not wish to have the start menu back, they can replace it with the Screen
Start by right-clicking on the toolbar and, in the 'Start Menu' tab,
disable the option "Use Start Menu instead of Start Screen". On July 29,
In 2015, the final version of Windows 10 was released by Microsoft.
 15

4.1.8. Windows 11

Windows 11 is the latest version of Microsoft's operating system for

computers. Released on October 5, 2021, the successor to Windows 10 comes with a visual
cleaner and more minimalist, including redesigned icons, translucent windows, new
iconography and a centered Start Menu. The software also brings advancements in
productivity, with a focus on the new snap layouts - a special way to manage
windows – integration with Microsoft Teams and enhanced support for virtual desktops.

The new Windows also includes a revamped Microsoft Store, integrated with the store of
Amazon. The system, however, arrives owing one of Microsoft's great promises: the
native support for Android apps, to be released in future updates. With that,
It will be possible to run apps from Google's operating system without installing emulators.

Initially, all Windows 10 users can upgrade to the new version of

operating system: just go to Windows Update, accessible on the computer itself, or
to the Windows 11 installation assistant, available on Microsoft's website. However, the PC
needs to meet minimum requirements.
 16

5. Windows Operating System Resources

A system resource is any usable part of a computer that can be

controlled and assigned by the operating system so that all hardware and software
computer can work together as designed.

The system resources can be used by users, like you, when opening programs.
and applications, as well as by services that are usually started automatically on your
operating system.

The system resources are often mentioned in relation to memory.

system (the RAM of your computer), but resources can also come from the CPU, the board-
mother or even from another hardware.

Although there are many individual segments of a complete computer system

what can be considered system resources, there are generally four main types
of resources, all visible and configurable from the Device Manager.

5.1. Interrupt Request Lines (IRQ)

An IRQ is a hardware line used in PCs by devices (ISA bus -

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), or in Portuguese, Architecture of Instruction Sets,
it is the part of the processor that is visible to the programmer.

The ISA serves as the boundary between hardware and low-level software, such as
keyboards, modems, sound cards, etc., to send interrupt signals to the processor,
saying that the device is ready to send or receive data. Unfortunately,
there are only sixteen IRQs (0-15) available in the i386 (PC) architecture, for the
sharing among the various ISA devices.

5.2. Direct Memory Access (DMA) Channels

DMA or Direct Memory Access is the method that allows a device to

input and output send or receive data directly from main memory, bypassing the CPU,
accelerating operations that involve memory.
 17

DMA works with data transfer between the computer and devices of
entry and exit.

5.3. Input / Output (I / O) port addresses

The Input/Output (I/O) ports are used to receive and pass

information for external use, for peripherals in general, using communication protocols.

5.4. Memory address ranges

In Computer Science, a memory address is a unique identifier for

a memory location in which a processor or some other device can store
pieces of data. In modern computers with byte addressing, each address
represents a distinct byte of storage.

Data larger than one byte can reside in multiple bytes, occupying a
sequence of consecutive bytes. Some microprocessors have been developed to
working with addressing by word, making the storage unit larger than one
byte.

6. Editions of the Windows Operating System

Windows has more versions than most people think it does. There is a
great confusion among the different operating systems offered by Microsoft, their
editions and types, made for different applications. There is the type aimed at PCs (Personal
Computers), there is one aimed at mobile phones and tablets (Mobile) and we also have those that are made

for servers (Server). Each of them can have several versions and editions.

Windows for PC (Personal Computer) - 42 versions

Name Date of Version Editions End of
launch support
Windows 1.01 20/11/1985 1.01 There is none 31/12/2001
Windows 1.02 14/05/1986 1.02 There is not 31/12/2001
Windows 1.03 21/08/1986 1.03 There isn't 31/12/2001
Windows 1.04 10/04/1987 1.04 There is not 31/12/2001
Windows 2.01 09/12/1987 2.01 There is none 31/12/2001
 18

