Foundation of Pre-University Education

of the Craft Cooperative 'Spiru Haret'

UCECOM College 'Spiru Haret' Bucharest

PROJECT
CALIFICAREA : TEHNICIAN OPTOMETRIST

COORDONATOR:
Prof. Popescu Daniela

ELEV:
Shepherd Peter

2016
Bucharest

1
 PROJECT THEME

Optometric testing and the creation of glasses for the following case:
OD: sf -1.00
OS: sf -0.50
DI in VA=60 mm
Vârsta : 28ani
SEX: MALE

2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Argument ........................................................................................................................................... 4

Capitolul 1. ANALIZATORUL VIZUAL ...................................................................................... 6

1.1. The components of the human eye .................................................................................... 7
1.2. Physiology of the eye .................................................................................................................... 12
1.3. Specific refractive defects of the human eye ........................................................................... 16

Chapter 2. OPTOMETRIC CONSULTATION ........................................................................ 20

2.1. Presentation of the optometry office ............................................................. 20
2.2. Case study ............................................................................................................................ 26

Chapter 3. CORRECTIVE GLASSES ................................................................................. 38

3.1. Presentation of the glasses assembly workshop and the sales store
of glasses and related products............................................................................................... 38
3.2. Components of the glasses ........................................................................................ 41
3.3. Lenses necessary for myopia correction ......................................................................................... 42
3.4. Eyeglass frame ................................................................................................................ 46
3.5. Mounting and adaptation..............................................................................................................47
3.6. Counseling for the client wearing glasses ............................................................................50

Chapter 4. BUSINESS PLAN ...........................................................................................53

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................... .67

APPENDIX

3
 ARGUMENT

In order to adapt to the surrounding environment, man gathers information through various channels.

sensory. The visual system is one of these. Over 85% of the information we receive
External data is obtained visually. Thus, vision (along with brain activity) has a
greater importance in human life ensuring adaptation to the environment, identifying shapes and colors,
spatial orientation, maintaining balance, maintaining alertness and attention. This system is
the retina, optic nerve, and cerebral cortex.
Ocular conditions have concerned people since ancient times (documents such as: Hammurabi
-1800 B.C., Hippocrates - 3rd century B.C.). Over time, in the Middle Ages and then in the modern era, knowledge has
They have evolved both anatomically, physiologically-pathologically, and technically. An important step has been taken.
and Helmotz (1851) through the discovery of the ophthalmoscope.

Medical optics deals with the study of anatomy, physiology, pathology, and health
of the visual analyzer. It is based on technical solutions both regarding the equipment of
investigation and control of it (medical equipment is based on optical devices) but also in
the corrective part through the technical solutions (of a mechanical nature) offered: frames, air lenses or of
contact (including their processing).
In particular, optical optometry deals with the investigation of the functioning of the visual system.
of the person, highlighting visual problems, recommending methods and means of improvement
functioning in order to obtain visual comfort in relation to the subject's needs, but without
medical intervention (as much as possible). In this endeavor, science, technology, and mechanics collaborate and in

execution of corrective devices: lenses (aerial, contact), frames, accessories.

The qualification of optometric technician consists of examining patients with visual acuity.
deficient, prescribing, making, recommending corrective glasses or lenses
contact considering their 3 main functions: correction (diopters), protection (anti-reflective,
blue control, UV, heliomat), aesthetics (frames, lenses, accessories), providing guidance regarding
the selection, use, and maintenance of them.
The need for the development of a new qualification in the field of medical optics arises from
the extremely high percentage of approximately 90% of the population (EU statistics) that requires a check
routine, preliminary examinations, guidance, monitoring and primary compensation of visual function
and only 10% which require specialized medical examination (cataract, glaucoma, degeneration
macular etc.). It has been established that any preliminary activity of the actual medical act, as well as those
Commercial, administrative, and technological tasks can be taken over from the responsibility of the specialist ophthalmologist.

and conducted by an optometrist. After 1990, the possibility of qualifying in the profession of optometrist emerged.

4
in schools like the University of Bucharest (1996), Spiru Haret Post-High School (1995), University
Transylvania.
Ocular changes in the elderly occur regularly such that after the age of 40 almost
every person visits the ophthalmologist due to presbyopia, lens opacity, glaucoma,
vascular changes of the fundus of the eye, but there is also an expansion of the age range for
individuals who have visual problems caused by a certain development of science and technology, with impact
positive but also negative impact on human life. Due to improper nutrition (lack of
minerals, vitamins, disordered meal program), noise and chemical pollution, stress,
the fact that most objects we interact with are usually quite close to
we, the emergence, the spread of multimedia systems, visual impairment takes on new dimensions. Studies
Ithasbeenshownthathetypeofworkandthenumberofhoursperdayofvideoterminalusecombinedwiththelackofalternation.
Reading is an important factor in the appearance of eye disorders, especially in the case of myopia.
The achievements of the 21st century regarding the correction, protection, and aesthetics of vision (of the eye) have

Due to important innovations arising from the specific nature of activities - new modern technologies, thus:
modification of the viewing plan, near-medium-distance, repeatedly, with increased frequency --- lens
progressive, protection against reflections (reflections from objects - polarization, reflections in materials) --- anti-reflective,

emitted radiation (phone display, television, sun) --- Blue Light Control/ UV, aspheric technology
combine with materials with high refractive indices-1.67/1.74 --- thinner, more aesthetic lenses, a
easy maintenance, resistance --- hydro/oil-repellent/static/durable, contact lenses with
high mechanical/dioptric/aesthetic performance.
I chose this project theme based on the above considerations but also from
the concrete fact: being a graduate of the Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers for many years, I have numerous

colleagues who, working as programmers, have developed myopia over time. Observing cases and studying
specialized literature has shown that genetic inheritance is always a factor in health
ours but it is the only one we cannot influence. It represents only the predisposition or
the potential to experience certain problems or conditions. Our life and way of living
decide in the end whether we will have a certain problem or not.
In carrying out this project, I aimed for both the appropriate completion of the school's studies of
optometry but also to contribute to the resolution (prevention, slowing down, correction) in accordance with the latest

news of science and technology, the refractive defect: MYOPIA.

5
 CHAPTER 1. THE VISUAL ANALYZER

1.1. The components of the human eye.

Analyzers are systems of the human organism that have the role of receiving, conducting and
transforms specific sensations the primary excitations from the external environment (light, in particular) or internal.

They contribute to the integration of it into the environment and to the coordination of its functions. The analyzers
they are morphological-functional systems composed of three segments, as follows:
1. peripheral, perceives through specific receptors, the changes in the external and internal environment,
what acts on the body - the eye;
2. intermediary (of conduction), conducts nerve impulses in the cortical areas
corresponding - optic nerve;
3. The central segment analyzes and synthesizes nerve impulses determining
the formation of specific visual sensation, determining the appropriate reaction - cortex.

Thus, inside the eye (the peripheral segment), the ray of light is projected onto
retina that transforms it into nerve impulse. It is noteworthy that only electromagnetic radiation with
the wavelength between 375 and 760 nm (the eighth part of electromagnetic radiation) is detected
(fig. 1). It is important to know, in the technique of making lenses, that other wavelengths range -
Whether or not they are sensitive - can negatively affect elements of the eye such as the lens (UVA, UVB), retina.

(blue light), etc.

The eye (fig. 2) has the shape of a sphere and is located in the eye socket. Despite its size
the eye is a complex organ: it perceives shapes, movements, terrains, colors, and differences in
luminosity. Light enters through the front part of the eye through a transparent membrane
called the cornea, surrounded by an area called the white of the eye or sclera. Then we find a
membrane, with a variable diameter, called iris, pierced in the center and colored differently from one person to another

The opening (through which light passes) is called the pupil, it is black in color and enlarges -
it reduces the diameter depending on the intensity of the light radiation. This adaptive reflex protects
the tissues of the eye. Light then enters the lens, a variable biconvex lens that has the role of
focusing of this retina (the actual receptor), after it first traverses a humor
watery called vitreous body. After transforming light excitation into nerve impulse (at the level of
the retina), this is transmitted to the brain (central segment) via the optic nerve (segment
intermediary) forming the visual sensation. In the composition of the eye (for the purpose of protection) we find

the eyelids and eyelashes. A thin transparent membrane, called conjunctiva, lines the interior
eyelids and a part of the sclera. Similarly, mucous glands, located under the eyelids, produce in
6
permanence of tears (the lacrimal system). They are spread in a uniform layer, following
the movements of blinking eyelids, lubricates and nourishes the surfaces in contact with the tear fluid,
reducing the friction effects
The peripheral segment consists of the eyeball (fig. 3) and its annexes.
From a geometric point of view, the eyeball is an almost spherical formation located in the part
anterior of the orbit. The anteroposterior diameter is larger, measuring 25-26 mm, while the transverse diameter is 24.5 mm.

mm, and the vertical one is only 23.7 mm. We distinguish an antero-posterior axis, an equator, and meridians.
The anterior pole corresponds to the center of the cornea, while the posterior pole is located on the sclera, corresponding to the area.

between the papilla and the macula. The line that connects the two poles is the optical axis of the eyeball. The angle
The angle between the optical axis and the line of sight is 5 degrees and is called angle alpha (fig. 4)

The equator is the largest circumference on the surface of the globe in the perpendicular plane.
along the antero-posterior axis. It divides the eyeball into two halves, called hemispheres.
The meridians are the circles that pass through both poles of the anteroposterior axis. There is a
a vertical meridian and a horizontal one.
The eyeball is anatomically composed (fig. 5) of three external, overlapping layers.
that forms its wall and consists of transparent media contained within: watery humidity,
the crystal and the vitros body.
The three outer layers are:
the fibrous layer
vascular layer (uvea)
nervous layer (retina)
The fibrous layer forms the protective covering of the eyeball and is composed of:
The sclera represents the largest part of the outer covering, about 5/6. It is
made of dense fibrous tissue, it is hard, inextensible in adults, has a pearly white color and does not
It is penetrated by bright rays. It has a thickness of approximately 1 mm. At the level of the pole.
or the posterior presents a conical canal through which the optic nerve exits.

The cornea is the anterior part of the fibrous layer, transparent and refringent. It has a role
protector and optical (allowing light rays to penetrate inside). It is thicker at
the periphery (1 mm) than at the center (0.6 mm). The horizontal diameter is larger than the one
vertical. It does not present vascularization. Nutrition is done through three sources: the vessels of the clerical tongue.

cornea, the aqueous humor, and the tear film.

limbus sclero-corneal, the transition area between the cornea and sclera.
Note: Corneal irregularities are the cause, in most cases, of the appearance of astigmatism.

7
 The vascular layer is located beneath the sclera, forming the middle layer of the eye, and is intense.
vascularized and rich in pigment cells. It is composed of three distinct functional parts:
The iris forms the anterior part of the uvea; it is located behind the cornea and in front of the.

of the crystal and is made up of a diaphragm whose central opening is the pupil.
The diaphragm regulates the amount of light that enters the eyes through the photomotor reflex.
pupilar.
The ciliary body represents the middle part of the uveal tract and extends from
the root of the iris at "ora serrata". It consists of two layers: the ciliary muscle (with a role
in accommodation) and the ciliary processes (secrete the aqueous humor).

The choroid extends from the point of entry of the optic nerve to the 'ora serrata'.
It is a richly vascularized and intensely pigmented layer, thus forming the opaque screen of the eye.
having a significant role in maintaining ocular tone.

The nerve layer is represented by the retina (fig. 6), which is located between the choroid and the body.

vitreous, being the most important membrane in ensuring visual function. It perceives light and
transforms into a nerve stimulus. It lines the eyeball from the papilla to the papillary opening. It is a
very thin membrane (0.5 mm and 10 layers), resembles the structure of the cerebral cortex and is
perfect transparency. It is applied in its normal position on the choroid through the pressure exerted by
the vitreous body, being adherent to the choroid only at its periphery and is fixed at the level of the edge of the papilla

of the optic nerve. Functionally, the most important are the nine layers in which it
learn about the cone cells and the rod-shaped cells. These are the photoreceptors of the retina, which
it captures light and transforms it into an electric stimulus through photochemical reactions. In order to fulfill

the function, cones require stronger light, while rods respond to lower light
weak. The retina can be divided into visual retina - 'pars optica' and blind retina - 'pars caeca', the limit
among these is the date of a festooned area, pre-equatorial, called 'the serrated hour'.
The reddish-orange color of the eye's fundus is given by the underlying choroid which contains
many vessels and pigment cells.
Histological structure of the retina (fig. 6), placement of various layers with specialized cells
allows the reception of light excitations and their transmission to the visual cortical center. Regions
The retina with a special structure includes the central fovea and the ora serrata. From a functional point of view,

structure
(fig. 7), the retina has two well-defined parts:
The macula (fig. 8) represents the center of visual acuity, being the thinnest part of the retina.
the macula produces and color vision. It has no blood vessels.

8
 The optic nerve papilla (fig. 9) is the place where the optic nerve is formed from nerve fibers.
fine, without myelin, originating from the retina. It has the shape of an imperfect disc, oriented towards the part

nasal. The papilla does not participate in realizing vision, lacking visual cells, cones, and rods.
Contents of the eyeball
Between the posterior surface of the cornea and the anterior surface of the iris lies the anterior chamber.
the posterior is located in the space between the posterior face of the iris, the ciliary body, and the anterior face of
of the crystalline. Both chambers are filled with watery humor.
The watery emulsion (fig. 10) is a transparent, slightly alkaline liquid that regulates tension.
intraocular being secreted mainly in the ciliary processes and to a lesser extent by the iris vessels, through
diffusion. It ensures the nutrition of the eye structure and removes the metabolic waste substances.
The surplus of aqueous humor in the eye leads to an increase in intraocular pressure, and this leads to
glaucoma.
The crystal lens (fig. 11) is a biconvex lens, perfectly transparent and has the property of ...
it modifies the curvature radius of its surfaces during the accommodation process, increasing or decreasing
Thus, the dioptric power. It is devoid of blood vessels.
The vitreous body (fig. 12) is a gelatinous substance that occupies all the space between the surface
the posterior of the lens and the wall of the eyeball, representing approximately 6/10 of the globe
ocular. The vitreous substance contains 98.6% water. The optical vitreous is homogeneous.
The vitreous body plays a role in the development and maintenance of the shape of the eyeball.

