INDUSTRIAL MECHANICS

AUE-400 (ELECTRIC AUTOMATISMS)

TRANSFORMERS
MONOPHASIC

Teacher: Lic. Toribio Mamani Mendoza

It is called a transformer or trafo
(abbreviation) to a machine
static electricity that allows
increase or decrease the tension in
an electric current circuit
alternate, maintaining the frequency.
The transformer is a set of coils (at least two) coupled together.
through a magnetic field flowing in a core (steel with small
silicon percentages.

They are used for

Change the voltage and current values between one circuit and another.
2. Electrically isolate one circuit from another
3. Match impedances between the output of one circuit and the input of another.
 The primary and secondary windings are
they can wrap around opposite sides of the nucleus.
This configuration is called decore.

Another way to wind the windings is in the form of

concentric. The secondary wraps around it.
from the primary. This configuration receives the
name deshell.

• In both cases, the sections alternate to reduce possible air gaps.

of air) produced at the joint.

• In addition, the sheets contain 3% silicone which reduces losses due to

hysteresis.
The input and output wrapping encompass the same one.
iron core column. The core is made of iron by
which has a high permeability, that is, it conducts the flow very well
magnetic.

In a transformer, the core has two fundamental missions:

From the electrical point of view -and this is its main mission- it is
the path through which the magnetic flow flows. Through the parts of
the butt leads the magnetic flow following a circuit
prescribed, from one column to another.
From a mechanical point of view, it is the support of the
collapses that lean on it

To generate the magnetic flux, that is, to magnetize the core

Electric energy must be consumed for iron. This electrical energy is
intake winding takeoff.
With the aim of reducing the
copper used in the
some nuclei developed
contain sections
transversals that although
lines resemble a
circle.
When we apply a source Vp to the winding
primary and we leave the secondary open, it
it will produce a flow in the core. This flow is
sinusoidal equal to the voltage but is located
90 degrees delayed with respect to this.

This produced flow travels through the core and does

that this cut the turns of the secondary
thus producing a voltage in phase with the
voltage of

TRANSFORMATION RELATIONSHIP

Transformation relationship Transformation relationship

of Voltages of Corrientes

Np Ep Np Is
a a
Ns Es Ns Ip
TransformationRelationship
Pin P out

V pI p Vs I s
Typesoftransformersaccordingtotheirrelationship

• Transformers where m>1 the primary voltage is greater than

el secundario consideran reductores ( StepDown transformer ).

• The transformers where the voltage in the secondary is higher

that the primary is considered to be elevating (step-up transformer)
• Transformers where the primary voltage is equal to the secondary
m=1 and they are used only as electrical insulation between a circuit and the
other (Isolation transformer).

• The transformation relationship is fixed as it depends on the number of

return of both windings but the relationship between the actual values
Voltage in the primary and secondary could vary due to the
lost inside it.

• Sometimes the manufacturer provides that actual relationship between

voltages.
Relationshipoftheimpedance
• For a source that is in the primary, it will feel a
impedance ZL in the secondary as if it were of another value Zin

V1 aV2V 2 2
Phrase a aZL 2
I1I 2I2

• That is why the transformer is considered an adapter of

impedance and is used in communication circuits
amplifiers to ensure maximum transfer of
energy.
AUTO-TRANSFORMER
It is a transformer with a
single coil and a branch in
on your winding.

Its construction is simpler and

it is used to increase or
slightly decrease the voltage. The
main advantage is that the
power losses are a lot
less than in a simple
transformer.

The disadvantage is that the primary

and the secondary is not isolated
what represents a danger
potential.
 TAPS: What they are and what they are for.
• Taps are derivations that
they have the transformers
three-phase, which cause that
have the possibility
ofto be ablechange the tension to the
transformer output, since
when the transformer has to
feed a load that exceeds
limits the transformer will not be able to
supply with the same voltage already
that is exceeding its tension,
so this tap or switch
it can be changed to elevate the
tension.
 TAPS: What they are and what they are used for.

• The series, the transformers

they come with tension taps–
5%
• ["-2.5%","0","+2.5%","+5%"]
• The connection diagram of the
taps for transformers
• with one or two tensions
primaries are indicated in the
plates of
• characteristics.
• It is important to move the
plates of the 3 columns of
M.T.
• in its entirety.
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

According to their applications

Step-up/step-down transformer
tension
Variable transformers
Isolation transformer According to its construction
Power transformer
Three-phase transformer
Autotransformer
Pulse transformer
Transformer with toroidal core
Line or Flyback Transformer
Grain-oriented transformer
Differential variation transformer
Air core transformer
linear
Encapsulated core transformer
Transformer with divided diode
Piezoelectric transformer
Impedance transformer
Voltage stabilizer
Hybrid transformer or hybrid coil
Balun
Electronic transformer
Variable frequency transformer
Measuring transformers
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
POLETYPETRANSFORMER RURAL TRANSFORMERS
• They are designed for installation on poles
in suburban electrification networks
single wires, double wires and triple wires, of 7.6, 13.2
y 15 kV.
• In three-phase systems, it is possible to use
three-phase transformers or how
alternative 3 single-phase

Distribution Transformer
Description: Characteristics
•Characteristics: They are used in General:
resistant tank outdoors or They are made in
corrosion interior for powers
Temperature at 65 distribución de normalized since
degrees electricity 25 to 1000 kVA and
Tap the 5 positions. in medium voltage. primary tensions
They are applicable of 13.2, 15, 25, 33 and
35 kV. According to
in urban areas,
industries, specifications of
businesses. client.
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMERS

ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONALITY Power transformers

Communication transformers
Measuring transformers
Single-phase
Three-phase
FOR THE TENSION SYSTEMS
Three-phase-six-phase
Three-phase dodecaphonic
Three-phase-monophase
ACCORDING TO SECONDARY VOLTAGE Elevators
Reducers
ACCORDING TO THE MEDIA Interior
Outdoors
ACCORDING TO REFRIGERANT ELEMENT In dry
In an oil bath
With pyralene
ACCORDING TO REFRIGERATION Natural
Forced
PARTSOFTHETRANSFORMER

• Tank
• Container or cover
• Terminals
• Refrigerant medium
• Coils
• Indicators
EPOXY RESIN ENCLOSED DRY TRANSFORMERS.

They are used indoors for medium voltage electrical energy distribution.
places where the reduced spaces and security requirements in case
fire hazards make it impossible to use oil-cooled transformers.

Its main feature is that they are air-cooled with class F insulation.
using epoxy resin as a means of protection for the windings,
making any maintenance unnecessary after installation. They are manufactured
in normalized powers from 100 to 2500 kVA, primary voltages of 13.2,
15, 25, 33 and 35 kV and frequencies of 50 and 60 Hz.
DISTRIBUTED CORE TRANSFORMER

It has a central core and four

external branches. It is called
distribution transformers
generally the transformers of
powers equal to or less than 500
kVA yields equal voltages or
less than 67,000V, both
single-phase as three-phase.

Although most of such units are designed for mounting on

posts, some of the higher power sizes, above the
18 kV classes are built for installation in stations or on platforms.
Typical applications are for feeding farms, residences, buildings or
public warehouses, workshops and shopping centers.
Three-phase indoor transformer

Description:
• They are used indoors for
electric power distribution
in medium voltage, in places
where the reduced spaces and the
security requirements in
fire case prevents the
use of transformers
refrigerated in oil. They are from
application in large buildings,
hospitals, industries, mining,
large shopping centers and
any activity that requires the
intensive energy use
electric.
THERMAL TRANSFORMERS OF INTEGRAL FILLING.

General Characteristics:
Its main characteristic is that when
do not carry expansion tank of
oil does not require maintenance,
siendo esta construcción más
more compact than the traditional.
they are manufactured in standardized powers
from 100 to 1000 kVA, voltages
primary voltages of 13.2, 15, 25, 33, and 35 kV and
frequencies of 50 and 60 Hz.
Description:
They are used outdoors or indoors for electrical power distribution in
medium voltage, being very useful in places where spaces are
reduced. They are applicable in urban areas, industries, mining,
oil exploitation, large shopping centers and all activities that
requires intensive use of electric energy.
THE CORE TRANSFORMER.

Description:
• The windings surround the core. This is
made up of rectangular or sheets
L-shaped parts that fit together and overlap
alternatively in adjacent layers.
• In the three-phase core transformers
there are three cores joined by their parts
superior and inferior through a yoke and
about each nucleus, the primary and
the secondary of each phase. This device
it is possible because, at all times, the
the sum of the flows is zero.
ANALOGY
 Transformerunderload
ANALOGY

• When we connect
load in the secondary
a current flows Is
that tends to reduce the
flow in the core. This
causes a current
Ip' in the primary that
tends to restore the
flow.
• The resulting current
in primary Ip is the
vector sum of Ip' and
I.
Unsharedflow(leakage)
• The flow of the primary and in the secondary, which does not circulate in the core.
it is represented by an inductance in series with each of the
windings.
• This inductance affects the value and phase of the current passing through
through this.
• The inductances in series and the resistance of each winding
they appear in series with each winding.
• The losses in the core and the magnetizing current, are
they are represented with a resistor and an inductor in parallel.
Simplificationoftheequivalentdiagram
• The resistance of
secondary and of the primary
they can refer to the primary
dividing by the a2
• Then they can be added.
to obtain a diagram
simplified of the
transformer.
• Another way to do it is
referring to the parameters
from the primary in the
secondary as shown
the graphic (c) in both
ways to obtain the
same results.
LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER.
In a transformer, the following losses can be identified:

• Losses due to eddy currents

• Hysteresis losses
• Losses in the winding copper.
• The losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis are called losses in
the iron.
• Losses in copper: Losses due to heating in the primary windings and
secondary. (I2R)
• Losses due to eddy currents: Losses due to resistive heating in the
transformer core.
• Losses due to hysteresis: Related to the rearrangement of domains
magnetic in each cycle.
• Dispersed flows: Flows that escape the core. They produce self-induction.
that opposes and is modeled as inductances.
MAGNETIZATION CURRENT IN A TRANSFORMER
In the vacuum of the primary, a current flows. This current is the required one for
produce flow in a real ferromagnetic core. This current has two
componentes:
a) The magnetization current: required to produce the flux in the core of the
transformer.
b) The current loss in the core, required by the phenomenon of hysteresis and
due to the parasitic currents.

Hysteresis
MAGNETIZING CURRENT IN A TRANSFORMER
Foucaultcurrents
MAGNETIZING CURRENT IN A TRANSFORMER

Magnetizing current in a transformer

MAGNETIZING CURRENT IN A TRANSFORMER

Magnetization current in a transformer