PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS EXERCISES

Exercise 1.- 30% of a certain town watches a contest that is on television.

Since the contest, 10 randomly selected people from the town are called by phone.
Calculate the probability that, among the 10 people, they were watching the program:

More than eight people

b) Some of the ten people
c) Calculate the mean and standard deviation

Solution:

It is a binomial distribution with 10 y p 0.3, that is,

n
b(10,0,3) b(10, k, 0, 3) conk :
successesP(X k) . pk. qn k
k

Llamando X = "número de personas que están viendo el programa"

10 10
a)P X 8 P X 9 P X 10 0.390.7 0.3100.70
9 10

10.0,3 9.0,7 0.310 0.000144

10 10! 10 . 9! 10
10
9 9!(10 1)!9!.1! 1
n n!
k k!(nk)!
10 10! 1 1
1
10 10! (10 10)! 0! 1

10
b) P X 0 1 P X 0 1 0.300.710 1 0.710 0.972
0

c) Media: n.p 10.0.3 3

Standard deviation: n.p.q 10.0,3.0,7 2.1 1.45

Exercise [Link] human resources manager of a company conducts a ten-item test.
to the candidates for a position, having four possible answers for each item, of the
that only one is correct. Assuming that the candidates have the same probability
to respond. It is requested to find the probabilities for the candidate:

a) Answer all the items incorrectly

b) Answer at least four items correctly

c) Answer between four and six items correctly

d) Answer all items correctly

fewer than three items answered correctly

Solution:

Let X = 'answering items correctly on the test', the variable follows a binomial distribution

1 10
n 10 , p 0.25, b(10, 0.25), P(X k) .0,25 k .0,75 10 k
k 0,1 ,10
4 k

10
a) P(X 0) 0.25 00.75 10 0.2500.75 10 0.0563
0

b)P(X 4) 1 P(X 4) 1 P(X 0) P(X 1) P(X 2) P(X 3)

10 10 10 10
1 .0,25 00.75 10 .0,25 1 0.75 9 .0,25 20.75 8 0.25 30.75 7
0 1 2 3

1 0.0563 0.1877 0.2816 0.2503 0.2241

c) P(4 X 6) P(X 4) P(X 5) P(X 6)

10 10 10
.0,25 4.0.75 6 0.25 50.75 5 .0,25 60.75 4 0.1460 0.0584 0.0162 0.2206
4 5 6

10
d) P(X 10) .0,25 100.75 0 0
10

e) P(X 3) P(X 0) P(X 1) P(X 2)

10 10 10
.0,25 0.0,75 10 .0,25 1 0.75 9 .0,25 20.75 8 0.0563 0.1877 0.2816 0.5256
0 1 2
Exercise 4.-For the time spent, in hours, to make a certain product
It follows a distribution N(10, 2). The probability that the product takes longer is requested.
to do
Less than 7 hours
Between 8 and 13 hours

Solution:

x 10 7 10
a)P x 7 P P z 1.5 P z 1.5 0.0668
typifying 2 2

8 10 x 10 13 10
a) P 8 x 13 P P 1 z 1.5
classifying 2 2 2

P 1 z 1.5 P z 1 P z 1.5

P 1 z 1.5 P z 1 P z 1,5 P z 1 P z 1.5

P z 1 1 P z 1

P 1 z 1.5 P z 1 P z 1.5 P z 1 P z 1.5 1 P z 1 P z 1.5

1 0.1587 0.0668 0.7745
Exercise 5.-7% of the pants from a certain brand come out with some
defect. They are packed in a box of 80 pants for different stores. What is the
probability that there are between 8 and 10 defective pants in a box?