The intermediate segment

The intermediate segment (optical path) is composed of several parts (fig. 13):
The optic nerve is part of the cranial nerves, the second pair. It is composed of axons.
retinal ganglion cells, which cross the sieve-like lamina of the sclera, orbit, optic canal
and then penetrate into the cranial cavity. The optic nerves end in the anterior angles of
a nerve structure called the chiasm.
The chiasm is located in the Turkish saddle, above the pituitary gland. At the level of the chiasm, there occurs

the partial crossing of the optic nerve fibers. From the chiasm, the optical tracts originate
(two white cords) that surround the cerebral peduncles and end in the geniculate bodies.
The external or lateral geniculate bodies are located beneath the pulvinar in continuation of the bands.
Optic. They contain a large number of cells that come into contact with the fibers of the optic nerve.

The lateral geniculate bodies have a laminar structure: myelinated white laminae alternate with laminae
the ashes.

9
 The optical radiations of Gratiolet are formed by the scattered visual fibers that go towards
the striated area of the occipital lobe and ends around the calcarine sulcus, after passing through
the posterior part of the internal capsule.

The central segment

Its central brain segment (fig. 14) of the visual analyzer is located in the cortical cortex of
occipital lobe, Brodmann area 17. Here the transformation of light excitation into sensation takes place.
visual. At the level of the calcarine sulcus in the occipital lobe, there is a true cortical retina. The field
Brodmann areas 17 are interconnected with fields 18 and 19. It can be considered that vision is a function.
so complex that the entirety of the brain participates in its realization.
Field 18 has a motor role and is involved in ocular motility and the localization of objects. Field 19
is a visual recognition function.

The appendages of the eyeball

1. Eyelids
- 2 The lacrimal apparatus
- 3. Orbit
- 4. Oculomotor muscles
The pleoapelesunt are two muscular-cutaneous folds located at the base of the orbit. In front of the eyes...
find out about the lower eyelid and the upper eyelid that protect the eyeball from physical actions and
external chemicals, and through their movements spread the tears over the surface of the cornea and thus ensure

lubrication and feeding it. They perceive atmospheric currents, and if these are strong, they close.
The movements of the eyelids can be reflexive or controlled. Blinking serves the following functions:
anterior pole protector of the eyeball, achieved through reflex or voluntary blinking,
They oppose the entry of any harmful agent through closure;
mechanism of uniform stretching of the liquid formed by tear and conjunctival secretion,
ensuring proper nutrition/lubrication of the cornea and at the same time perfect smoothing of
to this one;
influence of intraocular and conjunctival blood circulation and aqueous humor circulation
in this influencing of intraocular pressure
- the protective role over the retina is exercised through the rhythmic closing of the eyelids and

the rhythmic interruption of the images formed on the retina. Therefore, a fragmentation is achieved of
the work of the retina.
The clip is distinguished:

10
 spontaneous (normal, physiological)

voluntary (intentional gesture)

-provocation (reflex)

The lacrimal apparatus (fig. 15) consists of a secretory part, the lacrimal glands, and a part
excretory, the tear ducts. The tear fluid provides nourishment/lubrication to the cornea and protects it.
against infections. The tear secretion includes:
reflex secretion
the basic secretion
Tears are a transparent, slightly alkaline liquid, containing 0.9% mineral salts, 0.5%
albumin, mucins, lipids secreted by the palpebral glands and an enzyme with bacteriostatic action,
lysozyme. The rest of the tear composition is made up of water. Lipids and mucins ensure
stability, and lysozyme the sterility of the pre-corneal tear film. Crying is specific to humans.
The activity of the tear glands is influenced by sensory and motor nerves, by stimuli from the brainstem.
nervos vegetativ, deci funcţionează independent de voinţa noastră, dar, prin exerciţii, se poate
it provokes tears.
The orbit is a bony cavity located in the facial mass on either side of the nasal pyramid and
there are several walls:
the upper wall
the outer wall
the lower wall
The orbit presents a series of openings (optic canal, sphenoidal fissure) through which it establishes communications.
with the neurocranium, the nasal cavity, and the pterygopalatine fossa (fig. 16). The contents of the orbit consist of:
eyeball, intrinsic muscles of the eyeball (4 straight muscles and 2 oblique muscles), elements
nerves, vessels, lacrimal gland and adipose tissue.
The oculomotor muscles (fig. 16) ensure the associated movements of both eyes. The movements are performed
of six striated muscles: four straight muscles and two oblique ones. The straight muscles are positioned symmetrically:

interior, exterior, superior and inferior; their action corresponds to their anatomical position. One of
The oblique muscles ensure oblique movement, inward and upward, while the other one ensures movement inward and downward. The role

The function of the oculomotor muscles is to orient the optical axis of the eye toward the fixed object.

11
 1.2. Physiology of the eye

The study of ocular refraction is based on understanding the general principles of physics that govern
optics, the science of light and its interaction with matter. Light is a radiation
electromagnetism that has a dual wave-particle nature. Quantum mechanics has unified the two
aspects of light in a single theory. Thus, light can be studied:
be it the physical optical wave
be it the geometric optical ray
be it the quantum optical particle
Optical optics involves approaching light as both a wave and a ray, as well as studying its propagation.
in ocular environments.
The visual analyzer provides spatial orientation through the perception of rays emitted by a
light source or reflected by objects. The sensation of light is given by a rather narrow area of
electromagnetic spectrum (fig. 19). | As physical phenomena, more important, produced in operation
in the human eye we can distinguish

Diffraction. The phenomena of diffraction generally refer to wave phenomena that occur at
the propagation of light in media with sufficiently small inhomogeneities such that the laws of geometric optics
are no longer respected. Diffraction can also be defined as the phenomenon of light 'bending' around
obstacles when their dimensions are comparable to the wavelength of the radiation
incident. If light passes through a narrow opening, the rays spread out as if the opening were a
new light source. If a screen is placed beyond the opening to intercept the rays, it will
notice that they will undergo the phenomenon of diffraction and will form a central image on the screen with

less intense secondary images on the sides of the central image. (fig. 17).
Interference. The phenomenon of interaction between rays of light. (fig. 18).
Refraction. The difference in the speed at which light propagates in various transparent media leads to
the change of the angle of propagation direction of it. (fig. 19)
From the perspective of this work, refraction can be considered one of the most
important phenomena. Understanding it helps in understanding the optical behavior of
the crystalline of the lenses and thus the corrections of refractive errors.
The eye is a dynamic optical system, with a refractive power of approximately 64D. 70% of this
the value is due to the air-cornea interface and 30% to the lens. The analysis of the eye is reduced to
studying the four main dioptric surfaces we find:
the anterior surface of the cornea with a dioptric power of about 48.83D,
The posterior surface of the cornea has a dioptric power of -5.88D and a radius of 6.8 mm.

12
 The anterior surface of the lens has a radius of curvature of 10mm. The refractive index of
the refractive index is 1.41,
The posterior surface of the lens has a curvature radius of 6mm.
The total refractive power of the cornea is 44.305D and that of the unaccommodated lens is
19.11D
The thickness of the cornea is 500 microns and that of the lens is 3.6 mm.
The standard eye is hyperopic with +1D, has a total refractive power of 58.64D and a
axial length of 24mm.
It is observed that most of the refraction process occurs in the cornea, at
the air interface. The remaining refraction necessary, in relation to the distance at which the object is located, occurs in

crystal clear. As one ages, a person loses this ability to adjust their focus, deficiency
known as presbyopia or tired vision. If parallel rays enter a medium
half-cylinders with a convex surface, they converge and meet at a point, called the focal point or
the focal point. Behind the cooling surface, through the convergence of rays, a real image is formed.
inverse and reduced of the object (fig. 20). The image is formed on the retina with the help of the device.
dioptric of the eye (cornea and lens) that focuses light rays on the retina, the aperture
pupil intervening to adjust and vary the amount of light entering the eye. This
the retinal image is real, inverted and smaller than the object; for vision to be clear,
The image must be formed on the retina, regardless of the distance of the object from the eye.
This is achieved through the process of accommodation of the lens.

The formation of the nerve impulse, respectively, photo-reception

Under the action of light excitation at the level of the retina, anatomical and physicochemical changes occur.
and electric ones:

Anatomical modifications. They consist of a displacement of the pigment granules (from the epithelium

pigment) to the visual cells, photoreceptors (the cells with cones and rods).
Physical-chemical changes consist of the decomposition and reconstitution of substances.
Photochimes present in visual cells. This substance is different for cones and rods;
for cones, the visual substance is iodopsin (retinal violet) discovered by Studnitz in 1936,
for stick cells, the visual pigment esterodopsin (retinal purple), discovered by Boll in 1876.
Under the action of light, rhodopsin, contained in the rods, decomposes into a substance.
a carotenoid called retinal and a protein called opsin. In this way, rhodopsin becomes decolorized.
(white divine) and the depolarization of the cell occurs. This phenomenon is the starting point of the influx.

nerves that ultimately reach the occipital cortex. The more light acts, the retina

13
it degrades and reaches vitamin A. Vitamin A, which is necessary for the regeneration of purple.
retinal is produced by the pigment epithelial cells.
The decomposition of the visual pigment contained in cones, iodopsin, occurs under the action of
of light, and vitamin A is necessary for its regeneration and is delivered through the circulatory system. The breakdown

the visual pigment contained in cones, iodopsin is also formed under the action of light, and vitamin A
the regeneration of iodopsin is brought through the circulatory system. The photochemical decomposition of
rhodopsin (from rods) is 25 times faster than that of iodopsin (from cones), in
the regeneration of visual pigment is faster in cones. In the retina, there are approximately
7 million cones and 130 million rods.
Electric phenomena. They are produced by the decomposition of photochemical substances from

the level of cones (iodopsin) and from the level of rods (rhodopsin). Through physical mechanisms-
The mentioned chemicals release energy that creates a potential difference, which causes a current.
of action that can be highlighted by the electroretinogram (ERG). This represents the collection
retinal electric potential caused by light stimulation and shows the activity of the couple
visual cell (cone or rod) - bipolar cell.
In darkness, at the level of the retina, there is a permanent electric charge, the deepest layers
the internal ones being electropositive, while the external ones are electronegative. This permanent difference in
potential can be collected at the level of the entire eyeball considered as a dipole, in the form of
electrooculogram (EOG), which represents the function of the pigment epithelium and the cones and
of the bastons.
The sensory components of the visual function are represented by:
1. The sensation of light;

[Link] of shape;
3. The sensation of color;
4. Binocular vision.
Important from the perspective of eye physiology, we mention:
Adaptation
Rhodopsin in rods plays an important role in adapting to light conditions.
the environment. Thanks to this, the eye can distinguish different shades, both in bright light and in
semiobscurity. The increase in sensitivity is not uniform in cones and rods. Adaptation is more
fast in the central fovea, where most cones are located, and slower at the periphery of the retina, where
we exclusively encounter rods. The increase in retinal and lens pigmentation under the effect of absorption
ultraviolet rays, in old age, reduce adaptation.
Different types of vision. (peripheral, binocular-spatial, color):

14
 Vision allows us to distinguish three kinds of elements: shapes, reliefs, and finally, colors.
· The view of the formula is possible thanks to the converging power of the optical system. The image,
on the retina, it is reduced and inverted. The precise vision of shapes, or visual acuity, is
maximum near the posterior pole of the eye, which corresponds to the macula: in fact, this
mainly contains cones. Everything that is perceived through peripheral vision constitutes
visual field.
· The vision of reliefs and distances, or stereoscopic vision, is possible due to
the integration by the brain of two slightly different images provided by each eye.
· The perception of colors, dominated by cones, is more intense in the central area of the retina.
and less good on the periphery.
Accommodation
The eye has the ability to see clearly not only the objects situated at infinity but also those in between.
eyes and infinity, through the modification of refraction, the images forming on the retina regardless of the distance to

which is located relative to the eyeball (fig. 21). Accommodation is measured in diopters, while convergence in
metric angles.

Physiology of the intermediate and central segments

The nerve impulse generated at the level of the retina is conducted to the cortical level through the optic nerve.

This transmits all visual information including brightness, color perception, and contrast.
(visual acuity). Also the visual impulses that are responsible for two reflexes
important neurological: light reflex (dilation vs. constriction of the pupil - pupillary reflex) and reflex
of accommodation (bombing versus thinning, crystalline) (fig. 22). It can be said again that the phenomenon
The accommodation is an important one in understanding the prescription of compensation.

Nerve impulses are transformed at the brain level into complex information. Different
The zones of the brain are involved with specific functions. We can exemplify:
The primary visual cortex V1 is located in the occipital lobe and receives information directly from
lateral geniculate nuclei. The dorsal canal is associated with movement, representing locations.
of objects, the control of the eyes and hands, especially when visual information is used to
guide or to reach something.
The prestriate cortex V2, also known as the prestriate cortex, is the second major region of the cortex.
visual and the first region in the area of visual association. The cells have properties of orientation, frequency and

color. The response of many neurons in V2 is modulated by several complex properties, such as
the orientation of accounts caused by illusions and identify whether the object is part of the figure or from

15
background. It is the main area of association and the center of visual memory and plays a role in organization
of images and in accommodation.

The complex visual cortex V3 where the motor fibers are formed that project
subcortical. They play an important role in stereoscopic vision (spatial orientation, shape perception,
the image of the body, movement in depth and the localization of images.

1.3. Specific refractive errors of the human eye

For understanding this chapter as well as important for the whole and the purpose of this
we introduce the concepts:
oOCHI EMETROP - (from Greek “emetros”=proportioned and “ops”=sight), the image
a point situated at infinity is formed on the retina of the eye when in an unaccommodated state. In the case of

in the emmetropic eye, the retina is the optical conjugate of infinity and is therefore located in the plane

focal image of the optical system of the eye. The image of distant objects is
It forms on the retina, inverted. The emmetropic eye sees objects clearly without accommodating.

(fig. 23).
oOCHI AMETROP. - any eye that is not emmetropic is called ametropic (from Greek
"ametros"=disproportionate and "ops"=sight) because it presents a refraction anomaly
characterized by the fact that the image of an object located at a distance is not formed on
its retina, in an unaccommodated state (in a resting, static state), but in front or behind
I retained. If the image forms behind the eye, it is called hyperopia, if
the image forms in front, we call it 'miop', if the image forms differently depending on the function

From the meridian, the eye is called astigmat.

Regardless of the type of ametropia, three causes can be claimed:
1. The length of the anteroposterior axis, which is either too short (hyperopia) or too long
lung (myopia) called axial ametropias. (spherical).
2. The dimensions of the corneal or crystalline curvature radii are abnormal in relation to
the other structures are called curvature metropes. (spherical)
3. The value of the refractive index of one of the refracting media is too strong or
too weak named index ametropias. (aspherical)
Ametropias can be either accidental as a result of the displacement of the lens in an emmetropic eye or
various corneal aggressions.

