1.

PATCH REPAIR

Asphalt: asphalt is a product obtained from the distillation of petroleum, and it serves
to strongly agglutinate (bind) the aggregate particles in the asphalt mixture.
ambient temperature behaves like a solid (like a hard paste), so the
mixed with the aggregates are done at temperatures between 150ºC and 160ºC,
depending on the type of asphalt. At these temperatures, the material is more fluid and
workable. There are several types of asphalt that have different properties. The asphalt
it is the last residue that remains after extracting by distillation from crude oil:
oils, diesel, bunker, gasoline, etc

Bacheo: it is a minor and localized repair of the bituminous pavement for the purpose
to ensure the uniformity of the road surface and repair the damage that occurs
they appear at some points on the road, which endanger both the integrity of
the users, the vehicles as well as the structure in general. The pothole can be made
with hot asphalt mixture

The compaction pattern defines the number of passes of the compactor, its
speed, vibration frequency, travel sequence for a width of
paving defined and the optimal range of compaction temperatures, in order to
to meet the required density and an adequate quality on the surface, according to
with the required and available equipment on site, the weather conditions, the
characteristics of the asphalt mixture, among other factors.

Superficial patching: Superficial patching consists of repairing with asphalt mix,

disintegrations (gaps), deformations or severe cracking of the surface of
pavement that comprises exclusively the asphalt layer and in specific locations.

asphalt cover

Base

Subbase

Subgrade

Figure 1. Surface patching scheme on the wearing course only

Deep patching: Total or deep patching consists of repairing disintegrations.
(gaps) that comprise the asphalt layer and underlying layers where it could be included.
the base, the subbase, loan and even subgrade depending on the specific deterioration
existing. These repairs are common for specific sites when an issue arises.
severe deterioration condition, excess moisture at the base or in the layers
underlying or where it is determined that the damages originate from deficiencies in the
lower layers of the pavement.

Asphalt cover Bacheo

Base deep
Subbase
Subgrade

Figure 2, Schema of deep patching that may include the replacement of part of
some internal layers of the pavement structure

Theoretical maximum density: it corresponds to the weight-to-volume ratio of the

asphalt mixture determined through laboratory tests considering a
maximum compaction condition of 0% voids.

Loose density: weight relationship between volume corresponding to an asphalt mixture

when it is in the cart or stacked.

Asphalt emulsion: it is diluted asphalt with water (and an emulsifying agent). In the
The patching process allows the patch to adhere to the existing surface, whether it is a
granular surface or an old asphalt wearing course, never to the ground, already
which does not allow adhesion. When the surface is sprayed with emulsion, the water evaporates.
quedando una capa de asfalto que actúa como pegamento de la nueva mezcla asfáltica
from the pothole. This asphalt movie is known as binder course.
When the emulsion loses water by evaporation, it is said to 'break'. Depending on the time.
What a late time to do it, emulsions can be classified into three categories:

• Quick breaking: the emulsion breaks (loses the water) in a short time.
• Of average rupture: when the emulsion breaks (loses the water) in a
time greater than that of quick breakage.
• Slow breaking: these are emulsions that take longer to break.

At the workplace, it is easy to detect the moment when the emulsion breaks because it
produce a color change from brown to black, which is the characteristic color of asphalt.

Figure 3. Breaking of asphalt emulsion.

In the patching technique, quick-breaking emulsions are normally used for

speed up the work process, in order to repair the road faster and
minimize interruptions to vehicular traffic. The breakdown time for a
quick emulsion takes minutes and depends on the weather, at higher ambient temperatures the
the breaking of the emulsion accelerates.

It should be considered that once the emulsion has broken, one should not wait to apply.
the asphalt mixture, as it loses its adhesive capacity.

Exudation: it is the presence or rise of asphalt on the surface of the roadway giving it
a black and shiny aspect. They are caused by construction defects: contamination
due to excessive adhesion; or they can occur due to formulation defects:
very low viscosity asphalt or a higher dosage of asphalt than necessary in the
asphalt mix.

