Maharashtra Standard 10 Mathematics Guide
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The Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/([Link].43/16) SD - 4
Dated 25.4.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on
29.12.2017 and it has been decided to implement it from the educational year 2018-19.
Mathematics
Part I
STANDARD TEN
Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and
Curriculum Research, Pune - 411 004
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Preface
Dear Students,
Welcome to the tenth standard!
This year you will study two text books - Mathematics Part-I and
Mathematics Part-II
The main areas in the book Mathematics Part-I are Algebra, Graph,
Financial planning and Statistics. All of these topics were introduced in the
ninth standard. This year you will study some more details of the same. The
new tax system, GST is introduced in Financial planning. Wherever a new
unit, formula or application is introduced, its lucid explanation is given. Each
chapter contains illustrative solved examples and sets of questions for practice.
In addition, some questions in practice sets are star-marked, indicating
that they are challenging for talented students. After tenth standard, some
students do not opt for Mathematics. This book gives them basic concepts
and mathematics needed to work in other fields. The matter under the
head ‘For more information’ is useful for those students who wish to study
mathematics after tenth standard and achieve proficiency in it. So they are
earnestly advised to study it. Read the book thoroughly at least once and
understand the concepts.
Additional useful audio-visual material regarding each lesson will be
available to you by using Q.R. code through ‘App’. It will definitely be
useful to you for your studies.
Much importance is given to the tenth standard examination. You are
advised not to take the stress and study to the best of your ability to achieve
expected success. Best wishes for it !
(Dr. Sunil Magar)
Pune Director
Date : 18 March 2018, Gudhipadva Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook
Indian Solar Year : 27 Falgun 1939 Production and Curriculum Research, Pune.
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It is expected that students will develop the following competencies after
studying Mathematics- Part I syllabus in standard X
Area Topic Competency Statements
1. Knowledge 1.1 Arithmetic The students will be able to-
of numbers Progression · solve examples using Arithmetic Progression.
· plan steps to achieve a goal in future.
2. Algebra 2.1 Quadratic · solve day to day problems which can be
Equations expressed in the form of quadratic equations.
· decide the number of variables required to
2.2 Linear find solutions of word problems.
equations in · convert a word problem into an equation in
two variables two variables and find its solution.
3. Commercial 3.1 Financial · understand the concepts of savings and
Mathematics planning investments.
· get familiar with financial transactions in
business, profession etc.
4. Statistics 4.1 Probability · use the concept of probaility in games,
and Probability 4.2 Graph voting etc.
· present the collected data in the form of
and measures
graphs or pictures deciding the suitable form
of central
of presentation.
tendencies
· find the mean, median and mode of a
provided classified data.
Instructions for Teachers
Read the book in detail and understand the content [Link] the help
of activities to explain different topics, to verify the formulae etc.
Practicals is also a means of evaluation. Activities given can also be used
for this purpose. Encourage the students to think [Link] a
student if he solves an example by a different and logically correct method.
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List of some practicals (Specimen)
1. On a graph paper, draw a line parallel to the X- axis or Y- axis. Write coordinates
of any four points on the line. Write how the equation of the line can be obtained
from the coordinates.
[Instead of parallel lines, lines passing through the origin or intersecting the
X or Y- axis can also be considered]
2. Bear a two- digit number in mind. Without disclosing it, cunstruct a puzzle.
Create two algebraic relations between the two digits of the number and solve
the puzzle.
[The above practical can be extended to a three-digit number also.]
3. Read the information about contents on a food packet. Show the information
by a pie diagram. For example, see the chart of contents like carbohydrates,
proteins, vitamines etc. per given weight on a buiscuit packet. Show the pro-
portion of the contents by a pie diagram. The contents can be divided into four
classes as carbohydrates, proteins, fats and others.
4. Prepare a frequncy distribution table given by the teacher in Excel sheet on a
computer. From the table draw a frequency polygon and a histogram in Excel.
5. Roll a die ten times and record the outcomes in the form of a table.
6. Observe the tax invoice given by your teacher. Record all of its contents. Re-
calculate the taxes and verify their correctness.
7. Calculate the sum of first n natural numbers given by your teacher through the
following activity. For example to find the sum of first four natural numbers,
take a square-grid piece of paper of 4 ´ 5 squares. Then cut it as shown in the
n(n +1)
figure. Hence verify the formula Sn = 2 (Here n = 4)
5 n(n +1) 4 (4 + 1) 4´5 20
Sn = \ S4 = 2 = 2
= = 10
1 2 2
2 3 [Note: Here a = 1 and d = 1. The activity can be
4
4 5 6 done taking different values of a and d. Similarly,
7 8 9 10 you can find the sum of even or odd numbers, cubes of
natural numbers etc.]
8. Write a = 6 on one side of a card sheet and a = -6 on its backside. Similarly,
write b = -3 on one side of another card sheet and b = 7 on its backside. From
these values, form different values of (a + b) and (ab); using these values
form quadratic equations.
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INDEX
Chapters Pages
1. Linear Equations in Two Variables..................... 1 to 29
2. Quadratic Equations ........................................ 30 to 54
3. Arithmetic Progression .................................... 55 to 80
4. Financial Planning ........................................... 81 to 112
5. Probability..................................................... 113 to 128
6. Statistics........................................................ 129 to 168
• Answers ........................................................ 169 to 176
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1 Linear Equations in Two Variables
Let’s study.
· Methods of solving linear equations in two variables - graphical method,
Cramer’s method
· Equations that can be transformed in linear equation in two variables
· Application of simultaneous equations
Let’s recall.
Linear equation in two variables
An equation which contains two variables and the degree of each term
containing variable is one, is called a linear equation in two variables.
ax + by + c = 0 is the general form of a linear equation in two variables;
a, b, c are real numbers and a, b are not equal to zero at the same time.
Ex. 3x - 4y + 12 = 0 is the general form of equation 3x = 4y - 12
Activity : Complete the following table
No. Equation Is the equation a linear equation in 2
variables ?
1 4m + 3n = 12 Yes
2 3x2 - 7y = 13
3 2x- 5 y = 16
4 0x + 6y - 3 = 0
5 0.3x + 0y -36 = 0
6 4 5
4
x y
7 4xy - 5y - 8 = 0
1
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Simultaneous linear equations
When we think about two linear equations in two variables at the same
time, they are called simultaneous equations.
Last year we learnt to solve simultaneous equations by eliminating one
variable. Let us revise it.
Ex. (1) Solve the following simultaneous equations.
(1) 5x - 3y = 8; 3x + y = 2
Solution :
Method (II)
Method I : 5x - 3y = 8. . . (I)
5x - 3y = 8. . . (I)
3x + y = 2 . . . (II)
3x + y = 2 . . . (II)
Multiplying both sides of
Let us write value of y in terms
equation (II) by 3. of x from equation (II) as
9x + 3y = 6 . . . (III) y = 2 - 3x . . . (III)
5x - 3y = 8. . . (I) Substituting this value of y in
Now let us add equations (I) equation (I).
and (III) 5x - 3y = 8
5x - 3y = 8 \ 5x - 3(2 - 3x) = 8
+ 9x + 3y = 6
\ 5x - 6 + 9x = 8
14x = 14 \ 14x - 6 = 8
\ x = 1 \ 14x = 8 + 6
substituting x = 1 in equation (II) \ 14x = 14
3x + y = 2 \ x = 1
\ 3´1 + y = 2 Substituting x = 1 in equation
\ 3 + y = 2 (III).
\ y = -1 y = 2 - 3x
solution is x = 1, y = -1; it is also \ y = 2 - 3´1
written as (x, y) = (1, -1) \ y = 2 - 3
\ y = -1
x = 1, y = -1 is the solution.
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Ex. (2) Solve : 3x + 2y = 29; 5x - y = 18
Solution : 3x + 2y = 29. . . (I) and 5x - y = 18 . . . (II)
Let’s solve the equations by eliminating ’y’. Fill suitably the boxes below.
Multiplying equation (II) by 2.
\ 5x ´ - y ´ = 18 ´
\ 10x - 2y = . . . (III)
Let’s add equations (I) and (III)
3x + 2y = 29
+
- =
= \ x =
Substituting x = 5 in equation (I)
3x + 2y = 29
\ 3 ´ + 2y = 29
\ + 2y = 29
\ 2y = 29 -
\ 2y = \ y =
(x, y) = ( , ) is the solution.
Ex. (3) Solve : 15x + 17y = 21; 17x + 15y = 11
Solution : 15x + 17y = 21. . . (I)
17x + 15y = 11 . . . (II)
In the two equations above, the coefficients of x and y are interchanged.
While solving such equations we get two simple equations by adding and
subtracting the given equations. After solving these equations, we can easily find
the solution.
Let’s add the two given equations.
15x + 17y = 21
+ 17x + 15y = 11
32x + 32y = 32
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Dividing both sides of the equation by 32.
x + y = 1 . . . (III)
Now, let’s subtract equation (II) from (I)
15x + 17y = 21
-
-17x -+ 15y =-11
-2x + 2y = 10
dividing the equation by 2.
-x + y = 5 . . . (IV)
Now let’s add equations (III) and (V).
x + y = 1
+
-x + y = 5
\ 2y = 6 \ y = 3
Place this value in equation (III).
x + y = 1
\ x + 3 = 1
\ x = 1 - 3 \ x = -2
(x, y) = (-2, 3) is the solution.
Practice Set 1.1
(1) Complete the following activity to solve the simultaneous equations.
5x + 3y = 9 -----(I)
2x + 3y = 12 ----- (II) Place x = 3 in equation (I).
Let’s add eqations (I) and (II). 5 ´ + 3y = 9
5x + 3y = 9 3y = 9 -
+ 2x - 3y = 12 3y =
x = y =
3
x = x = y =
\ Solution is (x, y) = ( , ).
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2. Solve the following simultaneous equations.
(1) 3a + 5b = 26; a + 5b = 22 (2) x + 7y = 10; 3x - 2y = 7
(3) 2x - 3y = 9; 2x + y = 13 (4) 5m - 3n = 19; m - 6n = -7
(5) 5x + 2y = -3; x + 5y = 4 (6) 1 x y 10 ; 2 x 1 y 11
3 3 4 4
(7) 99x + 101y = 499; 101x + 99y = 501
(8) 49x - 57y = 172; 57x - 49y = 252
Let’s recall.
Graph of a linear equation in two variables
In the 9th standard we learnt that the graph of a linear equation in two
variables is a straight line. The ordered pair which satisfies the equation is a
solution of that equation. The ordered pair represents a point on that line.
Ex. Draw graph of 2x - y = 4.
Solution : To draw a graph of the equation let’s write 4 ordered pairs.
x 0 2 3 -1 To obtain ordered pair by
y -4 0 2 -6 simple way let’s take x = 0
(x, y) (0, -4) (2, 0) (3, 2) (-1, -6) and then y = 0.
Y Scale : on both axes
2 (3, 2) 1 cm = 1 unit.
1
(2, 0)
X' -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X
-1
-2
-3
-4 (0, -4)
-5
(-1, -6) -6
Y'
5
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Steps to follow for drawing a graph
Two points are sufficient to
of linear equation in two variables.
represent a line, but if co-ordinates
of one of the two points are
Find at least 4 ordered
wrong then you will not get a
pairs for given equation
correct line.
If you plot three points and if
they are non collinear then it is
Draw X- axis, Y-axis on understood that one of the points
graph paper and plot the is wrongly plotted. But it is not
points easy to identify the incorrect
point.
If we plot four points, it is almost
See that all 4 points lie certain that three of them will be
on one line collinear.
A linear equation y = 2 is also written as 0x + y = 2. The graph of this
line is parallel to X- axis; as for any value of x, y is always 2.
x 1 4 -3
y 2 2 2
(x, y) (1, 2) (4, 2) (-3, 2)
Similarly equation x = 2 is written as x + 0y = 2 and its graph is
parallel to Y-axis.
Y Scale on both axes
4 1 cm = 1 Unit
3 (2,3)
(-3,2) (1,2) (4,2) y = 2
2
1 (2,1)
X' -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X
-1 (2,-1)
-2
-3 (2,-3)
x = 2
-4
Y'
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Let’s learn.
Graphical method
Ex. Let’s draw graphs of x + y = 4, 2x - y = 2 and observe them.
x + y = 4 2x - y = 2
x -1 4 1 6 x 0 1 3 -1
y 5 0 3 -2 y -2 0 4 -4
(x, y) (-1, 5) (4, 0) (1, 3) (6,-2) (x, y) (0, -2) (1, 0) (3, 4) (-1,-4)
Y Scale Each point on the graph
on both axes
(-1,5) 5 satisfies the equation. The
=2
1 cm = 1 Unit
two lines intersect each
4 (3,4)
-y
other at (2, 2).
(1,3)
Hence ordered pair (2, 2)
2x
(2,2)
i.e. x = 2, y = 2 satisfies
2
the equations x + y = 4
1
and 2x - y = 2.
(1,0) (4,0) The values of variables that
X' -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 X
satisfy the given equations,
-1
give the solution of given
(6,-2)
x
-2 (0,-2) equations.
+
y
\ the solution of given
=
-3
4
equations x + y = 4,
(-1,-4) -4 2x - y = 2 is x = 2,
-5 y = 2.
Y'
Let’s solve these equations by method of elimination.
x + y = 4 . . . (I) substituting this value in equation (I)
2x - y = 2 . . . (II) x + y = 4
Adding equations (I) and (II) we \ 2 + y = 4
get, \ y = 2
3x = 6 \ x = 2
7
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Activity (I) : Solve the following simultaneous equations by graphical method.
· Complete the following tables to get ordered pairs.
x - y = 1 5x - 3y = 1
x 0 3 x 2 -4
y 0 -3 y 8 -2
(x, y) (x, y)
· Plot the above ordered pairs on the same co-ordinate plane.
· Draw graphs of the equations. · Note the co-ordinates of the point
of intersection of the two graphs. Write solution of these equations.
Activity II : Solve the above equations by method of elimination. Check
your solution with the solution obtained by graphical method.
Let’s think.
The following table contains the values of x and y co-ordinates for
ordered pairs to draw the graph of 5x - 3y = 1
x 0 1 1 -2
5
y 1 0 4 11
-3 3
-3
(x, y) (0, - 13 ) ( 15 , 0) (1, 43 ) (-2, - 113 )
· Is it easy to plot these points ? · Which precaution is to be taken
to find ordered pairs so that plotting of points becomes easy ?
Practice Set 1.2
1. Complete the following table to draw graph of the equations -
(I) x + y = 3 (II) x - y = 4
x + y = 3 x - y = 4
x 3 x -1 0
y 5 3 y 0 -4
(x, y) (3, 0) (0, 3) (x, y) (0, -4)
2. Solve the following simultaneous equations graphically.
(1) x + y = 6 ; x - y = 4 (2) x + y = 5 ; x - y = 3
(3) x + y = 0 ; 2x - y = 9 (4) 3x - y = 2 ; 2x - y = 3
ê
(5) 3x - 4y = -7 ; 5x - 2y = 0 (6) 2x - 3y = 4 ; 3y - x = 4
8
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Let’s discuss.
To solve simultaneous equations x + 2y = 4 ; 3x + 6y = 12 graphically,
following are the ordered pairs.
x + 2y = 4 3x + 6y = 12
x -2 0 2 x -4 1 8
y 3 2 1 y 4 1.5 -2
(x, y) (-2, 3) (0, 2) (2, 1) (x, y) (-4, 4) (1, 1.5) (8, -2)
Plotting the above ordered pairs, graph is drawn. Observe it and find answers
of the following questions.
Y Scale on both axes
1 cm = 1 Unit
6
(-4,4) 4
x+
2y (-2,3)
=4 3
2 (0,2)
(1,1.5)
1 (2,1)
X' -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X
-1 3x
+6
y= (8,-2)
-2 12
Y'
(1) Are the graphs of both the equations different or same ?
(2) What are the solutions of the two equations x + 2y = 4 and 3x + 6y = 12 ?
How many solutions are possible ?
(3) What are the relations between coefficients of x, coefficients of y and
constant terms in both the equations ?
(4) What conclusion can you draw when two equations are given but the
graph is only one line ?
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Now let us consider another example.
Draw graphs of x - 2y = 4, 2x - 4y = 12 on the same co-ordinate plane.
Observe it. Think of the realation between the coefficients of x, coefficients of
y and the constant terms and draw the inference.
ICT Tools or Links.
Use Geogebra software, draw X- axis, Y-axis. Draw graphs of
simultaneous equations.
Let’s learn.
Determinant
a b a b
c d is a determinant. (a, b), (c, d) are rows and
,
c d
are columns.
Degree of this determinant is 2, because there are 2 elements in each column
and 2 elements in each row. Determinant represents a number which is (ad-bc).
a b
i.e. = ad-bc
c d
a b
ad-bc is the value of determinant
c d
Determinants, usually, are represented with capital letters as
A, B, C, D, . . . . . etc.
ÒÒÒ Solved Examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. Find the values of the following determinants.
5 3 -8 -3 2 3 9
(1) A = 7 9 (2) N = 2 4 (3) B =
2 3 3
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Solution :
5 3
(1) A = 7 9 = (5 ´ 9) - (3 ´ 7) = 45 - 21 = 24
-8 -3
(2) N = 2 4 = [(-8) ´ (4)] - [(-3 ) ´ 2)] = -32 - (-6)
= -32 + 6 = -26
2 3 9
(3) B = = [2 3 ´ 3 3 )] - [2 ´ 9)] = 18 - 18 = 0
2 3 3
Let’s learn.
Determinant method (Cramer’s Rule)
Using determinants, simultaneous equaions can be solved easily and in less
space. This method is known as determinant method. This method was first
given by a Swiss mathematician Gabriel Cramer, so it is also known as Cram-
er’s method.
To use Cramer’s method, the equations are written as a1x + b1y = c1 and
a2x + b2y = c2.
a1x + b1 y = c1 . . . (I)
a2x + b2 y = c2 . . . (II)
Here x and y are variables, a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 are real numbers,
a1b2 - a2b1 ¹ 0
Now let us solve these equations.
Multiplying equation (I) by b2.
a1 b2 x + b1 b2 y = c1 b2 . . . (III)
Multiplying equation (II) by b1.
a2 b1 x + b2 b1 y = c2 b1 . . . (IV)
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Subtracting equation (III) from (IV)
a1 b2 x + b1 b2 y = c1 b2
-
a b x b b y = c2 b1
- 2 1 - 2 1 -
(a1 b2 - a2 b1) x = c1 b2- c2 b1
c1 b2- c2 b1
x = . . . (V)
a1 b2 - a2 b1
a1 c2- a2 c1
Similarly y = . . . (VI)
a1 b2 - a2 b1
To remember and write the expressions
c1 b2- c2 b1, a1 b2 - a2 b1, a1 c2- a2 c1 we use the determinants.
Now a1 x + b1 y = c1 a1 b1 c1
We can write 3 columns. a , b , c
2 2 2
and a2 x + b2 y = c2
The values x, y in equation (V), (VI) are written using determinants as
follows
c1 b1
c1 b2- c2 b1 c2 b2
x = = ,
a1 b2 - a2 b1 a1 b1
a2 b2
a1 c1
a1 c2- a2 c1 a2 c2
y =
=
a1 b2 - a2 b1 a1 b1
a2 b2
a1 b1 c1 b1 a c
To remember let us denote D = a b , Dx = c b , Dy = a1 c1
2 2 2 2 2 2
Dx Dy
\ x = D , y = D
a1 b1 c1
For writting D, Dx, Dy remember the order of columns , , .
a 2 b2 c2
From the equations,
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a1 x + b1 y = c1
a1 b1 c1
and a2 x + b2 y = c2 we get the columns , , .
a2 b2 c2
c1
� In D the column of constants is omitted.
c2
a1 c1
� In Dx the column of the coefficients of x, is replaced by .
a2 c2
b1 c1
� In Dy the column of the coefficients of y, is replaced by .
b2 c2
Let’s remember!
Cramer’s method to solve simultaneous equations.
Write given equations in the form ax + by = c .
Find the values of determinants D, Dx and Dy
Dx Dy
Using, x = and y =
D D
find values of x, y.
Gabriel Cramer
(31 July, 1704 to 4 January, 1752)
This Swiss mathematician was born in Geneva. He
was very well versed in mathematics, since childhood. At
the age of eighteen, he got a doctorate. He was a professor
in Geneva.
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ÒÒÒ Solved ExampleÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) Solve the following simultaneous equations using Cramer’s Rule.
5x + 3y = -11 ; 2x + 4y = -10
Solution : Given equations
5x + 3y = -11
2x + 4y = -10
5 3
D = 2 4 = (5 ´ 4) - (2 ´ 3) = 20 - 6 = 14
-11 3
Dx = -10 4 = (-11) ´ 4 - (-10) ´ 3 = -44 -(-30)
= -44 + 30 = -14
5 -11
Dy = 2 -10 = 5 ´ (-10) - 2 ´ (-11) = -50 -(-22)
= -50 + 22 = -28
Dx −14 Dy −28
x = D = = -1 and y = D = = -2
14 14
\ (x, y) = (-1, -2) is the solution.
Activity 1 : To solve the simultaneous equations by determinant method, fill
in the blanks
y + 2x - 19 = 0 ; 2x - 3y + 3 = 0
Solution : Write the given equations in the form ax + by = c
2x + y = 19
2x - 3y = -3
D = 2 -3 = [ ´ (-3)] - [2 ´ ( )] = - ( )
= - =
19
Dx = = [19 ´ ( )] - [( ) ´ ( )] = -
-3
=
14
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19
Dy = 2 = [( ) ´ ( )] - [( ) ´ ( )]
= - =
By Cramer’s Rule -
Dx Dy
x = y = D
D
\ x = = y = =
\ (x, y) = ( , ) is the solution of the given equations.
Activity 2 : Complete the following activity -
3x-2y=3 2x+y=16
Find the values of determinants
in the given equations
D = = Dx = = Dy = =
Values according to Cramer’s Rule
x = = y = =
\ (x, y) = ( , ) is the solution.
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Let’s think.
� What is the nature of solution if D = 0 ?
� What can you say about lines if common solution is not possible?
Practice Set 1.3
1. Fill in the blanks with correct number
3 2
4 5 = 3 ´ - ´ 4 = - 8 =
2. Find the values of following determinants. 7 5
3 3
-1 7 5 3
(1) (2) (3) 3 1
2 4 -7 0
2 2
3. Solve the following simultaneous equations using Cramer’s rule.
(1) 3x - 4y = 10 ; 4x + 3y = 5 (2) 4x + 3y - 4 = 0 ; 6x = 8 - 5y
(3) x + 2y = -1 ; 2x - 3y = 12 (4) 6x - 4y = -12 ; 8x - 3y = -2
y 1
(5) 4m + 6n = 54 ; 3m + 2n = 28 (6) 2x + 3y = 2 ; x - 2
= 2
Let’s learn.
Equations reducible to a pair of linear equations in two variables
Activity : Complete the following table.
Equation No. of variables whether linear or not
3
x
- 4y = 8 2 Not linear
6 3
x −1
+ y−2 = 0
7 13
2x +1 + y+2 =0
14 3
x+ y + x− y = 5
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Let’s think.
In the above table the equations are not linear. Can you convert
the equations into linear equations ?
Let’s remember!
We can create new variables making a proper change in the given
variables. Substituting the new variables in the given non-linear equations,
we can convert them in linear equations.
m
Also remember that the denominator of any fraction of the form
n
cannot be zero.
ÒÒÒ Solved examples ÒÒÒ
Solve:
4 5 3 4
Ex. (1) x + y = 7; x + y = 5
4 5 3 4
Solution : x
+ y = 7; x + y = 5
1 1
4 + 5 = 7 . . . (I)
x y
1 1
3 + 4 = 5 . . . (II)
x y
1 1
Replacing by m and by n in equations (I) and (II), we get
x y
4m + 5n = 7 . . . (III)
3m + 4n = 5 . . . (IV)
On solving these equations we get
m = 3, n = -1
1 1 1
Now, m = x \ 3 = x \ x = 3
1 1
n = y \ -1 = y \ y = -1
1
\ Solution of given simultaneous equations is (x, y) = ( 3 , -1)
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4 1 2 3
Ex.(2) x − y + x + y = 3 ; x − y - x + y = 5
4 1 2 3
Solution : x − y + x + y = 3 ; x − y - x + y = 5
1 1
4 x y + 1 x y = 3 . . . (I)
1 1
2 x y - 3 x y = 5 . . . (II)
1 1
Replacing x y by a and x y by b we get
4a + b = 3 . . . (III)
2a - 3b = 5 . . . (IV)
On solving these equations we get, a = 1 b = -1
1 1
But a = , b =
x y x y
1 1
\ = 1, x y = -1
x y
\ x - y = 1 . . . (V)
x + y = -1 . . . (VI)
Solving equation (V) and (VI) we get x = 0, y = -1
\ Solution of the given equations is (x, y) = (0, -1)
Let’s think.
In the above examples the simultaneous equations obtained by
transformation are solved by elimination method.
If you solve these equations by graphical method and by Cramer’s
rule will you get the same answers ? Solve and check it.
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Activity : To solve given equations fill the boxes below suitably.
5 1 6 3
+ y−2
= 2 ; x −1 - y−2 = 1
x −1
1 1
Replacing by m , y − 2 by n
x −1
New equations
6m - 3n = 1
On solving
m = , n =
Replacing m, n by their original values.
1 1
=
x −1 3 On solving
x = , y =
\ (x, y) = ( , ) is the solution of the given simultaneous equations.
Practice Set 1.4
1. Solve the following simultaneous equations.
(1) 2 3 15 ; 8 5 77
x y x y
10 2 15 5
(2) 4 ; 2
x y x y x y x y
27 31 31 27
(3) 85 ; 89
x 2 y 3 x 2 y 3
1 1 3 1 1 1
(4) ;
3x y 3x y 4 2(3 x y ) 2(3 x y ) 8
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Let’s learn.
Application of Simultaneous equations
Activity : There are some instructions given below. Frame the equations from
the information and write them in the blank boxes shown by arrows.
Sarthak’s age is less by 8
than double the age of Sakshi
I am My Present
Sarthak age is x years.
4 years ago The sum of present
Sakshi’s age was My Present I am ages of Sarthak
3 years less than age is y years. Sakshi and Sakshi is 25.
Sarthak’s age at
that time.
Ex. (1) The perimeter of a rectangle is 40 cm. The length of the rectangle is
more than double its breadth by 2. Find length and breadth.
Solution : Let length of rectangle be x cm and breadth be y cm.