16
 HYPERMETROPY
Farsightedness (fig. 24) is a refractive error in which parallel rays coming from infinity
focalizes at a point located behind the retina. It is the most common refractive disorder.
I share in:
1. Mice: up to 3 diopters
2. Glasses: from 3 to diopters
3. Mari: over 6 diopters
Depending on the causes we have:

1. Axial hyperopia: the anteroposterior axis is smaller.

2. Hyperopia of index: the refractive index of the refracting media is lower than
normal.
3. Curvature hyperopia: reduced curvature of refracting surfaces.
In a state of accommodative rest, the hypermetrope does not see well either at a distance or up close. In order to -

and to correct the sight defect, he constantly uses accommodation. These people often have
often have trouble focusing on close images and cannot perform activities such as reading or
the sewing.
The correction of hyperopia is done by 'bringing the focus forward' using convex lenses.
The lens with the highest dioptric value is prescribed that allows for maximum acuity at a distance of
5m.

Myopia
Myopia (fig. 25) is a refractive error in which the rays of light entering the eye focus in
the retina. The myope does not see well at a distance, but sees well up close, having the tendency to bring things closer.

the objects or eye books.

As mentioned, it can be classified based on causes:
Axial myopia: the axial length of the eyeball is shorter than normal.
2. Curvature myopia: a more pronounced curvature of the cornea.
3. Index myopia: the transient myopia produced by the increase in the lens index from
various causes.
They can be classified by dioptric value into:
Small: up to 3 diopters.
2. Medium: between 3 and 6 diopters.
3. Mari: between 6 and 9 diopters.
4. Forces: over 9 diopters.

17
Depending on certain evolutionary stages, myopia can also be:
1. Benign myopia: appears around the age of 6 (school myopia). It has a progression
progressive until around the age of 20, when it stabilizes, not exceeding 6 diopters. Not
it involves ocular complications.
2. Malignant myopia: it is most often present from birth; it is congenital,
genetics. Progressively evolves with values of -20, -40 diopters. The eyeball has lesions.
my eye injuries, vision being permanently affected. The anteroposterior axis is
the sclera thins unevenly (especially near the optic nerve head). There appear
zone of scleral denudation, due to choroidal retraction (myopic cone). Visibility was added.
increased choroidal vessels, chorioretinal degenerations of the vitreous, hemorrhages at
the level of the macula. As the lesions of the fundus progress, visual acuity
step.
Myopia is corrected by bringing the image from the front back onto the retina. This is done with a diverging lens.

The weakest, concave, spherical lens that provides good visual acuity at a distance of 5m is preferred.
the correction with contact lenses, especially for large or malignant ones, as it diminishes the effect of
excessive reduction of the size of the image focused on the retina, thus improving visual acuity.

ASTIGMATISM
Astigmatism (fig. 26) is an aspheric refractive error in which the principal focus of the rays
The incident is not made up of a single point, but of a series of points – the focus becomes linear.
The astigmatic eye has one meridian of minimum refractive power and one meridian of power
maximum refractive, we call the main meridians. Between these meridians, the refractive power varies
between the maximum and minimum limits.

REGULAR ASTIGMATISM:
Each meridian has the same refractive power at every point along it.
The transition from the refraction of one meridian to the refraction of the neighboring one is gradual.

The meridian with the highest refractive power and the one with the lowest refractive power
are perpendicular to each other and are called main meridians.
Under normal conditions, the vertical meridian is slightly curved due to the flattening of the eye by
upper eyelid. This meridian has a myopic refraction of up to -0.75dpt, determining
physiological astigmatism.
After the refraction of the principal meridians, we encounter:

Simple astigmatism: one meridian is emmetropic and the other is ametropic.

18
 Astigmatism composed: both meridians are myopic or hyperopic but of degree
different.
Mixed astigmatism: one principal meridian is myopic while the other is hyperopic.

If the vertical principal meridian is more refringent than the horizontal one, we have astigmatism.
regulates directly (according to physiological astigmatism), and conversely we have against astigmatism
indirect regulation. By correction with cylindrical lenses, the difference in refraction between them is cancelled out

two meridians.
Irregular astigmatism can be caused by corneal conditions (infiltrates, degenerations,
scars). There can be refractive differences not only between meridians but also between points of the same one.
Meridian. The correction is done surgically or with contact lenses.

NEAR VISION, ACCOMMODATION and PRESBYOPIA

(in Greek "presbutes" = old eyes)

Presbyopia (fig. 27) is the phenomenon of reduced accommodation power of the eye due to
aging. One of the most commonly given explanations refers to the progressive loss of
of the elasticity of the crystal with aging, to which was added, as an aggravating factor, loss.
the contracting and relaxing powers of the ciliary muscles (muscles that control the degree of convergence
of the crystal.
It is corrected by compensating for the insufficient accommodation amplitude of the eye for vision.
almost with an added positive power.

19
 CHAPTER 2. OPTOMETRIC EXAMINATION

2.1. Presentation of the optometry office

The optometry office consists of four main areas.

Testing room. (fig. 28)
Sanitary group.
Commercial space. (as applicable)

Waiting room.
Access is done individually through doors and partitions.
The arrangement of the testing room is pleasant and comfortable for subjects with visual impairments.
The length of the hall is 7.5 m. Space has been ensured for:
the subject's chair (place and for its folding for specific exams),
placing the test board 5m from it,
- c. support for the lens kit,
- d. table for autorefractometer,
e. mass for lensmeter,
there is also enough space for the examiner to move around the chair
The subject for performing both objective and subjective refraction.
The equipment in the office is complete for the type of optometric testing and arranged in such a way that,
the subject should make minimal trips. For optical reasons, the surfaces of the equipment are
dark gray color (melamine board). Thus, reflections on surfaces have been reduced, the subject and
the examiners are not embarrassed.

The lighting is done with Philips yellow ('warm') neon lamps. There are table lamps with
potentiometer with variable light intensity.
The windows are blocked with special blinds ensuring the necessary darkness and for the appearance.
cornea with a slit lamp, after fluorescein has been instilled, in ultraviolet or violet light.
In the waiting room, there are three armchairs, a table with brochures containing simple explanations on
of refractive errors and how to correct them. Clear indications are also provided on
the objectives of the consultation, how it is conducted, as well as the behavior
adequate to the subject for its optimal development, suggestively printed on special boards.
There is a special waiting chair reserved for situations when a patient is between two
examination phase.

20
There is a sink for the examiner to wash their hands and a mirror for the subjects to look at themselves.
arrange the hair and clothes after finishing the tests. Considering that consultations are also offered for
The contact lens mirror also serves to teach the subject how to apply these lenses on the eyes.
The cabinet is equipped with basic equipment for optometric testing.
The theoretical equipment should include:
1. Echipamentul necesar pentru examenul iniţial:
handheld ophthalmoscope (fig. 29);
indirect binocular ophthalmoscope
Placid Disk;
variable prism;
lamp with a pen;
skiascope (fig. 29)
crossed cylinder (fig. 30)
simple lamp
2. For the detailed examination, a complete equipment is necessary, which generally is
composed of: ophthalmic unit that includes: biomicroscope with slit lamp,
ophthalmometer, phoropter, test projector, ophthalmoscope, skiascope, lamp for illumination;
visual refractometer or autorefractometer, polatest, test charts for near and for
remote, lens kit for subjective testing, equipment for campimetry and perimetry,
test for color vision, equipment for adaptometry, equipment for testing
sensitivity to contrast, synoptophore, amblyophore, dyslexia tests (fig. 35).
In the practice of this office there is:
Autorefractor-keratometer (fig. 31);
Biomicroscope
Complete lens kit, pen lamp, crossed cylinder (fig. 32);
Test table (fig. 33);
Trial glasses (fig. 34);
Lensmeter;
Special patient chair (adjustable).

MTSM and PSI in the optometry office

The elements that can play an important role in activities related to occupational safety and fire protection.

and the health of a business, in policy and improvement of activities are:

21
 Assistance of an outside person in the application of the protection guidance system
occupational safety and health (OSH or OHS)
Training and motivating workers for an attitude that protects their health;
Using less harmful materials and products;
Reports related to occupational safety.
Required documents can be listed as in fig. 35.
In 2006, law number 319 was enacted in Romania, regulating security and
occupational health, aiming to establish measures for promoting the improvement of security
and health at work of workers, establishing general principles regarding risk prevention
professional, health protection and worker safety, elimination of risk factors and accidents,
information, consultation, balanced participation according to the law, training of workers and
their representatives, as well as general guidelines for the implementation of these principles.
The following are some rules that must be observed:
Before starting the work, the optometrist will check the condition of the equipment, and in case
Upon finding some malfunctions, they will inform the management of the unit;

If strong vibrations, smoke or other disturbances are observed during the optometric tests,
special scents the device being used will stop immediately, proceeding to the verification and
removal of causes;
The control elements for starting the machines must be arranged in such a way that they do not
allows accidental activation of appliances;
The testing devices will be used only for the operations for which they were intended.
machine
The minimum requirements and activities for identifying and locating the intended equipment
the prevention and extinguishing of fires are:
1. preliminary observation of specific devices
2. The equipment used for fire prevention and extinguishing must be identified by
the use of a specific color for equipment and by placing a location panel and/or
by using a specific color for the location of the respective equipment or points
to access these;
3. these equipment are identified by the color red which must be large enough on
It allows for the rapid identification of the equipment.
In 2005, Order 712 was issued for the approval of the general provisions regarding training.
employees in the emergency situations field referring to the requirements and necessary conditions in

22
the view of the organization and conduct of training activities in the field of emergency situations
employees hired as follows:
- introductory instruction - general (art. 10, 11)
the specific job instructions (art. 16, 17)
the periodic instruction (art. 21, 23)
the exchange instruction (art. 32, 33, 34)
the instruction for professional retraining (art. 38)
the training for personnel outside the economic agent or institution (art. 40)
registration and confirmation of instruction (arts. 45, 46, 57)

Protective measures in case of dust (fig. 36)

The dust protection equipment is chosen in accordance with existing standards.

special clothing, footwear and protective equipment (gowns) developed by the Institute
Research Center in the Field of Occupational Protection.
The testing devices in the office will be covered with dust covers after use.

Sanitary-hygienic requirements for ventilation systems

The volume of air must be sufficient to remove excess heat.

moisture and harmful substances;
The volume of air drawn into the room must correspond to the volume of air removed;
3. Ventilation systems must be positioned in such a way that the removal is carried out from
places with increased emissions, and the aspiration of fresh air - in places with minimal concentrations. If this
it refers to heat surpluses, then the suction should be done at the floor, and the removal from underneath
the ceiling of the room.

Requirements for production lighting

The lighting at workplaces must correspond to visual tasks.

It is necessary to ensure a sufficient uniformity of illumination on the surface of
work, as well as within the limits of the surrounding space.
It is necessary to choose the optimal direction of the light flow.
It is necessary to choose the spectral component of light.

23
 All elements of the lighting installations must be secured by grounding.
On the neutral wire, the power supply voltage limit for the installations must be up to 42, 36, 24, and 12V.
Natural light in rooms is regulated by the NRC (SNiP) II-4-79 "Lighting
artificial and natural

Ergonomic requirements for the organization and construction of workplaces

The workplace must be adapted for specific work and for workers of a
given qualification taking into account their anthropometric, physical and psychological particularities.
The organization, construction, and placement of workplaces must include measures that
prevent or reduce early fatigue of the worker.
The placement of workplace elements and the determination of their size will be taken into account.
of anthropometric, static and dynamic indicators and the possibility of adjusting them depending on different
groups of people for whom the workplace is intended.

Occupational safety techniques

Cleanliness and order will always be maintained at the workplace and in the company.
2. It will be addressed to the direct supervisor for explanation in case of lack of information or emergence of a
doubts about the execution of the work.

The employee must be attentive while performing their work and should not be distracted by
the conversation or work with other people.
6. The objects that have fallen will not be picked up where there is a risk of the garment or part of it being caught.

the body of the mechanisms in motion or the risk of being drawn by the current. In this case, the equipment stops.
7. The passages to workplaces or fire extinguishers will not be blocked.

Measures regarding fire prevention

The dangerous factors of the fire are as follows:

- the open fire and the sparks
- high ambient temperature
- the smoke
- the low concentration of oxygen
- the collapse of the building sections, installations, etc.

- the use of rooms and cabins well isolated from the surrounding environment.

24
 The smoke protection system must ensure the protection of smoke evacuation routes.
high temperatures and toxic combustion products as long as necessary for evacuation or
collective protection of people.

Instruction on occupational safety and health

• The periodic instruction on occupational safety will be carried out whenever it is necessary.
necessary the interval that will not exceed six months;
• Retraining will take place in the following situations:
a) changing the workplace
b) on the occasion of the introduction of a work equipment or a modification of the equipment
existing technique;
c) on the occasion of the introduction of a new technology;

d) the resumption of activity after a work accident or after a work stoppage at least
thirty days;
e) when new risks arise or existing risks change.
• An annual background check is conducted based on questionnaire texts on
the level of acquisition and knowledge of the issues that were the subject of the periodic training,
the results being recorded in the sheet;

The legislation regarding occupational safety provides

A. The management of the legal entity as well as the employer natural person have the following
obligations :
- To ensure training and to control the way employees acquire and apply
persons participating in the labor process, the legal provisions in the field of occupational safety
and of the established technical, sanitary and organizational measures;

- To ensure the information of each person, prior to employment, about the risks.
the exposure to which it is subjected in the workplace, as well as the necessary preventive measures;
- To ensure mandatory and free provision of protective equipment for employees and
other categories of persons who carry out activities for legal or natural persons, according to
criteria established in the Framework Regulation for the granting and use of individual equipment
protective, elaborate from the Ministry of Labor and Social Solidarity.
B. Employees and other participants in the work process are obliged:
- To conduct the activity in such a way as to avoid exposure to the risk of injury or
of occupational disease both for the individual and for other individuals participating in work;

25
 To inform the workplace supervisor of the workplace accidents suffered.
the individual and other persons participating in the work process

2.2. Case study

A few theoretical considerations essential for the optometric consultation are outlined below. These
will be tailored to the case in question.
The optometric examination will include at least the following stages:

Reasons for the presentation to the office.

- Identificarea subiectului, adresa, vârsta, sex, ocupaţie.

Data about health, physical and mental appearance.
The optical history (anamnesis) of the case.
Preliminary visual inspection.
At this stage, the decision is made whether the subject requires a medical ophthalmological consultation or a

optometric consultation.

In the first case, he will be appropriately referred possibly to a known doctor.