Hydroplaning: effect in which adhesion between the vehicle's tires and the road surface is lost.
surface of the track due to the presence of a film of water.
Priming: corresponds to a rate of application of asphalt emulsion per area of a
surface of a granular or cement-stabilized base with the aim of protecting it.

Asphalt mixture: it is a heterogeneous material made up of a mixture of aggregates.

of different sizes, mineral powder and asphalt, so that once compacted
it has sufficient properties to withstand vehicular traffic.

League: corresponds to a rate of asphalt emulsion irrigation per area over a surface
of a new or existing pavement, with the aim of providing adhesion between layers.

Profiling: cutting or roughing of one or more layers of the pavement, with thickness.
predetermined, through a mechanical process carried out hot or cold, used
as an intervention for pavement restoration.

Segregation: it refers to the separation of coarse particles from fine particles.

in the asphalt mixture. The mixture must have an adequate granulometry (distribution of
the particles), so their separation should be avoided.

Thermal segregation: due to inadequate handling, there is a lack of

temperature homogeneity in the asphalt mixture.

Maximum aggregate size: designated as a screen larger than the size

nominal maximum of the aggregate. Typically, this is the smallest sieve through which
it passes 100% of the aggregate particles.

Nominal maximum aggregate size: designated as a sieve larger than the

first sieve that retains more than 10% of the aggregate particles, in a normal series
of sieves.

PERSONAL

• In charge
• Machinery operators
• Rattlers
• Peons
 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL

The pothole filling process requires the right equipment to achieve a job of
adequate quality and duration.

Camera: take a photographic record

georeferenced for the route database.

Wheelbarrows: used to transport the mixture from the

cart to the potholes. The mix should NOT be thrown.
with a shovel, to avoid the segregation of the particles. The
it should be manipulated as little as possible .

Brush and broom: it is used to clean and sweep the surface of the
the edges so that they remain free of dust or
pollutants.

Template or stencil: a piece of wood or aluminum perfectly

a straight line of at least 3 meters in length, which is used for
check the levels of the pothole against the rest of the pavement.

Vibratory roller compactor: they are used to compact or

densify soils, granular layers or asphalt mixture. It
you must choose the appropriate weight of the compactor of
agreement with the thickness of the pothole, so that it is achieved
densify properly, without crushing the material.

Asphalt distributor with sprayers or tank: must

to have a heating system and thermometer to control the
temperature, as well as a spraying system. The sprayer of
asphalt must be in good condition to avoid risks
homogeneous. Manual sprinklers can always be used.
when an adequate distribution over the surface is achieved.

Air pressure equipment: the air compressor allows sweeping.

the particles of the open pothole. It is complemented by the sweeping.
manual, since it does not manage to eliminate the smallest particles
thick.

Cutting or saw team: consists of a motor that drives a

circular diamond saw that can cut stone materials
and asphalt layers. It allows for perfectly defining the edges of
the section to be repaired without damaging the sound pavement.
Backhoe: hydraulic equipment that allows
excavation removal material from the deteriorated area. It is recommended
understandablethattheteamhasashortarmandasmallshoveland
thattheworkerbecarefulwhileworkingsoasnottocausefurtherdamage
beyondwhatisnecessarytorepair

Pickaxes and shovels: hand tools used for refining the

surface that will be intervened with patching. It is advisable.
to have some square shovels for flat surfaces
required in the pothole.

Manual compactor: it is used for base materials and

asphalt layers in hard-to-reach places or for potholes
small ones, where the roller compactor does not have enough
space to work and perform its function.

Variable width profiling machine (optional): it is used to remove

a thickness of the asphalt layer. It can be profiled fully or
partially the thickness of the layer of bearing,
eliminating only the depth cracked.
Generally with this machinery better is guaranteed
uniformity in the repaired thickness. However, it is always
important the manual preparation of the edges of the pothole. Its
use must be approved by the engineer in charge of the project.

Leveling rakes: manual tools for

to place the asphalt mixture in the pothole and to seek
well-built joints and flat surfaces in the finish
prior to compaction.

Thermometer or thermocouple for asphalt: they are used for

measure the temperature of the asphalt mix when it arrives at the
site and before being placed for an adequate
compaction.