From first condition -
2(x + y) = 40
x + y = 20 . . . (I)
From 2nd condition -
x = 2y + 2
\ x - 2y = 2 . . . (II)
Let’s solve eq. (I), (II) by determinant method
x + y = 20
x - 2y = 2
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1 1
D = 1 -2 = [1 ´ (-2)] - (1 ´ 1) = - 2 - 1 = - 3
20 1
Dx = 2 -2 = [20 ´ (-2)] - (1 ´ 2) = - 40 - 2 = - 42
1 20
Dy = 1 2 = (1 ´ 2) - (20 ´ 1) = 2 - 20 = -18
Dx Dy
x = and y =
D D
- 42 −18
\ x = and y =
-3 −3
\ x = 14, y = 6
\ Length of the rectangle is 14 cm and breadth is 6 cm.
Ex. (2)
Sale ! Sale !! Sale !!! only for 2 days
I have some analogue wrist watches and some digital
wrist watches. I am going to sell them at a discount
Sale of 1st day Sale of the 2nd day
Analogue watch = 11 Analogue watch = 22
Digital watch = 6 Digital watch = 5
Received amount = ` 4330 Received amount = ` 7330
Find selling price of wrist watch of each type.
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Solution : Let selling price of each analogue watch be ` x
Selling price of each digital watch be ` y
From first condition -
11x + 6y = 4330 . . . (I)
from 2nd condition -
22x + 5y = 7330 . . . (II)
multiplying equation (I) by 2 we get,
22x + 12y = 8660 . . . (III)
subtract equation (III) from equation (II).
22x + 5y = 7330 . . . (II)
-
22x + 12y = 8660 . . . (III)
- - -
-7y = -1330
\ y = 190
Substitute this value of y in equation (I)
11x + 6y = 4330
\ 11x + 6(190) = 4330
\ 11x + 1140 = 4330
\ 11x = 3190
\ x = 290
\ selling price of each analogue watch is ` 290 and
of each digital watch is ` 190.
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Ex. (3)
A boat travels 16 km upstream The same boat travels 36 km
and 24 km downstream in 6 upstream and 48 km downstream
hours. in 13 hours.
Find the speed of water current and speed of boat in still water.
Solution : Let the speed of the boat in still water be x km/hr and the speed
of water current be y km/hr
\ speed of boat in downstream = (x + y) km/hr.
and that in upstream = (x - y) km/hr.
distance
Now distance = speed ´ time \ time =
speed
16
Time taken by the boat to travel 16 km upstream = hours and it
x− y
24
takes x + y hours to travel 24 km downstream.
from first condition -
16 24
= 6 . . . (I)
x y x y
from 2nd condition
36 48
= 13 . . . (II)
x y x y
1 1
By replacing by m and x + y by n we get
x− y
16m + 24n = 6 . . . (III)
36m + 48n = 13 . . . (IV)
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1 1
Solving equations (III) and (IV) m = 4 , n =
12
Repalcing m, n by their original values we get
x - y = 4 . . . (V) x + y = 12 . . . (VI)
Solving equations (V), (VI) we get x = 8, y = 4
\ speed of the boat in still water is 8 km/hr. and speed of water current
is 4 km/hr.
Ex. (4) A certain amount is equally distributed among certain number of students.
Each would get ` 2 less if 10 students were more and each would get
` 6 more if 15 students were less. Find the number of students and the
amount distributed.
Solution : Let the number of students be x and amount given to each student
be ` y.
\ Total amount distributed is xy
From the first condition we get,
(x + 10) (y - 2) = xy
\ xy - 2x + 10y - 20 = xy
\- 2x + 10y = 20
\- x + 5y = 10 . . . (I)
From the 2nd condition we get,
(x - 15) (y + 6) = xy
\ xy + 6x - 15y - 90 = xy
\ 6x - 15y = 90
\ 2x - 5y = 30 . . . (II)
Adding equations (I) and (II)
- x + 5y = 10
+
2x - 5y = 30
x = 40
Substitute this value of x in equation (I)
- x + 5y = 10
\- 40 + 5y = 10
\ 5y = 50
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\ y = 10
Total amount distributed is = xy = 40 ´ 10 = ` 400.
\ ` 400 distributed equally among 40 students.
Ex. (5) A three digit number is equal to 17 times the sum of its digits; If the digits are
reversed, the new number is 198 more than the old number ; also the sum of
extreme digits is less than the middle digit by unity. Find the original number.
Solution : Let the digit in hundreds place be x and that in unit place be y.
H T unit
x x + y + 1 y
\ the three digit number is 100x + 10(x + y + 1) + y
= 100x + 10x + 10y + 10 + y = 110x + 11y + 10
the sum of the digits in the given number = x + (x + y + 1) + y = 2x + 2y + 1
\ From first condition
Given number = 17 ´ (sum of the digits)
\ 110x + 11y + 10 = 17 ´ (2x + 2y + 1)
\ 110x + 11y + 10 = 34x + 34y + 17
\ 76x - 23y = 7 . . . (I)
The number obtained by reversing the digits
= 100y + 10(x + y + 1) + x = 110y + 11x + 10
Given number = 110x + 11y + 10
From 2nd condition, Given number + 198 = new number.
110x + 11y + 10 + 198 = 110y + 11x + 10
99x - 99y = -198
x - y = -2
\ x = y - 2 . . . (II)
Substitute this value of x in equation (I).
\ 76(y - 2) - 23y = 7
\ 76y - 152 - 23y = 7
53y = 159
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\ y = 3 \ the digit in units place is = 3
Substitute this value in equation (II)
x = y - 2
\ x = 3 - 2 = 1
\ x = 1 \ The digit in hundred’s place is 1
the digit in ten’s place is 3 + 1 + 1 = 5
\ the number is 153.
Practice Set 1.5
(1) Two numbers differ by 3. The sum of twice the smaller number and thrice
the greater number is 19. Find the numbers.
(2) Complete the following.
2x + y + 8
x + 4 Find the values of x
2y I am a rectangle.
and y.
4x - y
Find my perimeter and area.
(3) The sum of father’s age and twice the age of his son is 70. If we double the age
of the father and add it to the age of his son the sum is 95. Find their present ages.
(4) The denominator of a fraction is 4 more than twice its numerator. Denominator
becomes 12 times the numerator, if both the numerator and the denominator are
reduced by 6. Find the fraction.
(5) Two types of boxes A, B are to be placed in a truck having capacity of 10 tons.
When 150 boxes of type A and 100 boxes of type B are loaded in the truck, it
weighes 10 tons. But when 260 boxes of type A are loaded in the truck, it can still
accommodate 40 boxes of type B, so that it is fully loaded. Find the weight of each
type of box.
ê
(6) Out of 1900 km, Vishal travelled some distance by bus and some by aeroplane.
Bus travels with average speed 60 km/hr and the average speed of aeroplane is
700 km/hr. It takes 5 hours to complete the journey. Find the distance, Vishal
travelled by bus.
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Problem Set - 1
1. Choose correct alternative for each of the following questions
(1) To draw graph of 4x + 5y = 19, Find y when x = 1.
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) -3
(2) For simultaneous equations in variables x and y, Dx = 49, Dy = - 63,
D = 7 then what is x ?
1 −1
(A) 7 (B) -7 (C) 7 (D) 7
5 3
(3) Find the value of
-7 -4
(A) -1 (B) -41 (C) 41 (D) 1
(4) To solve x + y = 3 ; 3x - 2y - 4 = 0 by determinant method find
D.
(A) 5 (B) 1 (C) -5 (D) -1
(5) ax + by = c and mx + ny = d and an ¹ bm then these simultaneous
equations have -
(A) Only one common solution. (B) No solution.
(C) Infinite number of solutions. (D) Only two solutions.
2. Complete the following table to draw the graph of 2x - 6y = 3
x -5
y 0
(x, y)
3. Solve the following simultaneous equations graphically.
(1) 2x + 3y = 12 ; x - y = 1
(2) x - 3y = 1 ; 3x - 2y + 4 = 0
(3) 5x - 6y + 30 = 0 ; 5x + 4y - 20 = 0
(4) 3x - y - 2 = 0 ; 2x + y = 8
(5) 3x + y = 10 ; x - y = 2
4. Find the values of each of the following determinants.
(1) 4 3 (2) 5 -2 (3) 3 -1
2 7 -3 1 1 4
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5. Solve the following equations by Cramer’s method.
(1) 6x - 3y = -10 ; 3x + 5y - 8 = 0
(2) 4m - 2n = -4 ; 4m + 3n = 16
5 1 4
(3) 3x - 2y = 2 ; x + 3y = -
3 3
(4) 7x + 3y = 15 ; 12y - 5x = 39
(5) x y 8 x 2 y 14 3 x y
2 3 4
6. Solve the following simultaneous equations.
2 2 1 3 2 7 13 13 7
(1) x 3 y 6 ;
x
0
y
(2) 2 x 1 y 2 27 ; 2 x 1 y 2 33
148 231 527 231 148 610 7x 2 y 8x 7 y
(3) ; (4) 5 ; 15
x y xy x y xy xy xy
(5) 1 1 1 5 2 3
;
2( 3 x 4 y ) 5( 2 x 3 y ) 4 (3x 4 y ) (2x 3y) 2
7. Solve the following word problems.
(1) A two digit number and the number with digits interchanged add up to
143. In the given number the digit in unit’s place is 3 more than the
digit in the ten’s place. Find the original number.
Let the digit in unit’s place is x
and that in the ten’s place is y
\ the number = y + x
The number obtained by interchanging the digits is x + y
According to first condition two digit number + the number obtained by
interchanging the digits = 143
\ 10y + x + = 143
\ x + y = 143
x + y = . . . . . (I)
From the second condition,
digit in unit’s place = digit in the ten’s place + 3
\ x = + 3
\ x - y = 3 . . . . . (II)
Adding equations (I) and (II)
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2x =
x = 8
Putting this value of x in equation (I)
x + y = 13
8 + = 13
\ y =
The original number is 10 y + x
= + 8
= 58
1
(2) Kantabai bought 1 2 kg tea and 5 kg sugar from a shop. She paid ` 50 as
return fare for rickshaw. Total expense was ` 700. Then she realised that by
ordering online the goods can be bought with free home delivery at the same
price. So next month she placed the order online for 2 kg tea and 7 kg sugar.
She paid ` 880 for that. Find the rate of sugar and tea per kg.
(3) To find number of notes that Anushka had, complete the following activity.
Suppose that Anushka had x notes of ` 10 and y notes of ` 50 each
Anushka got ` 2500/- from Anand If Anand would have given her the
as denominations mentioned above amount by interchanging number of
\ ............. equation I notes, Anushka would have received
` 500 less than the previous amount
\ The No. of notes ( , )
\ .............. equation II
(4) Sum of the present ages of Manish and Savita is 31. Manish’s age 3 years ago
was 4 times the age of Savita. Find their present ages.
«
(5) In a factory the ratio of salary of skilled and unskilled workers is 5 : 3. Total
salary of one day of both of them is ` 720. Find daily wages of skilled and
unskilled workers.
«
(6) Places A and B are 30 km apart and they are on a straight road. Hamid travels
from A to B on bike. At the same time Joseph starts from B
on bike, travels towards A. They meet each other after 20
minutes. If Joseph would have started from B at the same
time but in the opposite direction (instead of towards A)
Hamid would have caught him after 3 hours. Find the speed
of Hamid and Joseph. rrr
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2 Quadratic Equations
Let’s study.
· Quadratic equation : Introduction · Methods of solving quadratic equation
· Nature of roots of quadratic equation · Relation between roots and coefficients
· Applications of quadratic equations
Let’s recall.
You have studied polynomials last year. You know types of polynomials according to
their degree. When the degree of polynomial is 1 it is called a linear polynomial and
if degree of a polynomial is 2 it is called a quadratic polynomial.
Activity : Classify the following polynomials as linear and quadratic.
5x + 9, x2 + 3x -5, 3x - 7, 3x2 - 5x, 5x2
Linear polynomials Quadratic polynomials
Now equate the quadratic polynomial to 0 and study the equation we get. Such
type of equation is known as quadratic equation. In practical life we may use quadratic
equations many times.
Ex. Sanket purchased a rectangular plot having area 200 m2. Length of the plot was
10 m more than its breadth. Find the length and the breadth of the plot.
Let the breadth of the plot be x metre.
\ Length = (x + 10) metre
Area of rectangle = length ´ breadth
\ 200 = (x + 10) ´ x
\ 200 = x2 + 10 x
That is x2 + 10x = 200
\ x2 + 10x - 200 = 0
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Now, solving equation x2 + 10x - 200 = 0, we will decide the dimensions of the
plot.
Let us study how to solve the quadratic equation.
Let’s recall.
Activity : x2 + 3x -5, 3x2 - 5x, 5x2; Write the polynomials in the index form.
Observe the coefficients and fill in the boxes.
x + 3x -5 , 3x2 - 5x + 0 ,
2
5x2 + 0x + 0
� Coefficients of x2 are 1 , 3 and 5 these coefficients are non zero.
� Coefficients of x are 3, and respectively.
� Constants terms are , and respectively.
Here constant term of second and third polynomial is zero.
Let’s learn.
Standard form of quadratic equation
The equation involving one variable and having 2 as the maximum index of the
variable is called the quadratic equation.
General form is ax2 + bx + c = 0
In ax2 + bx + c = 0, a, b, c are real numbers and a ¹ 0.
ax2 + bx + c = 0 is the general form of quadratic equation.
Activity : Complete the following table
Quadratic General form a b c
Equation
x -4=0
2
x2 + 0x - 4 = 0 1 0 -4
y2 = 2y - 7 ... ... ... ... ... ...
x2 + 2x = 0 ... ... ... ... ... ...
ÒÒÒ Solved Examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) Decide which of the following are quadratic equations ?
(1) 3x2 - 5x + 3 = 0 (2) 9y2 + 5= 0 (3) m3 - 5m2 + 4 = 0 (4) (l + 2) (l - 5) = 0
Solution : (1) In the equation 3x2 - 5x + 3 = 0, x is the only variable and maximum
index of the variable is 2
\ It is a quadratic equation.
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(2) In the equation 9y2 + 5= 0, is the only variable and maximum index of the
variable is
\It a quadratic equation.
(3) In the equation m3 - 5m2 + 4 = 0, is the only variable but maximum index
of the variable is not 2.
\It a quadratic equation.
(4) (l + 2) (l - 5) = 0
\ l (l - 5) + 2 (l - 5) = 0
\ l2 - 5l + 2l - 10 = 0
\ l2 - 3l - 10 = 0, In this equation is the only variable and maximum index
of the variable is .
\It a quadratic equation.
Let’s learn.
Roots of a quadratic equation
In the previous class you have studied that if value of the polynomial is zero for
x = a then (x - a) is a factor of that polynomial. That is if p(x) is a polynomial and
p(a) = 0 then (x - a) is a factor of p(x). In this case ’a’ is the root or solution of p(x) = 0
For Example ,
Let x = -6 in the polynomial x2 + 5x - 6 Let x = 2 in polynomial x2 + 5x - 6
x2 + 5x - 6 = (-6)2 + 5 ´ (-6) - 6 x2 + 5x - 6 = 22 + 5 ´ 2 - 6
= 36 - 30 - 6 =0 = 4 + 10 - 6
\ x = -6 is a solution of the equation. = 8¹0
Hence -6 is one root of the equation \ x = 2 is not a solution of the
x2 + 5x - 6 = 0 equation x2 + 5x - 6 = 0
ÒÒÒ Solved Example ÒÒÒ
3
Ex. 2x2 - 7x + 6 = 0 check whether (i) x = 2 , (ii) x = -2 are solutions of the equations.
3
Solution : (i) Put x = 2 in the polynomial 2x2 - 7x + 6
3
2
3
2x - 7x + 6 = 2 - 7 2 + 6
2
2
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9 21
=2 ´ - +6
4 2
9 21 12
= 2 - + 2
=0
2
3
\ x= 2
is a solution of the equation.
(ii) Let x = -2 in 2x2 - 7x + 6
2x2 - 7x + 6 = 2(-2)2 - 7(-2) + 6
= 2 ´ 4 + 14 + 6
= 28 ¹ 0
\ x = -2 is not a solution of the equation.
Activity : If x = 5 is a root of equation kx2 - 14x - 5 = 0 then find the value of
k by completing the following activity.
Solution : One of the roots of equation kx2 - 14x - 5 = 0 is .
\ Now Let x = in the equation.
2
k - 14 -5=0
\ 25k - 70 - 5 = 0
25k - =0
25k =
\ k= =3
Let’s remember!
(1) ax2 + bx + c = 0 is the general form of equation where a, b, c are real
numbers and ’a ’ is non zero.
(2) The values of variable which satisfy the equation [or the value for
which both the sides of equation are equal] are called solutions or
roots of the equation.
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Practice Set 2.1
1. Write any two quadratic equations.
2. Decide which of the following are quadratic equations.
1
(1) x2 + 5 x - 2 = 0 (2) y2 = 5 y - 10 (3) y2 + =2
y
1
(4) x + = -2 (5) (m + 2) (m - 5) = 0 (6) m3 + 3 m2 -2 = 3 m3
x
3. Write the following equations in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, then write the values of
a, b, c for each equation.
(1) 2y =10 - y2 (2) (x - 1)2 = 2 x + 3 (3) x2 + 5x = -(3 - x)
(4) 3m2 = 2 m2 - 9 (5) P (3 + 6p) = -5 (6) x2 - 9 = 13
4. Determine whether the values given against each of the quadratic equation are the
roots of the equation.
5
(1) x2 + 4x - 5 = 0 , x = 1, -1 (2) 2m2 - 5m = 0 , m = 2, 2
5. Find k if x = 3 is a root of equation kx2 - 10x + 3 = 0 .
−7
6. One of the roots of equation 5m2 + 2m + k = 0 is . Complete the following activity
5
to find the value of ’k’.
Solution : is a root of quadratic equation 5m2 + 2m + k = 0
\ Put m = in the equation.
2
5´ +2´ +k=0
+ +k=0
+ k=0
k=
Let’s recall.
Last year you have studied the methods to find the factors of quadratic polynomials
like x2 - 4x - 5, 2m2 - 5m, a2 - 25. Try the following activity and revise the same.
Activity : Find the factors of the following polynomials.
(1) x2 - 4 x - 5 (2) 2m2 - 5 m (3) a2 - 25
= x2 - 5 x + 1x - 5 =... ... = a2 - 52
= x (. . . .) +1(. . . .) = (. . . .) (. . . .)
= (. . . .) (. . . .)
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Let’s learn.
Solutions of a quadratic equation by factorisation
By substituting arbitrary values for the variable and deciding the roots of quadratic
equation is a time consuming process. Let us learn to use factorisation method to find
the roots of the given quadratic equation.
x2 - 4 x - 5 = (x - 5) (x + 1)
(x - 5) and (x + 1) are two linear factors of quadratic polynomial x2 - 4 x - 5.
So the quadratic equation obtained from x2 - 4 x - 5 can be written as
(x - 5) (x + 1) = 0
If product of two numbers is zero then at least one of them is zero.
\ x - 5 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
\ x = 5 or x = -1
\ 5 and the -1 are the roots of the given quadratic equation.
While solving the equation first we obtained the linear factors. So we call this
method as ’factorization method’ of solving quadratic equation.
ÒÒÒ Solved Examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. Solve the following quadratic equations by factorisation.
(1) m2 - 14 m + 13 = 0 (2) 3x2 - x - 10 = 0
(3) 3y2 = 15 y (4) x2 = 3 (5) 6 3 x2 + 7x = 3
(1) m2 - 14 m + 13 = 0 (2) 3x2 - x - 10 = 0
\ m2 - 13 m - 1m + 13 = 0 \ 3x2 - 6x + 5x - 10 = 0
\ m (m - 13) -1 (m - 13) = 0 \ 3x (x - 2) +5 (x - 2) = 0
\ (m - 13) (m - 1) = 0 \ (3x + 5) (x - 2) = 0
\ m - 13 = 0 or m - 1 = 0 \ (3x + 5) = 0 or (x - 2) = 0
5
\ m = 13 or m = 1 \ x = - 3 or x = 2
5
\ 13 and 1 are the roots of the given \ - , and 2 are the roots of the given
3
quadratic equation. quadratic equation.
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(3) 3y2 = 15 y (4) x2 = 3
\ 3y2 - 15 y = 0 \ x2 - 3 = 0
\ 3y (y - 5) = 0 \ x2 - ( 3 )2 = 0
\ 3y = 0 or (y - 5) = 0 \ (x + 3 ) (x - 3 ) = 0
\ y = 0 or y = 5 \(x + 3 ) = 0 or (x - 3 ) = 0
\ 0 and 5 are the roots of quadratic \ x = - 3 or x = 3
equation. \ - 3 and 3 are the roots of given
quadratic equation.
(5) 6 3 x2 + 7x = 3
\6 3 x2 + 7x - 3= 0
। 6 3 ´- 3 = -18
। -18
\6 3 x2 + 9x - 2x - 3= 0 ।
। 9 -2
\3 3 x(2x + 3 ) -1 (2x + 3) = 0 ।
। 9=3 3 ´ 3
।
\ (2x + 3 ) (3 3 x - 1) = 0
\2x + 3 = 0 or 3 3x -1=0
\ 2x = - 3 or 3 3x = 1
3 1
\ x=- or x = 3 3
2
3 1
\ - and 3 3 are the roots of the given quadratic equation.
2
Practice Set 2.2
1. Solve the following quadratic equations by factorisation.
(1) x2 - 15 x + 54 = 0 (2) x2 + x - 20 = 0 (3) 2y2 + 27 y + 13 = 0
1 2
(4) 5m2 = 22 m + 15 (5) 2x2 - 2 x + 2
=0 (6) 6x - x
=1
(7) 2x +7x+5
2
2 = 0 to solve this quadratic equation by factorisation,
complete the following activity.
Solution : 2x +7x+5
2
2 =0
2x
2
+ + +5 2 =0
x(. . . . .) + 2 (. . . . .) = 0
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(. . . . .)(x + 2 ) = 0
(. . . . .) = 0 or (x + 2 ) = 0
\x= or x = - 2
\ and - 2 are roots of the equation.
ê
(8) 3x2 - 2 6 x + 2 = 0 (9) 2m (m - 24) = 50
(10) 25m2 = 9 (11) 7m2 = 21m (12) m2 - 11 = 0
Let’s learn.
Solution of a quadratic equation by completing the square
Teacher : Is x2 + 10 x + 2 = 0 a quadratic equation or not ?
Yogesh : Yes Sir, because it is in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, maximum index of the
variable x is 2 and ’a’ is non zero.
Teacher : Can you solve this equation ?
Yogesh : No Sir, because it is not possible to find the factors of 2 whose sum is 10.
Teacher : Right, so we have to use another method to solve such equations. Let us
learn the method.
Let us add a suitable term to x2 + 10 x so that the new expression would be a
complete square.
If x2 + 10 x + k = (x + a)2
then x2 + 10 x + k = x2 + 2ax + a2
\ 10 = 2a and k = a2
by equating the coefficients for the variable x and constant term
\ a = 5 \ k = a2 = (5)2 = 25
\ x2 + 10 x + 2 = (x + 5)2 - 25 + 2 = (x + 5)2 - 23
Now can you solve the equation x2 + 10 x + 2 = 0 ?
Rehana : Yes Sir, left side of the equation is now difference of two squares and we
can factorise it.
(x + 5)2 - ( 23 )
=02
\ (x + 5 + 23 )(x + 5 - 23 ) = 0
\x+5+ 23 = 0 or x + 5 - 23 = 0
\ x = - 5 - 23 or x = - 5 + 23
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Hameed : Sir, May I suggest another way ?
(x + 5)2 - ( 23 )2= 0
\ (x + 5)2 = ( 23 )2
\ x + 5 = 23 or x + 5 = - 23
\ x = - 5 + 23 or x = - 5 - 23
ÒÒÒ Solved Examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) Solve : 5x2 - 4x - 3 = 0
Solution : It is convenient to make coefficient of x2 as 1 and then convert the equation
as the of difference of two squares, so dividing the equation by 5,
4 3
we get, x2 - x- =0
55
4 4
now if x - x + k = (x - a)2 then x2 - x + k = x2 - 2ax + a2.
2
5 5
4
compare the terms in x - x and x2 - 2ax .
2
5
4 1 4 2
- 2 ax = - x \ a = 2 ´ = 5
5 2
5 When equation is in the form
2 4
\ k = a2 = 5 = x2 + b x + c = 0, it can be written as
25
4 3 2
Now, x2 - 5 x - = 0 b
2
b
5 x + b x + - 2 + c = 0 that is,
2
2
4 4 4 3
\ x2 - 5
x+ - - =0 b
2
b
2
25 25 5 x = 2 - c
2 2
2 4 3
\ x -( + 5) = 0
5 25
2
2 19
\ x - 25 =0
5
2
2 19
\ x = 25
5
2 19 2 19
\ x - 5
= or x- 5
=-
5 5
2 19 2 19
\ x = 5
+ or x= 5
-
5 5
2 + 19 2 − 19
\ x = 5
or x=
5
2 + 19 2 − 19
\ 5
and are roots of the equation.
5
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Ex. (2) Solve : x2 + 8x - 48 = 0
Method I : Completing the square. Method II : Factorisation
x2 + 8x - 48 = 0 x2 + 8x - 48 = 0
\ x2 + 8x + 16 - 16 - 48 = 0 \ x2 + 12x - 4x - 48 = 0
\ (x + 4)2 - 64 = 0 \ x (x + 12) - 4(x + 12) = 0
\ (x + 4)2 = 64 \ (x + 12) (x - 4) = 0
\ x + 4 = 8 or x + 4 = -8 \ x + 12 = 0 or x - 4 = 0
\ x = 4 or x = - 12 \ x = -12 or x = 4
Practice Set 2.3
Solve the following quadratic equations by completing the square method.
(1) x2 + x - 20 = 0 (2) x2 + 2 x - 5 = 0 (3) m2 - 5 m = -3
(4) 9y2 - 12 y + 2 = 0 (5) 2y2 + 9y + 10 = 0 (6) 5x2 = 4x +7
Let’s learn.
Formula for solving a quadratic equation
b c
ax2 + bx + c, Divide the polynomial by a ( a ¹ 0) to get x2 + a x + a .