By collaborating with this, the premise is created for the corrective glasses to be executed/
delivered/sold within the own office.
In the second case, the consultation continues with:
- Optometric tests to determine the nature and details of the refractive error.
Objective tests
Subjective tests.
The type and value of the refractive defect is established.
The main data of this is recorded in the consultation notebook.
Optical recommendations (lenses), methods and means of alleviation and slowing down progression are made.
the vice, its compensation, the consequences of non-compensation, all personalized.
The prescription for glasses will be issued and will include: description, role, observations, conclusions
personalize.
Note: Optional and depending on available time, counseling for choosing the frame and lenses.
from an optometric, functional, qualitative, aesthetic point of view.
The case history represents the collection of information related to physical characteristics,
psychic, health states, the environment in which the subject lives, the visual function, the visual needs in
the connection with his/her activities. This type of analysis consists of the current personal visual history and

26
previous, family visual history, health status, physical appearance, psychological appearance, analysis
visual needs.
Current and previous personal visual history:
Informaţii generale: data consultaţiei, datele de identificare ale subiectului.
The subject's complaints: the reason for the visit to the optometry office.

A truly personal visual story.

For the present subject, we have the data:

On October 9, 2015, Mr. Hagiu Victor presented himself at the optometry office.
28 years old, residing in Iaşi, Bucium Street, number 9, glasses wearer, myopic.
The patient is a programmer with a work schedule of 9-18, meaning 8 effective hours in front of a
17" LCD monitor. This eyewear wearer came to the optometric office for an examination.
as a routine, complaining of blurred vision at a distance, with fatigue, eye irritation, especially when working
extended in front of the computer's LCD monitor. This visual discomfort causes him a
low concentration capacity both during and after working hours, headaches and
ocular discomfort when working up close and increasingly unclear vision, especially at a distance.
The first signs appeared 2 years ago, when following a specialized eye examination, he
it has been established that he has no eye conditions, just a slight nearsightedness. As a result, he has also purchased the first

glasses. Visual problems have intensified in recent months against the background of increased time spent in
the face of the monitor. In the last month, visual discomfort has increased and as a result, he/she presented at the office.

In personal but also family visual history, there are no cases of diabetes, strabismus, or myopia.
hypertension or color blindness.
The details of the last ophthalmological prescription were requested. Not having these details, it was moved to
the measurement and examination of the worn glasses.

The following were observed:

The glasses frame is metallic with a complete ring, narrow, with flexible jointed arms.
worn out pads.

Plastic lenses with hardening and anti-reflective coating, slightly scratched, not properly maintained.

- Dioptrii: OD: SF: -0.50

OS: SF: -0.25.

D = 61mm. (distanţa între centrele optice al lentilelor)

27
 The physical and psychological appearance falls within normal patterns, has no tics,
motor deficiencies, has natural movements, speaks normally, but has an active temperament
extroverted.

From a visual needs perspective, it is found that the subject, in order to

the profession exercises but also current activities require appropriate control for a good view at
distance, but also of the work they are engaged in, in conditions of natural light combined with the
artificial.

From the history of the case, we note the following: the subject does not suffer from chronic diseases (diabetes,

hypertension, nephropathies, etc.), does not suffer from infectious diseases and allergies. In the last year
The subject observed a decrease in visual acuity (including while wearing glasses), especially
evening as well as pronounced visual fatigue when working at the computer's LCD monitor.

During the preliminary visual inspection, the following aspects are observed:

The structure and mobility of the face are within normal limits, without asymmetries, configuration and movement.
The eyebrows are normal, the skin of the eyelids does not have a pathological appearance, without conjunctivitis.

edema, tumors, infections, etc;

- the tear apparatus has no pathological changes, tear film with normal appearance;
- the examination of the orbit does not reveal inflammation and deformities of the eyelids, the conjunctiva is not

congested or edematous, the eyeballs do not rotate abnormally, no abnormalities are noted
vascular in the eyelids or conjunctiva;
the corneal inspection highlights its clarity;
the inspection of the pupils detects their equality, regularity, and the presence of the pupillary reflex;

The examination of eye mobility and binocular vision reveals a normal head position.
normal pupillary distance, without trauma, normal fixation estimation.
Establishing the personal visual history, both past and present, encompasses several
phase:
obtaining general information;
the patient's complaint;
personal and family visual history, based on which one can establish faster and more accurately a
diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Theoretically, the visceral system is responsible for vegetative life and
influence emmetropic behaviors, especially in the newborn, whose ocular structures are
influenced by digestive and circulatory disturbances. Functionally, the variations in focus are
commands of the autonomic nervous system with its sympathetic and parasympathetic components. This system

28
it depends on the central nervous system and the hormonal system, influencing them in turn.
Ocular dioptric balance is influenced by vegetative functions. Profound disturbances of
echilibrelor viscerale pot lăsa urme structurale şi funcţionale asupra emetropizarii. Sistemul
Skeletal and cortical can also influence focusing. This is not the case here.
Reading, working closely requires visual effort that can be accepted without other consequences than
stinging and a feeling of heaviness in the eyes; in some cases, the effort is avoided in the form of
progression of myopia.

Health Status
The patient underwent comprehensive medical tests at the request of the employer.
He presents a good state of health, does not suffer from any conditions. Correct blood pressure, no diabetes.
Rest properly. Has a proper diet rich in vitamins as he is knowledgeable of
the consequences of vitamin deficiencies, including those related to visual health.
He/She has regular activities outdoors and plays sports.

Physical Appearance
We are interested in some general information about the patient's physical appearance and posture.

The skin has a normal appearance as well as a pleasant appearance.

The posture is normal without leaning of the body or head.
The gaze is normal and focused.
He faces sports and has a balanced motor development.

Psychological appearance
They have a mesomorphic appearance with a sporty demeanor.

He is mentally balanced, speaks correctly, fluently, and coherently.

This collaborator understands easily both the purpose of the visit to the office and other topics developed by

optician for relaxation purposes but also for observing behavior.

He is married, without children, sleeps peacefully.

Besides sports, he enjoys reading, watching movies, and studying websites related to development.
peronala.
He is interested in courses for psychological and emotional balance.
The consultation followed simple steps:

The case history was taken (including health status, physical and mental appearance).

29
 2. The diopters of the worn glasses were measured with a lensmeter:
OD: SF -0.50 dpt
OS: SF -0.25 dpt
In order to begin testing for refraction, an analytical examination is first conducted.
functional, from which it results whether the identified issue falls under the responsibilities of the optometrist or those

of an ophthalmologist. If changes related to the ocular media are not detected, it proceeds to
the next step.
In this case, the absence of any indication of ocular or other pathology, but also after the statement that
he/she had no conditions discovered in the previous check-up, it was decided to perform it in the office
the consultation.

REFRACŢIA OBIECTIVĂcu AUTOREFRACTO-KERATOMETRU.

For objective refraction, the subject is positioned in front of the apparatus, focusing through the lens on a target.
and when the device indicates optimal coincidence on the screen, the examiner presses the fixation button 3-4 times,

thus performing multiple measurements. establishing several values of spherical ametropias

(the cylindrical case was not the case). Each individual measurement as well as an average value of them,
for each eye individually, they are printed on thermal paper and will be taken into account for the refraction
subjective (fig. 37). Also, the device, carefully operated, provides a fairly accurate value of
interpupillary distance (PD) in VD.
The objective refraction data has been obtained:

OD: sf-1.25
OS: sf -0.75
DP = 62 mm. (în VA)
SUBJECTIVE REFRACTION is done with the subject seated on a chair, 5m away in front of
the optotype panel, taking into account the data of the glasses and refractometry.
The test frame used is placed on the client's face and the arms, height, vertex are adjusted.
the pantoscopic angle, interpupillary distance and the arms are adjusted, height, vertex, angle
pantoscopy, interpupillary distance. A phoropter can also be used to replace the testing kit.
classic subjective to reduce evaluation time.
With the subject positioned 5 meters from the optotype chart, the refraction for each is started.
partially corrected vision, from -0.50 dpt and concave, diverging compensating lenses of -0.25 dpt are added.
increasing (in absolute value) on the test frame until good acuity is achieved with
the smallest negative value compensation. After compensating each eye separately, it is checked
the result in binocular view.

30
The interpupillary distance is measured with a groove ruler. VA=60mm is obtained.
Theoretically, for the subjective consultation, recommended tests can be listed: 2, 7,
19, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 32, 33, 38, 38.

Test number 7 - Subjective test (basic formula) aims to determine the subjective.
for compensation for distance vision. The equipment used was the lens kit, optotype tests for
departure (distotype), rosette Parent (mirror Foucault and its struts), mirror cross with parallel lines, test
red-green polarized. The red-green polarized test is divided into four squares. The upper squares
(green on the left, red on the right) emits polarized light at 135° (vibration at 45°). The squares
The lower ones (green on the left, red on the right) emit polarized light at 45°. If in front of the eyes there is

place the compensation and polarizing filters, one eye only sees the circles above in green and red,
and the other only the squares (the circles below) in red and green. It is balance, if looking with both
The eyes perceive all shapes as equally black and smooth.
The compensations found for distance vision for both eyes are noted.
Test number 24 - Version reflex. Its purpose is to evaluate the ability to maintain.
Focusing on a moving object. The equipment used consists of a mobile point light.
There should be normal ambient lighting, the light source is placed about 10 cm away from
the root of the nose, at the height of the eyes and in the median plane. The target moves in the horizontal plane in an arc

It is required of the subject to maintain fixation on the moving light source. It is observed
if both eyes follow the light source all the time and regularly, if one eye loses fixation then it
the eyes, if they fixate alternately or intermittently, if both eyes are unable to track
the light stimulus, if the ocular responses are accompanied by associated movements of the head and/or body.
The losses and staccato re-fixations are noted, the permanent fixation with a leap on the median, the fixation
intermittent, the associated movements. Normally, there should be maintenance of fixation with wide movements and
regulate of the eyes without associated movements.
Test number 27 - Masking in the distant view. Its purpose is to probe the posture.
binocular, in the absence of binocular vision support, for distance vision. The equipment used is
a mobile point light source (pen lamp) and an occluder. Ambient lighting must be
be one normal. The light source is placed at eye level, five meters away, in plane
median. The subject is asked to fixate on the source with both eyes. One eye is covered without being touched. After
five seconds the covered eye is revealed. The movement of the uncovered eye is observed. If it does not
observe movement, it is checked if the eye is aligned on the fixation point, covering the other eye.
The test is repeated for the other eye. It is observed if there is no movement, the temporo-nasal movement.
naso-temporal movement, vertical or oblique movement, internal-external deviation, upper or

31
inferior, or any other kind of movement, the movements associated with the other eye and the movement is noted
observed. It is normal if it does not move.
Test number 32 - The ability to see colors. Its purpose is to determine sensitivity.
at different wavelengths (colors). The subject must wear any optical correction.
Fix the center of the monocular grid. The subject is asked to permanently fix the center and to say
if it sees the four corners and four sides, if all the lines seem parallel, if it does not notice a hole
unclear. The grid must be illuminated. It must be observed whether the entire grid is visible or if one or
multiple areas disappear. It would be normal if the entire network is seen.
Test number 38 - The red-green test for distance vision. Its purpose is to check
optical correction for distance vision. The equipment used includes optotype tests, letters or
the black symbols on a green background and on a red background, phoropter or lens kit. ambient lighting
it must be normal. With the left eye closed, the right eye aiming at the target must say whether it lights up.
color/shade difference optotype tests. The difference is eliminated with trial lenses. Analog and
for the other eye. It can be observed if there is equality of appearance, blacker on red, blacker on
verde. După compensare se verifică binocular cu testul rosu-verde polarizat, şi se notează
specific behaviors and compensations. There must normally be equality of neutrality.
In practice, test 7 and test 38 were carried out as follows:

Test frame used, placed on the client's face and the arms, height, vertex are adjusted.
the pantoscopic angle, interpupillary distance and the arms are adjusted, height, vertex, angle
pantoscopic, interpupillary distance. A phoropter can also be used to replace the testing kit.
classical subjective to reduce evaluation time.
With the subject placed 5 meters from the octotest board, the refraction for each is started.
eyes partially, from -0.50 dpt and concave, diverging compensating lenses of -0.25 dpt are added,
increasing (in absolute value) on the test frame until good acuity is achieved with
the smallest negative value compensation. After compensating each eye separately, it is checked
the result in binocular vision.
Following the tests, the final value of the compensation required was obtained:
OD : sf -1.00 dpt
OS: sf -0.50 dpt
The interpupillary distance is measured with a slit ruler. DP was found in VA=60mm.

Methods and means of improvement

A few important considerations are made regarding the role of vitamins in health.
ocular as well as on other elements necessary for it.

32
 Vitamins are substances of exogenous origin, indispensable for development and functioning.
the organism, their deficiency (avitaminosis) causing characteristic disorders and lesions. Numerous
Vitamins involved in ocular physiology and pathology: vitamin A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D2, E, F, K.
PP, P.
Phytotherapy can also contribute to the healing of the disease by using certain species.
["fir tree","spruce","blackcurrant","carrot very important as a source of vitamin D","cress"]
marigolds his shepherd's pouch) which enhance visual acuity, strengthen sight and fortify
eye muscles.
Considering the specific nature of the activity, the following eye discomforts can be detected: burning sensations in
ochi, dureri de cap, ochii roşii, durere de ochi, oboseală.
To avoid these, it is recommended:
- performing eye relaxation exercises every 20 minutes of activity. One should look at
an image located at a distance of at least 6m. The most effective method being, of course,
stopping work and walking around the room.
It will blink often and repeatedly for 10 seconds to support the tear film.
of lubrication and nutrition.
- Outdoor movements are recommended for relaxation and eye training. A study shows that
among children, students, who work identically at school and on the computer have developed nearsightedness in a way

preponderant, those who have not exercised outdoors.

A correct working position at the computer will be adopted with the appropriate distance to the monitor.
(diagonal function) this being positioned slightly below eye level, at the keyboard, on the chair.
The corrective air lenses will have an anti-reflective treatment and a new light filtering filter.
blue (Blue Blocker)
Specially designed monitors can be used that can simultaneously meet the conditions listed by
position protections and adjustments such as ASSUS low-blue light MONITOR.
It is important to know that myopic individuals, developing photophobia, are recommended to use heliomat lenses.

The type of compensation is optical, considering the low value of the refractive defect.
prescribe concave lenses (-) which will bring the focal point in front of the retina onto the retina. Correction rule

este următoarea: se prescriu lentile convergente cu cea mai mică valoare dioptrică care permite cea
better visual acuity at a distance of 5-6 meters.
Glasses and contact lenses are the first therapeutic option for myopia, both are
efficient, with a lower risk and are cheaper than other methods.