Wagons: they must have hermetically sealed metal funds,

clean and smooth, painted with material that prevents the mixture from
adhere to the bottom. Equipped with a waterproof tarp, for
protect the mixture from the weather.
 MATERIALS

• Hot mix asphalt

• Asphalt emulsion
• Base material
• Subbase material

PROCEDURE

It is important to carry out the correct procedures in the execution of contracted works, of
in a way that achieves maximum durability and ensures the investment made. They must
apply the specifications of the sign and the building codes of the country. Also not
the construction process of patching will begin in rainy conditions or another condition that
impossibility of the correct application of the technique.

The following is the detailed procedure for carrying out a work task.
efficient

Before starting the work, it is necessary to check in advance that the equipment is
it will be used is in perfect condition and that its operation is the
suitable, to ensure good results.

The project engineer must give the field staff instructions on the
temporary work signage to control traffic. It is essential that the
Inspector consult the engineer about the procedure to follow and communicate it to the
crews as indicated. This aspect is of great importance, as it implies
civil and criminal responsibilities, where human lives are at stake.

You must ensure that the specified security requirements are met.
contract. This may involve a control of the operations of the equipment, and the use
of elements such as flaggers, cones, barriers, warning lights, and reflectors
according to the Technical Protection Manual of the General Directorate of
Traffic Engineering of the MOPT in its current version.

There must be banderilleros properly identified with the implements of

road safety and equipment such as: reflective vest, flags, radio
intercom communicator, among others.

Figure 4 shows the different types of gradual lane reductions that

they can be presented in a temporary transit control area:

The following tables provide examples of distances that depend on the

speed which could facilitate the field work of the inspector to carry out a control of the
transit safely:
 Minimum first distance Minimum separation
Speed
(km/h) signal between signals 'A'
(m)
40 50 25
60 100 50
80 180 75
100 275 100

Note: the minimum distance from the first signal is measured from the first cone of the closure.

Speed Maximum separation

(km/h) (m)
40 8
60 12
80 16
100 20
 Transition Transition
Speed Longitude Transition
(km/h) L from in the of the buttress
(m) convergence change (m)
a (m) (m)
For a lane, W = 3.5 m
40 40 40 20 15
60 80 80 40 30
80 175 175 90 60
100 220 220 110 75
For two lanes, W=7.0 m
40 75 75 40 25
60 170 170 85 60
80 350 350 175 120
100 450 450 225 150

Note: the values of 'L' are approximate to the closest practical values

The width of the lateral buffer space must be determined by the

engineering criterion

Safety is an aspect that concerns all the staff at work. The inspector
must be very attentive to ensure that the conditions are maintained and
safe practices in the project. For the inspector, the safety of the project begins
with himself. The inspector must serve as an example in the use of safety equipment.
personal items, such as retroreflective vests, shoes, glasses, protective clothing and
helmet if necessary

Verify that the staff have the uniform, personal protective equipment and
other occupational safety elements in accordance with the regulations
national regulations established in this regard.

IDENTIFY AND MARK THE DAMAGED AREA

It is the engineer's responsibility to indicate to the inspector the points where the work will be carried out.
pothole and the type of pothole repair to be executed. The area must be marked by means of
paint, crayon or chalk, in rectangular or square shape. It is necessary that the area
marked cover at least 30 cm more, separated from the deteriorated area in such a way
make sure to remove all weakened areas (Figure 5). A mark should not be made on a
dipping in such a way that it is adjacent to a failed zone, since there are
possibilities of water infiltration into the pothole area and cracking of
premature manner. The pothole must be regular, without abrupt changes in its dimensions.
main (Figure 6) (See Section 8: Examples).