\
b c
Let us write the polynomial x2 + a x + a in the form of difference of two square
b c
numbers. Now we can obtain roots or solutions of equation x2 + a x + a = 0 which is
equivalent to ax2 + bx + c = 0 .
ax2 + bx + c = 0 . . . (I)
b c
x2 + a x + a = 0 . . . . . dividing both sides by a
2 2
b b b c
\x + 2
a x+
2a
-
2a
+ a =0
2
b2 c
\ x
b
- + a =0
2a 4a 2
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2 2
b b 2 − 4ac b b 2 − 4ac
\ x 2a - =0 \ x 2a =
4a 2 4a 2
b b 2 − 4ac b b 2 − 4ac
\ x+
2a
= 4a 2 or x + 2a = - 4a 2
b b 2 − 4ac b b 2 − 4ac
\ x = - 2a + 4a 2 or x = - 2a - 4a 2
b b 2 4ac −b − b 2 − 4ac
\ x = 2a
or x = 2a
b b 2 4ac
In short the solution is written as x = and these values are denoted
2a
by a, b.
b b 2 4ac −b − b 2 − 4ac
\a = 2a
, b=
. . . . . . . . . . (I)
2a
The values of a, b, c from equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are substituted in
b b 2 4ac
and further simplified to obtain the roots of the equation. So
2a
b b 2 4ac
x = is the formula used to solve quadratic equation. Out of the two
2a
roots any one can be represented by a and the other by b.
−b − b 2 − 4ac b b 2 4ac
That is, instead (I) we can write a = ,b = . . . . (II)
2a 2a
b b 2 4ac −b − b 2 − 4ac
Note that : If a = then a > b, if a = then a < b
2a 2a
ÒÒÒ Solved Examples ÒÒÒ
Solve quadratic equations using formula.
b b 2 4ac
Ex. (1) m2 - 14 m + 13 = 0 m=
2a
Solution : m2 - 14 m + 13 = 0 comparing ( 14) 144
=
with ax2 + bx + c = 0 2 1
14 ± 12
we get a = 1, b = -14, c = 13, = 2
\ b2 - 4 ac = (-14)2 - 4 ´ 1 ´ 13 14 + 12 14 − 12
\m= or m =
2 2
= 196 -52 26 2
\m= 2
or m =
= 144 2
\ m = 13 or m = 1
\ 13 and 1 are roots of the equation.
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Ex. (2) : x2 + 10 x + 2 = 0
Solution : x2 + 10 x + 2 = 0 comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0
we get a = 1, b = 10, c = 2,
\ b2 - 4 ac = (10)2 - 4 ´ 1 ´ 2
= 100 - 8
= 92
b b 2 4ac
x=
2a
10 92
= 2 1
10 4 23
x=
2
10 2 23
=
2
2( 5 23 )
=
2
\ x = -5 ± 23
\ x= 5 23 or x= −5 − 23
\ the roots of the given quadratic equation are 5 23 and −5 − 23 .
Ex. (3) : x2 - 2x - 3 = 0
Solution : comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0
we get a = 1, b = -2, c = -3,
\ b2 - 4 ac = (-2)2 - 4 ´ 1 ´ (-3) = 4 + 12 = 16
( 2) 16 −( −2) − 16
\x = or x =
2 2
2+4 2−4
= or
2 2
= 3 or -1
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For more information :
Let us understand the solution of equation x2 - 2x - 3 = 0 when solved graphically.
x2 - 2x - 3 = 0 \ x2 = 2x + 3 The values which satisfy the equation are the
roots of the equation.
Let y = x2 = 2x + 3 . Let us draw graph of y = x2 and y = 2x + 3
y = x2
x 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3
y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9
y = 2x + 3
x -1 0 1 -2
y 1 3 5 -1
Y
10 These graphs intersect
(-3, 9) 9 (3, 9) each other at (-1, 1) and
(3, 9).
8
\ The solutions of x2 = 2x + 3
7 i.e x2 - 2x - 3 = 0 are x = -1 or
6 x = 3.
5 In the adjacent diagram the
(-2, 4) 4 graphs of equations y = x2
(2, 4)
and y = 2x + 3 are given.
3
From their points of
2 intersection, observe and
(-1, 1) 1 (1, 1) understand how you get the
solutions of x2 = 2x + 3 i.e
X' -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 X solutions of x2 - 2x - 3 = 0.
-1
-2
Y'
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Ex. (4) 25x2 + 30x + 9 = 0 Ex. (5) x2 + x + 5 = 0
Solution : 25x2 + 30x + 9 = 0 comparing Solution : x2 + x + 5 = 0 comparing with
the equation with ax2 + bx + c = 0 ax2 + bx + c = 0
we get a = 25, b = 30, c = 9, we get a = 1, b = 1, c = 5,
\ b2 - 4 ac = (30)2 - 4 ´ 25 ´ 9 \ b2 - 4 ac = (1)2 - 4 ´ 1 ´ 5
= 900 - 900 =0 = 1 - 20
b b 2 4ac = -19
x=
2a
b b 2 4ac
30 0 x=
= 2a
2 25
1 19
30 0 −30 − 0 =
2 1
\ x = 50 or x = 50
1 19
30 30 =
2
\ x = - 50 or x = - 50
But −19 is not a real number. Hence
3 3
\ x=- or x = - roots of the equation are not real.
5 5
that is both the roots are equal.
Also note that 25x2 + 30x + 9 = 0
means (5x + 3)2 = 0
Activity : Solve the equation 2x2 + 13x + 15 = 0 by factorisation method,
by completing the square method and by using the formula. Verify
that you will get the same roots every time.
Practice Set 2.4
1. Compare the given quadratic equations to the general form and write values of
a, b, c.
(1) x2 - 7x + 5 = 0 (2) 2m2 = 5m - 5 (3) y2 = 7y
2. Solve using formula.
(1) x2 + 6x + 5 = 0 (2) x2 - 3x - 2 = 0 (3) 3m2 + 2m - 7 = 0
1
(4) 5m2 - 4m - 2 = 0 (5) y2 + y = 2 (6) 5x2 + 13x + 8 = 0
3
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(3) With the help of the flow chart given below solve the equation x2 + 2 3 x + 3 = 0
using the formula.
Solution : compare equations Write formula Substitute
Find value
x2 + 2 3 x + 3 = 0 and to solve values of
of b2 - 4ac
ax2 + bx + c = 0 find quadratic a,b,c and
the values of a,b,c. find roots.
equation.
Let’s learn.
Nature of roots of a quadratic equation
b b 2 4ac
You know that x = are roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
2a
b 0 b 0 −b − 0
(1) If b2 - 4ac = 0 then, x = \ x = 2a or x = 2a
2a
\ the roots of the quadratic equation are real and equal.
b b 2 4ac
(2) If b - 4ac > 0, then x =
2
2a
b b 2 4ac −b − b 2 − 4ac
i.e. x = and x =
2a 2a
\ roots of the quadratic equation are real and unequal.
b b 2 4ac
(3) If b - 4ac < 0 then x =
2
are not real numbers \the roots of
2a
quadratic equations are not real.
Nature of roots of quadratic equation is determined by the value of b2 - 4ac.
b2 - 4ac is called discriminant of a quadratic equation and is denoted by Greek letter
∆ (Delta)
Activity - Fill in the blanks.
Value of discriminant Nature of roots
(1) 50
(2) -30
(3) 0
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ÒÒÒ Solved examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) Find the value of the discriminant of the equation x2 + 10x - 7 = 0
Solution : Comparing x2 + 10x - 7 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0 .
a = 1, b = 10 , c = -7 ,
2
\ b2 - 4 ac = 10 - 4 ´ 1 ´ -7
= 100 + 28
= 128
Ex. (2) Determine nature of roots of the quadratic equations.
(i) 2x2 - 5x + 7 = 0 (ii) x2 + 2x - 9 = 0
Solution : Compare 2x2 - 5x + 7 = 0 with Solution : Compare x2 + 2x - 9 = 0 with
ax2 + bx + c = 0 ax2 + bx + c = 0 .
a = 2, b = -5 , c = 7 , a= , b = 2, c = ,
\ b2 - 4 ac = (-5)2 - 4 ´ 2 ´ 7 \ b2 - 4 ac = 22 - 4 ´ ´
D = 25 - 56 D = 4 -
D = -31 D = 40
\ b2 - 4 ac < 0 \ b2 - 4 ac > 0
\ the roots of the equation are not real. \ the roots of the equation are real and
unequal.
Ex. (3) 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 3 =0
Solution : Compare 3 x2 + 2 3 x + 3 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0
We get a = 3 , b = 2 3 , c = 3 ,
\ b2 - 4 ac = (2 3 )2 - 4 ´ 3 ´ 3
= 4´3- 4´3
= 12 - 12
= 0
\ b2 - 4 ac = 0
\ Roots of the equation are real and equal.
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Let’s learn.
The relation between roots of the quadratic equation and coefficients
a and b are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then,
b b 2
4 ac −b − b 2 − 4ac
a+b= + b b 2
4 ac −b − b 2 − 4ac
2a 2a a´b= ´
2a
2a
b b 2 4ac b b 2 4ac
=
2a
=
b
b 2 4ac b b 2 4ac
2
2b 4a
= - 2a b b 4ac
2 2
=
4a 2
\ a + b = -b
a 4ac
= 4a 2
c
= a
c
\ ab= a
Activity : Fill in the empty boxes below properly
For 10x2 + 10x + 1 = 0,
a+b= and a ´ b =
ÒÒÒ Solved examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) If a and b are the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + 6x - 5 = 0, then find
(a + b) and a ´ b.
Solution : Comparing 2x2 + 6x - 5 = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0.
\ a = 2, b = 6 , c = -5
b 6
\ a + b = - a = - 2 = -3
c −5
and a ´ b = = 2
a
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Ex. (2) The difference between the roots of the equation x2 - 13x + k = 0 is 7 find k.
Solution : Comparing x2 - 13x + k = 0 with ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 1, b = -13 , c = k
Let a and b be the roots of the equation.
b (−13)
a + b = - a = - 1 = 13 . . . (I)
But a - b = 7 . . . . . . . . . . (given) (II)
2 a = 20 . . . (adding (I) and (II))
\ a = 10
\ 10 + b = 13 . . . (from (I))
\ b = 13 - 10
\ b = 3
c
But a ´ b = a
k
\ 10 ´ 3 =
1
\ k = 30
Ex. (3) If a and b are the roots of x2 + 5x - 1 = 0 then find -
(i) a3 + b3 (ii) a2 + b2.
Solution : x2 + 5x - 1 = 0
a = 1, b = 5 , c = -1
b −5
a + b = -a = = -5
1
c −1
a ´ b = a = 1 = -1
(i) a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 - 3ab (a + b) (ii) a2 + b2 = (a+ b)2 - 2ab
= (-5)3 - 3 ´ (-1) ´ (-5) = (-5)2 - 2 ´ (-1)
= -125 - 15 = 25 + 2
a3 + b3 = -140 a2 + b2 = 27
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Let’s learn.
To obtain a quadratic equation having given roots
Let a and b be the roots of a quadratic equation in variable x
\ x = a or x = b
\ x - a = 0 or x - b = 0
\ (x - a)(x - b) = 0
\ x2 - (a + b) x + ab = 0
When two roots of equation are given then quadratic equation can be obtained
as x2 - (addition of roots) x + product of the roots = 0.
Activity (I) : Write the quadratic equation if addition of the roots is 10 and product
of the roots = 9
\ Quadratic equation : x2 - x+ =
Activity (II) : What will be the quadratic equation if a = 2, b = 5
It can be written as x2 - ( + )x+ ´ = 0.
that is x2 - x+ = 0.
Note that, if this equation is multiplied by any non zero number, the roots of the
equation are not changed.
ÒÒÒ Solved examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. Obtain the quadratic equation if roots are -3, -7.
Solution : Let a = -3 and b = -7
\ a + b = (-3) + (-7) = -10 and a´b = (-3) ´ (-7) = 21
\ and quadratic equation is, x2 - (a + b) x + ab = 0
\ x2 -(-10) x + 21 = 0
\ x2 +10x + 21 = 0
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Let’s remember!
(1) If a and b are roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,
b b 2 4ac −b − b 2 − 4ac
(i) a = 2a
and b= 2a
b c
(ii) a + b = - a and a ´ b = a
(2) Nature of roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 depends on the value
of b2 - 4ac. Hence b2 - 4ac is called discriminant and is denoted by Greek
letter ∆.
(3) If ∆ = 0 The roots of quadratic equation are real and equal.
If ∆ > 0 then the roots of quadratic equation are real and unequal.
If ∆ < 0 then the roots of quadratic equation are not real.
(4) The quadratic equation, whose roots are a and b is
x2 - (a + b) x + ab = 0
Practice Set 2.5
1. Activity : Fill in the gaps and complete.
(1) Quadratic equation b2 - 4 ac = 5
Nature of roots
ax2 + bx + c = 0 b2 - 4 ac = -5
(2) Quadratic equation
Sum of roots = -7 ... ... ... Product of roots = 5
(3) If a, b are roots of quadratic equation,
a+b =... ..
2x - 4x - 3 = 0
2
a´b =... ..
2. Find the value of discriminant.
(1) x2 + 7x - 1 = 0 (2) 2y2 - 5y + 10 = 0 (3) 2 x2 + 4x + 2 2 = 0
3. Determine the nature of roots of the following quadratic equations.
(1) x2 - 4x + 4 = 0 (2) 2y2 - 7y + 2 = 0 (3) m2 + 2m + 9 = 0
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4. Form the quadratic equation from the roots given below.
1 1
(1) 0 and 4 (2) 3 and -10 (3) ,- (4) 2 − 5 , 2 + 5
2 2
«
5. Sum of the roots of a quadratic equation is double their product. Find k if equation
is x2 - 4kx + k + 3 = 0
«
6. a , b are roots of y2 - 2y - 7 = 0 find,
(1) a2 + b2 (2) a3 + b3
7. The roots of each of the following quadratic equations are real and equal, find k.
(1) 3y2 + ky + 12 = 0 (2) kx (x - 2) + 6 = 0
Let’s learn.
Application of quadratic equation
Quadratic equations are useful in daily life for finding solutions of some practical
problems. We are now going to learn the same.
Ex. (1) There is a rectangular onion storehouse in the farm of Mr. Ratnakarrao at
Tivasa. The length of rectangular base is more than its breadth by 7 m and diagonal is
more than length by 1 m. Find length and breadth of the storehouse.
Solution : Let breadth of the storehouse be x m.
\ length = (x + 7) m, diagonal = x + 7 + 1 = (x + 8) m
By Pythagorus theorem
x2 + (x + 7)2 = (x + 8)2
x2 + x2 + 14x + 49 = x2 + 16x + 64
\ x2 + 14x - 16x + 49 - 64 = 0
\ x2 - 2x -15 = 0
\ x2 - 5x + 3x - 15 = 0
\ x(x - 5) +3 (x - 5) = 0
\ (x - 5) (x + 3) = 0
\ x - 5 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
\ x = 5 or x = -3
But length is never negative \ x ¹ -3
\ x = 5 and x + 7 = 5 + 7 = 12 Onion Storehouse (Kandachal)
\ Length of the base of storehouse is 12m and breadth is 5m.
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Ex. (2) A train travels 360 km with uniform [Link] speed of the train is increased
by 5 km/hr, it takes 48 minutes less to cover the same distance. Find the initial
speed of the train.
Solution : Let initial speed of the train be x km/hr.
\ New speed is (x +5) km/hr.
distance 360
time to cover 360 km = = hours.
speed x
360
New time after increasing speed = hours.
x+5
from given condition
360 360 48 48
= - - - - - - ( 48 min = hrs)
x+5 x 60 60
360 360 48
\ - =
x x+5 60
1 1 48
\ - = 60 ´ 360 - - - - - (Dividing both sides by 360)
x x+5
x 5 x 4
\ x( x 5) 5 360
5 1
\ x 5 x 5 90
2
5 1
\ x 5 x 450
2
\ x2 + 5x = 2250
\ x2 + 5x - 2250 = 0
\ x2 + 50x - 45x - 2250 = 0 -2250
-----
\ x(x + 50) -45 (x + 50) = 0 +50 -45
\ (x + 50) (x - 45) = 0
\ x + 50 = 0 or x - 45 = 0
\ x = -50 or x = 45
But speed is never negative \ x ¹ -50
\ x = 45
\ Initial speed of the train is 45 km/hr.
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Practice Set 2.6
1. Product of Pragati’s age 2 years ago and 3 years hence is 84. Find her present age.
2. The sum of squares of two consecutive natural numbers is 244; find the numbers.
3. In the orange garden of Mr. Madhusudan there are 150 orange trees. The number
of trees in each row is 5 more than that in each column. Find the number of trees in
each row and each column with the help of following flow chart.
No. of trees in a No. of trees Total no. of trees
column is x in row = . . . =.....
No. of trees in Find x
Frame
column quadratic
equation
no. of trees in a row
4. Vivek is older than Kishor by 5 years. The sum of the reciprocals of their ages is
1
. Find their present ages.
6
5. Suyash scored 10 marks more in second test than that in the first. 5 times the score
of the second test is the same as square of the score in the first test. Find his score
in the first test.
«
6. Mr. Kasam runs a small business of making earthen pots. He makes certain number
of pots on daily basis. Production cost of each pot is ` 40 more than 10 times total
number of pots, he makes in one day. If production cost of all pots per day is `
600, find production cost of one pot and number of pots he makes per day.
«
7. Pratik takes 8 hours to travel 36 km downstream and return to the same spot. The
speed of boat in still water is 12 km. per hour. Find the speed of water current.
«
8. Pintu takes 6 days more than those of Nishu to complete certain work. If they work
together they finish it in 4 days. How many days would it take to complete the
work if they work alone.
9.« If 460 is divided by a natural number, quotient is 6 more than five times the divisor
and remainder is 1. Find quotient and diviser.
«
10.
A x B In the adjoining fig. ¨ABCD is a trapezium
AB || CD and its area is 33 cm2. From the
(x - 4) (x - 2) information given in the figure find the lengths of
çç
all sides of the ¨ABCD. Fill in the empty boxes
çç
to get the solution.
D M C
| (2x + 1) |
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Solution : ¨ABCD is a trapezium. \ 3x (. . . .) +10(. . . .) = 0
AB || CD \ (3x +10)(----) = 0
1
A (¨ABCD) = (AB + CD) ´ \ (3x +10) = 0 or =0
2
\ x = - 10 or x =
33 = 1 (x + 2x + 1) ´ 3
2 But length is never negative.
\ = (3x + 1) ´
\ x ¹ - 10 \x=
\ 3x2 + - =0 3
AB = ---, CD = --- , AD = BC = ---
Problem Set - 2
1. Choose the correct answers for the following questions.
(1) Which one is the quadratic equation ?
5 1
(A) - 3 = x2 (B) x (x + 5) = 2 (C) n - 1 = 2n (D) (x + 2) = x
x x2
(2) Out of the following equations which one is not a quadratic equation ?
(A) x2 + 4x = 11 + x2 (B) x2 = 4x (C) 5x2 = 90 (D) 2x - x2 = x2 + 5
(3) The roots of x2 + kx + k = 0 are real and equal, find k.
(A) 0 (B) 4 (C) 0 or 4 (D) 2
(4) For 2 x2 - 5x + 2 = 0 find the value of the discriminant.
(A) -5 (B) 17 (C) 2 (D) 2 2 - 5
(5) Which of the following quadratic equations has roots 3, 5 ?
(A) x2 - 15x + 8 = 0 (B) x2 - 8x + 15 = 0
(C) x2 + 3x + 5 = 0 (D) x2 + 8x - 15 = 0
(6) Out of the following equations, find the equation having the sum of its roots
-5.
(A) 3x2 - 15x + 3 = 0 (B) x2 - 5x + 3 = 0
(C) x2 + 3x - 5 = 0 (D) 3x2 + 15x + 3 = 0
(7) 5 m2 - 5 m + 5 = 0 which of the following statement is true for this given
equation ?
(A) Real and uneual roots (B) Real and equal roots
(C) Roots are not real (D) Three roots.
(8) One of the roots of equation x2 + mx - 5 = 0 is 2; find m.
1 1
(A) -2 (B) - (C) 2 (D) 2
2
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2. Which of the following equations is quadratic ?
(1) x2 + 2x + 11 = 0 (2) x2 - 2x + 5 = x2 (3) (x + 2)2 = 2x2
3. Find the value of discriminant for each of the following equations.
(1) 2y2 - y + 2 = 0 (2) 5m2 - m = 0 (3) 5 x2 - x - 5 = 0
4. One of the roots of quadratic equation 2x2 + kx - 2 = 0 is -2, find k.
5. Two roots of quadratic equations are given ; frame the equation.
(1) 10 and -10 (2) 1-3 5 and 1+3 5 (3) 0 and 7
6. Determine the nature of roots for each of the quadratic equation.
(1) 3x2 - 5x + 7 = 0 (2) 3 x2 + 2 x - 2 3 = 0 (3) m2 - 2m +1 = 0
7. Solve the following quadratic equations.
1 1 3x 1
(1) = (2) x2 - - =0 (3) (2x + 3)2 = 25
x + 5 x2 10 10
(4) m2 + 5m + 5 = 0 (5) 5m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 (6) x2 - 4x - 3 = 0
ê
8. Find m if (m - 12)x2 + 2(m - 12) x + 2 = 0 has real and equal roots.
9.ê The sum of two roots of a quadratic equation is 5 and sum of their cubes is 35, find
the equation.
ê
10. Find quadratic equation such that its roots are square of sum of the roots and
square of difference of the roots of equation 2x2 + 2(p + q) x + p2 + q2 = 0
ê
11. Mukund possesses ` 50 more than what Sagar possesses. The product of the
amount they have is 15,000. Find the amount each one has.
ê
12. The difference between squares of two numbers is 120. The square of smaller
number is twice the greater number. Find the numbers.
ê
13. Ranjana wants to distribute 540 oranges among some students. If 30 students were
more each would get 3 oranges less. Find the number of students.
14.ê Mr. Dinesh owns an agricultural farm at village Talvel. The length of the farm is
10 meter more than twice the breadth. In order to harvest rain water, he dug a
1
square shaped pond inside the farm. The side of pond is of the breadth of the
3
farm. The area of the farm is 20 times the area of the pond. Find the length and
breadth of the farm and of the pond
ê
15. A tank fills completely in 2 hours if both the taps are open. If
only one of the taps is open at the given time, the smaller tap
takes 3 hours more than the larger one to fill the tank. How much
time does each tap take to fill the tank completely ?
rrr
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3 Arithmetic Progression
Let’s study.
· Sequence · nth term of an A.P.
· Arithmetic Progression · Sum of n terms of an A.P.
Let’s learn.
Sequence
We write numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . in an order. In this order we can tell the position
of any number. For example, number 13 is at 13th position. The numbers 1, 4, 9, 16,
25, 36, 49, . . . are also written in a particular order. Here 16 = 42 is at 4th position.
similarly, 25 = 52 is at the 5th position; 49 = 72 is at the 7th position. In this set of
numbers also, place of each number is detremined.
A set of numbers where the numbers are arranged in a definite order, like the
natural numbers, is called a sequence.
In a sequence a particular number is written at a particular position. If the numbers
are written as a1, a2, a3, a4 . . . then a1 is first, a2 is second, . . . and so on. It is clear
that an is at the nth place. A sequence of the numbers is also represented by alphabets
f1, f2, f3, . . . and we find that there is a definite order in which numbers are arranged.
When students stand in a row for drill on the playground they form a sequence.
We have experienced that some sequences have a particular pattern.
Complete the given pattern
Pattern
Number 1 3 5 7
of circles
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Pattern
Number of 5 8 11
triangles
Look at the patterns of the numbers. Try to find a rule to obtain the next number
from its preceding number. This helps us to write all the next numbers.
See the numbers 2, 11, -6, 0, 5, -37, 8, 2, 61 written in this order.
Here a1 = 2, a2 = 11, a3 = -6, . . . This list of numbers is also a sequence. But in
this case we cannot tell why a particular term is at a particular position ; similarly we
cannot tell a definite relation between the consecutive terms.
In general, only those sequences are studied where there is a rule which determines
the next term.
For example (1) 4, 8, 12, 16 . . . (2) 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, . . .
1 1 1 1
(3) , , , ...
5 10 15 20
Terms in a sequence
In a sequence, ordered terms are represented as t1, t2, t3, . . . . .tn . . . In general
sequence is written as {tn}. If the sequence is infinite, for every positive integer n,
there is a term tn.
Activity I : Some sequences are given below. Show the positions of the terms
by t1, t2, t3, . . .
(1) 9, 15, 21, 27, . . . Here t1= 9, t2= 15, t3= 21, . . .
(2) 7, 7, 7, 7, . . . Here t1= 7, t2= , t3= ,...
(3) -2, -6, -10, -14, . . . Here t1= -2, t2= , t3= ,...
Activity II : Some sequences are given below. Check whether there is any rule
among the terms. Find the similarity between two sequences.
To check the rule for the terms of the sequence look at the arrangements on the
next page, and fill the empty boxes suitably.
(1) 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, . . . (2) 6, 12, 18, 24, . . .
(3) 3, 3, 3, 3, . . . (4) 4, 16, 64, . . .
(5) -1, -1.5, -2, -2.5, . . . (6) 13, 23, 33, 43, . . .
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Let’s find the relation in these sequences. Let’s understand the thought behind it.
(1) 1 4 7 10 ,...
1 +3 4 +3 7 +3 10 +3
(2) 6 12 18 24 ,...
6+6 12 + 6 18 + 6
(3) 3 3 3 3 ...
3+0 3+0 3+0
(4) 4 16 64 ,...
4´4 16 ´ 4 64 ´ 4 ´4 ´4
(5) -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 ...
(-1)+(-0.5) -1.5 +(-0.5) -2 + (-0.5) -2.5 + (-0.5)
(6) 13, 23, 33, . . .
Here in the sequences (1), (2), (3), (5), the similarity is that next term is obtained
by adding a particular number to the previous number. Each ot these sequences is
called an Arithmetic Progression.
Sequence (4) is not an arithmetic progression. In this sequence the next term
is obtained by mutliplying the previous term by a particular number. This type of
sequences is called a Geometric Progression.
Sequence (6) is neither arithmetic progression nor geometric progression.
This year we are going to study arithmetic progression.
Arithmetic Progression
Some sequences are given below. For every sequence write the next three terms.
(1) 100, 70, 40, 10, . . . (2) -7, -4, -1, 2, . . . (3) 4, 4, 4, . . .
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In the given sequences, observe how the next term is obtained.
1st term 2nd term 3rd term
(1) 100 70 40 10 -20 -50
100+(-30) 70+(-30) 40+(-30) 10+(-30) (-20)+(-30)
(2) -7 -4 -1 2 5 8
-7+3 -4+3 -1+3 2+3 5+3
(3) 4 4 4 4 4... .
4 + 0 4+0 4+0 4+0
In each sequence above, every term is obtained by adding a particular number in
the previous term. The difference between two consecutive terms is constant.
The diference in ex. (i) is negative, in ex. (ii) it is positive and in ex. (iii) it is zero.