Solution:

Sea X = "número de pantalones defectuosos en una caja"

It is a binomial distribution (the pants are either defective or not), that is,
a binomial with 80 years old 0.07: b(80,0.07), where:

n.p 80.0,07 5.6 n . p . q 80.0,07.0,93 2.28

Note that the conditions are given to approximate the discrete binomial distribution to
a continuous normal distribution:

p 0.07 0.5 and no p 80.0,07 5.6 5

with what, b(n, p) N n.p, n.p.q b(80, 0.07) N 5,6,2,28

To properly use the transformation of a discrete random variable X

(binomial distribution) in a continuous random variable z (with normal distribution) is
It is necessary to make a continuity correction:

TYPIFYING
TRANSFORMATION N(5,6 ; 2,28)
P 8 X 10 P 7.5 X ' 10.5

7.5 5.6 X ' 5.6 10.5 5,6

P P0.83 z 2.15
2,28 2,28 2,28

P z 0.83 P z 2.15 0.2033 0.0158 0.1875

Exercise 9.A technician conducts a test of one hundred items for about two hundred candidates.
Assuming that the scores X obtained by the candidates follow a distribution
mean of 60 points and standard deviation of 10 points. The following is requested:

a) P(X 70) b) P(X 80) c) P(X 30)

d) P(X 46) e) P(39 X 80) f) P(80 X 82.5
g) P(30 X 40) h)P( X 60 20) i)P( X 60 20)
j) Number of candidates who scored 70 points

Solution:

The random variable X = 'score obtained in the test' follows a distribution N(60, 10),
X 60
then your standardized variable will be with normal distribution N(0,1)
10

X 60 70 60
a) P(X 70) P P z 1 0.1587
10 10

X 60 80 60
b) P(X 80) P P z 2 1 P z 2 1 0.0288 0.9772
10 10
 X 60 30 60
c) P(X 30) P P z 3 P z 3 0.00135
10 10

X 60 46 60
d) P(X 46) P P z 1.4 P z 1.4 1 P z 1.4
10 10

1 0.0808 0,9192

39 60 X 60 80 60
e) P(39 X 80) P P 2.1 z 2
10 10 10

P z 2.1 P z 2 P z 2.1 P z 2 1 P z 2.1 P z 2

1 0.0179 0.0228 0.9593

 80 60 X 60 82.5 60
f) P(80 X 82.5 P P 2 z 2.25
10 10 10

P z 2 P z 2.25 0.0228 0.0122 0.0106

30 60 X 60 40 60
g) P(30 X 40) P P 3 z 2 P2 z 3
10 10 10

P z 2 P z 3 0.0228 0.00135 0.02145

h)P( X 60 20) P 20 X 60 20 P 40 X 80

40 60 X 60 80 60
P P 2 z 2 P z 2 P z 2
10 10 10

P z 2 P z 2 1 P z 2 P z 2 1 2.P z 2 1 2.0,0228 0.9544

 X 60 20 X 80
i)X 60 20
X 60 20 X 40

X 60 80 60 X 60 40 60
P X 60 20 P X 80 P X 40 P P
10 10 10 10

P z 2 P z 2 2.P z 2 2.0,0228 0.0456

j)P X 70 0.1587

Consequently, 15.87% of the candidates scored above 70,

this is, approximately 32 opponents.
Exercise [Link] agency offers a prize among the distributors if they sell
three hundred twenty or more travel packages per day. Knowing that the number of
travel packages sold per day by distributors A and B follow a normal law of
the following form:

Distributor Media Standard deviation

A 290 travel packages 20 travel packages
B 300 travel packages 10 travel packages

It is requested:

a) Percentage of days that distributor A will receive a prize

b) Percentage of days the distributor B will receive a prize
c) Which distributor benefits from the agency's decision
d) If the two distributors are associated, what percentage of days would they receive an award?

Solution

a) Sea X = "número de paquetes de viajes vendidos por el distribuidor A al día"

The random variable X N(290, 20). The percentage of days that will receive a prize
Distributor A will correspond to the probability:

X 290 320 290

P X 320 P P z 1.5 0.0688
20 20

that is, 6.68% of the days distributor A will receive a prize

b) Analogously, the random variable

number of travel packages sold by distributor B per day

follows a normal law Y N(300,10) with which

Y 300 320 300

PY 320 P P z 2 0.0228
10 10

That is to say, distributor B will win a prize on 2.28% of the days.

c) From the previous sections, it is observed that distributor A benefits from

the agency's decision.

d) Being X N(290, 20) and Y N(300,10), it is known that the new variable U X Y
2
follows a normal distributionN (290 300), 20 10 N 590, 22.42

U 590 320 590

therefore, P U 320 P P z 12.05 P z 12.051
22.4 22.4
The result indicates that if distributors A and B were to be associated, almost all the...
days would receive an award.

