MAYOR UNIVERSITY OF SAN SIMÓN

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

BASIC PHYSICS LABORATORY 2

Modulus of elasticity

Practice No. 1

Group: D3 Friday 8:15 / 9:45

Docente: José Roberto Pérez Cespedes
Nombres: Álvarez Guzmán Daniel
Crespo Flores José Elías
Fecha de entrega: 02/10/2020

Semester 2/2020 Young Module

Preliminary Assessment

1. When is a material said to be ductile or brittle?

Ductility is known as the property of those materials that,
Under the action of a force, they can deform without breaking.
Fragility is the ability of a material to fracture due to its
little or no permanent deformation.
2. How are stress and strain defined?
As effort, we call the force we apply against something.
impulse or resistance, to counteract or reverse it. Likewise, it
effort is called the energy or vigor that is put into the realization of
something, overcoming obstacles.
Unitary Deformation (ε) can be defined as the relationship that exists
between the total deformation and the initial length of the element, which
will allow determining the deformation of the element subjected to stresses
of axial tension or compression.
3. How do you say that a body is subjected to a force by tension and
understanding?
Tension: it is when the forces go outward, for example, the cable.
from a hanging lamp, one force is the ceiling and the other is the weight of
the lamp.
Compression: it is when external forces are applied from the outside.
towards the center. For example, the sole of a sneaker is subjected to the
strength of the floor and the foot.

4. What is Young's modulus?

Young's modulus or longitudinal elastic modulus is a
parameter that characterizes the behavior of an elastic material,
according to the direction in which a force is applied.
5. What are the values of the Young's modulus in S.I for the following
materials: copper, steel, aluminum, and silver?

Copper 10.8x10^10
Aluminum 6.3 – 7.0 x 10^10

Steel 19.5 – 20.5x10^10

Silver 8.27 times 10 to the power of 10
 6. What is the difference between elastic and plastic deformation?
Plastic deformation: irreversible or permanent. Mode of deformation
in that the material does not return to its original shape after removing the
applied load. This happens because, in plastic deformation,
material undergoes irreversible thermodynamic changes when acquiring
greater elastic potential energy. Plastic deformation is the opposite
to reversible deformation.
Elastic deformation: reversible or non-permanent, the body regains its shape.
original shape when removing the force that causes the deformation. In this
type of deformation, the solid, when varying its stress state and increasing
its internal energy in the form of elastic potential energy only passes through
reversible thermodynamic changes.

Objectives
Find the functional relationship between stress and strain for the
elastic zone.
Determinar el módulo de Young de un alambre de sección transversal circular,
subjected to a tensile effort.

Theoretical Framework

When a solid in equilibrium experiences the presence of external forces,

it undergoes changes in its dimensions. The magnitude of these deformations and the
applied forces to the solid allow us to calculate the value of the elastic constant
of the material that characterizes the elastic properties of the solid.

The deformation experienced by the solid depends on the type of force (tension or
compression) to which it is subjected.

Any solid object in equilibrium can experience deformation when subjected to

an external force (whether in the elastic or plastic zone), in this experiment
we will study the deformation in the elastic zone where Hooke's Law applies (F
ΔL) which states that this deformation is proportional to the force, greater force leads to greater
deformation, and with less force there is less deformation.
 Figure 1. Stress vs linear strain graph showing the elastic zone and
plastic

If a block of length L is subjected to a force F, its deformation would be ΔL, and if the same
block but now of length 2L is applied the same force F, its deformation would be 2
ΔL, but to obtain a value that does not depend so much on the shape of the material, we will use
the ratio (ΔL/L) called unit deformation.

The force F is proportional to this quotient (F ΔL/L)

Figure 2. Block of length L with a deformation ΔL due to a force F

On the other hand, for the same deformation to occur, the force depends on the area.
cross-sectional area of the block, so we can say that the force F is proportional to the area A
since, the larger the area, the greater the force.
 Figure 3. The same block but with half the length and double the width shown
the proportionality between the force F and the Area A

In this way, with the proportionality of force to area and to unit deformation
we can obtain Hooke's law with a proportionality constant that is
independent of the dimensions of the material.

ΔL
F∆YA
L
By dividing the area, we obtain Hooke's Law in terms of stress (F/A), the
unit deformation (ΔL/L) and the proportionality constant (Y) called the modulus of
Young.

Therefore, the objective of this experiment is to find the Young's modulus of a

steel wire subjected to a tensile force.