33
 Correction of myopia with air lenses.
The correction of myopia is done with air lenses which, placed in front of the eyes within certain limits
determinate (12-15 mm) in relation to the apex of the cornea, corrects negative refractive errors.
If the lens moves away from the eye, the action of convex glasses increases, while
the action of concave lenses decreases. The lenses are supported in front of the eyes by special supports
(glasses frames). The lenses used, mounted in glasses, modify the total refraction of
of the eye; the associated eye-lens system must be considered centered.
The glasses used in static refractive anomalies (the eye accommodated for infinity) have
the goal of reintroducing the image of the object onto the retina. The principle on which the application is based

the glasses: the glasses deviate parallel rays, giving them the necessary inclination so that they
converge on the retina.
Glasses are usually prescribed for permanent wear, as if the patient takes them off
From time to time, glasses need to use their own accommodation, it tires them out and then they adjust.
mai greu la ochelari.
It would be ideal for the lenses to have an anti-reflective treatment to eliminate light reflections in
material, oleophobic and hydrophobic treatment that allows the lens to stay cleaner for longer, and
in case sunlight is disturbing, it is advisable to opt for a photochromic lens.
For more than 4 hours of work in front of LCD monitors, lenses can also be used with
blue light protection - 420 nm. (BLU BLOCKER)

Correction of myopia with contact lenses

Myopia correction can also be achieved through an optical system (contact lenses), applied directly.
on the anterior surface of the cornea, a system that is maintained in this position by capillarity, by
the tear film. This film suppresses both irregularities and curvature defects of the
the anterior surface of the cornea. They have the advantage of providing better visual acuity, a field of
unlimited vision and a normal field of view. Since the myopia is mild in this case, the prescription will avoid
contact lenses.
The consequences of non-compliance.

Myopia requires the wearing of concave lenses to see more clearly. In myopes,
The permanent wearing of glasses is indicated, even at the onset of myopia, to aid in accommodation.
The lack of clarity in distant vision automatically leads to fatigue of the convergence muscles (the myopic person)

he is always required to converge and the convergence is not supported by accommodation), to see
At a distance, myopes squint their eyelids resulting in fatigue. Myopia progresses slowly by 1 - 2 diopters.
until around the age of 25 - 28 when, in general, it stabilizes.

34
 Optical correction with diverging lenses is absolutely necessary (fig. 38, 39)
Following for several years 28 nearsighted individuals who did not wear glasses, one or more years and
then they wore them permanently, for one or more years, studies have shown that the progression of myopia was

the same, with or without wearing glasses. This finding does not justify not wearing glasses.
for the simple reason that this deprives the nearsighted of the visual acuity necessary for daily activities.
The most important complications of myopia, consequences of the degenerative process
The cororetinal conditions are: retinal detachment, cataract, lens dislocation. The pathological changes
it concerns all ocular structures.

Optometric prescription
Always to correct the myopia but not to overcorrect, preferring a
subcorrection. In this way, the eye is allowed to 'work,' thus reducing the progression of myopia. With the test
red equalizes the vision on both backgrounds or allows one to be clearer against the green background.
For binocular vision, binocular balance is meticulously checked. Priority is given
the director's eye (the ocular dominance does not reverse between the two eyes). In case of aniseikonia, it
prescribe the minimum difference between the left eye and the right eye.

Large changes between prescriptions are avoided: the spherical power will not exceed 0.75 D, 0.50 D in
cylindrical power or 100 degrees on the axis without it being really necessary.
Once the correction is established, the patient is asked to move around the room with the glasses on, to

alternate between distance vision and near vision and see if the prescription can be tolerated.
All records are noted in the patient file and the consultation register, the necessary ones.
the glasses prescription is completed on a form that will be handed to him. The file is kept by
printed format for any subsequent optical inspections.
Following the anamnesis, the preliminary visual inspection, and the preliminary evaluation of

Ametropia shows that the subject requires optical correction for distant vision.
The final prescription is:
OD: sf -1,00 dpt, OS: sf - 0,50 dpt
DP in VA is 60 mm, DP in VD is 62 mm.
With the help of this optical correction for distance vision, the subject will wear glasses.
with the role of correcting the refractive defect (myopia).
The prescription for glasses must contain at least the following data (fig. 44):
a. name, address, consultation date.
b. age, sex.
c. the spherical/cylindrical power of the lenses, as the case may be the axis of the cylinder, in VA and VD.

35
 (VD with the addition of presbyopia)

d. pupillary distance in OD/OS

the name of the defect (myopia).
f. lens treatment recommendations (heliomat, polarized, AR, BLUE PROTECT, AS,
etc.)
The glasses recipe (fig. 40) has several roles, among which we list:
To record (formalize) the details of the refractive error.
It serves as a support for the manufacturing of the optical corrector.
Establish the dates for the next steps in correcting/improving the refractive error.
Kept by the client, it will serve as a basis for the next consultation, specifically regarding the visual history.

It serves the patient for obtaining financial compensations, reimbursements.

The recipe is also very useful in understanding, accepting, and following the treatment, hygiene and
maintenance of visual needs.
It can be used at the workplace to obtain appropriate conditions for protecting health.
visual.
In the case of patient Hagiu Victor, it was found that the visual impairment was acquired in recent years.
caused by a deficiency in hygiene, so common, unfortunately, among individuals of
up to 35 years old who work intensively, for extended periods in front of LCD monitors. This is due to
special strain of the oculomotor for sustained concentration on unclear near vision writing
on screen.
The necessary correction and recommendations for eye hygiene to stop progression have been specified.

36
 CHAPTER 3. THE CORRECTIVE GLASSES

3.1. Presentation of the glasses assembly workshop and the store

marketing of glasses and related products.

The assembly workshop is represented by a specially arranged room located in the immediate area.
near the room where orders are taken so that the optician can quickly interact with
the staff that is responsible for selling the products in the store. It is a spacious room, equipped with a
easy to clean flooring (parquet), artificial as well as natural lighting, easy to ventilate (with the help of a)
windows), a specially designed table on which there is an automatic grinding machine, a scanner for
a frame, an automatic lens meter, a small valve, a manual grinder, a desk lamp, as well as the tools
related (screwdrivers, pliers), boxes with parts for repairs (arms, screws, etc). The optician in the
most will work from a seated position so the chair is comfortable and placed at a
height that provides an appropriate position for carrying out activities so that one can move easily and
to be able to take possession of any tool or to activate/deactivate the equipment with which they
conducts activities to make it easy. The showcase store, sales and order processing
it is a space equipped with combined lighting (natural and artificial) that highlights the frames present
on shelves placed on the walls as well as the merchandise displayed in specially arranged showcases. The sofas and

The chairs intended for accompanying clients are comfortable and enhance the feeling of quality.
The space is quite large enough to avoid a crowding effect.

MTSM and PSI in the assembly workshop and store

At the workplace, the worker will appear in appropriate attire, will check the good
operation of machines. The processing and measuring devices must comply from the point of
Technical view, to be protected from electric shock by grounding.
The worker or workers will be nominated to take care of the activities of
prevention and protection according to articles number 20 and 21.
It will be done:

a prevention and protection plan according to Article 46.

on-the-job training according to articles: 90, 93, 94

37
 Considering the complexity of activities and laws, as well as the modification or emergence
it is advisable to call on the services of a company specialized in carrying out new decisions
occupational safety and fire prevention and extinguishing.
Protective measures in the case of dust
In the case where the methods of dust removal from the work area do not ensure reduction
the concentration of dust to the allowable value or cleansing the air environment is impossible or
Special clothing and means are used for the temporary protection of human organs.
individual protection.
Methods of noise control
use of low-noise means and equipment.
the rational placement of work areas.
In addressing the issue of noise protection, we start from the two
the form under which these appear:

1) objective form (the oscillatory reduction of elastic bodies);

2) subjective form (the sensation perceived by the auditory organ).
Sanitary-hygienic requirements for ventilation systems
The ventilation systems must be calculated correctly.
2. Ventilation systems must not cause employees to become overly cold or overheated;
3. The ventilation systems must ensure fire and explosion electrical safety.

Requirements for production lighting

1. Lighting in workplaces must be determined by the following parameters: the object of
distinguish; the fund whose values range between 0.02 and 0.95.
Strong shadows are not allowed on the work surface.
The value of the lighting must be constant over time.

Ergonomic requirements for the organization and construction of workplaces

The following basic conditions will be respected in the construction of workplaces: presence
sufficient space for performing work movements during work, leadership or
the servicing of the machine; ensuring adequate physical, visual, and auditory connections between the worker and
equipment. It is also necessary to provide for the workplaces: the choice of the rational position of
work, the rational placement of warning signs and control devices; ensuring the field
of an optimistic view of the elements of the workplace.

38
 Security technique
Cleanliness and order will always be maintained in the workplace and in the company.
2. Only specialized tools in good working condition will be used. They will not be
use occasional (handcrafted) tools.
3. The operational status of the equipment will be monitored. In case of incorrect operation, it is addressed to
immediately to the boss.

Measures regarding fire prevention

Fire safety of the object is ensured by:
- in a fire prevention system
- through technical-organizational measures, meaning all employees are trained on how to
how to behave and what to do in case of fire.

Obligations regarding emergency situations

• Individuals and legal entities are obliged to respect the rules in any circumstance.
regarding emergency situations and not to jeopardize through their decisions and actions, life, property and
the environment

The instruction concerning occupational safety and health

• Any electrical device or equipment must be accompanied by a technical sheet, including with
measures for preventing accidents translated into Romanian, which will be taken into account during the training

regarding labor protection;

A. The management of the legal entity as well as the employer individual have the following
obligations :
- To establish the technical, sanitary, and organizational measures for occupational safety.
corresponding to the working conditions and environmental factors specific to the unit;
B. Employees and other participants in the work process are required:
- To acquire and respect the labor protection norms and the measures of application.
but these ones;
To stop working at the appearance of an imminent danger of an accident occurring and to
immediately inform the workplace manager.
More information has been provided in paragraph 2.1. 'The optometry cabinet'.

39
 3.2. Components of corrective glasses

The glasses being a functional compensatory optical system, it is necessary for their shape and structure
to be chosen based on the intended use.

The 28-year-old patient will wear permanent glasses, wanting a modern and very
light, suitable for age. Because he is indecisive in choosing the frame, he accepts the opinions of others, leaving
the appreciation and experience of the optometrist technician in guiding him towards a modern and elegant pair of glasses.

The optometrist technician first focuses on a frame that meets their requirements.
to fit the client's style but also to be functional in accordance with the optometric data and
its anthropomorphic features.
The criteria by which the optometrist technician is guided are:
* according to the characteristics of the optical system that is mounted;

* according to the morphology of the head;

after using the glasses and the predominant activity

daily.
* the size and shape of the face;

* fashion and style.

* colors.
The optometrist does not choose a specific shape; he focuses on a frame that enhances.
the appearance of the face.

After several attempts with shapes and colors, the chosen frame is made of plastic, having two
colors and the arms equipped with movable hinges.
The mount from fig. 18 was chosen.

The material it is made of is durable and fully meets the requirements.

the patient and last but not least provides an aesthetic and functional aspect.

Choosing the frame is very important; glasses are an accessory worn on the face that can
hides or emphasizes the defects, which gives the client personality and elegance. The role of the technician-
the optometrist is to oversee the shape of the frame, to respect the line of the eyebrows that provide the most
more accent of the expression of the figure.

Once, the chosen frame is passed to the adjustment of the mount, the main elements are:

* the arrangement of the two lenses in the same plane;

* identically inclined arms;
* the arms close and open symmetrically;
* the ends of the arms slightly curved;

40
 * symmetric and close permits to rings;
* the lenses' fixation is checked;
* the screws and nuts are being tightened;

* the axes, powers, and centering of the lenses are checked;

* the lenses are cleaned;
* it is introduced into heels or clutches.
If the patient is satisfied with the services provided, they will definitely come back a second time and even more.

multiple times a new glasses that can offer a different physical appearance and it is likely that it will

recommend positive optics to friends and acquaintances.

3.3. The lenses necessary for the correction of myopia

Mr. Hagiu Victor being diagnosed with SIMPLE MYOPIA, MILD in BOTH EYES correction
is made with air lenses, made of plastic, spherical, concave. The prescribed glasses are a pair of glasses

permanent, the power of the lenses being:

OD: SF -1.00 dpt and
OS: SF - 0.50 dpt,
DIP = 60 mm in VA,
These glasses are worn for about 15 hours a day, which is why it is recommended that the lenses be
executed from organic glass, being much more aesthetic and functional than mineral glass.
The hardness of plastic lenses is lower than that of mineral glass lenses.
therefore, an additional layer of hardening containing substances is applied to the surface of the lenses
nanocomposite. An anti-reflective treatment will be applied to the surface of the lenses, which has the effect of

reducing the reflection coefficient, thereby increasing the brightness when the beam passes through
light through lens. Anti-reflective treated lenses ensure better clarity and contrast than a
untreated lens. The anti-reflective treatment can have several residual colors depending on how many
Layers are deposited on the lens and on the materials used. The most suitable is the green-yellow one.
These lenses are recommended for computer users and for driving vehicles.
at night and for any activity in artificial light. It can also be recommended.
lenses with blue light protection 'BLUE PROTECT'. It was not chosen, as it is about a pair of glasses
permanent.
A lens with high ultraviolet protection has been recommended.
Since the diopters are low, thin lenses are not selected.

41
 It is noted that in the case of high myopia (over 6 diopters), organic glass lenses are recommended.
(are lighter, break harder) and with a high refractive index that implicitly leads to a
thinning of the lens edges. The higher the refractive index, the more
the thickness will be smaller on the outside (thinner). This is not the case for this patient.
Another recommendation would be that the lenses have a protective coating against light.

blue emitted by LCD monitors ('Blue Blocker') and a photochromic treatment (heliomat) of the type
Transition VII d.e.) – it is well known that myopia causes photophobia.
Considering the average income of the client, the Future-X lenses were chosen.
producerIntegrated Lens Technology (ILT), very good lenses in terms of the ratio
price quality
Lens tip: F-X ILT
Dioptrii: 1. SF: -1.00Dpt, 2. SF: -0.50Dpt
Indice Abbe: 43 (bun)
Refractive index: 1.57 (good)
UV protection: 400 (very good)
Specific gravity: 1.32 (good)

The prospect of this lens can be found in fig. 41.