Exercise 11.-The use of the VISA card in commercial operations, in the

population of a large city follows a normal distribution with a mean in percentages
4.5 and standard deviation 0.5. The following probabilities are to be calculated:

a) That a randomly selected citizen uses the card more than 5% in their transactions
Percentage of the city that uses the card is less than 3.75%
c) Percentage of card transactions used by the top 20% of the population
d) Percentage of card transactions used by the lowest 10% of the population
e) Percentage of operations within 80% closest to the average

Solution

a) The variable X = 'percentage of operations with VISA' follows a

distribution N(4.5, 0.5)

X 4.5 5 4.5
P(X 5) P P(z 1) 0.1587
0.5 0.5

b) To find the percentage, you first need to calculate the probability:

X 4,53,75 4.5
P(X 3.75 P P(z 1,5) P(z 1.5) 0.0668
0.5 0.5

Consequently, approximately 6.68% of the population uses the card.

Sees less than 4.5% of the time in its business transactions.
c) Let x = "number of card transactions in the top 20% of the population"

X 4.5 x 4.5 x 4.5

P(X x) P 0.20P(z z0.20) 0.20 with z0.20
0.5 0.5 0.5

The probability of 0.20 is not found in the tables, so it cannot be found.

directly elz0.20corresponding. To calculate it, it is necessary to interpolate between the
the values it is in.

Abscissas Areas
z0.2005 z0,1977 0.2005 0.1977
z0.20 z0,1977 0.20 0.1977
0.84 0.85 0.0028
z0.20 0.85 0.0023

0.01 0.0028 0.01 0.0023

z0.20 0.85 0.85 0.008 0.842
z 0.20 0.85 0.0023 0.0028

x 4.5
Thus, z0.20 0.842 x 4.5 0,5.0,842 4,921
0.5

That is, the 20% of the population that uses the card the most does so in 4.921% of the
business operations.

When the calculations that are intended to be obtained do not appear very rigorous, one can
take the nearest area without the need for interpolation.
 x 4.5
En este caso, se puede tomar z0.20 0.84 x 4.5 0,5.0,84 4.92
0.5

d) Sea x = "número de operaciones con tarjeta del 10% más bajo de la población"

P(X x) 0.90

X 4.5 x 4,5 x 4.5

P(X x) P 0.90 P(z z0.90) 0.90 with z0.90
0.5 0.5 0.5

The value z is not found in the tables.0.90Considering the symmetry of the normal curve
it has to be classified as z0.90 z0.10 1.28

x 4.5
where, z0.90 1.28 x 4.5 [Link] 3.86
0.5

That is to say, the lowest 10% of the population uses the card in less than 3.96% of the
business operations.

e) The 80% closest to the mean is P X b 0.80

 a 4.5 X 4.5 b 4.5
typifying, P P z0.90 z z0.10 0,80
0.5 0.5 0.5

being z0.90 z0.10

a 4.5
z0.10 1.28 a 4.5 1,28.0,5 3.86
0.5
P z0.10 z z0.10 0.80
b 4.5
z0.10 1.28 ʀ b 4.5 1,28.0,5 5,14
0.5

The closest 80% to the population mean uses the card more than 3.86% and less.
of 5.14% in commercial operations.
 Exercise 12.-In a population of women, the scores of an anxiety test -
risk follows a normal distribution N(25,10). When classifying the population into four
groups of equal size, what will be the scores that delimit these groups?

Solution:

Let the random variable X = 'scores on an anxiety-risk test'

The scores that delimit these four groups will be the first Q.1according to Q2y
third quartile Q3of the distribution.