If the difference between two consecutive terms is constant then it is called the
common difference and is generally denoted by letter d.
In the given sequence if the difference between two consecutive terms (tn +1- tn) is
constant then the sequence is called Arithmetic Progression (A.P.). In this sequence
tn +1- tn = d is the common difference.
In an A.P. if first term is denoted by a and common difference is d then,
t1 = a , t2= a + d
t3= (a + d) + d = a + 2d
A.P. having first term as a and common difference d is
a, (a + d), (a + 2d), (a + 3d), . . . . . .
Let’s see some examples of A.P.
Ex.(1) Arifa saved ` 100 every month. In one year the total amount saved after every
month is as given below.
Month I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
Saving (’) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
The numbers showing the total saving after every month are in A.P.
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Ex. (2) Pranav borrowed ` 10000 from his friend and agreed to repay ` 1000 per month. So
the remaining amount to be paid in every month will be as follows.
No. of month 1 2 3 4 5 ... ... ...
Amount to be 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 ... 2,000 1,000 0
paid (`)
Ex. (3) Consider the table of 5, that is numbers divisible by 5.
5, 10, 15, 20, . . . 50, 55, 60, . . . . . is an inifinite A.P.
Ex (1) and (2) are finite A.P. while (3) is an infinite A.P.
Let’s remember!
(1) In a sequence if difference (tn +1- tn) is constant then the sequence
is called an arithmetic progression.
(2) In an A.P. the difference between two consecutive terms is constant
and is denoted by d.
(3) Difference d can be positive, negative or zero.
(4) In an A.P. if the first term is a, and common difference is d then the
terms in the sequence are a, (a + d), (a + 2d), . . .
Activity : Write one example of finite and infinite A.P. each.
ÒÒÒ Solved examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) Which of the following sequences are A.P ? If it is an A.P, find next two terms.
(i) 5, 12, 19, 26, . . . (ii) 2, -2, -6, -10, . . .
3 1 1
(iii) 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, . . . (iv) , , - , . . .
2 2 2
Solution : (i) In this sequence 5, 12, 19, 26, . . . ,
First term = t1= 5, t2= 12, t3= 19, . . .
t2- t1= 12 - 5 = 7
t3- t2= 19 - 12 = 7
Here first term is 5 and common difference which is constant is d = 7
\ This sequence is an A.P.
Next two terms in this A.P. are 26 + 7 = 33 and 33 + 7 = 40.
Next two terms in given A.P. are 33 and 40
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(ii) In the sequence 2, -2, -6, -10, . . . ,
t1= 2, t2= -2, t3= -6, t4= -10 . . .
t2- t1= -2 - 2 = -4
t3- t2= -6 - (-2) = -6 + 2 = -4
t4- t3= -10 - (-6) = -10 + 6 = -4
From this difference between two consecutive terms that is tn - tn -1 = -4
\ d = -4, which is constant. \ It is an A.P.
Next two terms in this A.P. are (-10) + (-4) = -14 and (-14) + (-4) = -18
(iii) In the sequence 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, . . . ,
t1= 1, t2= 1, t3= 2, t4= 2, t5= 3, t6= 3 . . .
t2- t1= 1 - 1 = 0 t3- t2= 2 - 1 = 1
t4- t3= 2 - 2 = 0 t3- t2 ¹ t2- t1
In this sequence difference between two consecutive terms is not constant.
\ This sequence is not an A.P.
3 1 1 3
(iv) In the sequence 2 , , - 2 , - 2 , . . . ,
2
3 1 1 3
t1= , t2= , t3= - , t4= - ...
2 2 2 2
1 3 2
t2- t1= - = - 2 = -1
2 2
1 1 2
t3- t2= - 2 - 2 = - 2 = -1
3 1 3 1 2
t4- t3= - - (- ) = - + = - 2 = -1
2 2 2 2
Here the common difference d = -1 which is constant.
\ Given sequence is an A.P. Let’s find next two terms of this A.P.
3 5 5 7
- - 1 = - 2 , 2 -1=-2
2
5 7
\ Next two terms are - 2 and - 2
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Ex. (2) The first term a and common difference d are given. Find first four terms of A.P.
(i) a = -3, d = 4 (ii) a = 200, d = 7
1
(iii) a = -1, d = - 2 (iv) a = 8, d = -5
Solution : (i) Given a = -3, d = 4 (ii) Given a = 200, d = 7
t1= -3 a = t1= 200
t2= t1+ d = -3 + 4 = 1 t2= t1+ d = 200 + 7 = 207
t3= t2+ d = 1 + 4 = 5 t3= t2+ d = 207 + 7 = 214
t4= t3+ d = 5 + 4 = 9 t4= t3+ d = 214 + 7 = 221
\ A.P. is = -3, 1, 5, 9, . . . \ A.P. is = 200, 207, 214, 221, . .
1 (iv) a = 8, d = -5
(iii) a = -1, d = -
2
a = t1= 8
a = t1= -1
1 3 t2= t1+ d = 8 + (-5 ) = 3
t2= t1+ d = -1 + (- ) = -
2 2
3 1 4 t3= t2+ d = 3 + (-5 ) = -2
t3= t2+ d = - + (- ) = - 2 = -2
2 2
1 t4= t3+ d = -2 + (-5 ) = -7
t4= t3+ d = -2+ (- )
2
1 5 8, 3, -2, -7, . . .
= -2 - = - 2
2
3 5 \A.P. is = 8, 3, -2, -7, . . .
\A.P. is = -1, - 2 , -2, - 2 , . . .
Practice Set 3.1
1. Which of the following sequences are A.P. ? If they are A.P. find the common
difference .
5 7
(1) 2, 4, 6, 8, . . . (2) 2, 2 , 3, , . . . (3) -10, -6, -2, 2, . . .
3 1 1 1
(4) 0.3, 0.33, .0333, . . . (5) 0, -4, -8, -12, . . . (6) - 5 , - 5 , - 5 , . . .
(7) 3, 3 + 2 , 3 + 2 2 , 3 + 3 2 , . . . (8) 127, 132, 137, . . .
2. Write an A.P. whose first term is a and common difference is d in each of the
following.
1
(1) a = 10, d = 5 (2) a = -3, d = 0 (3) a = -7, d =
2
(4) a = -1.25, d = 3 (5) a = 6, d = -3 (6) a = -19, d = -4
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3. Find the first term and common difference for each of the A.P.
(1) 5, 1, -3, -7, . . . (2) 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, . . .
1 3 5 7
(3) 127, 135, 143, 151, . . . (4) , 4 , , 4 , . . .
4 4
Let’s think.
· Is 5, 8, 11, 14, . . . an A.P. ? If so then what will be the 100th term?
Check whether 92 is in this A.P.? Is number 61 in this A.P.?
Let’s learn.
nth term of an A. P.
In the sequence 5, 8, 11, 14, . . . the difference between two consecutive terms is 3.
Hence, this sequence is an A.P.
Here the first term is 5. If 3 is added to 5 we get the second term 8. Similarly to
find 100th term what should be done?
First term Second term Third term . . .
Number 5, 5+3=8 8 + 3 = 11 . . .
In this way reaching upto 100th term will be time consuming. Let’s see if we
can find any formula for it.
5 8 11 14 ... ... ... ...
5 5+1´3 5+2´3 5+3´3 ... 5 + (n - 1) ´ 3 5+n´3 ...
1st 2nd 3rd 4th ... nth (n + 1)th ...
term term term term term term
t1 t2 t3 t4 tn tn+1
Generally in the A.P. t1, t2, t3, . . . If first term is a and common difference is d,
t1= a
t2= t1+ d = a + d = a + (2 - 1) d
t3= t2+ d = a + d + d = a + 2d = a + (3 - 1)d
t4= t3+ d = a + 2d + d = a + 3d = a +(4 - 1)d
We get tn= a +(n - 1) d.
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Using the above formula we can find the 100th term of the A.P. 5, 8, 11, 14, . . .
Here a = 5 d = 3
tn = a +(n - 1)d
\ t100= 5 +(100 - 1) ´ 3
= 5 + 99 ´ 3
= 5 + 297
t100 = 302
100th tem of this A.P. is 302.
Let’s check whether 61 is in this A.P. To find the answer we use the same formula.
tn= a +(n - 1)d
tn= 5 +(n - 1) ´ 3
If 61 is nth term means tn, then
\ 61 = 5 + 3n - 3
= 3n + 2
\ 3n = 59
59
\ n=
3
But then, n is not a natural number.
\ 61 is not in this A.P.
Let’s think.
Kabir’s mother keeps a record of his height on each birthday. When he was one
year old, his height was 70 cm, at 2 years he was 80 cm tall and 3 years he was
90 cm tall. His aunt Meera was studying in the 10th class. She said, ‘‘it seems like
Kabir’s height grows in Arithmetic Progression’’. Assuming this, she calculated
how tall Kabir will be at the age of 15 years when he is in the 10th ! She was
shocked to find it. You too assume that Kabir grows in A.P. and find out his
height at the age of 15 years.
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ÒÒÒ Solved examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) Find tnfor following A.P. and then Ex. (2) Which term of the following A.P.
find 30th term of A.P. is 560?
3, 8, 13, 18, . . . 2, 11, 20, 29, . . .
Solution :Given A.P. 3, 8, 13, 18, . . . Solution : Given A.P. 2, 11, 20, 29, . .
Here t1= 3, t2= 8, t3= 13, t4=18, . . . Here a = 2, d = 11 - 2 = 9
d = t2- t1= 8 - 3 = 5 nth term of this A.P. is 560.
We know that tn= a +(n - 1)d tn= a +(n- 1)d
\ tn= 3 +(n - 1) ´ 5 \ a = 3, d = 5 \ 560 = 2 +(n - 1) ´ 9
\ tn= 3 +5n - 5 = 2 + 9n - 9
\ tn= 5n - 2 \ 9n = 567
567
\ 30th term = t30= 5 ´ 30 - 2 \ n= = 63
9
= 150 - 2 = 148 \ 63rd term of given A.P. is 560.
Ex. (3) Check whether 301 is in the sequence Ex. (4) How many two digit numbers are
5, 11, 17, 23, . . . ? divisible by 4?
Solution : In the sequence 5, 11, 17, 23,. . . Solution : List of two digit numbers
divisible by 4 is
t1= 5, t2= 11, t3= 17, t4= 23, . . .
12, 16, 20, 24, . . . , 96.
t2- t1= 11 - 5 = 6
Let’s find how many such numbers
t3- t2= 17 - 11 = 6
are there.
\ This sequence is an A.P.
tn= 96, a = 12, d = 4
d
First term a = 5 and = 6 From this we will find the value of n.
If 301 is n term, then.
th
tn= 96, \ By formula,
tn= a +(n - 1)d = 301 96 = 12 +(n - 1) ´ 4
\ 301 = 5 +(n - 1) ´ 6 = 12 + 4n - 4
= 5 +6n - 6 \ 4n = 88
\ 6n = 301 + 1 = 302 \ n = 22
\ n = 6 . But it is not an integer. \ There are 22 two digit numbers
302
\301 is not in the given sequence. divisible by 4.
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Ex. (5) - The 10th term and the 18th term of an A.P. are 25 and 41 respectively then
find 38th term of that A.P., similarly if nth term is 99. Find the value of n.
Solution : In the given A.P. t10= 25 and t18= 41.
We know that, tn= a +(n - 1)d
\ t10= a + (10 - 1) d
\ 25 = a + 9d . . . (I)
Similarly t18= a + (18 - 1) d
\ 41 = a + 17d . . . (II)
25 = a + 9d . . . From (I) .
a = 25 - 9d.
Substituting this value in equation II.
\ Equation (II) a + 17d = 41
\ 25 - 9d + 17d = 41
8d = 41 - 25 = 16
d = 2 Now, tn= a +(n - 1)d
Substituting d = 2 in equation I.
\ t38= 7 + (38 - 1) ´ 2
t38= 7 + 37 ´ 2
a + 9d = 25
t38= 7 + 74
\ a + 9 ´ 2 = 25
t38= 81
\ a + 18 = 25
\ a= 7
If nth term is 99, then to find value of n.
tn= a +(n - 1)d
99 = 7 + (n - 1) ´ 2
99 = 7 + 2n - 2
99 = 5 + 2n
\ 2n = 94
\ n = 47
\ In the given progression 38th term is 81 and 99 is the 47th term.
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Practice Set 3.2
1. Write the correct number in the given boxes from the following A. P.
(i) 1, 8, 15, 22, . . .
Here a = , t1= , t2= , t3= ,
t2- t1= - =
t3- t2= - = \d=
(ii) 3, 6, 9, 12, . . .
Here t1= , t2= , t3= , t4= ,
t2- t1= , t3- t2= \d=
(iii) -3, -8, -13, -18, . . .
Here t3= , t2= , t4= , t1= ,
t2- t1= , t3- t2= \a= ,d=
(iv) 70, 60, 50, 40, . . .
Here t1= , t2= , t3= ,...
\ a = ,d=
2. Decide whether following sequence is an A.P., if so find the 20th term of the
progression.
-12, -5, 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, . . .
3. Given Arithmetic Progression 12, 16, 20, 24, . . . Find the 24th term of this
progression.
4. Find the 19th term of the following A.P.
7, 13, 19, 25, . . .
5. Find the 27th term of the following A.P.
9, 4, -1, -6, -11, . . .
6. Find how many three digit natural numbers are divisible by 5.
7. The 11th term and the 21st term of an A.P. are 16 and 29 respectively, then find the
41th term of that A.P.
8. 11, 8, 5, 2, . . . In this A.P. which term is number -151?
9. In the natural numbers from 10 to 250, how many are divisible by 4?
10. In an A.P. 17th term is 7 more than its 10th term. Find the common difference.
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The Wise Teacher
Once upon a time, there lived a king. He appointed two teachers Tara and Meera
to teach horse riding for one year to his children Yashwantraje and Geetadevi. He
asked both of them how much salary they wanted.
Tara said, ’’Give me 100 gold coins in first month and every month increase the
amount by 100 gold coins.’’ Meera said, ’’Give me 10 gold coins in the first month and
every month just double the amount of the previous month.’’
The king agreed. After three months Yashwantraje said to his sister, ’’My teacher is
smarter than your teacher as she had asked for more money.’’ Geetadevi said, ’’I also
thought the same, I asked Meeratai about it. She only smiled and said compare the
salaries after 8 months. I calculated their 9 months salaries. You can also check.’’
Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tara’s 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 - - -
salary
Meera’s 10 20 40 80 160 320 640 1280 2560 - - -
salary
Complete the above table.
Tara’s salary 100, 200, 300, 400, . . . is in A.P.
t1= 100, t2= 200, t3= 300,. . . t2- t1= 100 = d
Common difference is 100.
Meera’s salary 10, 20, 40, 80, . . . is not an A.P. Reason is
20 - 10 = 10, 40 - 20 = 20, 80 - 40 = 40 So the common difference is not constant.
But here each term is double the preceding term.
t2 20 t3 40 t4 80
Here = = 2, = 20
= 2, = 40
=2
t1 10 t2 t3
t n 1
\ The ratio of a term and its preceding term is constant. This type of
tn t
progression is called a geometric progression. Notice that if ratio n +1 is greater than
tn
1, then geometric progression will increase faster than arithmetic progression.
If the ratio is smaller than 1, note how the geometric progression changes.
This year we are going to study Arithmetic Progression only. We have seen how
to find the nth term of an A.P. Now we are going to see how to find the sum of the first
n terms.
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Quick Addition
Three hundred years ago there was a single teacher school in Germany. The
teacher was Buttner and he had an assistant Johann Martin Bortels. He used to teach
alphabets to the children and sharpen their pencils. Buttner was a strict teacher. One
day he wanted to do some work and wanted peace in the class, so he tried to occupy
all students with a lengthy addition. They were asked to add all intergers from 1 to
100. In few minutes one slate was slammed on the floor. He looked at Carl Gauss
and asked, ’’I asked you to add all integers from 1 to 100. Why did you keep the slate
down? Don’t you want to do it ?’’
Carl Gauss said, ’’I have done the addition.’’
The teacher asked, ’’How did you do it so quickly? You wouldn’t have written all the
numbers ! What is the answer ?’’
Carl Gauss said, ’’Five thousand fifty’’
Teacher was so surprised and asked him, ’How do you find the answer?’’
Carl Gauss explained his quick addition method:
Nos. in increasing order 1 2 3 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
+ + + + +
Nos. in decreasing order 100 99 98 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Sum 101 101 101 101 101
The sum of each pair is 101. This sum occurs 100 times so 101 ´ 100 is the
product needed. It is 10100. In this 1 to 100 are counted two times. Therefore, half of
10100 is 5050 and sum of 1 to 100 is 5050. The teacher appreciated his work.
Now using this method of Gauss, let’s find sum of n terms of an A.P.
Johann Friedrich Carl Gauss
30th April 1777 - 23rd February 1855.
Carl Gauss was a great German mathematician,
He was born in Braunschweig, he was the only son
of uneducated parents. He showed a glimpse of his
intelligence in Buttner’s school. After some years,
Buttner’s helper, Johann Martin Bartels and Gauss
became friends. Together, they published a book on
Algebra. Bartels made the other people realise the extra
ordinary intelligence of Gauss.
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Let’s learn.
Sum of first n terms of an A. P.
Arithmetic Progression a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . . a +(n - 1)d
In this progression a is the first term and d is the common difference. Let’s write the
sum of first n terms as Sn.
Sn = [a] + [a + d] + . . . + [a+(n-2)d] + [a+(n-1)d]
Reversing the terms and rewritting the expression again,
Sn = [a+(n-1)d] + [a+(n-2)d] + . . . + [a + d ] + [a]
On adding,
2Sn = [a+a+(n-1)d] + [a + d+a+(n-2)d]+ . . . + [a+(n-2)d+ a + d]+ [a+(n-1)d+a]
2Sn = [2a+(n-1)d] + [2a+(n-1)d] + . . . + [2a+(n-1)d] . . . n times.
\ 2Sn = n [2a+(n-1)d]
n n(n −1)
\ Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d] or Sn = na+ 2
d
Ex. Let’s find the sum of first 100 terms of A.P. 14, 16, 18, . . . .
Here a = 14, d = 2, n = 100
n
Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d]
100
\ S100 = 2
[2 ´ 14+(100-1) ´ 2]
= 50 [28 + 198]
= 50 ´ 226 = 11300
\ Sum of first 100 terms of given A.P. is 11,300
Let’s remember!
For the given Arithmetic Progression, if first term is a and common
diffrence is d then
tn = [a+(n-1)d]
n n(n −1)
Sn = [2a+(n-1)d]= na + 2 d
2
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Let’s find one more formula for sum of first n terms.
In the A.P. a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . . a +(n - 1)d
First term = t1 = a and nth term is [a +(n - 1)d ]
n
Now Sn = 2 [a+a+(n-1)d]
n n
\ Sn = 2 [t1 + tn] = 2 [First term+ last term]
ÒÒÒ Solved examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) Find the sum of first n natural numbers.
Solution : First n natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, . . . , n.
Here a = 1, d = 1, nth term = n
\ Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + n
n
Sn = 2 [First term+ last term] . . . . . (by the formula)
n
= 2 [1 + n]
n(n +1)
= 2
n(n +1)
\ Sum of first n natural number is 2
.
Ex. (2) Find the sum of first n even natural numbers.
Solution : First n even natural numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8, . . . , 2n.
t1 = First term = 2 , tn = last term = 2n
Method I Method II Method III
n
n Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d]
= 2 [t1 + tn] Sn= 2 + 4 + 6 . . . + 2n n
n = 2 [2 ´ 2+(n-1)2]
= 2 [2 + 2n] = 2(1 + 2 + 3 + . . . . + n) n
n 2[n(n + 1)]
= 2 [4+2n-2]
= 2 ´ 2 (1+ n) = 2 n
= 2 [2 + 2n]
= n (1+ n) = n (1+ n) n
= 2 ´ 2 (1+ n)
= n (1+ n)
\ Sum of first n even natural numbers is n (1+ n).
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Ex. (3) Find the sum of first n odd natural numbers.
Solution : First n natural numbers
1, 3, 5, 7, . . . , (2n - 1).
a = t1 = 1 and tn = (2n - 1), d = 2
Method I Method II Method III
n n
Sn = 2 [t1 + tn] Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d] 1 + 3 + . . . 2n-1
n n
= 2 [1 + (2n - 1)] = 2 [2 ´ 1 +(n-1) ´ 2] = (1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + 2n)
n n
= 2 [1 + 2n - 1] = 2 [2 + 2n - 2] - (2 + 4 + 6 + . . . + 2n)
n n 2n(2n + 1) 2n(n + 1)
= 2 ´ 2n = 2 ´ 2n = -
2 2
= n2 = n2 = (2n2+ n) - (n2+ n)
= n2
Ex. (4) Find the sum of all odd numbers from 1 to 150.
Solution : 1 to 150 all odd numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, . . . , 149.
Which is an A.P.
Here a = 1 and d = 2. First let’s find how many odd numbers are there
from 1 to 150, so find the value of n, if tn= 149
tn= a +(n - 1)d
149 = 1 +(n - 1)2 \ 149 = 1 + 2n - 2
\ n = 75
Now let’s find the sum of these 75 numbers 1 + 3 + 5 + . . . + 149.
a = 1 and d = 2, n = 75
n n
Method I Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d] Method II Sn = 2 [t1 + tn]
75
Sn = Sn = [1 + 149]
2
Sn = ´ Sn = ´
Sn = Sn =
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Practice Set 3.3
1. First term and common difference of an A.P. are 6 and 3 respectively ; find S27.
a = 6, d = 3, S27 = ?
n
Sn = 2 [ + (n-1) d]
27
S27 = [12 + (27-1) ]
2
27
= ´
2
= 27 ´ 45 =
2. Find the sum of first 123 even natural numbers.
3. Find the sum of all even numbers from 1 to 350.
4. In an A.P. 19th term is 52 and 38th term is 128, find sum of first 56 terms.
5. Complete the following activity to find the sum of natural numbers from 1 to 140
which are divisible by 4.
From 1 to 140, natural numbers divisible by 4
4, 8, . . . . . . . . , 136
How many numbers ?\ n =
n= ,a= ,d=
tn= a+(n-1)d
136 = + (n - 1) ´
n
n= Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d]
S = [ ] =
2
Sum of numbers from 1 to 140, which are divisible by 4 =
ê
6. Sum of first 55 terms in an A.P. is 3300, find its 28th term.
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7.ê In an A.P. sum of three consecutive terms is 27 and their product is 504, find the terms.
(Assume that three consecutive terms in A.P. are a - d , a, a + d.)
ê
8. Find four consecutive terms in an A.P. whose sum is 12 and sum of 3rd and 4th term
is 14.
(Assume the four consecutive terms in A.P. are a - d , a, a + d, a + 2d.)
ê
9. If the 9th term of an A.P. is zero then show that the 29th term is twice the 19th term.
Let’s learn.
Application of A.P.
Ex. (1) A mixer manufacturing company manufactured 600 mixers in 3rd year and in
7th year they manufactured 700 mixers. If every year there is same growth in the
production of mixers then find (i) Production in the first year (ii) Production in
10th year (iii) Total production in first seven years.
Solution : Addition in the number of mixers manufactured by the company per year
is constant therefore the number of production in successive years is in A.P.
(i) Let’s assume that company manufactured tn mixers in the nth year then as per
given information,
t3 = 600, t7 = 700
We know that tn= a+(n-1)d
t3= a+(3-1)d
a + 2d = 600. . . (I)
t7= a+(7-1)d
t7= a+6d = 700
a+2d = 600 \ Substituting a = 600 - 2d in equation (II),
600 - 2d + 6d = 700
4d = 100 \ d = 25
a+2d = 600 \ a + 2 ´ 25 = 600
a + 50 = 600 \ a = 550
\ Production in first year was 550.
(ii) tn= a+(n-1)d
t10= 550+(10-1) ´ 25
= 550 + 225
Production in 10th year was 775.
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(iii) For finding total production in first 7 years let’s use formula for Sn.
n
Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d]
7 7
Sn = 2
[1100 + 150] = 2
[1250] = 7 ´ 625 = 4375
Total production in first 7 years is 4375 mixers.
Ex. (2) Ajay sharma repays the borrowed amount of ` 3,25,000 by paying ` 30500
in the first month and then decreases the payment by ` 1500 every month. How
long will it take to clear his amount?
Solution : Let the time required to clear the amount be n months. The monthly payment
decreases by ` 1500. Therefore the payments are in A.P.
First term = a = 30500, d = -1500
Amount = Sn = 3,25,000
n
Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d]
n
3,25,000 = 2 [2 ´ 30500+(n-1)d]
n
= 2 [2 ´ 30500 - 1500n + 1500]
3,25,000 = 30500n - 750n2 +750n
\750n2 -31250n + 325000 = 0
divide both sides by 250.
\3n2 -125n + 1300 = 0
\3n2 -60n - 65n + 1300 = 0
\3n(n-20) -65 (n-20) = 0
\(n - 20) (3n - 65) = 0
\n - 20 = 0 , 3n - 65 = 0
65 2
\n = 20 or n = 3
= 21 3
In an A.P. n is a natural number.
65
\ n ¹ \ n = 20
3
(Or, after 20 months, S20 = 3,25,000 then the total amount will be repaid. It is not
required to think about further period of time.)
\ To clear the amount 20 months are needed.
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Ex. (3) Anvar saves some amount every month. In first three months he saves
` 200, . 250 and ` 300 respectively. In which month will he save
. 1000?
Solution: Saving in first month ` 200; Saving in second month ` 250; .....
200, 250, 300, . . . this is an A.P.
Here a = 200, d = 50, Let’s find n using tn formula and then find Sn.
tn = a+(n-1)d
= 200 +(n-1)50
= 200 + 50n - 50
1000 = 150 + 50n
150 + 50n = 1000
50n = 1000 - 150
50n = 850
\ n = 17
In the 17th month he will save ` 1000.
Let’s find that in 17 months how much total amount is saved.
n
Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d]
17
= 2
[2 ´ 200+(17-1) ´ 50]
17
= 2
[400 + 800]
17
= 2
[1200]
= 17 ´ 600
= 10200
In 17 months total saving is ` 10200.
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Ex. (4) As shown in the figure, take point A on the line and draw a half circle P1 of
radius 0.5 with A as centre. It intersects given
P3
line in point B. Now taking B as centre draw
a half circle P2 of radius 1 cm which is on the
P1
other side of the line.
Now again taking A as centre draw a half circle
A B
P3 of radius 1.5 cm. If we draw half
circles like this having radius 0.5 cm, 1 cm,
P2 1.5 cm, 2 cm, we get a figure of spiral shape.