Windows 2.03 09/12/1987 2.03 There is not 31/12/2001

Windows 2.1 27/05/1988 2.10 There is not 31/12/2001
Windows 2.11 13/03/1989 2.11 There is none 31/12/2001
Windows 3.0 22/05/1990 3.00 Windows 3.00a, Windows 3.0 31/12/2001
with Multimedia Extensions
Windows 3.1 06/04/1992 3.10 Windows 3.1, Windows for 31/12/2000
Workgroups 3.1
Windows NT 3.1 27/07/1993 NT 3.1 Windows NT 3.1 31/12/2001
Windows 3.11 08/11/1993 3.11 Windows 3.11, Windows for 31/12/2001
Workgroups 3.11
Windows 3.2 22/11/1993 3.2 Windows 3.2 31/12/2001
Windows NT 3.5 21/09/1994 NT 3.5 Windows NT 3.5 Workstation 31/12/2001
Windows May 30, 1995 NT 3.51 Windows NT 3.51 Workstation 31/12/2001
3.51
Windows 95 24/08/1995 4.0 Windows 95 31/12/2001
Windows NT 4.0 08/24/1996 NT 4.0 Windows NT 4.0 Workstation 30/06/2004
Windows 98 25/06/1998 4.10 Windows 98 11/07/2006
Windows 98 SE 05/05/1999 4.10 Windows 98 Second Edition 11/07/2006
Windows 2000 02/17/2000 NT 5.0 Windows 2000 Professional 13/07/2010
Widows Me 14/09/2000 4.90 Windows Me 11/07/2006
Windows XP Starter, Windows
XP Home, Windows XP
Professional, Windows XP 64-
bit Edition, Windows XP Media
Center Edition, Windows XP
Media Center Edition 2004
Windows XP Media Center
Windows XP 25/10/2001 NT 5.1 08/04/2014
Edition 2005, Windows XP
e NT
Media Center Edition 2005
5.2
Update Rollup 2, Windows XP
Professional x64 Edition
Windows Vista Starter, Windows
Vista Home Basic, Windows
 19

Vista Home Premium, Windows

Windows Vista 30/01/2007 NT 6.0
Vista Business, Windows Vista
Enterprise, Windows View 11/04/2017
Ultimate
Windows 7 Starter, Windows 7
Home Basic, Windows 7 Home
Windows 7 22/10/2009 NT 6.1 14/01/2020
Premium, Windows 7
Professional Windows 7
Enterprise, Windows 7 Ultimate
Windows 8 26/10/2012 NT 6.2 Windows 8, Windows 8 Pro, 12/01/2016
Windows 8 Enterprise
Windows 8.1, Windows 8.1 Pro
Windows 8.1 Enterprise,
Windows 8.1 17/10/2013 NT 6.3 10/01/2023
Windows 8.1 with Bing
Windows 10 Home, Windows
10 Pro, Windows 10 Education
Windows 10 Enterprise

Windows 10 29/07/2015 NT 10.0 Windows 10 Profor 14/10/2025

version 1507 Workstations, Windows 10 Pro

Education, Windows 10 S,
Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC
Windows 10 Home, Windows
10 Pro, Windows 10 Education
Windows 10 Enterprise,

Windows 10 10/11/2015 1511 Windows 10 Profor 14/10/2025

version 1511 Workstations, Windows 10 Pro

Education, Windows 10 S,
Windows 10 EnterpriseLTSC
Windows 10 Home, Windows
10 Pro, Windows 10 Education,
Windows 10 02/08/2016 1607 14/10/2025
Windows 10 Enterprise
version 1607
Windows 10 Pro for
Workstations, Windows 10 Pro
 20

Education, Windows 10 S,
Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC
Windows 10 Home, Windows
10 Pro, Windows 10 Education
Windows 10 Enterprise,

Windows 10 05/04/2017 1703 Windows 10 Pro for 14/10/2025

version 1703 Workstations, Windows 10 Pro

Education, Windows 10 S
Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC
Windows 10 Home, Windows
10 Pro, Windows 10 Education
Windows 10 17/10/2017 1709 14/10/2025
Windows 10 Enterprise,
version 1709
Windows 10 Pro for
Workstations, Windows 10 Pro
Education, Windows 10 S,
Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC
Windows 10 Home, Windows
10 Pro, Windows 10 Education
Windows 10 Enterprise,

Windows 10 30/04/2018 1803 Windows 10 Pro for 14/10/2025

version 1803 Workstations, Windows 10 Pro

Education, Windows 10 S
Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC
Windows 10 Home, Windows
10 Pro, Windows 10 Education
Windows 10 Enterprise