In figure 41. The modern treatments of the lens offered are explicitly shown graphically: hydrophobic coating,
(and oleophobic in the case of F-X), UV protection, Anti-Reflective coating, adhesion layer, hardening layer, lens
appropriates.
These brochures were presented to the client.
For diverging lenses (concave), we have a brief description:
, They have the property of refracting the rays of light that fall on their surface in such a way
so that the image of the object located at the distance corresponding to the remotum point (maximum distance from
to the eyes to which accommodation is still possible), (of the ametropic eye), is 'readjusted' on the retina.
At the center, they are thinner than at the edge, and the objects viewed through these lenses appear to move.
in the direction of the lens movement.

In the case of high myopias (over 6 diopters), organic glass lenses are recommended (they are more
light) and with a high refractive index which implicitly leads to a reduction in the external thickness of
lenses. (in general, the higher the refractive index, the thinner the lens will be).
Their thickness is smaller in the center and increases towards the periphery.

In the past, mineral glass was used for small values, due to its better optical qualities.

42
 Another recommendation would be for the lenses to be with anti-reflective treatment and photochromatic color.

grey because compared to the shade of brown, it does not distort colors.

For concave lenses, we have the following advantages:

They can be mounted on almost all types of mounts.
For myopes, lenses can be made with the highest refractive index (1.74).
and disadvantages:
The edges are thicker than the center and increase with the higher the diopter.
If the lenses are made of mineral glass and the diopters are high, there is a risk that the lenses may
to break during processing, due to the small thickness at the center.
In the case of ordering special lenses (with thinner edges), the price is higher.
To the (visual) effect of shrinking the eyes.
In general, we present some considerations - mineral lenses versus organic lenses.

The advantages of mineral bottles

Optically, the most important feature is the uniformity of the index of
refraction in the mass of the material. A hierarchy based on this criterion ranks mineral glasses in first place.
and then the organic bottles.
Increased resistance to scratches and does not change from a physicochemical point of view.
chemical action at high temperatures.

Disadvantages of mineral bottles:

high density (heavy weight);
reduced tensile strength;
the high hardness, compared to air lenses made of organic glass, which increases the processing cost of these;
the fragility of the bottles is a disadvantage (very low shock resistance);
The presence of sharp edges can lead to injuries.
The optical glass may contain bubbles or opaque impurities that scatter light. Such defects have
different effects on the various functions of lenses.

Advantages of organic bottles:

- superior mechanical properties to mineral glass, are not as brittle as mineral glass;
- the precise pouring of these materials can replace the polishing and buffing process, and through
injection molding can produce simple lenses with polished surfaces in a few seconds;

43
A relatively high dispersion can be obtained, many plastic materials having superior properties.
mineral glasses in the ultraviolet and infrared domains of the spectrum;
- lenses made from organic materials are lighter;
- an advantage of organic bottles is the fact that they can be colored, practically in any color, either
either by depositing the spectral filtering layer on the surface of the lens, or by mass coloring.
- to superior properties of mineral glass in the ultraviolet and infrared spectrum.

Disadvantages of organic bottles:

organic glasses have lower refractive indices (nd=1.4…1.7) than mineral glass and a
spectral work domain limited to visible.
they are less resistant to scratches, deformations, and temperature variations have a much greater influence
greater than in the case of mineral optical glass, both in terms of expansion and in terms of
variation of the refractive index.

Contact lenses
Contact lenses (recommended but not advised) in this case are produced by
Bausch&Lomb, and these can be:
- Sofles 59 (hydrogel – hilafilcon B) can be worn daily (monthly replacement) and there are six of them.
pieces for each eye
Soflens daily disposable (SDD hydrogel - hilafilcon B) with daily wear (single use) and
There are 30 pieces for each eye.
These lenses are made of silicone-hydrogel with the innovative AerGel technology ensuring health.
ocular and maximum comfort throughout the breastfeeding period.

Advantages
Minimizes the radical risk of breaking that is always present in regular glasses. I increase
the visual field, do not introduce geometric aberrations, have very low mass.
A contact lens provides protection for the cornea and the environment behind it.
Disadvantages
It is applied directly to the eyeball, which represents a delicate operation and requires conduct.
of special hygiene. In some cases, the body does not accept these lenses, which it perceives as
some foreign bodies and react through various inflammatory, infectious processes, etc.
In the case of lenses, various defects may occur, such as: filiform inclusions (single fibers,
intersect, or in the form of separating planes), gas bubbles (round, oval, elongated),

44
the high coefficient of light absorption, optical homogeneity (glass does not have the same value as
the refractive index throughout its mass), double refraction (which occurs due to some heating or cooling
non-uniform, electric or magnetic fields, pressures), lens staining (modification of the composition
stains appearing in the colors of the rainbow that can occur during the processing of glass,
example of polishing), very low shock resistance (inadequate chemical composition through
non-compliance with the prescription), scratches, peeling of the layers applied to the lenses, detachment of the lens that

allows near vision (in bifocal lenses), the inaccuracy of the diopters, the optical center of the lens
very offset from its geometric center, color differences between lenses made of the same material and
the same diopter (in the case of colored lenses).
A large part of colored contact lenses cannot reduce all ultraviolet radiation as
it is possible in the case of colored air lenses.
Colored lenses in a single color have minimal absorption, and the wearer is serious.
affected by the apparent reduction of the surrounding brightness. A medium coloration produces a
controlled reduction of light, but this is harder to accept instead of some glasses with
sun protection.

3.4. Frame of the glasses

The glasses are an optical instrument that serves to protect the eye or to correct it.
certain vision defects. It consists of the actual frame and two lenses. The main role of
the purpose of the frame is to position the lens as accurately as possible on the optical axis of the eye. The frame for

the glasses are made up of a lens support, called a frame, and arms for securing the glasses
after the ear and the nasal saddle. The glasses frames must have the following characteristics: to
aesthetic, lightweight, resistant to physical and chemical agents, non-flammable, durable and easy to
processed.
The mount was chosen based on a few criteria:
1. Physical-aesthetic personal data (male, brunette, brown eyes)
The type of work and the social environment in which he/she lives (computer work - lightweight frames, modern environment - frames

of aesthetic plastics)
2. The characteristics of lenses (diopters with '-', concave, meaning thicker at the edges, 7 layers
AR, Blue protect means blue reflections)
3. Of the specific anthropomorphic characteristics of the subject's head:
main: the width of the nose, the escape angles of the nose, the width of the head defined by the width
superior auricular and sphenoidal width.

45
secondary: the height and shape of the eyebrows, the distances between the eyelids of the two eyes, the width

temporal of the head-arms corresponding.

4. And last but not least, the client's acceptance of the frame arrangement when looking in the mirror.
Important: The dress that would not be liked would not be worn.

Thus, the component parts of the frame made of plastic materials comply with the mounting chosen by the client,

they are
· The frame has the role of securing the lenses on the mount and fixing it according to the characteristics.
anthropomorphic features of the head in accordance with the aforementioned optometric requirements (fig.

42)
· The arm helps to secure the glasses on the wearer's head and adjust them (angle
pantoscopic, distance from the cornea to the front of the lens = 12mm, a good temporal fixation but
lejeră, etc)(fig. 43).
· hinges - perform the assembly and flexion of the arm to the frame (fig. 44).
· The nasal saddle (normal, angled, curved) - (fig. 45) supports the frame on the nose.
· metal studs and applications - are used for mounting hinges and have an aesthetic role
· In this regard, the mount from fig. 46 was chosen.

[Link] and fitting glasses

The assembly of the glasses was done taking into account the following criteria:
1. It was taken into consideration that the edge of the frame should not reduce the field of view and should have the shape and

the dimensions corresponding to the face.

2. Adjust the frame so that the distance from the lens to the eye is 13 mm, the angle
the tilt of the frame plan should be 10 - 15° and the frame is arranged for the final position and
portable dresser.
3. The interpupillary distance is measured and marked for each eye separately.
4. The pupil height is marked for both eyes so that looking from
the lateral plane of the frame should be in the vertical plane while the view is in the horizontal plane and at infinity.

5. The position of the assembly centers is checked.

The lenses are chosen according to the appropriate diameter so that the bottom edge of the frame does not

surpass the dotted line on the lens.

Fitting the recommended glasses

46
 a. The corresponding lenses are selected based on the data indicated on the prescription. In this case, two are selected.

organic glass lenses with anti-reflective treatment, layers with oleophobic properties and
hydrophobic and with UV filter, gray photochromatic, PC filter with diopters -1.00dpt sf and
-0.50dpt sf.
b. A visual inspection of the lenses is performed. The condition of the lens surfaces is checked,
c. The diopters are checked with an autolensmeter and the center of the lenses is marked.
d. The selected frame is scanned by the client to be mounted,
e. Center the lens for the right eye considering the pupil distance, then you
vacuumizes
The lens is inserted into the automatic grinding machine and is ground.
The frame is heated and the right lens is slowly introduced,
h. The same procedure is followed with the lens of the left eye.
The frame correction consists of reshaping the frame after the lenses have been mounted.

The main points that attention should be focused on are:

the two lenses must be in the same plane
The two arms must have the same inclination.
The arms open symmetrically and close accordingly.
The arms should be practically parallel or slightly bent and the lower opening of the auricular interval.
the ends of the arms slightly curved
6. the fixation of the lenses and the polishing of the frames is checked

All the screws are gathered together.

8. the center of the lenses

9. the lenses are cleaned
10. it is introduced into the case protected from dust

Adjustment of the recommended glasses

The glasses ready for delivery must undergo a final adjustment to fit the way they will be worn.
The adjustment is made methodically by following the following steps.

The adjustment of the opening of the arm is made according to:

the shape of the temples

b. upper auricular interval

The pressure on the skull is applied only at the level of the tip of the auricular groove so that it does not

compress the superficial temporal artery. The arms should not be too far from the temples.
aesthetic and stability motives. It is ideal for the arms to be straight from the hinge to the beginning

47
the temples. The arms curve slightly if the temples are round. Concave arms are avoided that are
aesthetics, press the temples and push the frame forward.
Typically, the arms are symmetrical, but sometimes one arm needs to be opened more due to
of head asymmetry. It is checked that the lenses are at the same distance from both eyes. If not
the case, the arm opens on the side of the lens that is farther from the eye.
Verification
Each arm rests on the tips of the auricular grooves and not above, which happens
if the bend of the arm behind the ear is exaggerated or the arm is too short.
Symmetry can be checked with a device that has lines drawn at various angles.
The twisting of the glasses' lenses is checked. The curvature of the frame should not be exaggerated, it should not

it must never be concave but slightly convex.

Adjustment of arm inclination
If one ear is higher than the other, the arm on the side of the lower ear tilts.
thus it reduces this inclination on the other side as the body of the mount is too tilted.
or not steep enough. It is known that the inclination depends on:
1. face morphology; the frame should not touch the eyebrows or the cheekbones.
2. the use of glasses (for distance or near)
Exaggerated tilt risks causing an embarrassing incidence of astigmatism. It must be
incline the arms differently when the eyebrows are not at the same height.
The closure of the arms is checked. Depending on the width and thickness of the arms, one is chosen from

the relationships:
closing of the arms, crossing each other in the median plane
2. closing the arms parallel, the backs of the arms should not touch the lenses.
Adjusting the arms behind the ears. The sequence of phases begins with the closest part.
from the tip of the auricular trench and ends with the tip of the back.
The gathering of arms
All the screws are checked. The arms should not be too loose because:
The screws can be completely unscrewed.
The game causes the angle of inclination of the arms, as well as the opening angle, to vary significantly.
The arms should not be too fixed because the effort for manipulating the arms would be too
but what can lead to the risk of lens breakage or to changes in the frame adjustment.
For the execution of these adjustment operations, various pliers and a heat source are needed.
for the heads of the arms, screwdrivers.

48
 After the lenses have been installed in the frame, the final checks of the mounting are made after
the medical prescription.

The glasses are placed on the patient's face and adjusted where necessary.
A quality certificate is issued and the patient is advised to return if the frame bothers them.
offends.
The patient is a client who prefers both an aesthetic and functional frame, lightweight, adapted.
working in a multinational company takes into account the shape of the face. Thus, the oval face If, for example, the girl

this pentagonal, the frame is chosen with marked contours, emphasizing especially the upper part of
the uniforms.

3.6. Counseling for the glasses-wearing client

Considering the current condition of the glasses as well as the discussions held with Mr. Hagiu Victor, it was
after the conclusion that a complete set of instructions regarding wearing, maintenance, inspection
The conformity of the delivered glasses is absolutely necessary.
These rules have been formalized so that they can be easier and more accurately remembered.
It was explained to them that in order to keep their glasses in the best condition, they should read and comply.
the following instructions as well as product information:
Descrierea produsului:
- eyeglasses are an individual medical device and therefore intended exclusively
used by a single person;
the lenses are concave, made of hardened plastic, with hydrophobic/oleophobic properties, have an anti-reflective coating,

UV400 protection, a level of protection up to 460nm wavelength (blue light). Thus

they are recommended both indoors and outdoors, permanently;
the prescription glasses are made to order according to the prescription and are not intended to be
used in extreme conditions, which could lead to their deterioration and could pose in
danger to the user's integrity and health (sports activities, working in areas where there may be
truncate substances or objects, etc.) - unless specified otherwise;
Reading glasses are not personal protective equipment;
the prescription glasses are not sunglasses - if he wants protection from sunlight, he will be able
purchase heliomatic glasses. They close under the effect of solar UV rays (approximately 80%). They
it opens from the inside (approximately 10% remaining). However, it does not close in the car. It can be used in

this case a colored "clip-on";

- the lenses used to make these custom glasses are
it is recommended to be worn permanently even while driving (during the day or at night).

49
WARNING! Do not leave your glasses on the work table or on other surfaces, chairs, etc.
to avoid their accidental destruction;
Do not lie down and do not sleep with your glasses on; you risk both permanent damage to them.
as many possible accidents;
Always keep the glasses in their case, face up (this way you will get used to placing them).
always with the face up when you take them off their face). Also keep the cloth together
for cleaning;
when not stored in the case, they are put in pockets without coming into contact with hard objects or
abrasive.
the reading glasses (for near vision) will not be used for any other purpose (for
vision at distance - watching on television, etc.) (not the case, but good to know);
Usage instructions:
manipulate the glasses with both hands when putting them on and taking them off from your eyes;
Periodically visit your optician/optometrist for readjustment of your glasses, or at any time.
as many times as necessary, including annually for checking the mechanical condition of the glasses and a consultation.

optometric for checking the necessary diopters;

be careful not to damage your glasses during your daily activities;
if you can't keep the glasses in their case, make sure that their lenses are not in
contact with various surfaces, substances, or other objects that could damage them;
Do not leave and do not use the glasses near heat sources, open flames, or other areas with conditions of
extreme temperatures, such as in a sauna, under hair dryers, etc.
no leave the glasses on the car dashboard exposed directly to the sun;
Avoid wearing glasses in extreme conditions, e.g.: at the hairdresser or while dyeing hair.
in the kitchen with thermal action or steam;
Eyeglass maintenance:
Periodically check that the mounting screws of the glasses are properly tightened to
prevent accidental lens falling;
Replace the nose pads and arm guards of the glasses whenever necessary;
Cleaning glasses:
for cleaning glasses, use only products recommended by the optician/optometrist and
special liquid detergents for cleaning. Wipe the glasses with a soft material, as indicated by
optician/optometrist
If you do not have the recommended solutions, use only water and then wipe the glasses with a cloth.
special or with a soft material, fine.