Find the length of such spiral shaped figure
22
formed by 13 such half circles. (p = )
7
Solution : Semi circumferences P1, P2, P3, . . . are drawn by taking centres A, B, A,
B,... It is given that radius of the first circle is 0.5 cm. The radius of the second
circle is 1.0 cm,... From this information we will find P1, P2, P3, . . . P3.
1 p
Length of the first semi circumference = P1 = p r1 = p ´ 2 = 2
P2 = p r2 = p ´ 1 = p
3
P3 = p r3 = p ´ 1.5 = p
2
1 3
The lengths are P1, P2, P3, . . ., and the numbers
2
p, 1 p, p, . . . are in A.P.
2
1 1
Here a =
2
p, d = 2
p, From this let’s find S13.
n
Sn =2 [2a+(n-1)d]
13 p 1
S13 = 2 [2 ´ 2 +(13-1) ´ 2 p]
13
= 2 [p + 6 p]
13
= 2 ´ 7 p =
13 22
= 2 ´ 7 ´ 7
= 143 cm.
\The total length of spiral shape formed by 13 semicircles is 143 cm.
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Ex. (5) In the year 2010 in the village there were 4000 people who were literate. Every
year the number of literate people increases by 400. How many people will be
literate in the year 2020?
Solution :
Year 2010 2011 2012 ... 2020
Literate People 4000 4400 4800 ...
a = 4000, d = 400 n = 11
tn= a+(n-1)d
= 4000 + (11-1)400
= 4000 + 4000
= 8000
In year 2020, 8000 people will be literate.
Ex. (6) In year 2015, Mrs. Shaikh got a job with salary ` 1,80,000 per year. Her
employer agreed to give ` 10,000 per year as increment. Then in how many years
will her annual salary be ` 2,50,000?
Solution :
Year First Year Second Year Third Year ...
(2015) (2016) (2017)
Salary (`) [1,80,000] [1,80,000 + 10,000] ...
a = 1,80,000 d = 10,000 n = ? tn= 2,50,000 `
tn= a+(n-1)d
2,50,000 = 1,80,000 + (n-1) ´ 10,000
(n-1) ´ 10000 = 70,000
(n-1) = 7
n = 8
In the 8th year her annual salary will be ` 2,50,000.
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Practice Set 3.4
1. On 1st Jan 2016, Sanika decides to save ` 10, ` 11 on second day, ` 12 on third
day. If she decides to save like this, then on 31st Dec 2016 what would be her total
saving?
2. A man borrows ` 8000 and agrees to repay with a total interest of ` 1360 in 12
monthly instalments. Each instalment being less than the preceding one by ` 40.
Find the amount of the first and last instalment.
3. Sachin invested in a national saving certificate scheme. In the first year he invested
` 5000, in the second year ` 7000, in the third year ` 9000 and so on. Find the
total amount that he invested in 12 years.
4. There is an auditorium with 27 rows of seats. There are 20 seats in the first row,
22 seats in the second row, 24 seats in the third row and so on. Find the number of
seats in the 15th row and also find how many total seats are there in the
auditorium?
5. Kargil’s temperature was recorded in a week from Monday to Saturday. All
readings were in [Link] sum of temperatures of Monday and Saturday was
5° C more than sum of temperatures of Tuesday and Saturday. If temperature of
Wednesday was -30° celsius then find the temperature on the other five days.
6. On the world environment day tree plantation programme was arranged on a land
which is triangular in shape. Trees are planted such that in the first row there is
one tree, in the second row there are two trees, in the third row three trees and so
on. Find the total number of trees in the 25 rows.
Problem Set - 3
1. Choose the correct alternative answer for each of the following sub questions.
(1) The sequence -10, -6, -2, 2, . . .
(A) is an A.P., Reason d = -16 (B) is an A.P., Reason d = 4
(C) is an A.P., Reason d = -4 (D) is not an A.P.
(2) First four terms of an A.P. are ....., whose first term is -2 and common
difference is -2.
(A) -2, 0, 2, 4 (B) -2, 4, -8, 16
(C) -2, -4, -6, -8 (D) -2, -4, -8, -16
(3) What is the sum of the first 30 natural numbers ?
(A) 464 (B) 465 (C) 462 (D) 461
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(4) For an given A.P. t7 = 4, d = -4 then a = . . .
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 20 (D) 28
(5) For an given A.P. a = 3.5, d = 0, n = 101, then tn = . . .
(A) 0 (B) 3.5 (C) 103.5 (D) 104.5
(6) In an A.P. first two terms are -3, 4 then 21st term is . . .
(A) -143 (B) 143 (C) 137 (D) 17
(7) If for any A.P. d = 5 then t18 - t13 = . . .
(A) 5 (B) 20 (C) 25 (D) 30
(8) Sum of first five multuiples of 3 is. . .
(A) 45 (B) 55 (C) 15 (D) 75
(9) 15, 10, 5, . . . In this A.P. sum of first 10 terms is . . .
(A) -75 (B) -125 (C) 75 (D) 125
(10) In an A.P. 1st term is 1 and the last term is 20. The sum of all terms is = 399
then n = . . .
(A) 42 (B) 38 (C) 21 (D) 19
2. Find the fourth term from the end in an A.P. -11, -8, -5, . . . , 49.
3. In an A.P. the 10th term is 46, sum of the 5th and 7th term is 52. Find the A.P.
4. The A.P. in which 4th term is -15 and 9th term is -30. Find the sum of the first 10
numbers.
5. Two A.P.’s are given 9, 7, 5, . . . and 24, 21, 18, . . . . If nth term of both the
progressions are equal then find the value of n and nth term.
6. If sum of 3rd and 8th terms of an A.P. is 7 and sum of 7th and 14th terms is -3 then
find the 10th term.
7. In an A.P. the first term is -5 and last term is 45. If sum of all numbers in the A.P.
is 120, then how many terms are there? What is the common difference?
8. Sum of 1 to n natural numbers is 36, then find the value of n.
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9. Divide 207 in three parts, such that all parts are in A.P. and product of two smaller
parts will be 4623.
10. There are 37 terms in an A.P., the sum of three terms placed exactly at the middle
is 225 and the sum of last three terms is 429. Write the A.P.
11.ê If first term of an A.P. is a, second term is b and last term is c, then show that sum
of all terms is (a + c)(b + c - 2a) .
2(b - a)
12.ê If the sum of first p terms of an A.P. is equal to the sum of first q terms then show
that the sum of its first (p + q) terms is zero. (p ¹ q)
13.ê If m times the mth term of an A.P. is eqaul to n times nth term then show that the
(m + n)th term of the A.P. is zero.
14. ` 1000 is invested at 10 percent simple interest. Check at the end of every year if
the total interest amount is in A.P. If this is an A.P. then find interest amount after
20 years. For this complete the following activity.
P´ R´ N
Simple interest =
100
1000 ´10 ´1
Simple interest after 1 year = =
100
1000 ´10 ´ 2
Simple interest after 2 year = =
100
´ ´
Simple interest after 3 year = 100 = 300
According to this the simple interest for 4, 5, 6 years will be 400, ,
respectively.
From this d = , and a =
Amount of simple interest after 20 years
tn= a+(n-1)d
t20= +(20-1)
t20=
Amount of simple interest after 20 years is =
rrr
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4 Financial Planning
Let’s study.
· GST - Introduction · GST - Tax Invoice
· GST - Computation and ITC · Shares, Mutual Funds and SIP
Let’s discuss.
Teacher : Dear students, in our country which tax system is in practice for business ?
Ayush : GST system is in practice.
Teacher : Very good ! What do you know about GST ?
Ayan : GST stands for Goods and Service Tax.
Aisha : Yes, the whole country follows the same tax levy system.
Teacher : Correct, before GST every state had variety of taxes levied at different
stages of trading. Observe the picture given below and tell which taxes
existed before GST and are now subsumed in GST ?
Shafik : Taxes that existed before were Excise Duty, Custom Duty, VAT,
Entertainment tax, Central sales tax, Service tax, Octroi etc.
Teacher : All these taxes are subsumed under GST, that is why GST is One nation,
One tax, One market. GST is in effect from 1st of July 2017.
Excise Duty VAT CST
Service Tax Luxury Tax Countervailing Duty
(CVD)
Custom Duty Entertainment Tax
Spectial Additional
Octroi Duty (SAD)
Central Surcharge
and Cess
Goods and Service
Tax (GST)
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Let’s learn.
Tax Invoice
Tax Invoice of goods purchase (Sample)
SUPPLIER : A to Z SWEET MART GSTIN : 27ABCDE1234H1Z5
143, Shivaji Rasta, Mumbai : 400001, Maharashtra.
Mo No. 92636 92111 e-mail - atoz@[Link]
Invoice No. GST/110 Invoice Date: 31-Jul-2017
Name
S. HSN Taxable CGST SGST Total
of Rate Quantity
No. code Amount Rate Tax Rate Tax `
Product
1 210690 Pedhe ` 400 per kg. 500 gm. 200.00 2.5% 5.00 2.5% 5.00 210.00
2 210691 Chocolate ` 80 1Bar 80.00 14% 11.20 14% 11.20 102.40
3 2105 Ice-cream ` 200 1 pack 200.00 9% 18.00 9% 18.00 236.00
per pack (500 gm.)
4 1905 Bread ` 35 1 pack 35.00 0% 0.00 0% 0.00 35.00
5 210690 Butter ` 500 per kg. 250 gm 125.00 6% 7.50 6% 7.50 140.00
Total Rupees 41.70 41.70 723.40
Ved : In the invoice we see some new words, please explain them.
Teacher : CGST and SGST are two components of GST. CGST is Central Goods and
Service Tax which is to be paid to the central government. Whereas SGST
is State Goods and Service Tax which is to be paid to the state government.
Ria : What is in the right most corner with a long queue of numbers and alphabets?
Teacher : It is GSTIN, dealer’s indentification number. (GSTIN- Goods and Service
Tax Identification Number). GSTIN is mandatory for the dealer whose
annual turn over in previous financial year exceeds rupees 20 lacs. You
know that PAN has 10 alpha-numerals, similarly GSTIN has 15 alpha-
numerals. It includes 10 digit PAN of the dealer.
e.g. : 27 A B C D E 1 2 3 4 H 1 Z 5
10 digit PAN of the firm
Note : Here 27 is the state code
1 represents one registration of Maharashtra. From
27, one can understand
Uniform for all (By default)
Check sum digit (confirms the
that a person or a firm is
2 digits for validity of GSTIN when entered registered in Maharashtra.
state code on GST portal)
Jennie : There is a word HSN code in the tax invoice.
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Teacher : All Goods are classified by giving numerical code called HSN code.
It is to be quoted in the tax invoice. Full form of HSN is Harmonized
System of Nomenclature.
Joseph : As usual there is name of the shop, address, state, date, invoice number, mo-
bile number and e-mail ID also in the tax invoice.
Teacher : Now we will see how the GST is charged for each product (Goods) in the bill.
Observe the given bill and fill in the boxes with the appropriate number. Price
of 1 kg of Pedhe is ` 400, therefore cost of 500 gm. of Pedhe is ` 200.
� CGST at the rate of 2.5% is ` and SGST at the rate of % is ` 5.00.
� It means that the rate of GST on Pedhe is 2.5+2.5=5% and hence the total
GST is ` 10.
� The rate of GST on chocolate is % and hence the total GST is
`
� Rate of GST on Ice-cream is %, hence the total cost of ice-cream is
`
� On butter CGST rate is % and SGST rate is also %. So GST rate
on butter is %.
Aditya : Rate of GST on bread is 0 %. The rate of CGST and SGST is same
for each product.
Ninad : Rates of GST are different for diferent products such as 0%, 5%, 12%,
18% and 28%.
Teacher : These rates are fixed and prescribed by the government.
Now let us observe the tax invoice of services provided. Fill in the
blanks with the help of given information.
Tax invoice of services provided (Sample)
Food Junction, Khed-Shivapur, Pune Invoice No. 58
Mo. No. 7588580000 email - [Link]@[Link]
GSTIN : 27 AAAAA5555B1ZA Invoice Date 25-Dec-2017
SAC Food items Qty Rate Taxable CGST SGST
amount
(in ` )
9961 Coffee 1 20 20.00 2.5% . . . 2.5% . . .
9963 Masala Tea 1 10 10.00 .... ... 2.5% . . .
9962 Masala Dosa 2 60 ... . 2.5% . . . ... ...
Total . . . ... ... ...
Grand Total = ` --------
Teacher : Compare both, Goods and Service Tax invoices and find the difference
in codes.
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Patrick : In the tax invoice for Goods, there is HSN code while in service
invoice there is SAC.
Teacher : Services are also classified and special code numbers are given. These
are called SAC or Service Accounting Code.
Sr. Rate of
Types Goods and services items list
No. GST
I Zero Goods - Essential Commodities like food grains, fruits,
rated 0% vegetables, milk, salt, earthen pots etc.
Services - Charitable trust activities, transport of water,
use of roads and bridges, public library, agriculture
related services, Education and Health care services etc.
II Low Goods- Commonly used items- LPG cylinder, Tea, cof-
rated 5% fee, oil, Honey, Frozen vegetables, spices, sweets etc.
Services - Railway transport services, bus transport
services, taxi services, Air transport (economy class),
Hotels providing food and beverages etc.
III Stand- Goods- Consumer goods : Butter, Ghee, Dry fruits,
ard 12% Jam, Jelly, Sauces, Pickles. Mobile phone etc.
rated Services - Printing job work, Guest house, Services
(I slab) related to construction business.
IV Stand- 18% Goods - Marble, Granite, Perfumes, Metal items,
ard (Most Computer, Printer, Monitor, CCTV etc.
rated of the
Services - Courier services, Outdoor catering, Circus,
(II slab) Goods and
services Drama, Cinema, Exhibitions, Currency exchange,
are Broker Services in share trading etc.
included)
V Highly Goods - Luxury items, Motor Cycles and spare parts,
rated 28% Luxury cars, Pan-masala, Vacuum cleaner, Dish
washer, AC, Washing machine, Fridge, Tobacco
products, Aerated water etc.
Services - Five star Hotel accommodation Amusement
parks, Water parks, Theme parks, Casino, Race course,
IPL games, Air transport (business class) etc.
Reference : [Link] (Central Board of Excise & Customs)
Besides these rates, find on which goods are the GST rates levied between 0 and 5 ?
Note : - The rates and types of GST are as prescribed by the
government at the time of writing this chapter. GST rates are subject
to change. Electricity, petrol, diesel etc are not under purview of GST.
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Activity I : Make a list of ten things you need in your daily life. Find the GST
rates with the help of GST rate chart given here, News papers or books, internet,
or the bills of purchases. Verify these rates with the list prepared by your friends.
Goods Rate of GST Goods Rate of GST
1. Sketch book ----- 6. - - - -- -----
2. Compass-box ----- 7.- - - - - -----
3. - - - - - ----- 8. - - - - - -----
4. - - - - - ----- 9. - - - - - -----
5. - - - - - ----- 10. - - - - - -----
Activity II : Make a list of ten services and their GST rates as per actvity
I. (e.g. Railway and ST bus booking services etc.) You can also collect
service bills and complete the given information
Services Rate of GST Services Rate of GST
[Link] booking ----- 6. - - - -- -----
[Link] Services ----- 7.- - - - - -----
3.- - - -- ----- 8. - - - - - -----
4.- - - - - ----- 9. - - - - - -----
5.- - - - - ----- 10. - - - - - -----
Activity III : Complete the given table by writing remaining SAC and HSN
codes with rates and add some more items in the list.
Services SAC GST rate Goods HSN GST rate
Railway transport 996511 -- Dulux paint 3208 28%
services
Airways services 996411 -- Ball bearing 84821011 28%
(economy)
Currency exchange 997157 -- Speedometer 8714 28%
services
Brokerage services 997152 -- Potatoes 0701 0%
Taxi services 996423 -- -- -- --
Five-star Hotel services 9963 -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- --
Activity IV : Prepare a chart of Goods and Services as in activity III with
codes and GST rates. Stick or draw the pictures of Goods and services to
enhance your activity.
Note : Rates on goods and services, SAC and HSN codes are only for
information, no need to remember them.
Project : Collect various Goods and Service tax invoices. Study these invoices
with reference to GST and discuss with your classmates.
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ÒÒÒ Solved Examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) Arati Gas Agency supplied LPG cylinder to the consumer for taxable
value of ` 545. GST charged is 5%. What is the amount of CGST and
SGST in the tax invoice ? What is the total amount paid by the consumer ?
Find the amount of GST to be paid by Arati Gas Agency.
Solution : Rate of GST = 5% \ Rate of CGST 2.5%, and Rate of SGST = 2.5%.
2.5
CGST = ´ 545 = 13.625 = ` 13.63
100
\ SGST = CGST = ` 13.63
Amount paid by the consumer = Taxable value + CGST + SGST
= 545 + 13.63 + 13.63
= 572.26
Arati Gas Agency has to pay CGST = ` 13.63. and SGST = ` 13.63
\ Total GST to be paid = 13.63 ´ 2 = ` 27.26.
Ex. (2) Courier service agent charged total ` 590 to courier a parcel from Na-
shik to Nagpur. In the tax invoice taxable value is ` 500 on which CGST
is ` 45 and SGST is ` 45. Find the rate of GST charged for this service.
Solution : Total GST = CGST + SGST = 45 + 45 = ` 90.
90
Rate of GST =
500
´ 100 = 18%
\ Rate of GST charged by agent is 18%.
Ex. (3) Shreekar bought a Laptop with 10% discount on printed price. The
printed price of that Laptop was ` 50,000. 18% GST was charged on dis-
counted price. Find the amount of CGST and SGST. What amount did
Shreekar pay ?
Solution : Discount = 10% of 50,000 = ` 5,000
\ Taxable value of Laptop = 50,000 - 5,000 = ` 45,000.
\ Rate of GST = 18% (Given) \ Rate of CGST = 9%
9
\ CGST = 9% of 45,000 = 100
´ 45000 = ` 4050.
\ SGST = ` 4050.
\ Amount paid = 45000 + 4050 + 4050 = ` 53,100.
Ans. Shreekar paid ` 53,100 for the Laptop.
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Note : Value of Goods on which GST is levied is called taxable value. Total
value or Invoice value is the value with GST. If not mentioned take the
selling prices as taxable price. Remember that in tax invoice CGST amount
is always equal to SGST amount.
Practice Set 4.1
1. ‘Pawan Medical’ supplies medicines. On some medicines the rate of GST
is 12%, then what is the rate of CGST and SGST?
2. On certain article if rate of CGST is 9% then what is the rate of SGST?
and what is the rate of GST?
3. ‘M/s. Real Paint’ sold 2 tins of lustre paint and taxable value of each tin
is ` 2800. If the rate of GST is 28%, then find the amount of CGST and
SGST charged in the tax invoice.
4. The taxable value of a wrist watch belt is `586. Rate of GST is 18%.
Then what is price of the belt for the customer ?
5. The total value (with GST) of a remote-controlled toy car is ` 1770. Rate
of GST is 18% on toys. Find the taxable value, CGST and SGST for this
toy-car.
6. ‘Tiptop Electronics’ supplied an AC of 1.5 ton to a company. Cost of the AC
supplied is `51,200 (with GST). Rate of CGST on AC is 14%. Then find
the following amounts as shown in the tax invoice of Tiptop Electronics.
(1) Rate of SGST (2) Rate of GST on AC (3) Taxable value of AC
(4) Total amount of GST (5) Amount of CGST (6) Amount of SGST
7. Prasad purchased a washing-machine from 'Maharashtra Electronic Goods'.
The discount of 5% was given on the printed price of `40,000. Rate of
GST charged was 28%. Find the purchase price of washing machine. Also
find the amount of CGST and SGST shown in the tax invoice.
Let’s learn.
GST in trading chain
Wholesaler
Manufacturer or Retailer Consumer
Distributor
Trading Chain (within state)
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Let's learn through an example how GST is charged and paid to the
government at every stage of trading.
Illustration : Suppose manufacturer of a watch has sold one watch for
`200. (including profit) to the wholsaler. Wholesaler sold that watch for
`300 to the retailer. Retailer sold it to the customer for ` 400. Rate of
GST charged at every stage is 12%. Then how each trader pays GST and
takes his input tax credit (ITC) at every stage of transaction is shown in
the following flow-chart. Observe and study it.
Explanation :
Here three financial transactions took place till the watch from manufacturer
reaches to the customer. How the taxes are charged, collected and paid to
the central government and state government at each stage is shown below.
The statement of taxes paid is given in the table thereafter.
CGST SGST
24 24
Total GST = 48
Ù Ù Ù
24 48-36=12
Ù
GST paid 36-24=12
Ù
id
Ù
pa
T
GS
12% of 200 12% of 300 12% of 400
24 36 48
Ù
Ù Ù
Ù
GST GST
Ù
GST
Ù
Ù
` 200 ` 300 ` 400
Ù
Ù
Manufacturer I Wholesaler II Retailer III Customer
Ù
Ù
watch watch watch
Here all the three financial transactions took place in one state. Therefore
three tax invoices were generated as follows. Each tax invoice shows the brief
computation of GST.
GST in Tax Invoice I GST in Tax Invoice II GST in Tax Invoice III
Price of watch = ` 200 Price of watch = ` 300 Price of watch = ` 400
CGST 6% = ` 12 CGST 6% = ` 18 CGST 6% = ` 24
SGST 6% = ` 12 SGST 6% = ` 18 SGST 6% = ` 24
Total = ` 224 Total = ` 336 Total = ` 448
Tax invoice of manufacturer Tax invoice of wholesaler Tax invoice of relailer
B2B B2B B2C
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Let’s remember!
• Trading between GSTIN holders is known as Business to Business, in short
B2B. Trading between GSTIN holder and consumer is known as Business to
Consumer, in short B2C. This is the last link in the trading chain.
Bifurcation of taxes paid to the government by the traders at each stage.
CGST SGST Total GST paid
� By the manufacturer ` 12 + ` 12 = ` 24
� By the wholesaler ` 6 + ` 6 = ` 12
� By the retailer ` 6 + ` 6 = ` 12
` 24 + ` 24 = ` 48
Note : Observe that at every stage, a trader has paid GST after subtracting
the tax he paid at the time of purchase from the tax he collected at the time
of sale.
At the end the customer paid ` 448 for the watch. So the total tax
paid by the traders was indirectly paid by the customer. So GST is a type of
indirect tax. In this case, the wholesaler and retailer used their input tax as
credit and got back all the GST paid by them.
What is Input Tax Credit ? (ITC)
GST is levied and collected at every stage of trading from manufacturer to
consumer. When trader pays GST at the time of purchase, it is called 'Input
tax' and he collects GST at the time of sale which is called 'Output tax'.
At the time of paying GST to the government a trader deducts the input tax
from the output tax and pays the remaining tax. This deduction of input tax
is called Input Tax Credit.
GST payable = Output tax - ITC
In short, while paying taxes to the government each trader in the trading chain
subtracts the tax paid at the time of purchase from the tax collected at the time
of sale and pays the remaining tax.
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ÒÒÒ Solved ExamplesÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) Mr. Rohit is a retailer. He paid GST of ` 6500 at the time of purchase. He
collected GST of ` 8000 at the time of sale. (i) Find his input tax and out put tax.
(ii) What is his Input tax credit ? (iii) Find his payable GST. (iv) Hence find the
payable CGST and payable SGST.
Solution : Mr. Rohit's payable GST means, GST to be paid to the government by
Mr. Rohit.
(i) Output tax (tax collected at the time of sale) = ` 8000.
(ii) Input tax (tax paid at the time of purchase) = ` 6500
\ ITC = ` 6500.
(iii) GST payable = Output tax - ITC
= ` 8000 - ` 6500 = `1500
1500
(iv) \ payable CGST = = ` 750 and payable SGST = ` 750.
2
Ex. (2) M/s. Jay Chemicals purchased a liquid soap having taxable value ` 8000 and
sold it to the consumers for the taxable value ` 10,000. Rate of GST is 18%. Find
the CGST and SGST payable by M/s. Jay Chemicals.
Solution :
Input Tax = 18% of 8000
18
= ´ 8000 = ` 1440.
100
Output Tax = 18% of 10,000
18
= ´ 10000 = ` 1800
100
\ GST payable = Output tax - ITC
= 1800 - 1440
= ` 360
\ payable CGST = ` 180 and payable SGST = ` 180 by M/s. Jay Chemicals
Ex. (3) M/s. Jay Chemicals purchased a liquid soap for ` 8000 (with GST) and sold it
to the consumers for ` 10,000 (with GST). Rate of GST is 18%. Find the amount
of CGST and SGST to be paid by Jay Chemicals
Solution : Note that here the prices are including GST.
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Total value (value with GST) = Taxable value + GST
If the taxable value of liquid soap is ` 100, then the total value is ` 118.
Total value
The ratio of is constant as the rate of GST is same.
Taxable Value
i) For total value of ` 118, the taxable value is ` 100 and for total value of ` 8000,
let the taxable value be ` x .
x 100
\ 8000 = 118
8000
\ x=
118
´ 100 = ` 6779.66
\ GST paid at the time of purchase = 8000 - 6779.66
Input tax = ` 1220.34 \ ITC = ` 1220.34 . . . . . (I)
ii) For total value of ` 10,000 let the taxable value be ` y.
y 100
\ = 118
10000
10, 00, 000
\ y= 118
= ` 8474.58 .
\ Output tax (tax collected) = 10000.00 - 8474.58
= `1525.42. . . . . (II)
\ GST payable = Output tax - Input tax = 1525.42 - 1220.34
= ` 305.08.
\ payable CGST = payable SGST = 305.08 ¸ 2 = `152.54
Ans. : Jay Chemicals has to pay ` 152.54 CGST and `152.54 SGST.
Note : Observe Ex. 2 and Ex. 3 carefully. Both the types of 'Tax Invoices' are
commonly used. While purchasing goods, ask the shopkeeper whether the printed
price includes GST.
ICT Tools or Links.
Note : A trader (tax payer) has to pay the GST within the prescribed
time limit. He has to submit and file the GST returns as per the rules.
All these can be done online. You can learn more about GST returns
on [Link]. (GST offline utility is also available to prepare
returns)
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Ex. (4) Suppose a manufacturer sold a cycle for a taxable value of ` 4000 to the
wholesaler. Wholesaler sold it to the retailer for ` 4800 (taxable value).
Retailer sold it to a customer for ` 5200 (taxable value). Rate of GST is 12%.
Complete the following activity to find the payable CGST and SGST at each
stage of trading.
Solution : Trading chain
`4000 `4800 `5200
12% 12% 12%
...