Windows 10 13/11/2018 1809 Windows 10 Pro for 14/10/2025

version 1809 Workstations, Windows 10 Pro

Education, Windows 10 S
Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC
Windows 10 Home, Windows
10 Pro, Windows 10 Education,
Windows 10 Enterprise
 21

Windows 10 Pro for

Windows 10 21/05/2019 1903 14/10/2025
Workstations, Windows 10 Pro
version 1903
Education, Windows 10 S,
Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC
Windows 10 12/11/2019 1909 Windows 10 Home, Windows 14/10/2025
version 1909 10 Pro, Windows 10 Education,
Windows 10 Enterprise,
Windows 10 Pro for
Workstations, Windows 10 Pro
Education, Windows 10 S,
Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC
Windows 10 Home, Windows
10 Pro, Windows 10 Education,
Windows 10 Enterprise,

Windows 10 27/05/2020 2004 Windows 10 Pro for 14/10/2025

version 2004 Workstations, Windows 10 Pro

Education, Windows 10 S
Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC
Windows 10 Home, Windows
10 Pro, Windows 10 Education,
Windows 10 Enterprise,

Windows 10 20/10/2020 20H2 Windows 10 Pro for 14/10/2025

version 20H2 Workstations, Windows 10 Pro

Education, Windows 10 S,
Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC
Windows 10 Home, Windows
10 Pro, Windows 10 Education,
Windows 10 Enterprise,

Windows 10 18/05/2021 21H1 Windows 10 Pro for 14/10/2025

version 21H1 Workstations, Windows 10 Pro

Education, Windows 10 S,
Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC
 22

Windows 10 Home, Windows

10 Pro, Windows 10 Education
Windows 10 16/11/2021 21H2 14/10/2025
Windows 10 Enterprise
version 21H2
Windows 10 Pro for
Workstations, Windows 10 Pro
Education, Windows 10 S,
Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC
Windows 10 Home, Windows
10 Pro, Windows 10 Education,
Windows 10 Enterprise

Windows October 18, 2022 22H2 Windows 10 Profor 14/10/2025

version 22H2 Workstations, Windows 10 Pro

Education, Windows 10 S
Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC
Windows 11 Home, Windows 11
Pro, Windows 11 Pro for
Windows 11 05/10/2021 21H1 10/10/2023
Workstations, Windows 11 Pro
version 21H2
Education Windows 11
Education, Windows 11
Enterprise, Windows 11 SE
Windows 11 Home, Windows 11
Pro, Windows 11 Pro for
Windows 11 20/09/2022 22H2 14/10/2024
Workstations, Windows 11 Pro
versão 22H2
Education, Windows 11
Education, Windows 11
Enterprise, Windows 11 SE
 23

7. Conclusion

In order to use programs that have a defined function (Word, Excel, PowerPoint,
etc...) it is necessary for the computer to have a program called Operating System. The
OS (abbreviation we will use from now on to replace Operating System) is the
first program to run on the computer when it is turned on, that is,
when we turn on the computer, the OS is automatically started, causing the user
you can give your commands to the computer.

Among the responsibilities of the OS are: the recognition of user commands, the
control of computer processing, memory management, etc. In summary,
the one who controls all the processes of the computer is the operating system, without it the

computer would not work.

In computing, the kernel is the central component of the system

operating system of most computers; it acts as a bridge between applications and the
real data processing done at the hardware level. The responsibilities of the core
include managing the system resources (the communication between hardware components and
software
 24

Microsoft Windows is a family of operating systems created by Microsoft,

company founded by Bill Gates. Windows is a commercial product, with prices
differentiated for each of its versions. It is the most widely used operating system in
personal computers in the world. The impact of this system on the current world is very significant.

due to the enormous number of installed copies.

Minimum knowledge of this system, its operation, its history and its
Context is, in the view of many, essential, even for those who are not computer savvy. Everything
A computer needs, in addition to the physical parts, programs that make this physical part function.

function correctly. There are several programs for various functions, such as typing texts,
draw, calculate, make astrological map, and many others.

8. Bibliography

Sources

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]
asked questions

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]
do not track me
 25

[Link]
[Link]