50
it is advised not to wipe the glasses with a dry material;
-Do not use aggressive detergents, alcohol, or other universal cleaners unless otherwise specified;
-Do not use paper towels or other abrasive materials to clean lenses made of organic material;
You risk damaging the treatments applied to their surface;
To clean the glasses, it is recommended to hold them by the nose bridge. The operation will be done with
subtlety
CHECK THE CONDITION OF YOUR GLASSES REGULARLY.
CHECK THE PRESCRIPTION FOR GLASSES PERIODICALLY, AT LEAST ONCE EVERY 2 YEARS
AS OFTEN AS RECOMMENDED BY THE DOCTOR OR OPTOMETRIST.
An amicable yet firm, professional tone was used to convey that the glasses are a
an accessory only in terms of aesthetics but is primarily a medical device that
compensates and protects vision. Technical terms were also used considering the appearance
from the client's intellect.
The feedback was positive, Mr. Hagiu fully understanding the medical-aesthetic function and
accepting knowingly the choice made as well as the necessity to keep/wear it
correspondingly.
He has shown willingness to purchase in the near future a pair of glasses with photochromic lenses from
our special cabinet for skiing activities and winter activities when the action of light is
intense (reflections on the snow).

51
 CHAPTER 4. THE BUSINESS PLAN

From a theoretical point of view, the study of a business can be done according to 3 criteria, as follows:

1. Administrative (business form - SRL, sole shareholder, administrator - sole associate,

location-for-rent, employees, MTSM and PSI standards.
2. Fiscal aspect (funding needs, sources of financing, tax reporting, etc.)
3. Marketing
Supply chain marketing (sources of products and services based on the principles of: supplier credit,
optimal quality/price ratio, product variety, 24-month warranty, post-warranty assistance, time
minimum delivery
Competitor marketing (knowing the competition and positioning one's own business in context)
Customer marketing (dividing them by areas and social categories - potential in terms of glasses)
- Store marketing - products and services (store layout, commercial advertisements,
prospects and brochures, staff training, quality equipment, extended operating hours, plan
of production/sales.
The aspects considered most important will be discussed in the paragraphs below.
The present study was conducted for a company S.C. OPTItech S.R.L., located in Iaşi, |Str. Cuza
Water, number 2.
The activity of this company is to establish vision problems, of execution
and the sale of prescription glasses and their necessary accessories, sunglasses
contact lenses and the necessary solutions for them.
The vision testing cabinet is equipped with modern equipment specific to the field.
optometry: an autokeratorefractometer, a lens kit for subjective testing, an ophthalmoscope,
a biomicroscope, lensmeter, penlight, panels with optotypes, test glasses, special chair
for the patient, chair for examination, kits with glasses fittings, trial lenses (unifocal,
cylindrical, bifocal, progressive) and examples of treatment (anti-reflective, photochromatic, etc.).

For mounting lenses in frames, the store is equipped with a frontofocometer, a machine
automatic machine for contour grinding lenses, automatic machine for lens drilling, tool sets
special pliers, screwdriver sets.
In the own store, one can sell frames for glasses, corrective and protective lenses.
liquid solutions for cleaning and maintaining lenses, glasses holders, cloths for
removal of contact lenses, solutions for maintaining contact lenses, prescription contact lenses and
cosmetics, sunglasses.

52
 The personnel scheme has the following components: an ophthalmologist, two technicians
optometrists, an optician, and an accountant. The staff presented has the appropriate qualifications for the new ones.

standards in force in this field. They carry out diversified works, having established tasks
multiple and complex. Optometrist technicians perform ophthalmological medical examinations,
executes the corrective or protective glasses prescribed for which the necessary materials have been purchased
from the manufacturing companies.

According to the studies conducted, the market in which the enterprise will operate is a growing market.
characterized by a strong demand for such products. Buyers will mainly be individuals
cu vârsta între 15 şi 65 ani dar şi copii.
The office has a work regime consisting of two shifts of 8 hours, for 5 days a week.
week and 3 hours on Saturday. The schedule was set up in such a way that it could cover all
the requests both in the morning and in the afternoon.
The perspective envisions the expansion of the business into other localities and neighborhoods.
At the level of a month, an average income of 37,000 lei is achieved.
The daily revenues generated by the company are approximately 13,000 lei and include collections from
the following activities:
1. 5 consultations (on average / day) x 30 lei = 150 lei
2. 8 execution orders glasses x 120 lei = 960 lei
3. other products sold = 190 lei
The current situation of the company is as follows:
1. cifră de afaceri: 305 000 lei
2. capitalul social: 1000 lei
3. număr salariaţi: 5
4. profit ne : 25 000 lei

1 BUSINESS DESCRIPTION

The company S.C. OPTItech S.R.L., with a registered capital of 1000 lei, was established in
09.10.2010 and is registered at the trade register under number J20/2010/2010.
The enterprise is a limited liability company and is part of the category
small enterprises. There is a single partner.
The company's general objective through the implementation of this project is to achieve growth.
the degree of customer satisfaction, an adequate profit, and the growth and diversification of activities.

53
 Based on the acquired knowledge, previous successes, and the type of services offered, the strategy
The future of the business will be one of qualitative differentiation compared to the competition's offering.

The purpose of the company is to meet the needs of the population in the area of the store with products and

medical optics services.

To achieve the proposed goals, the enterprise will undertake the following types of
activity
1. testing and diagnosing vision problems;
2. recommendation, execution, and marketing of eyeglasses and the necessary accessories
to them
3. marketing of sunglasses and marketing of contact lenses and solutions
necessary for contact lenses.
The price of products and services will be acceptable.

Products and services

The products that will be manufactured and marketed by the enterprise, as well as the services will
satisfies all customer needs. Our company's products are oriented towards meeting needs
specify each type of activity.
The proposed products will be distinguished by their price/quality ratio compared to what can be found on
piaţă.
The assortment will include lenses and frames from recognized manufacturers (Essilor, Hoya, Zeiss)
and testing services performed with high-performance equipment and qualified personnel.

The location of the company

The enterprise will initially operate in the municipality of Iaşi, Center. Following a study, it has...

concluded that the chosen area for opening the store has increased potential.
Analyzing the given area, we can state that it:
it is relatively compact;
the average income of the residents is generally quite high;
developed infrastructure;
the absence of a wide range of medical optical services and products.
A high level of popularity, with 10-story buildings being predominant.

54
 The competitors in the area are 2 companies: S.C. Optisens S.R.L. which offers fast services but of
questionable quality due to the manual assembly and S.C. Optimax S.R.L. with products at
high prices and no ophthalmologist and installation carried out by another company.

Other advantages:
normal working conditions (electricity, sewage, heating, gas, telephone, internet);
the existence of a hospital with an ophthalmology office in the area whose patients will be

referred to our company, according to a protocol concluded.

the existence of a large number of buildings and bank branches, institutions, and shops around

2. Marketing Plan

The product manufactured and offered by the company being a final product, will be realized on the market.

the consumer and is targeted towards individuals living/working in this area.

The market chosen by the company is a growing market. The company is not the only one providing such services.

services within the municipality but the competition is not numerous. In the near future, if the revenues
The activity will increase, and the opening of new branches in other locations is expected.
The market share in the municipality of Iaşi was expected to be 3%, which is increasing.
respectively along with the positioning in other areas.

The targeted market segment

The potential clients of the company are people of all ages, starting from children aged 2.
and up to elderly people. However, the target market of the company consists of individuals whose age
this encompasses ages 20-40 (myopia predisposition) and 45-55 (active individuals, presbyopic, with potential
finance and provide adequate education, potential carriers of progressive ideas).

Competition

In the area provided by our company, there are two more competitors: S.C. Optisens S.R.L. and S.C.
Optimax S.R.L. is an indirect competitor: the hospital with an ophthalmology department that could send
clients at other optical centers. This was avoided by concluding a collaboration protocol.
S.C. Optisens S.R.L. offers a range of glasses with cheap frames and lenses and low quality of
execution. S.C. Optimax S.R.L. has been experiencing a long delay in the release of glasses from
the reason that they do not have installation in their own center and do not have a doctor in the staff composition.

55
The prices charged by the two existing companies are higher or similar to those of
I established S.C. OPTItech S.R.L. Through the combination of price - quality, variety - novelty we believe that we will

capture the proposed market segment.

Analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of competitors:

Firm Strengths Weaknesses

OPTISENS delivery within an hour poor quality of execution
low prices - performant reduce
good location lenses (without treatments
sales trained personnel adequate
low reputation
lack of sufficient stocks
diversify branches
OPTIMAX good location absence of the doctor

good quality lenses long delivery time

personal trained in optics and (24h)
sales high price
-frames stock by categories - non-competitive suppliers like
(vârsta, profesie, aplicaţii) price/quality

Comparative analysis of competitors

Indicators Max number of points (1 - S.C. OPTItech Competitor

OPTISENS OPTIMAX
5) S.R.L.
The product or 5 5 4 4
service
Price 5 3 5 4
Quality 5 5 3 4
Location 5 3 3 4
Distribution 5 5 5 2
Post-5 service 5 3 2
sale
The image 5 4 3 3
enterprises
Old
The number of 39 30 26 23
points

56
Comments

3. SALES STRATEGIES

To maintain and expand its market position, the company will adopt a strategy aimed at
spre:
improving product quality;
expansion of the product range;
increasing the level of after-sales service;
24-month warranty;
establishing an appropriate price for all social categories.
To persuade customers to buy the products manufactured by the company, the management will
emphasizes, first of all, the exceptional quality of the services provided, the fair price, and friendliness
at the fulfillment of the order, the novelty of the service and product. All of this is also added by the fact that
the products will be manufactured using high-precision technology.

Distribution strategy
It starts from the idea that initially the frequency of orders will be low, increasing with
the spread of the image and establishment in the market. Also, the frequency of purchasing will differ from one
the period of the day varies, being smaller in the morning and afternoon and larger in the evening and on Saturdays according to

clients' work program.

The products will be delivered to the store where the final adjustments will be made and the warranty will be granted.

the warranty and post-warranty.

Pricing policy
The prices of the services and products sold will consist of their own elements,
derived from production and acquisition costs plus other expenses.
It is anticipated that prices will be set at a level 10-15% lower during periods of
holidays.
Discounts will be made in accordance with those offered by suppliers.
For purchases over 1000 lei/glasses, a discount of 10% will be applied to the price.
without VAT.
Various free services for eyeglass repairs will be carried out for customer loyalty/attraction.
new clients.
57
 Promotion and public relations
The advertisement of products and services will be carried out through local television and the website
prpriu ([Link]), advertising leaflets, people stopper.
After the products were manufactured to the customer's order - according to internal prescription or
externally, the company's obligations include delivering the product to the store's location. Customers who order
A discount is granted at a certain threshold value.
A database is created with permanent and potential clients structured by profession, age,
financial potential, date of the next consultation.
Educational brochures are being created in the company about: refractive errors, prevention, treatment, maintenance

glasses, wears contact lenses.

Official price list for: lenses, frames, glasses, accessories.

4. OPERATIONAL PLAN.

The production plan consists of the following stages:

the supply of raw materials for the company.
conducting optometric and ophthalmological tests
the selection of a frame from those displayed and its adjustment

Contour processing of lenses and their mounting in frames

preparation of the glasses for delivery
the actual delivery.
The raw material will be procured both from domestic producers and from suppliers of some companies.
of renown from abroad.
An Essilor Zeta automatic grinding machine will be used for lens processing that
process any type of material used in optical ophthalmology: plastic, glass, polycarbonate that
we can connect it to the common water network or we can use our own water recycling system.
The waste generated from lens processing will be disposed of according to the law in force. The device
benefits from service and warranty for one year after which post-warranty service.

5. THE PRODUCTION AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

For the first year

58
Nr Denumire Unitatea Cost Inclusive Quantity
. a of unit measure a I trim I send III trim IV trim
product (her)
i
1 Glasses buck 120 2900 430 670 740 1060

6.. MANAGEMENT PLAN

The company will be led by a single partner also serving as the administrator. Testing
Ophthalmological examination will be carried out by the doctor and by optometrists in the absence of the doctor.

The processing will be carried out by the optician and the recommendations will be made by
optometrists.
Cleaning will be provided by a specialized company, three times a week.
Daily cleaning will be provided by the in-house staff.
The administrator's salary will be fixed while the staff's salary will consist of a fixed salary and a
commission. Therefore, the employer's salary will be 1500 RON, the doctor will be paid depending on the number
for consultations - an average of 1600 Ron / month, optometrists 1200 Ron each, the optician 1000, and
the accountant 300 (under a collaboration regime). An employment contract will be concluded with each employee.

The separation will specify the salary as well as the job description with the specific tasks for each.

The need for funding

The total financial requirements for opening the company amount to 900,000 Ron, including:
30000 Ron - advance for purchasing the grinding machine and diagnostic equipment throug
medium-term lending.
- 20000 Ron - for purchasing raw materials: frames and lenses, maintenance solutions,
contact lenses, sunglasses short-term loans
40000 Ron for other expenses: rent, arrangement, advertising from personal sources.
funding.