Materials
Support from the Young module team
Wire with a circular cross-section
Vernier digital
Masses of 1 kg objects.
Lifter
Micrometric screw
Tape measure
Bubble level

Data Registration
Initial length of the wire:

Lo = (1.074 ± 0.001) [m]

Wire diameter:

D = (0.00046 ± 0.00001) [m]

Record of the deformation ΔL produced by the different hanging masses.

Table 1.1
n m [Kg] ΔL [m]

1 0.2 0.33

2 0.4 0.49

3 0.6 0.63

4 0.8 0.74

5 1 0.83

Indirect measurement of the area: With the measurement of the diameter, calculate the area of the section.
wire cross-section with its respective error:

Area=(1/4)D2
A = 1/4 * π * (0.00046)2

A=1.66x10^(-7)
ΔD = 1/2 * (D * eD)
ΔD = 1/2 * (0.00046 * 0.00001)

ΔD=2.30x10-9
eA=ΔD2
eA=2.30x10-9

A=1.66x10-72.30x10-9 m; 1.39 %

Based on the data recorded in table 1.1, and using the values of the
initial length Lo, the area of the wire A and the local gravitational acceleration,
complete table 1.2.
Table 1.2

n ε=ΔL/Lo σ=mg/A [N/m^2]

1 3.07 x 10^(-4) 11783132.53

2 4.56x10^(-4) 23566265.06

3 5.87 x 10^(-4) 35349397,59

4 6.89 x 10^(-4) 47132530.12

5 0.000773 58915662.65

In figure 1.4, create the graph of stress as a function of strain.

F/A [N/m*m]
70000000

60000000

50000000

40000000

30000000

20000000

10000000

0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Figure 1.4

According to the fitting curve in figure 1.4, the fitting model is:

Y=A+Bx
Using the least squares method, find the fitting parameters of
chosen model:

A =?; B =?; r =?

A=(∑Yi*∑xi^2-∑xi*Yi*∑xI/(n*∑xi^2-(∑xi)^2 )

A=((176756988)*(1.719004*10^(-6))-(113129.8554)*(2.812*10^(-
3)/(5*(1.719004*10^(-6))-(2.812*10^(-3))^2)

A= -20783587,28

B=(n∑xi*Yi-∑Yi*∑xi/(n*∑xI^2-(∑xi)^2 )

B=(5*(113129.8554) - (176756988) * (2.812*10^(-3))) / (5 *

(1,719004*10^(-6) ) - (2,812*10^(-3))^2 )

B=9,980971*10^(10)

r=(n*∑xI*Yi-∑xi*∑Yi) / √([n*(∑xi^2 )-(∑xI)^2 ][n*(∑Yi}

(∑Yi)^2])

r=(5*(113129.8554)-(2.812*10^(-3))*(176756988))/
(√([5*(1.719004*10^(-6)) - (2.812*10^(-3))^2])
[5*(7,636321*10^15 ) - (176756988)^2]

r=0.99..881927

Questionnaire
What physical interpretation do the parameters A and B of the fitting equation have?
The interpretation is as follows: the variable 'y' is represented by the effort (F/A) and
"x" by the unitary deformation (ΔL/L), while constant B is the value of the modulus
de Young (Y)

2. Based on the found value of Young's modulus, indicate what material it could be.
be (compare the obtained value with the tabulated data). Find the difference
percentage between both.

In comparison with the data tabulated in table 12.1 of the physics book by the author
Serway, it can be indicated that the material of the studied wire is copper; with a modulus
Young's modulus of 11E+10 [Pa]. With a percentage difference of 2.7%.

3. Why is the deformation of the cross-section of the not considered?

wires?

Because the transverse deformation of the wire is minimal in relation to the

longitudinal deformation.

4. In which region of figure 1.2 has this practice been carried out? Justify the
answer.

Work has been done within the elastic zone because the wire recovered its length.
initial when removing the masses that caused the effort.

5. Is there any relationship between transverse deformation and deformation?

longitudinal?, if so, indicate which one.

The Poisson's ratio is a constant unique to each material which relates to the
longitudinal unit strain between the unit transverse strain of a body
within the elastic zone.

6. In general, is Young's modulus the same for tensile forces and

compressors?

The Young's modulus applies to tensile and compressive forces whenever it concerns
of an isotropic body, an exception to this is concrete bodies.

Bibliography
Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, Physics for Scientists and Engineers 9th Edition
Volume 1, CENGAGE Learning, Mexico

Student Center of Physics, Basic Physics 2 Laboratory Guide, FCyT UMSS

Cochabamba - Bolivia, 2020