X 25 Q1 25 Q 1 25
P(X Q )1 0.25P P z 0.25
10 10 10

P z 0.67 0.25
P z 0.67 0.25

Q1 25
0.67Q1 25 0.67X10 18.3
10

In the normal distribution, the mean and the median are equal: Me Q2 25

X 25 Q 3 25 Q 3 25 Q 3 25
P(X Q 3) 0.75P P z 0.75P z 0.25
10 10 10 10

Q3 25
0.67Q3 25 0.67 times 10 31.7
10

Consequently, the first group would be the women with scores below or
equal to 18.3. The second group consists of those women with scores between 18.3 and
25. The third group is women with scores between 25 and 31.7. The fourth group
they are women with scores above 31.7.
Exercise 14.-An intelligence test consists of 200 true or false questions.
For a person who answered randomly, calculate the probability of getting it right:
50 questions or fewer
b) More than 50 questions and fewer than 100

c) More than 120 questions

Solution:

The number of correct answers follows a binomial b(200, 0.5)

As the number of trials is high, the binomial distribution can be approximated to

a normal distribution of mean

N n.p, n.p.q N 200.0,5, 200.0,5.0,5 N 100, 50

To correctly use the transformation of a discrete variable into a variable

It is necessary to carry out a continuity transformation.

x 100 50.5 100

a) P x 50 P x 50.5 P P z 7 P z 7 0
50 50

b)P 50 x 100 P 50 0.5 x 100 0.5 P 50.5 x 99.5

50.5 100 x 100 99.5 100

P P 7 z 0.07 P 0,07 z 7
50 50 50

P z 0.07 P z 7 0.4721 0 0.4721

x 100 120.5 100

c) P x 120 P x 120.5 P P z 2.9 0.00187
50 50
 15.-The sales department of a food industry knows that 2 out of 10
consumers recognize their product in a blind test. How many blind tests?
In terms of flavor, they should be made so that the proportion of those who know the brand
oscile entre el 16% y el 24% con una probabilidad mínima de 0,8?

Solution:

They recognize the product at 20%, p 0.2P(0.16 p 0.24 ˆ 0.8

why 0.2x0.8 0.4

p̂ N p, p̂ N 0,2 N 0.2,
n n n

0.16 0.2 0.24 0.2

P z P 0,1 n z 0.1 n 0.8
0.4 / n 0.4 / n

P 0.1 n z 0.1 n 1 2P z 0.1 n 0.8P z 0.1 n 0.1

0.1 n 1,282n 165

For a probability of at least 0.8, 165 tests would be required.

Exercise [Link] the probability of successfully performing a certain experiment

It is known that if it is repeated 24 times, it is equally likely to obtain 4 successes as it is to obtain 5.

Solution:

Let the variable X = "conduct the experiment", which can result in success or failure, where the
variable X b(24, p)

24 4 20
P X 4 . p .q
4 24 4 20 24
being P X 4 P X 5. . p .q . p5.q 19
24 4 5
P X 5 . p5q. 19
5

p4 42504.q19 1 4
10626.p4 .q 20 42504.p5 .q 19 q 4.q
p510626.q20 p q

1
being that 1 p, result: 1 p 4.p p 0.2
5
 Exercise 22.-The probability that a bank receives a bounced check is 0.01.

a) If they receive 20 checks in an hour, what is the probability of having at least one?
check without funds?

Solution:

"number of bounced checks" follows a binomial distribution X ~ b(20, 0.01)

20
P X 1 1 P X 1 1 P X 0 1 0.01 00.99 20 1 0.980 0.182
0

Exercise 23.-A passenger chooses an airline with a probability of 0.5. In a

group of 400 potential passengers, the company sells tickets to anyone who wants them
requests, knowing that the capacity of their airplane is 230 passengers. The following is requested:

a) Probability that the company has overbooking, that is, that a passenger does not
please take a seat.

Solution:

a) The variable X = 'passengers who choose that company', where X ~ b(400,0.5)

As the number of passengers is high, the binomial distribution can be approximated to

a normal distribution of mean n.p. 400.0,5 200 and standard deviation
n.p.q 400.0,5.0,5 10, that is, X ~ N(200,10)

X 200 230 200

P X 230 P P z 3 0.00135
10 10