Figure 6. Proper and improper shape of a pothole

Source: Manual of procedures for potholing with hot asphalt mix,

National Learning Institute, 1998.
 CUT ALONG THE MARKED PERIMETER

The diamond-tipped saw is used (See Section 3: Equipment and Machinery). It is of

it is of utmost importance that the edges of the cut are vertical, in order to ensure adhesion
and connection with the adjacent pavement (Figure 7). It is not recommended to use the hammer
tire, as they can cause damage to the adjacent asphalt surface. The cuts
the intersection should be carefully cut to leave no space for the
water leakage through them (Figure 7). In case there are cuts in the layer, outside
The perimeter of the pothole must be sealed to prevent water infiltration or introduction of
particles that affect the integrity of the edge. All cuts must be healthy and
rectos (See Section 8: Examples, best practices).

Figure 7. Straight finish of the cuts

Source: Manual of procedures for patching with hot asphalt mix,

National Learning Institute, 1998.

REMOVE THE MATERIAL

The material is removed with the help of the hydraulic backhoe or Back-Hoe (it should)
remove absolutely all the material present, including the water). It can be used to
help with shovels, picks, brooms, and the air pressure equipment to leave the surface
well clean (Figures 8 and 9). The material extraction must be done carefully, with the
Purpose of having a firm support base, with healthy and well-cut edges.
(See Section 8: Examples, best practices). Although the extraction of the material is
You can do it with a Back Hoe, the final finish must be made with a shovel and brush.
maintain an adequate surface. The bottom of the pothole should be, as much as possible, at
level, without undulations, gaps, or cracks, and mounds of material (Figure 9

Figure 8. Removal of pothole material Source: Pothole procedure manual with mixture
hot asphalt, National Learning Institute, 1998
 Figure 9. Poorly prepared pothole and suitable surface

Source: Manual of procedures for patching with hot asphalt mix,

National Learning Institute, 1998.

In potholes where pavement profiling is carried out (Figure 10 and 11) it will be done
about areas previously approved by the engineer, at room temperature and without
addition of solvents or other softening products that may affect the granulometry
from the aggregates or the properties of the existing asphalt. The depth will be defined by
the responsible engineer.

Figure 10. Scarification of existing layer

Source: Federal Highway Administration Video VH-318, 1996.

It should be clear that the profiled material is the property of the State, so it must be
sent to the nearest MOPT team or according to the engineer's discretion
in charge, use it efficiently for purposes in favor of the State. In the
proximities of sewer manhole covers, joints with the existing pavement and in
areas inaccessible to profiling machinery, the pavement must be removed
using methods that result in a suitable surface for the placement of the
new layer.
 Figure 11. Scarified surface

PUT THE FILLING

In the case of a deep pothole, the base and subbase must be replaced with
a high-quality granular material to use up to the height where it begins
asphalt mixing layer as shown in Figure 2. All this material must
to be compacted with the help of a manual compactor prior to the placement of the
mix. It is advisable to compact in layers no greater than 20 cm, depending on the
weight of the compactor

APPLY THE LEAGUE IRRIGATION

The league irrigation should be applied throughout the area both on the walls and the bottom of the
cut. The irrigation should not pool at the bottom of the pit and the walls should remain
well covered. The distribution of the asphalt must be uniform (see Figure 12). The emulsion
It should be at the right temperature (usually at 60ºC) to facilitate irrigation of
asphalt. The start of the mix placement must be coordinated so that the emulsion
breaks with the ambient temperature, as can be seen in Figure 3 of this guide.
It should be dosed at an irrigation rate indicated by the project engineer, in such a way
that it is a sufficient amount for total coverage if the application is deficient or
very little will not have adequate adherence, however it should not be excessive, already
that can affect the characteristics of the asphalt mixture causing damages such as
for example, deformations or exudation (See Annex 1. Typical problems of the folder)
the hot asphalt mix and its possible causes). The inspector with the help of
verification laboratory (or in its absence with quality control) will carry out the
tests that guarantee that the irrigation rate used in the field corresponds to the
indicated for the project whenever the project engineer indicates (See Annex 2.
Types of irrigation of the league).
 Figure 12. League watering at the bottom of the pit

Source: Procedures Manual for Patching with Hot Asphalt Mixture, Institute
National Learning, 1998.