Output tax of manufacturer = 12% of 4000 = . . . ´ . . . =
GST payable by manufacturer = `480
Output tax of wholesaler = 12% of 4800 = ` 576
\ GST payable by wholesaler = Output tax - Input tax
= 576 - 480
= ` 96
Output tax of retailer = 12% of 5200 =
\ GST payable by Retailer = Output tax of retailer - ITC of retailer
= -
=
Statement of GST payable at each stage of trading
Individual GST payable CGST payable SGST payable
Manufacturer ` 480 ` 240 `
Wholesaler ` 96 ` `
Retailer ` ` `
Total ` ` `
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Let’s think.
Suppose in the month of July the output tax of a trader is equal to the input
tax, then what is his payable GST?
Suppose in the month of July output tax of a trader is less than the input
tax then how to compute his GST?
Practice Set 4.2
1. 'Chetana Store' paid total GST of ` 1,00,500 at the time of purchase and collected
GST ` 1,22,500 at the time of sale during 1st of July 2017 to 31st July 2017. Find
the GST payable by Chetana Stores.
2. Nazama is a proprietor of a firm, registered under GST. She has paid GST of `
12,500 on purchase and collected ` 14,750 on sale. What is the amount of ITC to
be claimed ? What is the amount of GST payable ?
3. Amir Enterprise purchased chocolate sauce bottles and paid GST of ` 3800. He sold
those bottles to Akbari Bros. and collected GST of ` 4100. Mayank Food Corner
purchased these bottles from Akabari Bros and paid GST of ` 4500. Find the amount
of GST payable at every stage of trading and hence find payable CGST and SGST.
4. Malik Gas Agency (Chandigarh Union Territory) purchased some gas cylinders
for industrial use for ` 24,500, and sold them to the local customers for ` 26,500.
Find the GST to be paid at the rate of 5% and hence the CGST and UTGST to be
paid for this transaction. (for Union Territories there is UTGST instead of SGST.)
5. M/s Beauty Products paid 18% GST on cosmetics worth ` 6000 and sold to a
customer for ` 10,000. What are the amounts of CGST and SGST shown in the
tax invoice issued ?
6. Prepare Business to Consumer (B2C) tax invoice using given information. Write the
name of the supplier, address, state, Date, invoice number, GSTIN etc. as per your
choice. Supplier : M/s - - -- - Address- - - - - State - - - - - Date - - - - - - -
Invoice No. - - - - - GSTIN - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Particulars - Rate of Mobile Battery - ` 200 Rate of GST 12% HSN 8507, 1 pc.
Rate of Headphone - ` 750 Rate of GST 18% HSN 8518, 1 pc.
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(7) Prepare Business to Business (B2B) Tax Invoice as per the details given below.
name of the supplier, address, Date etc. as per your choice.
Supplier - Name, Address, State, GSTIN, Invoice No., Date
Recipient - Name, Address, State, GSTIN,
Items : (1) Pencil boxes 100, HSN - 3924, Rate - `20, GST 12%
(2) Jigsaw Puzzles 50, HSN 9503, Rate - `100 GST 12%.
For More Information
Composition Scheme
The person whose annual turn over in the previous financial year is less than 1.5
crore can opt for composition scheme under GST rules. GST rates applicable to
composition dealers are as follows.
GST rates for composition Scheme
Sr. Supplier GST rate (CGST + SGST)
No.
1. Restaurants 5% 2.5% + 2.5%
2. Manufacturers & traders 1% 0.5% + 0.5%
Some rules for composition dealers
• Composition dealers cannot collect tax from the customers, hence they can
not issue tax invoice. They have to give ‘bill of supply’.
• Composition dealers should file the return quarterly (i.e. every 3 months.)
• Composition dealers cannot sell goods outside the state (Inter-state sale is not
allowed) But they can purchase goods from other states.
• Composition dealers cannot avail the benefits of ITC.
• On the signboard of the shop, he should mention ‘Composition taxable person’.
• On the Bill of supply it is mandatory to print ‘Composition taxable person not
eligible to collect tax on supplies’ in bold letters.
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Features of GST
· Many Indirect Taxes are subsumed under GST.
· No dispute between Goods and Services.
· Statewise Registration for traders.
· GSTIN holder needs to keep all the records and should pay GST in time.
· Transparency in transactions.
· This tax system is simple and easy to understand .
· Removal of cascading effect of taxes hence the prices are controlled
· Increase in Quality of Goods and Services as they are globally competetive.
· Boost to ‘Make in India’ project.
· Technology driven tax system leads to speedy decisions.
· Goods and Service Tax system is a Dual model, as equal amount of tax is levied
by Central and State governments.
Types of taxes under GST 1. CGST-SGST (UTGST):
Tax levied for trading
within state (Intra state).
ory
2. Composition Scheme : For
- Union Territ
UTGST
Co che SGS
those GSTIN holders whose
GST
mp
CG
S
annual turnover is between
osi e
ST
ST
- S SGST
20 lacs to 1.5 crore. They
tio
m
eG
+
tat
pay CGST and SGST with
T
special rates.
- I IG ST
nte ST CG l GST 3. IGST : Tax levied by central
rS a
tat C entr government for Inter state
e -
trading.
3 2 1
GST
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For More Information
IGST- Integrated GST (for Inter state trade)
When trading of goods and services takes place between two or more states, the
GST is levied only by the Central Government, and it is termed as IGST, hence
the total amount is paid to the Central Government.
Suppose if a trader buys goods from another state and sells them in his state, then
let us see how he can avail of the ITC, which he has paid as IGST at the time of
purchase.
For example : Trader 'M' (of Maharashtra) purchased scooter parts for ` 20,000
from trader 'P' (of Punjab) and paid tax of ` 5600 as IGST (GST rate 28%) to
the trader 'P'.
Trader 'M' sold these parts to local consumers for ` 25,000 and collected ` 7000
GST at the rate of 28%, bifurcated as CGST ` 3500 + SGST ` 3500
At the time of paying taxes to the Government, see, how to take ITC of
` 5600.
Note : For taking credit of IGST first preference to be given to pay the liability of
IGST then CGST and remaining amount can be utilised to pay SGST. Here there is
no IGST during the sale for trader 'M', so first the credit is used for CGST and then
for SGST.
CGST payable = 3500 - 3500 = 0 `
So out of ` 5600 credit of ` 3500 is utilised for CGST and the remaining amount
5600 - 3500 = 2100 is the credit available for SGST
\ SGST payable = 3500 - 2100 = 1400 `
Trader ‘M’ has to pay ` 1400 as SGST.
Note that, trader ‘M’ got full credit of ` 5600. (so that ITC is completely utilised)
Rule for availing ITC
ITC paid at the time of purchase Tax collected (output liabilities)
utilised for IGST
` (0)
Firstly
Secondly (` 3500)
While taking credit of IGST utilised for CGST
At the e
nd (` 21
(` 5600) 00) utilised for SGST
Hence payable SGST is ` 1400
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Let’s recall.
In the previous class we have learnt the importance of savings and investments,
which you might have started practising whenever possible. We develop good habits
to maintain physical health, in the same way we should develop a habit of saving
and investing regularly to maintain financial health. There are many different ways
of investments. So deep study and experience both are essential.
Let’s discuss.
Shweta is working in a company. From this month her salary increased by 5%
and in the next month she will
Mutual Funds W a
Shares
also get bonus. She is thinking y
Debentures s Inssurance
of investing this increment. Her
of
friend Neha is working in the I
Bonds n Provident Fund
office of a financial advisor, v
e
so she can advise Shweta in s
Fixed Deposit t Immovable Property
this matter. Neha told, ‘It is m
e
important to have diversification n
Recurring Deposit t Jewellary
in one’s investments. e.g. you s
should think of investing in
Piggy bank
life insurance, health insurance, Savings
owning a house, FD's and
recurring account in the bank
etc...’ Shweta said, ‘I have
insurance and FD in the bank. Even Provident Fund is deducted regularly from
my salary. What are the other ways?’ Neha answered, ‘‘Investing in shares, Mutual
Funds (MF), Debentures, Bonds etc is more popular these days. Inclination of people
towards SIP is also increasing. Well I think, you are getting salary increment every
month, so Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) is suitable for you.’’
We hear such dialogues every now and then. So we all must have the current
information beneficial for all as it says ‘ब�जन िहताय, ब�जन सुखाय’.
In this chapter we shall learn about shares, mutual funds and SIP before
actually investing in them.
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Let’s learn.
Shares
To own a shop is proprietorship. When two or more individuals coming together
to carry out a business is a partnership, which requires small capital. To establish
a company, desiring persons come together and form a company. Company is to
be registered under the Indian Companies' Act, 1956. Persons who form a company
are called Promoters and the company is called Limited Company.
Amount required to start a company is called Capital. This capital is divided into
small equal parts, each part is of `1, `2, `5, `10 or .100 etc. This small part is
called share of the company. These shares are sold in the sharemarket to raise the
capital.
Share : A share is the smallest unit of the capital. The value of a share is printed
on the company's certificate with other details and it is called a share certificate.
Share Holder : A person who owns the share is called a share holder. The
shareholder is a part owner of the company in the proportion of number of shares
he/she holds.
Stock Exchange : It is a place where buying and selling of shares take place. It
is also known as share market or stock market, equity market or capital market.
Companies should be listed in the stock market for trading.
Face Value (FV) : The value printed on the share certificate is called the
Face value of the share. It is also called Nominal value or Printed value or
par value.
Market Value (MV) : The price at which the shares are sold or purchased in
the stock market is called Market value (MV) of the share.
In the live sharemarket the Market Value changes frequently.
If the company's performance is better than expected, then those shares
are in demand. The number of shares is fixed, therefore share supply could not
be increased and hence the share price increases. If the company is not doing
well, the share price falls. [Increase in price is shown by (green triangle
upward), and decrease in price is shown by (Red triangle downward).]
This is the reason for increase or decrease in SENSEX and NIFTY index.
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Dividend : The part of annual profit of a company which is distributed per
share among shareholders is called dividend. If the company is performing
well then the value of share capital increases hence the price of the share goes
up. As a result company gives good devidend. For the sharehlders the devidend
income is taxfree.
Let’s remember!
Whatever may be the market value, the dividend is always reckoned on
the Face Value of a share.
For more Information :
There are two main stock exchanges, of India, BSE (Bombay Stock
Exchange) and NSE (National Stock Exchange). BSE is the oldest in
Asia while NSE is the India's largest stock Exchange.
There are two share indices namely - SENSEX and NIFTY which reflect
the overall market sentiments. SENSEX is SENSitive + indEX. Which was
introduced by BSE on 1-1-1986. SENSEX is detemined from 30 stocks.
They are the stocks of well established and financially sound companies
from the main sectors.
NIFTY as the name suggests is made up of two words that is NSE
and FIFTY which was introduced by NSE. It depends on India's topmost
outperforming 50 companies.
ICT Tools or Links.
Visit the website of SEBI. Also get information of share market from TV
channels, BSE, NSE websites or watch videos on internet. There you can
see two strips continuously flashing advances and declines in the market
value of shares. Generally the upper strip shows BSE shares while lower
strip shows NSE shares. Also find out what is the book value of shares
from the available resources.
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Comparison of FV and MV
(1) If MV > FV then the share is at premium.
(2) If MV = FV then the share is at par.
(3) If MV < FV then the share is at discount.
For example : (1) suppose FV = ` 10, MV = ` 15 and 15 - 10 = ` 5
\ The share is at premium of ` 5, as MV > FV
(2) suppose FV = ` 10, MV = ` 10 and 10 - 10 = 0
\ The share is at par. As MV = FV
(3) suppose FV = ` 10, MV = ` 7 and 10 - 7 = 3
\ The share is at discount. As MV < FV.
Sum Invested : Total amount required to purchase the shares is sum invested.
Sum invested = Number of shares ´ MV
Ex. (1) If 50 shares of FV ` 100 each are purchased for MV ` 120. Find the sum
invested.
Solution : Sum invested = number of shares ´ MV
= 50 ´ 120 = ` 6000
Ex. (2) If you want to purchase 50 shares of MV ` 50 each. What is the total
amount to be paid ?
Solution : Sum invested = Number of shares ´ MV = 50 ´ 50 = ` 2500
Rate of Return - RoR
When we invest in shares, it is important to know the return on investment.
Observe the following example.
Ex. (1) Shriyash purchased a share of FV ` 100 for MV of ` 120. Company
declared 15% dividend on the share. Find the rate of return.
Solution : FV = ` 100, MV = ` 120 D = Dividend = 15% per share.
Remember here, that on investment of ` 120 Shriyash got ` 15.
Let the rate of return be x %
15 100 25 If 120 : 15
\ 15
=
x
\ x = = 12.5% then 100 : x
120 100 120 2
Ans. The rate of return for Shriyash is 12.5%.
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Ex. (2) FV = ` 100, premium = ` 65 then MV = ?
Solution : MV = FV + Premium = 100 + 65 = ` 165.
Market value is ` 165 per share.
Ex. (3) Complete the following table using given information.
[Link]. FV Share is at MV
(i) ` 10 Premium of ` 7
(ii) ` 25 ` 16
(iii) at par `5
Solution : (i) MV = 10 + 7 = ` 17 (ii) at discount of 25 - 16 = ` 9 (iii) FV = ` 5.
Ex. (4) Neel has invested in shares as follows. Find his total investment.
Company A : 350 shares, FV = ` 10, premium = ` 7
Company B : 2750 shares, FV = ` 5, Discount = ` 1.
Company C : 50 shares, FV = ` 100, MV = ` 150.
Solution : Company A : Premium = ` 7 MV = FV + Premium
= 10 + 7 = ` 17.
\ Investment in company A = Number of shares ´ MV
= 350 ´ 17 = ` 5950.
Company B : FV = ` 5, MV = ` 4.
\ Investment in company B = Number of shares ´ MV
= 2750 ´ 4 = ` 11,000.
Company C : FV = ` 100, MV = ` 150.
\ Investment in company C = Number of shares ´ MV
= 50 ´ 150 = ` 7500.
Ans. Neel has invested 5950 + 11000 + 7500 = ` 24,450.
Ex. (5) Smita has invested ` 12,000 and purchased shares of FV ` 10 at a
premium of ` 2. Find the number of shares she purchased. complete the
given activity to get the answer.
Solution : FV = ` 10, Premium = ` 2,.
\ MV = FV +
= + =
Total investment 12000
\ Number of shares = = = shares
MV
Ans : Smita has purchased shares.
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Ex. (6) If 50 shares of FV `10 were purchased for MV of `25. Company
declared 30% dividend on the shares then find (1) Sum investment (2)
Dividend received (3) Rate of return.
Solution : FV = `10, MV = `25, Number of shares = 50.
(1) \ Sum investment = 25 ´ 50 = `1250.
30
(2) Dividend per share = 10 ´ 100
= `3
\ Total dividend received = 50 ´ 3 = ` 150.
Dividend income
(3) Rate of return = Sum invested ´ 100
150
= 1250 ´ 100 = 12%
Ans : (1) Sum invested is ` 1250 (2) Dividend received is ` 150
(3) Rate of return is 12%.
Practice Set 4.3
(1) Complete the following table by writting suitable numbers and words.
[Link] FV Share is at MV
(1) ` 100 par ...
(2) ... premium ` 500 ` 575
(3) ` 10 ... `5
(2) [Link] purchased 50 shares of Face Value ` 100 when the Market value
of the share was ` 80. Company had given 20% dividend. Find the rate
of return on investment.
(3) Joseph purchased following shares, Find his total investment.
Company A : 200 shares, FV = ` 2 Premium = ` 18.
Company B : 45 shares, MV = ` 500
Company C : 1 share, MV = ` 10,540.
(4) Smt. Deshpande purchased shares of FV ` 5 at a premium of ` 20. How
many shares will she get for ` 20,000 ?
(5) Shri Shantilal has purchased 150 shares of FV ` 100, for MV of ` 120.
Company has paid dividend at 7%. Find the rate of return on his
investment.
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(6) If the face value of both the shares is same, then which investment out
of the following is more profitable ?
Company A : dividend 16%, MV = ` 80, Company B : dividend 20%, MV = ` 120.
ICT Tools or Links.
Select any five shares of your choice, find their Face Values and Market
Values using internet or TV or news papers. Draw the joint bar diagram
and compare the difference in FV and MV of each share. Take both the
types , of shares.
Let’s learn.
Brokerage and taxes on share trading
Brokerage : We directly can't go to the stock market and buy or sell
shares, only the registered members or organization (agency) of the stock
market can buy or sell on our behalf. These members are called 'Share
Brokers'. For catering the service of buying and selling of shares they charge
some amount which is called ‘Brokerage’ Brokerage is paid on the Market
value of the share.
Ex. (1) Suppose if the face value of the share is ` 100 and market value is
` 150. Let the rate of brokerage be 0.5%. What amount should one pay for
purchasing 100 such shares ? What amount should one receive after selling
100 such shares ?
Situation (I) At the time of buying shares:
Buying price of 1 share = MV + Brokerage
= 150 + 0.5% of 150
= 150 + 0.75
= ` 150.75
If someone purchases 100 such shares the total cost is 100 ´ 150.75 = ` 15075.
Here ` 15000 is the share price and ` 75 is the brokerage paid.
Situation (II) At the time of selling shares.
Selling price per share = MV - Brokerage
= 150 - 5% of 150 = 150 - 0.75
= ` 149.25.
If someone sells 100 such shares, he will get,
100 ´ 150 - ` 75 = ` 14925 after selling 100 such shares.
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Let’s remember!
· Brokerage is always calculated on Market value of shares.
· In the contract note of sale-purchase of shares, price of one share is
shown with brokerage and taxes.
Project I : Visit the office of a share broker or agency in your area.
Collect the information of brokerage charges, other charges and facilities
given to the investors and compare.
Project II : Obtain a statement of ‘Demat Account’ and ‘Trading Account’.
Consult a share broker or elders in the house or use internet. Try to learn
all the terms in the statement. Discuss with your friends in the class.
For more information :
Every broker is registered and governed by SEBI (Securities and Exchange
Board of India) Act 1992.
For keeping records of shares, bonds, mutual funds one must have
Demat account (Dematerialised Account). For sale and purchase of shares,
a trading account is a must. These accounts can be opened with banks or
share brokers. They are known as DP-Depository Participants. These DPs are
under the control of two main depositories namely NSDL and CDSL. Demat
account is same as bank saving account where shares bought are credited
and shares sold are debited just like bank pass book. The statement of
holding is given to the account holder with nominal charges when requested.
The shares held in Demat A/c are in electronic form. Saving account is to
be linked with these two accounts so that the money can be transfered as
and when required. In the same way money gets credited when shares are
sold. For opening these accounts share broker or bank representative gives
guidance.
Let’s learn.
GST on Brokerage Services
Share brokers provide services for purchase and sale of shares for their
clients. These services are charged under GST. Rate of GST is 18% on brokerage.
You can find the SAC for brokerage services.
Note :- For the safety of the investors, there are other nominal charges besides
GST on brokerage. These are Security Transaction Tax (STT), SEBI charge,
stamp duty etc. Here we will only consider GST on brokerage.
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Ex. (2) As per Ex. (1) suppose a person has paid ` 15,075 for buying 100
shares. In that ` 75 is the brokerage. So the buyer has to pay 18% GST
on ` 75. Let us find the amount of GST he paid to the broker and prepare
the contract note.
18
Solution : GST = 18% of 75 = 100 ´ 75 = `13.50.
For the above share trading the contract note is as follows. (B means Buy)
No. of MV Total price brokerage CGST 9% on SGST 9% on Total value.
0.5% brokerage brokerage
shares
100 (B) 150 ` 15000 ` 75 ` 6.75 ` 6.75 ` 15088.50
Ex. (3) Bashirkhan purchased 100 shares of MV ` 40. Brokerage paid at the
rate of 0.5% and rate of GST on brokerage is 18%. Find the total amount
he paid for the share purchase.
Solution : Value of 100 shares = 40 ´ 100 = ` 4000.
0.5
Brokerage per share = 100 ´ 40 = ` 0.20.
\ Cost of one share = MV + Brokerage
= 40 + 0.20 = ` 40.20.
\ Cost of 100 shares = 40.20 ´ 100 = ` 4020
\ Brokerage on 100 share = 0.20 ´ 100 = ` 20
18
\ GST = 100 ´ 20
= ` 3.60.
Ans. : Bashirkhan paid ` 4020 + ` 3.60 = ` 4023.60 for 100 shares.
Ex. (4) Pankajrao invested ` 1,25,295 in shares of FV ` 10 when MV is `
125. Rate of brokerage is 0.2% and GST is 18%. Then find (1) How many
shares were purchased. (2) the amount of brokerage paid and (3) GST paid for
the trading.
Solution : Sum invested = ` 1,25,250, brokerage = 0.2%, GST rate = 18%
0.2
\ Brokerage per share = 125 ´ 100 = ` 0.25.
GST per share on brokerage = 18% of 0.25 = ` 0.045
\ Cost of 1 share = MV + Brokerage + GST
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= 125 + 0.25 + 0.045 = ` 125.295.
125250
\ No. of shares = = 1000
125.25
Total brokerage = brokerage per share ´ No. of shares
\ Total brokerage = 0.25 ´ 1000 = ` 250.
Total GST =1000 ´ 0.045 = ` 45.
Ans. (1) 1000 shares were purchased.
(2) Brokerage paid was ` 250.
(3) GST paid was ` 45.
Ex. (5) Nalinitai invested ` 6024 in the shares of FV ` 10 when the Market
Value was ` 60. She sold all the shares at MV of ` 50 after taking 60%
dividend. She paid 0.4% brokerage at each stage of transactions. What was
the total gain or loss in this transaction ?
Solution : Rate of GST is not given in the example, so it is not considered.
Shares Purchased : FV = ` 10, MV = ` 60
0.4
Brokerage per share = 100 ´ 60 = `
\ Cost of one share = 60 + 0.24 = `
6024
\ Number of shares = 60.24 = 100
Shares sold : FV ` 10, MV = ` 50
0.4
\ Brokerage per share = 100
´ 50 = ` 0.20
\ Selling price per share = 50 - 0.20 = `
\ Selling price of 100 shares = 100 ´ 49.80 = `
Dividend received 60%
60
\ Dividend per share = 100 ´ 10 = ` 6
\ Dividend on 100shares = 6 ´ 100 = `
\ Nalinitai's income = + = ` 5580
Sum invested = ` 6024
\ Loss = - = `
Ans. Nalinitai's loss is ` 444
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Activity : In example (5) if GST was paid at 18% on brokerage, then the loss
is ` 451.92. Verify whether you get the same answer.
Let’s learn.
Mutual Fund - MF
We have learnt that a group of persons come together to form a company. They
raise capital from the society by issuing shares. If company performs well, then
the investors of the company get benefits in terms of dividend, bonus shares and
increase in the market value gives more profit on investments. Company's market
capitalization rises. All this totality helps for the progress of the country. In short,
principle of sociology 'together we can progress' works here. But every coin has two
sides. sometimes it might happen that instead of profit an investor may incur a loss.
Can we reduce this loss ? Is there a way to reduce the risk in investments ? Yes, to
overcome this more people invest in Mutual Funds.
In Mutual Fund, many investors with common objectives give their money to
the professional experts. They not only invest in one type of shares but also invest in
various other schemes. As a result, investment is diversified which reduces risk factor
and total dividend or profit is divided equally among the investors. How to invest in
Mutual Fund ? What is the rate of return ? What is the locking period ? What are the
different types of investment schemes ? All these questions could be answered by a
Financial advisor or financial planner.
You may have heard or read this sentence that, 'Investments in Mutual Funds
are subject to Market risks. Read all scheme related documents carefully
before invesing.' Interpret the meaning correctly. Sometimes instead of profit,
investment in Mutual Fund might give loss which investors have to bear.
Mutual Fund is a professionally managed investment scheme, usually run
by an AMC i.e. Asset Management Company. They invest the money given
by the investors in different schemes e.g. equity fund (in shares), debt fund (in
debentures, bonds etc.) or balanced funds as per the investor's choice.
As we get 'shares' for the investment in sharemarket, we get 'units' when
we invest in mutual fund.
The market value of 'a unit' is called 'NAV' (Net Asset Value)
NAV of one unit ´ Number of units = Total fund value.
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Note : As the market value of share changes frequently NAV of a unit also
changes. One can redeem the units when needed.
Investments in FDs of nationalised bank or Indian Postal services are more
secured and safe, in comparison with other investments, but the rate of return
is low. It hardly helps to overcome the rate of inflation. One must remember
always that if the money is invested wisely it generates more money. For this
the knowledge of financial planning is of great help.
Investments in shares and mutual funds should be made carefully because risk
and returns always go hand in hand. So the habit of regular and deep study
is the only key.
Systematic Investment Plan
Suppose, one does not want to invest a big amount at once, then one could
invest small amounts at regular time intervals e.g. ` 500 per month could be
invested in mutual fund. Investment could be done monthly or quarterly. This
way of investment is called SIP. SIP develops discipline of savings. SIP is a
good option which in long term can achieve one's financial goals. Investment in
mutual funds through SIP for a long term is beneficial. It protects investor from
market fluctuations. One should invest in mutual fund for minimum of 3 to 5
years to get better returns and it is best if investment is for 10 to 15 years.
Benefits of Mutual Funds
• Professional fund managers . • Diversifications of funds.
• Transparency and sufficiently safe investment.
• Liquidity - redemption of units can be done.
• Limited risks. • Advantage of long term and short term gain.
• Investments in funds like ELSS are admissible for deduction under section
80C of income tax.
ÒÒÒ Solved ExamplesÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) If the total value of the mutual fund scheme is ` 200 crores and 8
crore units are issued then find the NAV of one unit.
Solution : NAV = ` 200 crore / 8 crore units = ` 25 per unit.
Ex. (2) If NAV of one unit is ` 25, then how many units will be alloted for
the investment of ` 10,000 ?
Solution : Number of units = sum invested / NAV = 10,000 / 25 = 400 units.
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Practice Set 4.4
1. Market value of a share is ` 200. If the brokerage rate is 0.3% then find
the purchase value of the share.
2. A share is sold for the market value of ` 1000. Brokerage is paid at the
rate of 0.1%. What is the amount received after the sale ?
3. Fill in the blanks given in the contract note of sale-purchase of shares.
(B - buy S - sell)
No. of MV of Total Brokerage 9% CGST 9% SGST Total
shares shares value 0.2% on on value of
brokerage brokerage shares
100 B ` 45
75 S ` 200
4. Smt. Desai sold shares of face value ` 100 when the market value was `
50 and received ` 4988.20. She paid brokerage 0.2% and GST on brokerage
18%, then how many shares did she sell ?