Credit conditions:
Indicators For the equipment For current expenses
The size of the loan 50000 10000
59
Credit terms 3 years 1.5 years
Annual interest rate 5% 5%
The number of refunds on 4 4
an
The number of periods of 2 2
thanks
Rat of refund 1750 450
calculated

Repayment table for the borrowed capital (Ron)

No. Shoulder creditor Rat of Rest of the Interest Interest

reimbursed due date cumulative
1 60000 0 60000 3000 3000
2 60000 0 60000 3000 6000
3 60000 8700 51300 3000 9001
4 51300 8700 42600 2565 11565
An 231300 17400 213900 11565 29566
ul
1
5 42600 8700 33900 2130 13695
6 33900 8700 25200 1695 15390
7 25200 4200 21000 1260 16650
8 21000 4200 16800 1050 17700
An 122700 25800 96900 6135 63435
ul
2
9 16800 4200 12600 840 18540
10 12600 4200 8400 630 19170
11 8400 4200 4200 420 19590
12 4200 4200 0 210 19800
An 48000 16800 25200 2100 77100
ul
3

The financial plan

The revenues and expenses were calculated based on the expenses and revenues for
glasses with an average value of 1200 Ron, based on which the others are formed. Also
60
Production costs have been taken at the maximum possible, while revenues at the minimum probable.
The budget was forecasted taking into account the following increases in revenue as well as expenses.
variable.

Estimated Growth Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

2% 4% 6%

The projected revenue budget

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

Income 224000 228480 237619 266133
realized (Ron)
Number of glasses 2800 2856 3027 3390
Average price per 120 120 120 120
glasses

The projected budget of expenses

Direct production costs - Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

variable (Ron)
Raw materials: lens frames, stones 106105 108228 112557 126063
Auxiliary materials (heels, cloths, 17684 18688 18759 21010
cleaning solutions
Direct labor (wages + taxes and 30000 30600 31824 33734
social contributions
Energy, old utilities 20400 20808 21640 22939
Subcontracted services or works 4800 4896 5091 5398
Other direct expenses 3600 3672 3819 4048
182589 186892 193690 213192
Indirect production costs - fixed
Administration/management 9600 9600 9600 9600
Office/secretarial expenses 3600 3600 3600 3600
Security expenses 3600 3600 3600 3600
Occupational safety expenses and 4800 4800 4800 4800
environment
Expenses with depreciation 4200 4200 4200 4200
61
 25800 25800 25800 25800
Total 208389 212692 219490 238992

Profit / Loss Account

Indicators Year
1 2 3 4
Revenues 224000 228480 237619 266133
realize
Expenses 208389 212692 219490 238992
Gross profit 15611 15788 18129 27141
Tax on 2497.76 2526.08 2900.64 4342.56
came
Net profit 13113,24 13261,92 15228.36 22798.44
Rat from 17400 25800 16800 0
reimbursed
Interest 11565 6135 2100 0
banking
Profit -15851.76 -18673.08 -3671.64 22798.44
available
Profit -15851.76 -34524,84 -38196.48 -15398.04
cumulative

Following the preparation of the profit and loss account, it can be observed that although there is a net profit

From the first year of operation, the available profit and the accumulated profit only appear in the 5th year of operation.

due to the decrease in the repayment rate and interest.

Cash flow (Ron)

Indicators Year
1 2 3 4
The resources 40000 34148.24 15475,16 11803.52
financial the
the beginning of the period
Cash inflows
Credits 60000
Sales 224000 228480 237619 266133
Total ENTRIES of 324000 262628.24 253094,16 277,936.52
number
Cash withdrawals
Investments 50000
Current expenses 208389 212692 219490 238992
Income tax 2497.76 2526,08 2900.64 4342.56

62
 Repayment rate 17400 25800 16800 0
Bank interest 11565 6135 2100 0
Total OUTPUT of 289851.76 247153.08 241290,64
to number
SURPLUS / 34148.24 15475.16 11803,52 34601.96
DEFICIT of
number

The cash flow demonstrates to us that the company has the ability to cope with the cost.
financing: loan repayment and interest payment (for a bank loan) or payment
dividends (for a report on share capital).

Calculation of the break-even point - value (Ron)

Indicators Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

Fixed costs (FC) 25800 25800 25800 25800
Variable expenses 182589 186892 193690 213192
THAT (sales) 224000 228480 237619 266133
Profit (Pr) 13113.24 13261.92 15228.36 22798.44
MCV=(CA-CV)/CĂ 0.184870535 0.182020308 0.18487158 0.198926852
Pragul de210489,14 214601.99 221928,97 244,303.07
profitability = (CF + Pr) /
MCV

In calculating the break-even point, we observe the level of activity at which the company
begins to generate profit is not much different from the achieved level. Example of year 1: threshold value
210489.14, realized value 224000. At this point (at the threshold), the value of income and the value
the costs are identical, therefore the profit is zero.

Calculation of the payback period - PP

Initial investment 100000

Sum CF 96028.88
Return rate noted 'a' (inflation rate) 0.06
1+a 1.06
The number of years of the economic life of the investment noted 'n' 5
Updated average annual cash flow - Cfma = (Sum CF / (1 + a)) / n 18118.66
Initial investment/CFma 5.52

63
 The number of years of the economic life of the investment is 5 (considering the lifespan
the machinery used to produce the company's products). The payback period is 5.5
ani.
Calculation of net present value:

Initial investment 60000

CF1*(1+0.06)^-1 32215.32
CF2*(1+0.06)^-2 13772.84
CF3*(1+0.06)^-3 9901.60
CF4*(1+0.04)^-4 27461.87
Sum CF 1,2,3,4 updated 83351.63
VAN = Updated net cash flow - investment 23351.63
initial

Following this financial analysis, we can say that the business project is a viable one.
acceptable. The profit obtained will allow the company to meet its obligations to the bank
as well as to accumulate the necessary financial resources, starting from the 5th year of operation, for
expansion of the business in the near future.
Function of accumulated experience, of financial potential after an exploitation cycle, of
the evolution of competition, the progress of technology and the standard of living will be taken into account in the decision to expand

business.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

64
Prof. Eng. Stoica Anca-Optometry CoursesCraftsmanship Cooperation School Group
"Spiru Haret" Bucharest-2008-2010;
Dr. Muresanu Silviu Marius Alexandru - Course in Physiological Optics Bucharest 2008-2010;
- Prof. univ. dr. Mircea Olteanu - Treatise on Ophthalmology, Medical Publishing House Bucharest 1989;

Treatise on ophthalmology, edited by Paul Cernea, EM 2001;

Cezar Th Niculescu, Bogdan Voiculescu - Anatomy and Physiology of Man, Corint Bucharest 2007
- Nicolae Zolog -Miopia, Facla 1980;
- Prof. Dr. Fr. Fodor, Dr. Liana Sireteanu - Ophthalmology, EDP Bucharest 1981;
- F. Fodor, G. Fugulyan - Aging of the Eyes, ESE Bucharest 1989;
- Batesc G. -Optics, EDP, Bucharest 1982;
- Dodoc P. -Teoria şi construcţia aparatelor optice, Vol.1 şi 2,ET Bucureşti 1989;
- Dumitrescu N., Ionescu Muscel S. - Technical Optics, Vol. 1 and 2, UPB 1991;
- Eng. State D. M., Dr. Lascu E. The use and technology of manufacturing lenses, frames and
Ochelarilor - manual for vocational schools and specialization courses, EDP Bucharest 1980;
- Prof. ing. Danescu F. prof. ing. Grosu M., prof. ing. Rotaru T., prof. ing Stoian G., prof. ing.
Vertan E. - The equipment and technology of precision mechanics and optics - manuals for the 11th and 12th grade
industrial license with a focus on mechanics, qualification as a precision and optical mechanic and schools
professional, EDP Bucharest 1989;
- Popescu I. I., Toader E - Optics, ESE Bucharest 1989;
- Emil I. Toader, Virgil Spulber - Optics for Technicians, ET Bucharest 1985;
- Dumitrescu N. - The technology of adapting glasses, UPB Bucharest 1999;
- N. Dumitrescu - The Foundations of Physiological Optics, UPB 1994;

ECCO European Diploma Optometry (candidate guidelines) - Central Association of

Optician, Düsseldorf 2008;
Occupational safety and health - 4th edition August 15, 2007; Labor Code
Emergency situations - 7th edition June 22, 2008: New regulations for fire safety and civil protection;
-Sergiu Buiuc, Leonida Jolobceastai,-Practical Ophthalmology, Vol 1 and 2 Junimea 1979;
various sources - internet, GOOGLE, YAHOO,
-- Dr. Physician Klaus Schmidt. “Myopia Manual”, Edition January 2015.
promotional material: INTEGRATED LENS TECHNOLOGY (ILT) ESSILOR, ZEISS,
HOYA, ROYALNOUA.,

ANNEX

65
Fig. 1 Spectrum of visible light ranging from 390 to 720 nm.

Fig. 2 Unpublished images of the human eye.

highlighted, iris, pupil, cornea, appendages
eyes.

66
Fig. 3 Ocular globe. Fig. 4 Angle alpha.

Fig. 5 Structure of the globe

ocular.

Fig. 6 Structure
histological of the retina a).

67
Fig. 7 Structure of the retina b).

68
Fig. 8 Macula. Fig. 9 Optic nerve head.

Fig. 9 Optic nerve head.

Fig. 10 The aqueous moisture.

69
Fig. 12 Vitreous Body.

Fig. Calea
optics.

70
Fig. 15 The lacrimal apparatus.

Fig. 16 Oculomotor muscles.

71
Fig. 17 Diffraction.

Fig. 18 Interference.

72
 Fig. 19. Refraction of light. Fig 20. The inversion of the image on the retina.

Fig. 21 Accommodation. The bulging versus thinning of the lens is observed.

73
Fig. 22 Bombare versus subtiere in the process Fig. 23. Emmetropic eye, image on the fovea.
accommodation of ciliary muscles.

Fig. 24 Ochi hipermetrop, imagine in spatele retinei.Fig25. Ochi miop. Imagine in fata retinei.

{"Fig. 26":"Astigmatic eye. Multiple image foci.","Fig. 27":"Presbyopic eye."}

74
Fig. 28 Optometry cabinet. Testing room. Fig. 29 Hand-held ophthalmoscope, sketch.

Fig. 29 Skiascope. Fig. 30 Maddox Cylinder (crossed).

Fig. 31 Autorefractor-Keratometer. Fig. 32 Lens case, different colors red (-), black (+).

75
Fig. 33 Test table. Fig 34 Test glasses.

Fig. 35. Necessary documents for MTSM and PSI.

Characteristics of sanitary-hygienic conditions of dangerous and harmful production factors

Dangerous and harmful factors Assessment of working conditions

Visual After the project
the production
1 2 3
1. Sanitary and hygienic factors Period Period
Rece Hot
Microclimate
temperatura , C
0 n 17-19 20-22
relative humidity of the air, % n 40-60 40-60
the speed of air movement, m/s n 0.2 0.3

The Enlightenment
natural lateral, % + 0.9
artificial common, lx + 200
Ventilation
natural airdv 2 2
natural infiltrationdv 3 3
2. Characteristics of the rooms
2.1 sanitary protection zone IV IV
2.2 industry category by
explosive and flammable danger G G
2.3 fire resistance rating of
of the building I I
3. Dangerous and harmful factors of
produce
3.1 Electric
the genre of the current Alternative Alternative
the voltage , V 220/380 220/380
frequency, Hz 50 50
3.2 Mechanics
vibration, Hz (mm/sec, dB) + 93
zomotul, dB +

76
 the movement of machine parts and
of the mechanisms + +
3.3 Thermal
Heated details, 0C + +
3.4 Paf (powder)
neorganic + C MA 10 mg/m 3

4. The possibility of outbreak

of the fire or the explosion
flammable gas + +
ignition sources cigarette, cigarette smoke, smoke

The prevention and protection plan

No. Location of Risks Masuri Masuri Masuri Actions Termen Persoana Obs.
work certificate evaluate hygienic-technical high in of care
post of sanitary nature purpose to carry out response
work implementation of

measures realization
measures
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Methodological norms
Enterprise/unit: _______________

INDIVIDUAL TRAINING SHEET

regarding occupational health and safety

FIRST AND LAST NAME ______________________

LEGITIMACY, BRAND _________________________
BLOOD GROUP ____________________________
DOMICILIUL __________________________________

Place of birth ____________________________

Qualification ________________ Function _____________
Workplace ________________________________

77
Authorizations (ISCIR etc.) ___________________________
The route to/from work _______________

Employment training

1) The general introductory training was conducted on the date _______ for ___ hours, by ____
having the function of ______.

The content of the training _______

The signature of the instructed one .....................

Signature of the person who conducted the training ......................
Signature of the person who verified the acquisition of knowledge .......................

2) Training at the workplace was carried out on the date ________, workplace/job position ____
for _____ hours, by ____ having the position of ____.
The content of the training ____________

Signature of the instructed one ............

Signature of the person who conducted the training .............
Signature of the person who verified the acquisition of knowledge ..............

3) Admitted to work
First and last name ______________
The function _________________________

Date and signature _________________

Periodic training

Signature Signature Signature

Data Durata (h) Ocupatia The material of the the one the one who
instructing trained predator care it has verified
instructed the instruction

78
Periodic additional training

Signature Signature Signature

Data Durata (h) Ocupatia The material of the one the one the one who
to carry out predator instruct care it has checked
instructed training

Test results

Data Examined material Qualification Examiner

Sanctions applied for non-compliance with health and safety regulations in the workplace

The committed offense Administrative sanction The number and date of the decision

Methodological standards

The enterprise/unit _________

COLLECTIVE TRAINING FORM

regarding occupational safety and health

Today is ____________
79
 I, the undersigned _______, holding the position of _______, have conducted training for a number of

_____ persons from ____, according to the nominal table on the back, in the field of security and
health at work, for the visit (presence) in the enterprise/unit on the days ___.
During the training, the following materials were taught: _______
This training document will be kept at _____________.

Verified, Signature of the person who conducted the training,

The following table must be entered on the back

NOMINAL TABLE
with the participants in the training

We, the undersigned, have been instructed and have acknowledged the processed and recorded materials.
in the collective training sheet regarding occupational safety and health and we commit to respect them
exactly.

The name and surname of the person who prepared a copy ____________
Signature ________
Note: the form is filled out in two copies.
======================================================================

Fig. 36 Diverse symbols for MTSM and PSI and portable/flexible dust removal system.

80
 Fig. 37 Refraction objective, cu
autorefraction meter Fig. 38 Technique
lentils

Fig. 38 Diverging lenses, thinner in the center versus thicker at the edges.

Fig. 39 Myopia correction is done with diverging lenses.

81
Fig. 40 Prescription for glasses.

Fig. 40 Recipe Hagiu Victor, 28 years old, Iasi.

82
Fig. 41 The complete prospect of the chosen lens.

83
Fig. 41 Bis. Lens treatments.

Fig. 42 Eyeglass frame. The frame and its dimensions are noted on it.

84
Fig. 41 Glasses arm. ` Fig. 43 Glasses hinges.

Fig. 44 She has descended.

Fig.45 Selected frame.

85