An easy way for the inspector to check the irrigation rate daily in addition to
perform the visual assessment of irrigation, which consists of reviewing the initial content level
emulsion in the tank that contains it (asphalt distributor or small tank) and at the end of the
journey to review the level of content again to estimate the consumption in liters of
day. Make a measurement and estimation of the area from the potholes and add the areas. The
division of liters consumed by the sum of the areas multiplied by
corresponds to the required asphalt content, it will provide an estimate of the watering rate of
League. The equivalent of what would correspond to the evaporated water from the emulsion.

Placement of hot asphalt mix

Before the placement, it is necessary to check that the cart transporting the mixture
hot asphalt will arrive with a tarp or other protective material that prevents
pollution during the journey and that also allows to preserve the
temperature. You should visually check if the mixture shows signs that
it was overheated, such as blue smoke rising from the truck mix
or to have a dull appearance (see Annex 1. Typical problems of the folder
hot asphalt mix and its possible causes.

COMPACTION

When the asphalt mixture layer that must be placed is greater than 10 cm, the
Compaction should be carried out in sub-layers less than 10 cm and more than 3 times.
the nominal maximum size of the aggregate, for example: for a mixture of size
nominal maximum aggregate of 12.5 mm, the minimum thickness will be 4 cm compacted
see Figure

14. The layers must be compacted on the same day, under the same conditions of
placement and compaction temperature, ensuring that the surfaces between layers do not
they become contaminated, which guarantees adhesion between layers, so they are not allowed
work the next day, also it should be avoided that an irregularity persists
important surface for more than 24 hours that affects the safe transit of the
users.
 VOLUME CALCULATION OF A POTHOLE

The volume of the pothole will be determined by measuring several thicknesses.

distributed in a grid pattern across the width and length of the pothole. It is recommended
take a thickness measurement using a template or a rope to take from
refer to the upper surface of the pothole several times, depending on the size of the
child. It can also be measured using a thickness gauge like the one that
it is shown in Figure 16c. The greater the number of measurements, the more accurate the volume will be.
measured.

The volume of a rectangular pothole will be calculated using the formula:

EXAMPLE: If 6 thicknesses were measured in a pothole: 12 cm, 12 cm, 15 cm, 12 cm, 13 cm and
14 cm, the width is 1.20 m and the length is 2.35 m, the following will be had:

VOLUME OF IRREGULAR PITS

The cut potholes must have rectangular shapes with few irregularities.
to calculate the volume, the volumes of each rectangular part will be added using the
previous formula.
Prácticas Adecuadas

Location and boundary demarcation to

cut to make the pothole.

Diamond disc saw team

to carry out the pothole cut.

Remove the cracked surface

the tuning of corners is observed and
walls of the pothole with a bar to
to be completely vertical, it can
to be done through a peak.

Cleaning of the pothole surface

using an air compressor.

Application of irrigation of the

league.
application is uniform and homogeneous.
Verify that the walls of the cut
of the potholeremain impregnated
uniformly of the league watering.
Temperature check of the
asphalt mixture before the
compaction is carried out in each
download. Each verification of
temperature of the asphalt mixture
hot must be found within the
range established in the contract.

Smoothing of the pothole surface

by means of a rake, which must
to clean oneself
with a solvent. For
prevent the solvent from affecting the mixture
asphalt it is recommended that the rake or
another element like shovels, picks or
bars are used completely
dry.

In case the pothole is of

large dimensions will be held the
compaction through the use of
of a vibratory compactor
roller. It continue the pattern of
compaction and the process is carried out
in stripes.
Compaction of asphalt mixture
recently placed by means of the
utilization of an iron
compactor.

Example of completed formal patching.

EXAMPLES OF DEPTH LONGER PITS

The repair must include the entire area

cracked. Furthermore, they use 'traba'
when it is not necessary.

The walls of the pothole must to be

straight and not irregular as
shows in the photograph.

The surface del It is not a problem

irregular. In addition, the cracks
observed can be reflected in the
new asphalt mix. On the other hand,
the walls of the pothole were not
slices adequately. It is
necessary check the thickness
minimum.

Bache placed in 2 layers.