5. Mr. D'souza purchased 200 shares of FV ` 50 at a premium of ` 100. He
received 50% dividend on the shares. After receiving the dividend he sold 100
shares at a discount of ` 10 and remaining shares were sold at a premium
of ` 75. For each trade he paid the brokerage of ` 20. Find whether Mr.
D'souza gained or incurred a loss ? by how much ?
Problem Set 4A
1. Write the correct alternative for each of the following.
(1) Rate of GST on essential commodities is . . .
(A) 5% (B) 12% (C) 0% (D) 18%
(2) The tax levied by the central government for trading within state is . . .
(A) IGST (B) CGST (C) SGST (D) UTGST
(3) GST system was introduced in our country from . . .
(A) 31st March 2017 (B) 1st April 2017
(C) 1st January 2017 (D) 1st July 2017
(4) The rate of GST on stainless steel utensils is 18%, then the rate of
State GST is . . .
(A) 18% (B) 9% (C) 36% (D) 0.9%
(5) In the format of GSTIN there are . . . alpha-numerals.
(A) 15 (B) 10 (C) 16 (D) 9
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(6) When a registered dealer sells goods to another registered dealer under GST,
then this trading is termed as . . .
(A) BB (B) B2B (C) BC (D) B2C
2. A dealer has given 10% discount on a showpiece of ` 25,000. GST of 28% was
charged on the discounted price. Find the total amount shown in the tax invoice.
What is the amount of CGST and SGST ?
3. A ready-made garment shopkeeper gives 5% discount on the dress of ` 1000 and
charges 5% GST on the remaining amount, then what is the purchase price of the
dress for the customer ?
4. A trader from Surat, Gujarat sold cotton clothes to a trader in Rajkot, Gujarat. The
taxable value of cotton clothes is ` 2.5 lacs. What is the amount of GST at 5% paid
by the trader in Rajkot ?
5. Smt. Malhotra purchased solar panels for the taxable value of ` 85,000. She sold
them for ` 90,000. The rate of GST is 5%. Find the ITC of Smt. Malhotra. What is
the amount of GST payable by her ?
6. A company provided Z-security services for the taxable value of ` 64,500. Rate of
GST is 18%. Company had paid GST of ` 1550 for laundry services and uniforms
etc. What is the amount of ITC (input Tax Credit) ? Find the amount of CGST and
SGST payable by the company.
7. A dealer supplied Walky-Talky set of ` 84,000 (with GST) to police control room.
Rate of GST is 12%. Find the amount of state and central GST charged by the
dealer. Also find the taxable value of the set.
ê
8. A wholesaler purchased electric goods for the taxable amount of ` 1,50,000. He
sold it to the retailer for the taxable amount of ` 1,80,000. Retailer sold it to the
customer for the taxable amount of ` 2,20,000. Rate of GST is 18%. Show the
computation of GST in tax invoices of sales. Also find the payable CGST and
payable SGST for wholesaler and retailer.
ê
9. Anna Patil (Thane, Maharashtra) supplied vacuum cleaner to a shopkeeper in Vasai
(Mumbai) for the taxable value of ` 14,000, and GST rate of 28%. Shopkeeper
sold it to the customer at the same GST rate for ` 16,800 (taxable value) Find the
following -
(1) Amount of CGST and SGST shown in the tax invoice issued by Anna Patil.
(2) Amount of CGST and SGST charged by the shopkeeper in Vasai.
(3) What is the CGST and SGST payable by shopkeeper in Vasai at the time of
filing the return.
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ê
10. For the given trading chain prepare the tax invoice I, II, III. GST at the rate of 12%
was charged for the article supplied.
Tax invoice I Tax invoice II Tax invoice III
Wholesaler Distributor Retailer Consumer
taxable value
taxable value taxable value ?
` 5000 ` 6000 ` 6500
(1) Prepare the statement of GST payable under each head by the wholesaler,
distributor and retailer at the time of filing the return to the government.
(2) At the end what amount is paid by the consumer ?
(3) Write which of the invoices issued are B2B and B2C ?
Problem Set 4B
1. Write the correct alternative for the following questions.
(1) If the Face Value of a share is ` 100 and Market value is `75,
then which of the following statements is correct ?
(A) The share is at premium of ` 175 (B) The share is at discount of ` 25
(C) The share is at premium of ` 25 (D) The share is at discount of ` 75
(2) What is the amount of dividend received per share of face value ` 10
and dividend declared is 50%.
(A) ` 50 (B) ` 5 (C) ` 500 (D) ` 100
(3) The NAV of a unit in mutual fund scheme is ` 10.65 then find the
amount required to buy 500 such units.
(A) 5325 (B) 5235 (C) 532500 (D) 53250
(4) Rate of GST on brokerage is . . .
(A) 5% (B) 12% (C) 18% (D) 28%
(5) To find the cost of one share at the time of buying the amount of Brokerage
and GST is to be . . . the MV of share .
(A) added to (B) substracted from
(C) Multiplied with (D) divided by
2. Find the purchase price of a share of FV ` 100 if it is at premium of ` 30. The
brokerage rate is 0.3%.
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3. Prashant bought 50 shares of FV ` 100, having MV ` 180. Company gave 40%
dividend on the shares. Find the rate of return on investment.
4. Find the amount received when 300 shares of FV ` 100, were sold at a discount of
` 30.
5. Find the number of shares received when ` 60,000 was invested in the shares of FV
` 100 and MV ` 120.
6. Smt. Mita Agrawal invested ` 10,200 when MV of the share is ` 100. She sold 60
shares when the MV was ` 125 and sold remaining shares when the MV was `
90. She paid 0.1% brokerage for each trading. Find whether she made profit or loss
? and how much ?
7. Market value of shares and dividend declared by the two companies is given below.
Face Value is same and it is ` 100 for both the shares. Investment in which company
is more profitable ?
(1) Company A - `132 , 12% (2) Company B - `144, 16%
ê
8. Shri. Aditya Sanghavi invested ` 50,118 in shares of FV ` 100, when the
market value is ` 50. Rate of brokerage is 0.2% and Rate of GST on
brokerage is 18%, then How many shares were purchased for ` 50,118 ?
ê
9. Shri. Batliwala sold shares of ` 30,350 and purchased shares of ` 69,650 in
a day. He paid brokerage at the rate of 0.1% on sale and purchase. 18%
GST was charged on brokerage. Find his total expenditure on brokerage
and tax.
ê
10. Smt. Aruna Thakkar purchased 100 shares of FV 100 when the MV is
` 1200. She paid brokerage at the rate of 0.3% and 18% GST on brokerage.
Find the following -
(1) Net amount paid for 100 shares.
(2) Brokerage paid on sum invested.
(3) GST paid on brokerage.
(4) Total amount paid for 100 shares.
ê
11. Smt. Anagha Doshi purchased 22 shares of FV ` 100 for Market Value of
` 660. Find the sum invested. After taking 20% dividend, she sold all the
shares when market value was ` 650. She paid 0.1% brokerage for each
trading done. Find the percent of profit or loss in the share trading.
(Write your answer to the nearest integer.)
rrr
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5 Probability
Let’s study.
· Probability : Introduction · Random experiment and its outcome
· Sample space and event · Probability of an event
Let’s discuss.
Teacher : Friends, this box contains folded chits. The number of chits is exactly the
same as the number of students in our class. Each student should pick one
chit. Names of different plants are written on the chits. No two chits bear
the same name of the plant. Let us see who gets the chit having the name
'Basil'. Make a line in the order of your roll numbers. No one will unfold the
chit until the last student takes his chit.
Aruna : Sir, I am the first one in a line, but I do not want to pick a chit first, as the
possibility of getting 'basil' chit from all the chits is very low.
Zarina : Sir, I am the last student in the row, I do not want to pick the chit at last as
the chit containing the name 'basil' will most likely be picked up by some
one else before my turn.
The first and the last student feel that for each of them, the possibility of
getting the chit having the name 'basil' is very low. The above conversation
indicates the thinking of less or more possibility.
We use the following words to express the possibility in our daily conversation.
· Probable · may be · impossible
· sure · nearly · 50 - 50
Read the following statements regarding predictions (possibilities for the future).
· Most probably the rain will start from today.
· The inflation is likely to rise.
· It is impossible to defeat Indian cricket team in the next match.
· I will surely get first class.
· There is no possibility of Polio infection if a child is given the polio vaccine in time.
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The adjoining picture shows a ‘toss’ before a cricket match.
What are the possibilities ?
or
So here there are possibilities.
Activity 1 : Let each student in the class toss a coin once. What will you get?
(Teacher writes the observations on the board in a table.)
Possibilities (H ) ( T)
Number of students ... ...
Activity 2 : Ask each student to toss the same coin twice. What are the possibilities?
Possibilities HH HT TH TT
Number of students
Activity 3 : Now throw a die, once. What are the different possibilities of getting dots on
the upper face ?
· · ·· · · ··· ···
· · · · · · ···
Each of these is a possible result of throwing a die.
Let’s learn.
Random Experiment
The experiment in which all possible results are known in advance but none of
them can be predicted with certainty and there is equal possibility for each result is
known as a ‘Random experiment’.
For example, Tossing a coin, throwing a die, picking a card from a set of cards
bearing numbers from 1 to 50, picking a card from a pack of well shuffled playing
cards, etc.
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Outcome
Result of a random experiment is known as an ‘Outcome’.
Ex. (1) In a random experiment of tossing a coin - there are only two outcomes.
Head (H) or Tail (T)
(2) In a random experiment of throwing a die, there are 6 outcomes,
according to the number of dots on the six faces of the die.
1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6.
(3) In a random experiment of picking a card bearing numbers from 1 to 50,
there are 50 outcomes.
(4) A card is drawn randomly from a pack of well shuffled playing cards.
There are 52 cards in a pack as shown below.
Total cards 52
26 red cards 26 black cards
13 heart cards 13 diamond cards 13 club cards 13 spade cards
In a pack of playing cards there are 4 sets,
namely heart, diamond, club and spade. In each A A
set there are 13 cards as King, Queen, Jack, 10, 9,
8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and Ace.
King, Queen and Jack are known as face A A
cards. In each pack of cards there are 4 cards of
Ace of Ace of Ace of Ace of
king, 4 cards of Queen and 4 cards of Jack. Thus spade heart club diamond
total face cards are 12.
Equally Likely Outcomes
If a die is thrown, any of the numbers from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 may appear on the
upper face. It means that each number is equally likely to occur. However, if a die is
so formed that a particular face come up most often, then that die is biased. In this case
the outcomes are not likely to occur equally.
Here, we assume that objects used for random experiments are fair or unbiased.
A given number of outcomes are said to be equally likely if none of them occurs
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in preferance to others. For example if a coin is tossed, possibilities of getting head
or tail are equal. A die, having numbers from 1 to 6 on its different faces, is thrown.
Check the possibility of getting one of the numbers. Here all the outcomes are eqully
likely.
Practice Set 5.1
1. How many possibilities are there in each of the following?
(1) Vanita knows the following sites in Maharashtra. She is planning to visit
one of them in her summer vacation.
Ajintha, Mahabaleshwar, Lonar Sarovar, Tadoba wild life sanctuary,
Amboli, Raigad, Matheran, Anandavan.
(2) Any day of a week is to be selected randomly.
(3) Select one card from the pack of 52 cards.
(4) One number from 10 to 20 is written on each card. Select one card randomly.
Let’s think.
In which of the following experiments possibility of expected outcome is more?
(1) Getting 1 on the upper face when a die is thrown.
(2) Getting head by tossing a coin.
Let’s learn.
Sample Space
The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called the sample
space. It is denoted by ‘S’ or ‘Ω’ (A greek letter 'Omega'). Each element of sample
space is called a ‘sample point’. The number of elements in the set ‘S’ is denoted by
n(S). If n(S) is finite, then the sample space is said to be a finite sample space.
Following are some examples of finite sample spaces.
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S. Random Sample space Number
No. experiment of sample
points in S
1 One coin is tossed S = {H, T) n(S) = 2
Two coins are S = { HH, HT, TH, TT}
2 n(S) =
tossed
Three coins are S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT,
3 n(S) = 8
tossed TTH, TTT}
4 A die is thrown S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} n(S) =
Two dice are S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
thrown (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
5
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), n(S) = 36
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
A card is drawn
from a pack S = {1, 2, 3, 4, .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .., 25}
6
bearing numbers n(S) =
from 1 to 25
A card is drawn Diamond : Ace, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack,
from a well shuffled Queen, King
pack of 52 playing Spade : Ace, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack,
Queen, King
7 cards. Heart : Ace, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack, n(S) = 52
Queen, King
Club : Ace, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack,
Queen, King
Let’s remember!
(i) The sample space for a coin tossed twice is the same as that of two coins tossed
simultaneously. The same is true for three coins.
(ii) The sample space for a die rolled twice is the same as two dice rolled
simultaneously.
Practice Set 5.2
(1) For each of the following experiments write sample space ‘S’ and number of
sample points n(S).
(1) One coin and one die are thrown simultaneously.
(2) Two digit numbers are formed using digits 2, 3 and 5 without repeating a
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digits.
Red
2. The arrow is rotated and it stops
randomly on the disc. Find out on Purple Orange
which colour it may stop. Green Yellow
MARCH - 2019
Blue
M T W T F S S
1 2 3 3. In the month of March 2019, find
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 the days on which the date is a
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
multiple of 5. (see the given page of
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
the calender)
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
4. Form a ‘Road safety commitee’ of two, from 2 boys (B1, B2) and 2 girls(G1, G2).
Complete the following activity to write the sample space.
(a) Committee of 2 boys = (b) Committee of 2 girls =
(c) Committee of one boy and one girl = B1 G1
\ Sample space = {..., ..., ..., ..., ..., ...}
Let’s learn.
Event
The outcomes satisfying particular condition are called favourable outcomes.
A set of favourable outcomes of a given sample space is an ‘event’. Event is a
subset of the sample space.
Events are generally denoted by capital letteres A, B, C, D etc. For example, if
two coins are tossed and A is the event of getting at least one tail, then the favourable
outcomes are as follows.
A = {TT, TH, HT}
The number of elements in the event A is denoted by n(A). Here n(A) = 3.
For more information
Types of event.
(i) Certain event/Sure event (iv) Complement of an event
(ii) Impossible event (v) Mutually exclusive events
(iii) Simple/Elementary event (vi) Exhaustive event
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ÒÒÒ Solved Examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) Two coins are tossed simultaneously. Write the sample space (S) and number
of sample points n(S). Also write the following events in the set form and write
the number of sample points in each event.
(i) Condition for event A : to get at least one tail.
(ii) Condition for event B : to get only one head.
(iii) Condition for event C : to get at most one tail.
(iv) Condition for event D : to get no head.
Solution ः If two coins are tossed simultaneously,
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT} n(S) = 4
(i) Condition for event A : at least one head.
A = {HH, HT, TH} n(A) = 3
(ii) Condition for event B : only one head.
B = { HT, TH} n(B) = 2
(iii) Condition for event C : at most one tail.
C = {HH, HT, TH} n(C) = 3
(iv) Condition for event D : No head.
D = {TT} n(D) = 1
Ex. (2) A bag contains 50 cards. Each card bears only one number from 1 to 50. One
card is drawn at randomfrom the bag. Write the sample space. Also write the
events A, B and find the number of sample points in them.
(i) Condition for event A : the number on the card is divisible by 6.
(ii) Condition for event B : the number on the card is a complete square.
Solution : S = {1, 2, 3, . . . 49, 50}, n(S) = 50
(i) Condition for event A : number is divisible by 6.
A = {6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48} n(A) = 8
(ii) Condition for event B : the number on the card is a complete square.
B = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49} n(B) = 7
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Ex. (3) A sanitation committee of 2 members is to be formed from 3 boys and
2 girls. Write sample space ‘S’ and number of sample points n(S). Also write
the following events in set form and number of sample points in the event.
(i) Condition for event A : at least one girl must be a member of the committee.
(ii) Condition for event B : Committee must be of one boy and one girl.
(iii) Condition for event C : Committee must be of boys only.
(iv) Condition for event D : At the most one girl should be a member of the
committee.
Solution : Suppose B1, B2, B3 are three boys and G1, G2 are two girls
Out of these boys and girls, a sanitation committee of two members is to be
formed.
\ S = {B1B2, B1B3, B2B3, B1G1, B1G2, B2G1, B2G2, B3G1, B3G2, G1G2} \ n(S) = 10
(i) Condition for event A is that at least one girl should be in the committee.
A = {B1G1, B1G2, B2G1, B2G2, B3G1, B3G2, G1G2} \ n(A) = 7
(ii) Condition for event B is that one boy and one girl should be there in the
committee.
B = {B1G1, B1G2, B2G1, B2G2, B3G1, B3G2} \ n(B) = 6
(iii) Condition for event C is that there should be only boys in the committee.
C = {B1B2, B1B3, B2B3} n(C) = 3
(iv) Condition for event D is that there can be at most one girl in the committee.
D = {B1B2, B1B3, B2B3, B1G1, B1G2, B2G1, B2G2, B3G1, B3G2} \ n(D) = 9
Ex. (4) Two dice are rolled, write the sample space ‘S’ and number of sample points
n(S). Also write events and number of sample points in the event according to the
given condition.
(i) Sum of the digits on upper face is a prime number.
(ii) Sum of the digits on the upper face is multiple of 5.
(iii) Sum of the digits on the upper face is 25.
(iv) Digit on the upper face of the first die is less than the digit on the second
die.
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Solution : Sample space,
S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)} n(S) = 36
(i) Event E : The sum of the digits on the upper face is a prime number.
E = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 4),
(4, 1), (4, 3), (5, 2), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 5)} \ n(E) = 15
(ii) Event F : The sum of the digits on the upper face is a multiple of 5.
F = { (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1), (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4) } \ n(F) = 7
(iii) Event G : The sum of the digits on the upper face is 25.
G={ }= f \ n (G) = 0
(iv) Event H : The number on upper face of first die is less than the digit
on second die.
H = {(1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6) (4, 5) (4, 6) (5, 6)} \ n(H) = 15
Practice Set 5.3
1. Write sample space ‘S’ and number of sample point n(S) for each of the following
experiments. Also write events A, B, C in the set form and write n(A), n(B), n(C).
(1) One die is rolled,
Event A : Even number on the upper face.
Event B : Odd number on the upper face.
Event C : Prime number on the upper face.
(2) Two dice are rolled simultaneously,
Event A : The sum of the digits on upper faces is a multiple of 6.
Event B : The sum of the digits on the upper faces is minimum 10.
Event C : The same digit on both the upper faces.
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(3) Three coins are tossed simultaneously.
Condition for event A : To get at least two heads.
Condition for event B : To get no head.
Condition for event C : To get head on the second coin.
(4) Two digit numbers are formed using digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 without repetition
of the digits.
Condition for event A : The number formed is even
Condition for event B : The number formed is divisible by 3.
Condition for event C : The number formed is greater than 50.
(5) From three men and two women, environment committee of two persons is
to be formed.
Condition for event A : There must be at least one woman member.
Condition for event B : One man, one woman committee to be formed.
Condition for event C : There should not be a woman member.
(6) One coin and one die are thrown simultaneously.
Condition for event A : To get head and an odd number.
Condition for event B : To get a head or tail and an even number.
Condition for event C : Number on the upper face is greater than 7 and
tail on the coin.
Let’s learn.
Probability of an event
Let us think of a simple experiment. A bag contains 4 balls of the same size.
Three of them are white and the fourth is black. You are supposed to pick one ball at
random without seeing it. Then obviously, possibility of getting a white ball is more.
In Mathematical language, when possibility of an expected event is expressed
in number, it is called ‘Probability’ . It is expressed as a fraction or percentage
using the following formula.
For a random experiment, if sample space is ‘S’and ‘A’ is an expected event
then probability of ‘A’ is P(A). It is given by following formula.
Number of sample points in event A n(A)
P(A) = Number of sample points in sample spaces = n(S)
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In the above experiment, getting a white ball is event A. As there are three white
balls n(A) = 3, As the number of balls is 4, n(S) = 4
n(A)
\ probability of getting a white ball is, P(A) = = 3.
n(S) 4
n(B) 1
Similarly, if getting black ball is event B, then n(B) = 1 \ P(B) = n(S) = .
4
ÒÒÒ Solved Examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) Find the probability of the following, when one coin is tossed.
(i) getting head (ii) getting tail
Solution : Let ‘S’ be the sample space.
S = {H, T} n(S) = 2
(i) Let event A be getting head
A = {H} \ n(A) = 1
n(A) 1
P(A) = n(S) =
2
(ii) Let event B be getting tail
B = {T} \ n(B) = 1
n(B) 1
P(B) = n(S) =
2
Ex. (2) If one die is rolled then find the probability of each of the following events.
(i) Number on the upper face is prime
(ii) Number on the upper face is even.
Solution : ‘S’ is the sample space.
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} \ n(S) = 6
(i) Event A : Prime number on the upper face.
A = {2, 3, 5} \ n(A) = 3
n(A)
P(A) =
n(S)
3 1
\ P(A) = =
6 2
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(ii) Event B : Even number on the upper face.
B = {2, 4, 6} \ n(B) = 3
n(B)
P(B) =
n(S)
3 1
\ P(B) = =
6 2
Ex. (3) A card is drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards. Find the
probability of each event. The card drawn is (i) a red card (ii) a face card
Solution : ‘S’ is the sample space. \ n(S) = 52
Event A : Card drawn is a red card.
Total red cards = 13 hearts + 13 diamonds = 26
\ n(A) = 26
n(A) 26 1
\ P(A) = = =
n(S) 52 2
Event B : Card drawn is a face card.
Total face cards = 12 \ n(B) = 12
n(B) 12 3
\ P(B) = = =
n(S) 52 13
Ex. (4) A box contains 5 strawberry chocolates, 6 coffee chocolates and 2 peppermint
chocolates. Find the probability of each of the following events, if one of the
chocolates is picked from the box at random. (i) it is a coffee chocolate.
(ii) it is a peppermint chocolate.
Solution : Sample space is ‘S’ and n(S) = 5 + 6 + 2 = 13
Event A : it is a coffee chocolate Event B : it is a peppermint chocolate
\ n(A) = 6 \ n(B) = 2
n(A) 6 n(B) 2
\ P(A) = = \ P(B) = =
n(S) 13 n(S) 13
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Let’s remember!
• The Probability is expressed as a fraction or a percentage.
• The probability of any event is from 0 to 1 or 0% to 100%.
If E is any event, 0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1 or 0 % ≤ P(E) ≤ 100 %.
1
e.g. probability is written as 25 %.
4
• This lesson began with a discussion of 40 chits with names of plants and each of
40 students picking a chit. Only one chit had the name Basil on it. The probability
1
of any student getting the chit of Basil is . For a student standing first or last
40
in the row, or anywhere in between, the probability is the same.
Practice Set 5.4
1. If two coins are tossed, find the probability of the following events.
(1) Getting at least one head. (2) Getting no head.
2. If two dice are rolled simultaneously, find the probability of the following
events.
(1) The sum of the digits on the upper faces is at least 10.
(2) The sum of the digits on the upper faces is 33.
(3) The digit on the first die is greater than the digit on second die.
3. There are 15 tickets in a box, each bearing one of the numbers from 1 to 15. One
ticket is drawn at random from the box. Find the probability of event that the
ticket drawn -
(1) shows an even number. (2) shows a number which is a multiple of 5.
4. A two digit number is formed with digits 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 without repetition.
What is the probability that the number formed is
(1) an odd number ? (2) a multiple of 5 ?
5. A card is drawn at random from a pack of well shuffled 52 playing cards. Find
the probability that the card drawn is -
(1) an ace. (2) a spade.
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Problem Set 5
1. Choose the correct alternative answer for each of the following questions.
(1) Which number cannot represent a probability ?
2
(A) (B) 1.5 (C) 15 % D) 0.7
3
(2) A die is rolled. What is the probability that the number appearing on upper
face is less than 3 ?
1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) D) 0
6 3 2
(3) What is the probability of the event that a number chosen from 1 to 100 is a
prime number ?
1 13
(A) 1 (B) 6 (C) D)
5 25 4 50
(4) There are 40 cards in a bag. Each bears a number from 1 to 40. One card is
drawn at random. What is the probability that the card bears a number which
is a multiple of 5 ?
1 3 4 1
(A) 5 (B) (C) D)
5 5 3
1
(5) If n(A) = 2, P(A) = , then n(S) = ?
5
5 2 1
(A) 10 (B) 2 (C) D)
5 3
2. Basketball players John, Vasim, Akash were practising the ball drop in the
4
basket. The probabilities of success for John, Vasim and Akash are , 0.83 and
5
58% respectively. Who had the greatest probability of success ?
3. In a hockey team there are 6 defenders , 4 offenders and 1 goalee. Out of these,
one player is to be selected randomly as a captain. Find the probability of the
selection that -
(1) The goalee will be selected. (2) A defender will be selected.
4. Joseph kept 26 cards in a cap, bearing one English alphabet on each card. One
card is drawn at random. What is the probability that the card drawn is a vowel
card ?
5. A balloon vendor has 2 red, 3 blue and 4 green balloons. He wants to choose one
of them at random to give it to Pranali. What is the probability of the event that
Pranali gets,
(1) a red balloon (2) a blue balloon (3) a green balloon.
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6. A box contains 5 red, 8 blue and 3 green pens. Rutuja wants to pick a pen at
random. What is the probability that the pen is blue?
7. Six faces of a die are as shown below.
A B C D E A
If the die is rolled once, find the probability of -
(1) ‘A’ appears on upper face.
(2) ‘D’ appears on upper face.
8. A box contains 30 tickets, bearing only one number from 1 to 30 on each. If
one ticket is drawn at random, find the probability of an event that the ticket
drawn bears (1) an odd number (2) a complete square number.
9. Length and breadth of a rectangular 77m
garden are 77 m and 50 m. There is
a circular lake in the garden having
diameter 14 m. Due to wind, a towel 50m
from a terrace on a nearby building fell
into the garden. Then find the
probability of the event that it fell in
the lake.
10. In a game of chance, a spinning arrow comes to rest at one of the numbers
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
All these are equally likely outcomes. 1 2
8 3
Find the probability that it will rest at
(1) 8. 7 4
(2) an odd number. 6 5
(3) a number greater than 2.
(4) a number less than 9.
11. There are six cards in a box, each bearing a number from 0 to 5. Find the
probability of each of the following events, that a card drawn shows,
(1) a natural number.
(2) a number less than 1.
(3) a whole number.
(4) a number is greater than 5.
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12. A bag contains 3 red, 3 white and 3 green balls. One ball is taken out of the bag
at random. What is the probability that the ball drawn is -
(1) red. (2) not red (3) either red or white.
13. Each card bears one letter from the word ‘mathematics’ The cards are placed on
a table upside down. Find the probability that a card drawn bears the letter ‘m’.