Pollution of the first layer
on which the second will be placed
to complete the total thickness of the
Bache. The adhesion between layers
the asphalt mixture is harmed
and furthermore the thickness does not comply with the
minimum adequate.
The 'backhoe' moves on top
of the fresh asphalt mixture
placed. The tires pollute and
they affect adherence among the
hot mix asphalt layers.
Cracking is noticeable in the areas.
adjacent. Furthermore, it is worth emphasizing
neither the backhoe nor the wagons
their equipment for compaction of
the asphalt mix.

The asphalt mix should not be thrown,

since this causes segregation
thermal and separates fine particles
of the thick ones affecting the quality and
the durability of the applied layer.

The surface of the pothole is irregular.

surface is not completely
clean of loose material. By existing
considerable variations in thickness,
the compaction may not be
homogeneous.

The finished pothole is located

approximately 3 cm below the
original level of the surface of
rolling. The pothole must maintain the
original conditions of the surface
from the road, even considering the
necessary pumping.
The mixture must be avoided
stand out from the original surface of
wheel. The level must be verified
through the use of a codal.

Bad conditions of
compaction of the different layers
from the pothole could cause
sinkholes important. The
accumulation of water can
cause hydroplaning.

Irregular surface of the product

of the construction of different
patches with poor finish.

Poor finishing could generate differences.

level on the surface of the ring.
 2. REPAIR USING A MILLING MACHINE

MILLING OF THE ASPHALT LAYER, INCLUDES: CLEANING AND SWEEPING OF THE

SURFACE, LOAD AND TRANSPORT TO THE SHOOTING BANK OF YOUR CHOICE
CONTRACTOR AFTER AUTHORIZATION FROM THE SECRETARIAT, P.U.O.T.

EXECUTION.- To carry out the milling operation, the contractor must use a
pavement profiler. The profiler must be equipped with devices for control
automatic leveling, mechanisms for collecting and loading the cut product,
leveling mandrel and cutting tips in good condition, the selection of the equipment will be made from
in such a way that appropriate yields are achieved, according to the execution period
established, avoiding damage to adjacent areas, without affecting the rest of the layer of
remaining pavement.
The milling depth will be according to what is indicated in the project, starting from the
surface of the existing asphalt pavement.
The contractor, in his analysis, must consider a shooting bank, in which
the material resulting from milling will be placed in coordination with the
representative of the Secretariat on the work, thus the analysis will include the load,
download and carry to the final shooting bank designated by the Secretariat.

MEASUREMENT.- The milling of the existing pavement, per completed work unit, will be measured
taking the cubic meter (m3) of milled pavement as a unit, according to the
dimensions indicated in the project. The area will not be considered for payment purposes.
of rupture that exceeds the marked lines in this. Only the following will be accepted
project changes as ordered by the SECRETARY.

The contractor must consider the surplus of material in their unit price.
milled, since no surcharge will be accepted for this concept. The excess volumes
of the project section will be rejected by the SECRETARIAT and the
that are executed in excess, outside the specified tolerances, will be exempted from
respective payment. The volumes will be cubicized at the cut itself, through
sectioning and following the method of the average of extreme areas.

PAYMENT BASE.- It will be paid at the price set in the contract for the cubic meter (m3).
This unit price includes what corresponds to: equipment, extraction with the machinery and
procedure proposed by the contractor and approved by the SECRETARY; elevation to
any height of the material, transportation of materials and equipment; loading and unloading and
arrangement of the material at the shooting site; transport to the proposed shooting bench
contractor and approved by the SECRETARY, the cleaning of the treated areas and the
times of the vehicles used during waiting periods, in the transports during the
loading and unloading, extension, arrangement and shaping of waste materials
at the shooting site and everything related to the proper execution of the work in full.
satisfaction of the SECRETARY.

EP 02.- RELEVELING OF THE MILLED SURFACE WITH A SHEET

ASPHALTIC ACCORDING TO ITS TYPE, FROM THE BANK CHOSEN BY THE CONTRACTOR
INCLUDING CARRIAGES, IN A THICKNESS OF 4 CM, MADE OF
HOT, WITH ROCK MATERIAL OF MAXIMUM SIZE OF 19
MILLIMETERS, COMPACTED TO 95% OF THE MARSHALL PVSM, EXCLUDING
THE ASPHALT CEMENT, P.U.O.T.

EXECUTION.- For the releveling of the milled areas, asphalt mixture will be used.
elaborated in the plant and placed hot, in order to achieve a surface and pumping
uniform. For the construction of the folder, the materials must meet the
following quality standards:

The stony material must be a mixture of gravel and sand with a maximum of nine (9)
percent past the mesh No. 200 and with a maximum nominal particle size of
nineteen (19) millimeters, to be separated into fractions of nineteen (19)
millimeters to mesh No. 4 to fines.

Stone Material.

The stone material must comply with the regulations of the S.C.T. standards.
Regarding the quality of materials, it must comply with:

Wear the Angels 35% Maximum

Equivalent to sand 55 Minimum
Slabbed or elongated particles 40% Máximo
Density 2.4 Min.

The particle size distribution curve of the aggregate mix must be within
of the Limits indicated in the Standard N-CMT-4-04/06:

Name % what's happening

the mesh
¾” 100
½” 90-100
3/8 inch 72-92
¼” 66-81
No. 4 59-74
Number 10 41-55
No. 20 28-42
No. 40 20-32
Number 60 15-25
No. 100 11-18
No. 200 6-9

The shape of the particles, the equivalent of sand, and the wear of the aggregates
stone materials must meet the following requirements:

TYPE OF ESSAY NORM

Lajeo Index 40%, maximum
Equivalent of sand 55%, minimum
Wear "Los Ángeles" 35%, maximum

When the sample is heterogeneous and there are doubts about its quality, the SECRETARIAT
you can order that Los Angeles wear tests be carried out, separating the
healthy material from altered or different origin material, as well as tests on the sample
made up of both materials, in which they are represented in the same proportion
in which they are at the bank or in which they will be used. In none of the
mentioned cases must have wear greater than thirty-five (35) for
one hundred.

In case there are doubts about the quality of the stone materials, in judgment
From the SECRETARIAT, the determination of loss due to weathering will take place.
accelerated by the aggregates, which should not exceed twelve (12) percent, in the
understood that this feature does not exclude the aforementioned ones.

The affinity of the rocky material with the asphalt must satisfy at least two (2) of the
following requirements:

TYPE OF ESSAY RULE

Detachment due to friction 25%, maximum
Asphalt covering using the English method: 90%, maximum
Loss of stability due to immersion in water: 15%, maximum

CHARACTERISTIC NORM
Stability, kilograms 817 minimum
Flow, millimeters 2 to 3.5
Hollows in the mixture 3 to 5%
Holes in the aggregate
Mineral (VAM) 14% minimum
Degree of compaction
Regarding the DTVM Marshall 95% minimum

MEASUREMENT.- The asphalt layer, per completed unit of work, will be measured taking as
unit the cubic meter (m3) compacted asphalt concrete at the degree determined in the
project, rounding the result to the unit and no rounding up will be considered.
I deal with induced works. The constructed volumes will be covered in the same layers.
by means of sectioning and following the method of averaging external areas.

PAYMENT BASE.- The asphalt concrete layer, per unit of finished work, is
will pay the price set in the contract for the cubic meter (m3This price includes what
correspond by: rights and royalties for the exploitation and clearing of banks;
extraction of usable materials and waste, whatever it may be
clasificación; instalaciones y desmantelamiento de la planta: alimentación de la planta;
screenings, waste from screenings, total or partial crushing: washing, loads and
downloads of the materials; all the necessary transport for the treatments and the
waste from them: drag and transport from the production plant to the plant of
mixing of the storage, drying of the rock material and classification
separating them by sizes, dosing, and heating; cleaning of the tank in which it
transport the asphalt cement, dragging in the material production plant and in the
destination place, load to the transport team, transport to the storage place,
download in the depot, storage charge, loading from the depot to the equipment
transport, carrying to the place of use.

CONCLUSION

The design methods that have been developed to date, to determine

the required thicknesses for the different layers of pavement for a road or
airstrips, at times have been less than satisfactory; in some of them
serious theoretical objections can be made.