14. Out of 200 students from a school, 135 like Kabbaddi and the remaining students
do not like the game. If one student is selected at random from all the students, find
the probability that the student selected dosen't like Kabbaddi.
ê
15. A two digit number is to be formed from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. Repetition of the
digits is allowed. Find the probability that the number so formed is a -
(1) prime number (2) multiple of 4
(3) multiple of 11.
ê
16. The faces of a die bear numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. If the die is rolled twice, then find
the probability that the product of digits on the upper face is zero.
17. Do the following activity -
Activity I : Total number of students in your class, n(S) =
Number of students from your class, wearing spectacles, n(A) =
Probability of a randomly selected student wearing spectacles, P(A) =
Probability of a randomly selected student not wearing spectacles, P(B) =
Activity II : Decide the sample space yourself and fill in the following boxes.
Sample space The condition for event A is
‘getting an even number’.
S={ } A={ }
n(S) = n(A) =
\ P(A) = =
rrr
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6 Statistics
Let’s study.
· Measures of a central tendency-
mean, median and mode from grouped frequency table.
· Graphical representation of statistical data -
histogram, frequency polygon, pie diagram
Statistics is useful in many fields of life: for example, agriculture, economics,
commerce, medicine, botany, biotechnology, physics, chemistry, education, sociology,
administration etc. An experiment can have many outcomes. To assess the possibility
of possible outcomes, one has to carry out the experiment on a large scale and keep
the record meticulously. Possibilities of different outcomes can be assessed using
the record. For this purpose, rules are formulated in statistics.
Francis Galton (1822-1911) has done much of fundamental work in
[Link] used to prepare questionnaires, distribute
them among people and request them to fill them up.
He collected information from a number of people
and recorded their backgrounds, financial situations,
likes and dislikes, health etc. on a large scale. By that
time, it was known that the fingerprints of different
people are different. He collected finger-prints of a
large number of people and invented a method of their Francis Galton
classification. Using statistical methods, he showed that the possibility of
finger prints of two different people being identical is nearly zero. This result
made it possible to identify a person from his finger-prints. This method of
identifying criminals was accepted in the judiciary. He had done much work
in the field of anthropology of humans and other animals also.
Let’s recall.
We usually find a specific property in the numerical data collected in a survey
that the scores have a tendency to cluster around a particular score. This score is
a representative number of the group. The number is called the measure of central
tendency.
In the previous standards we have studied the measures of central tendency,
namely the mean, median and mode, for ungrouped data.
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Activity 1 : Measure the height in cm of all students in your class. We find that
the heights of many students cluster near a specific number.
Activity 2 : Collect a number of fallen leaves of a peepal tree. Distribute the
leaves among the students and ask them to measure the lengths of them. Record
the lengths. We notice that their lengths tend to cluster around a number.
Now we are going to do some more study of the mean, median and mode. Let
us know the symbols and the terminology required for it.
N
The sum of all scores xi
The mean of statistical data = Total no. of scores = i 1
N
(Here xi is the i th score)
Mean is denoted by X and it represents the average of the given data.
N
xi
X = i 1
N
Let’s learn.
Mean from classified frequency distribution
When the number of scores in a data is large, it becomes tedious to write all
numbers in the above formula and take their sum. So we use some different methods
to find the sum.
Sometimes, the large data collected from an experiment is presented in a table
in the grouped form. In such a case, we cannot find the exact mean of statistical data.
Hence, let us study a method which gives the approximate mean, or a number nearby.
Direct method
Let us study the method by an example.
Ex. : The following table shows the frequency distribution of the time required for
each worker to complete a work . From the table find the mean time required to
complete the job for a worker.
Time (Hrs.) for each to complete the work 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39
No. of workers 10 15 12 8 5
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Solution :
(1) Vertical columns are drawn as Class Class Frequency Class mark ´
shown in the table. mark (No. of Frequency
(2) Classes are written in the first (Time-
Workers)
column. hours) xi fi xi fi
(3) The class mark xi is in the second 15-19 17 10 170
column.
(4) In the third column, the number 20-24 22 15 330
of workers, that is frequency (fi) 25-29 27 12 324
is written.
30-34 32 8 256
(5) In the fourth column, the product
(xi ´ fi) for each class is written. 35-39 37 5 185
å fi = 50 å xi fi =
N
(6) Then xi fi is written. Total
i 1
1265
(7) The mean is found using the
formula å xi fi \
Mean = X = = 1265 = 25.3 å fi = N
N 50
The mean time required to complete the work for a worker = 25.3 hrs. (Approx)
ÒÒÒ Solved Examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) The percentage of marks of 50 students in a test is given in the following table.
Find the mean of the percentage.
Percentage of marks 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
No. of students 3 7 15 20 5
Solution : The following table is prepared as per steps.
Class Class Frequency Class mark ´
(No. of
å xi fi
(Percentage of mark frequency X=
marks) xi students) xi fi å fi
fi
2840
0-20 10 3 30 = 50
20-40 30 7 210 = 56.8
40-60 50 15 750 \ The mean of
60-80 70 20 1400
the percentage
80-100 90 5 450
= 56.8
Total N = å fi = 50 å xi fi = 2840
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Ex. (2) The maximum temperatures in °C of 30 towns, in the last summer, is shown in
the following table. Find the mean of the maximum temperatures.
Max. temp. 24-28 28-32 32-36 36-40 40-44
No. of towns 4 5 7 8 6
Solution :
Class Class mark Frequency Class mark ´
(Temp. °C) (No. of towns) frequency
xi
fi xi fi
24-28 26 4 104
28-32 30 5 150
32-36 34 7 238
36-40 38 8 304
40-44 42 6 252
Total N = å fi = 30 å xi fi = 1048
å xi fi 1048
Mean = X = = = 34.9 °C
å fi 30
Assumed mean method
In the examples solved above, we see that some times the product xi fi is
large. Hence it becomes difficult to calculate the mean by direct method. So let us
study another method, called the 'assumed mean method'. Finding the mean becomes
simpler if we use addition and division in this method.
For example, we have to find the mean of the scores 40, 42, 43, 45, 47 and 48.
The obeservation of the scores reveals that the mean of the data is more than
40. So let us assume that the mean is 40. 40-40 = 0, 42 - 40 = 2, 43-40 = 3,
45-40 = 5, 47 - 40 = 7, 48 - 40 = 8 These are called 'deviations'. Let us find
their mean. Adding this mean to the assumed mean, we get the mean of the data.
That is, mean = assumed mean + mean of the deviations
0 2 3 5 7 8 25 1 1
X = 40 + = 40 + = 40 + 4 = 44
6 6 6 6
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Using the symbols-
A- for assumed mean; d- for deviation and d - for the mean of the deviations,
the formula for mean of the given data can be briefly written as X = A + d .
Let us solve the same example taking 43 as assumed mean. For this, let us find
the deviations by subtracting 43 from each score.
40 - 43 = -3, 42 - 43 = -1, 43 - 43 = 0, 45 - 43 = 2, 47 - 43 = 4, 48 - 43 = 5
The sum of the deviations = -3 -1 + 0 + 2 + 4 + 5 = 7
Now, X = A + d
7
= 43 +
6
(as the number of deviations is 6)
1 1
= 43 + 1 = 44
6 6
Note that; use of assumed mean method reduces the work of calculations.
Also note that; taking any score, or any other convenient number as asssumed
mean does not change the mean of the data.
Ex. : The daily sale of 100 vegetable vendors is given in the following table. Find the
mean of the sale by assumed mean method.
Daily sale (Rupees) 1000-1500 1500-2000 2000-2500 2500-3000
No. of vendors 15 20 35 30
Solution : Assumed mean = A = 2250, di = xi - A is the deviation.
Class Class di = xi- A Frequency (No. Frequency ´
Daily sale (Rupees) mark = xi- 2250 of vendors) deviation
xi fi fi di
1000-1500 1250 -1000 15 -15000
1500-2000 1750 -500 20 -10000
2000-2500 2250 A 0 35 0
2500-3000 2750 500 30 15000
Total N = å fi = 100 å fi di = -10000
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The table is prepared according to the following steps :-
(1) Assumed mean, A is choosen as 2250. (Generally, the class mark of the
class having maximum frequency is chosen as the assumed mean.)
(2) Classes of sale are written in the first column.
(3) Class marks are written in the second column.
(4) Values of di = xi- A = xi- 2250 are written in the third column.
(5) In the fourth column, the number of vendors and their sum is written as å fi .
(6) In the fifth column, the product (fi ´ di ) and their sum is written as å fi di .
d and X are calculated using the formulae.
å fi di 10000
d = =- 100
= -100 \ mean X = A + d = 2250 - 100 = 2150
å fi
The mean of sale is ` 2150.
Activity :- Solve the above example by direct method.
ÒÒÒ Solved Examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) The following table shows the frequency table of daily wages of 50 workers
in a trading company. Find the mean wages of a worker, by assumed mean
method.
Daily Wages
(Rs) 200-240 240-280 280-320 320-360 360-400
Frequency
(No. of workers) 5 10 15 12 8
Solution : Let us take the assumed mean A = 300.
Class Class di = xi- A Frequency Frequency ´
(` Wage) mark di= xi-300 (No. of workers) Deviation
xi fi fi di
200-240 220 -80 5 -400
240-280 260 -40 10 -400
280-320 300 A 0 15 0
320-360 340 40 12 480
360-400 380 80 8 640
Total å fi = 50 å fi di = 320
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å fi di 320
= = = 6.4
d å fi 50
Mean, X = A + d
= 300 + 6.4
= 306.40
The mean of daily wages = 306.40 `
Step deviation method
We studied the direct method and assumed mean method to find the mean. Now
we study one more method which reduces the calculations still further.
• Find the values of di as di = xi - A and write in the column.
• If we can find g , the G.C.D. of all di easily, we create a column for all ui where
d
ui = gi
• Find the mean u of all ui.
• Using the formula X = A + u g , find the mean of the data.
Example ः The amount invested in health insurance by 100 families is given in the
following frequency table. Find the mean of investments using step
deviation method.
Amount
invested 800-1200 1200-1600 1600-2000 2000-2400 2400-2800 2800-3200
(`)
No. of
3 15 20 25 30 7
families
Solution : Assumed mean A = 2200 observing all ‘di ’s g = 400.
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Class di = xi- A di Frequency
Class Mark ui = g (No. of
= xi- 2200 fi ui
(Insurance `) families)
xi
fi
800-1200 1000 -1200 -3 3 -9
1200-1600 1400 -800 -2 15 -30
1600-2000 1800 -400 -1 20 -20
2000-2400 2200 A 0 0 25 0
2400-2800 2600 400 1 30 30
2800-3200 3000 800 2 7 14
Total å fi = 100 å fi ui = -15
The above table is made using the following steps.
(1) The classes of investment are written in the first column.
(2) The values of xi are written in the second column.
(3) The values of di = xi- A are written in the third column.
(4) The G.C.D of all values of di is 400. Therefore g = 400.
(5) The corresponding frequencies are written in the fifth column.
(6) The product fi ´ ui for each class is written in the sixth column.
The mean of ui is found by the following formula.
å fi ui −15
u = = 100 = -0.15
å fi
X =A+ u g
= 2200 + (-0.15) (400)
= 2200 + (-60.00)
= 2200 - 60 = 2140
\ The mean of investments in health insurance = ` 2140.
Activity : Solve the above example by direct method and by assumed mean method
and see that the mean found by any method is the same.
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ÒÒÒ Solved Example ÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) The following table shows the funds collected by 50 students for flood affected
people. Find the mean of the funds.
Fund 0-500 500-1000 1000-1500 1500-2000 2000-2500 2500-3000
(Rupees)
No. of 2 4 24 18 1 1
students
If the number of scores in two consecutive classes is very low, it is convenient
to club them. So, in the above example, we club the classes 0 - 500, 500 - 1000
and 2000 - 2500, 2500 - 3000. Now the new table is as follows
Fund (Rupees) 0-1000 1000-1500 1500-2000 2000-3000
No. of students 6 24 18 2
Solution : Let A = 1250, examining all di , g = 250.
Class Class mark di = xi- A di Frequency
Fund (`) xi u =
= xi- 1250 i g fi fi ui
0-1000 500 -750 -3 6 -18
1000-1500 1250 A 0 0 24 0
1500 - 2000 1750 500 2 18 36
2000-3000 2500 1250 5 2 10
Total å fi = 50 å fi ui = 28
å fi ui 28
u = = = 0.56,
å fi 50
u g = 0.56 ´ 250 = 140
X =A+g u = 1250 + 140 = 1390
\ the average of the funds is ` 1390.
Activity -
1. Solve the above example by direct method.
2. Verify that the mean calculated by assumed mean method is the same.
3. Find the mean in the above example by taking A = 1750.
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Practice Set 6.1
1. The following table shows the number of students and the time they utilized
daily for their studies. Find the mean time spent by students for their studies by
direct method.
Time (hrs.) 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10
No. of students 7 18 12 10 3
2. In the following table, the toll paid by drivers and the number of vehicles is shown.
Find the mean of the toll by 'assumed mean' method.
Toll (Rupees) 300-400 400-500 500-600 600-700 700-800
No. of vehicles 80 110 120 70 40
3. A milk centre sold milk to 50 customers. The table below gives the number of
customers and the milk they purchased. Find the mean of the milk sold by direct
method.
Milk Sold (Litre) 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6
No. of Customers 17 13 10 7 3
4. A frequency distribution table for the production of oranges of some farm owners
is given below. Find the mean production of oranges by 'assumed mean' method.
Production 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50
(Thousand rupees)
No. of farm owners 20 25 15 10 10
5. A frequency distribution of funds collected by 120 workers in a company for the
drought affected people are given in the following table. Find the mean of the funds
by 'step deviation' method.
Fund (Rupees) 0-500 500-1000 1000-1500 1500-2000 2000-2500
No. of workers 35 28 32 15 10
6. The following table gives the information of frequency distribution of weekly
wages of 150 workers of a company. Find the mean of the weekly wages by 'step
deviation' method.
Weekly wages (Rupees) 1000-2000 2000-3000 3000-4000 4000-5000
No. of workers. 25 45 50 30
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Let’s recall.
There was a science exhibition in a city for two days. A school sent two boys
and two girls to participate in the exhibition. There were ten hotels, within a distance
of one kilometer, from the venue of exhibition. Their rates of meals, in the ascending
order were rupees 40, 45, 60, 65, 70, 80, 90, 100 and 500. They had to choose one of
them for the dinner.
1130
The average of rates in all the hotels was ` = 113.
10
Which hotel do you think they chose ? Except the rate ` 500, all others were
less than ` 113. The students decided to choose a hotel having medium rate. The first
day they chose the hotel with rate ` 70 and on the next day, the hotel with the rate
` 80/-.
This example shows that sometimes the median is used instead of the mean.
In the previous standard we have studied the concept of a median.
� If the numbers in a data are arranged in the ascending order, the number at the
middle position is called the median of the data.
� The median divides the array of numbers in two equal parts, that is the number of
scores below and above the median is equal.
� The scores are written as k1 ≤ k2 ≤ k3 . . . . . ≤ kn .
n +1
� If the number of scores is odd, then the th score is the median of the data. That
2 n −1
is, the number of scores below as well as above k n+1 is ; verify the fact by
2 2
taking n = 2m + 1.
� If the number of the scores is even, then the mean of the middle two terms is the
median. This is because the number of terms below k n and above k n+2 is equal,
n−2 2 2
which is
2
. Verify this by taking n = 2m.
n n+2
� Hence the mean of 2 th and 2 th term is the median of the data.
Ex. (1) In 32, 33, 38, 40, 43, 48, 50; the fourth number is at the middle. Hence the
median of the data is 40
Ex. (2) In 61, 62, 65, 66, 68, 70, 74, 75 ; the number of scores is 8, that is even.
Therefore, the fourth and the fifth numbers are at the middle, which are 66 and
68. Hence the median = 66 + 68 = 67
2
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Let’s learn.
Median for grouped frequency distribution
When the number of scores in a data is large, it is difficult to arrange them in
ascending order. In such case, the data is divided into groups. So let us study, with an
example, how the median of grouped data is found.
Ex. The scores 6, 8, 10.4, 11, 15.5, 12, 18 are grouped in the following table.
Class Tally Marks Frequency Class Tally Marks Frequency
6-10 ।। 2 5.5-10.5 ।।। 3
11-15 ।। 2 10.5-15.5 ।। 2
16-20 । 1 15.5-20.5 ।। 2
We could not record the scores 10.4 and 15.5 in the first table, as they
cannot be placed in any of the classes 6-10, 11-15, 16-20. We know that in
such a case the classes are made continuous.
For this, in the first table, the lower class limits are reduced by 0.5 and
the upper class limits are increased by 0.5 and the second table is prepared. In
the second table, the score 15.5 is placed in the class 15.5-20.5.
Note that if the method of making groups is changed, the frequency
distribution may change.
Let’s remember!
6 + 10 16
In the above table, the class mark of 6-10 is = 2 = 2 = 8;
5.5 + 10.5 16
Similarly, the class mark of 5.5-10.5 is = = 2 = 8.
2
This shows that, if the classes are made continuous, the class marks do not
change
Solved Example :
The following table shows frequency distribution of marks of 100 students of 10th
class which they obtained in a practice examination. Find the median of the marks.
Marks in exam 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
No. of students 4 20 30 40 6
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Solution : N = 100
N
\ 2
= 50. Hence the 50th number will be the approximate median. Hence we
have to find out the class which contains the 50th term. Writing the cumulative
frequencies less than the upper limit, we can find it.
So, let us prepare less than cumulative frequency distribution table.
Class No. of students Cumulaive frequency
(Student’s marks ) less than the
fi
upper limit
cf
0-20 4 4
20-40 20 24
40-60 30 54
60-80 40 94
80-100 6 100
� From the table, the 50th score is in the class 40-60. The class which contains
the median, is called the median class. So, here 40-60 is the median class.
� The lower class limit of 40-60 is 40. Its frequency is 30.
� Out of the first 50 scores, 24 scores are less than 40. The remaining
50 - 24 = 26 are in class (40-60). The 50th score in that class is estimated as
follows.
� 26 out of 30 scores in the class 40-60, are upto the 50th score and the class
26
interval is 20. So it is assumed that, the 50th score is more than 40 by ´ 20.
30
26 52 1
\ it is approximately 40 + 30
´ 20 = 40 + 3
= 57 3 .
1
\ median = 57 3
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� We can formulate this as follows,
N
Median = L + 2 cf
h
f
In the formula,
L = Lower class limit of the median class,
N = Sum of frequencies
h = Class interval of the median class,
f = Frequency of the median class
cf = Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class.
N
In the above example; 2 = 50, cf = 24, h = 20, f = 30, L = 40,
N
2 cf
Median = L + h . . . . . . (Formula)
f
50 24
= 40 + ´ 20
30
26 ´ 20
= 40 +
30
1
= 40 + 17
3
1
= 57 3
Let’s remember!
� If the given classes are not continuous, we have to make them
continuous to find out the median.
� It is difficult to write the scores in the asscending order when the
number of scores is large. So the data is classified into groups. It
is not possible to find the exact median of a classified data, but
the approximate median is found by the formula.
N
2 cf
Median = L + h
f
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ÒÒÒ Solved Examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) Observe the following frequency distribution table. It shows the distances
travelled by 60 public transport buses in a day. Find the median of the distance
travelled.
Daily distance travelled (in Km) 200-209 210-219 220-229 230-239 240-249
No. of buses 4 14 26 10 6
Solution : (1) The classes in the table are not continuous.
The upper class limit of a class and the lower class of its succeeding
class differ by 1.
\ Let us subtract 1 ¸ 2 = 0.5 from the lower class limit of each class
and add to the upper class limit of each class, and make the classes continuous.
(2) Make a column of cumulative frequency 'less than' in the new table
showing the continuous classes.
Given Continuous Frequency Cumulative frequency
Class classes fi less than
200-209 199.5-209.5 4 4
210-219 209.5-219.5 14 18 ® cf
220-229 219.5-229.5 26 ® f 44
230-239 229.5-239.5 10 54
240-249 239.5-249.5 6 60
N
Here, total of frequencies = Sfi = N = 60 \ 2 = 30.
\ 30th score is the approximate median.
First 18 scores are less than 219.5 and the remaining, 30 - 18 = 12 scores
are in the class 219.5 - 229.5. Therefore, 219.5 - 229.5 is the median class.
The cumulative frequency of the class 219.5-229.5 is 44.
In the formula,
L = Lower class limit = 219.5, h = Class interval of the median class = 10
cf = The frequency of the class preceding the median class = 18,
f = The frequency of the median class = 26
N
2 cf
Median = L + h
f
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30 18
\ Median = 219.5+ 10
26
12 10
= 219.5 +
26
= 219.50 + 4.62
= 224.12
\The median of the distance travelled is = 224.12 Km
Ex. (2) The following table shows the ages of persons who visited a museum
on a certain day. Find the median age of the persons visiting the museum.
Age (Years) No. of persons
Less than 10 3
Less than 20 10
Less than 30 22
Less than 40 40
Less than 50 54
Less than 60 71
Solution : The given cumulative frequency table is of the 'less than' form. So,
we will have to decide the true class limits first. We know that, the 'less
than' cumulative frequency is associated with the upper class limits. The
upper class limit of the first class is 10. The age of any person is a
positive number, so the first class must be 0-10. The upper class limit
of the next class is 20, so the second class must be 10-20. In this way,
make the classes of interval 10. In this way the last class is 50-60. So
the given table can now be rewritten as follows.
No. of persons Cumulative frequency
Age (years) Class
(Frequency) Less than
Less than 10 0-10 3 3
Less than 20 10-20 10 - 3 = 7 10
Less than 30 20-30 22 - 10 = 12 22 ® cf
Less than 40 30-40 40 - 22 = 18 ® f 40
Less than 50 40-50 54 - 40 = 14 54
Less than 60 50-60 71 - 54 = 17 71
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N
Here N = 71 \ 2 = 35.5 and h = 10
The number 35.5 is in the class 30-40, hence it is the median class. The
cumulative frequency of its precending class is 22, \ cf = 22, L = 30, f = 18.
N
2 cf
Median = L + h
f
10
= 30 + (35.5-22)
18
10
= 30 + (13.5) 18
= 30 + 7.5
= 37.5
\ the median age of the persons visiting the museum is = 37.5 years
Practice Set 6.2
1. The following table shows classification of number of workers and the num-
ber of hours they work in a software company. Find the median of the
number of hours they work.
Daily No. of hours 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16
Number of workers 150 500 300 50
2. The frequency distribution table shows the number of mango trees in a grove
and their yield of mangoes. Find the median of data.
No. of Mangoes 50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300
No. of trees 33 30 90 80 17
3. The following table shows the classification of number of vehicles and
their speeds on Mumbai-Pune express way. Find the median of the data.
Average Speed of 60-64 64-69 70-74 75-79 79-84 84-89
Vehicles(Km / hr)
No. of vehicles 10 34 55 85 10 6
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4. The production of electric bulbs in different factories is shown in the following
table. Find the median of the productions.
No. of bulbs
30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
produced (Thousands)
No. of factories 12 35 20 15 8 7 8
Let’s learn.
Mode for grouped frequency distribution
We know that the score repeating maximum number of times in a data
is called the mode of the data.
For example, a company manufactures bicycles of different colours. To know which
colour is most wanted, the company needs to know the mode. If a company
manufactures many items, it may want to know which item sells most. In such
cases, the mode is needed.
We have learnt the method of finding the mode of an ungrouped data.
Now let us study the method of estimation of mode of grouped data.
The following formula is used for the purpose.
f f
Mode = L 2 f f f ´ h
1 0
1 0 2
In the above formula,
L = Lower class limit of the modal class.
f1 = Frequency of the modal class.
f0 = Frequency of the class preceding the modal class.
f2 = Frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.
h = Class interval of the modal class.
Let us see, with an example, how the mode is estimated using the above
formula.
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ÒÒÒ Solved Examples ÒÒÒ
Ex.(1) The classification of children according to their ages, playing on a ground
is shown in the following table. Find the mode of ages of the children.
Age-group of children
6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16
(Yrs)
No. of children 43 58 ® f0 70 ® f1 42 ® f2 27
From the table, we note that the maximum number of children is of the
age - group 10-12. So the modal class is 10-12.
Solution : Here f1 = 70, and modal class is 10-12.
\ in the given example,
L = Lower class limit of the modal class = 10
h = Class interval of the modal class = 2
f1 = Frequency of the modal class = 70
f0 = Frequency of the class preceding the modal class = 58
f2 = Frequency of the class succeeding the modal class = 42
f1 f 0
Mode = L ´ h
2 f1 f 0 f 2
70 58
= 10 + 2(70) 58 42 ´ 2
12
= 10 + 140 100 ´ 2
12
= 10 + 40 ´ 2
24
= 10 +
40
= 10 + 0.6
= 10.6
\ the mode of the ages of children playing on the ground is 10.6 Years.
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Ex. (2) The following frequency distribution table shows the classification of
the number of vehicles and the volume of petrol filled in them. Find
the mode of the volume.
Petrol filled (Litre) 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 13-15
No. of vehicle 33 40 27 18 12
Solution : The given classes are not continuous. So, let us make them contin-
uous and rewrite the table.
Class Continuous classes Frequency
1-3 0.5-3.5 33 ® f0
4-6 3.5-6.5 40 ® f1
7-9 6.5-9.5 27 ® f2
10-12 9.5-12.5 18
13-15 12.5-15.5 12
From the above table, the modal class is 3.5-6.5
f f
Mode = L 2 f f f ´ h
1 0
1 0 2
40 33
Mode = 3.5 + ´ h
2(40) 33 27
7
= 3.5 + 80 60 ´ 3
21
= 3.5 + 20
= 3.5 + 1.05
= 4.55
\ The mode of the volume of petrol filled is = 4.55 litre.
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Practice Set 6.3
1. The following table shows the information regarding the milk collected from
farmers on a milk collection centre and the content of fat in the milk,
measured by a lactometer. Find the mode of fat content.
Content of fat (%) 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7
Milk collected (Litre) 30 70 80 60 20
2. Electricity used by some families is shown in the following table. Find the
mode for use of electricity.
Use of electricity
0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120
(Unit)
No. of families 13 50 70 100 80 17
3. Grouped frequency distribution of supply of milk to hotels and the number of
hotels is given in the following table. Find the mode of the supply of milk.
Milk (Litre) 1-3 3-5 5-7 7-9 9-11 11-13
No. of hotels 7 5 15 20 35 18
4. The following frequency distribution table gives the ages of 200 patients
treated in a hospital in a week. Find the mode of ages of the patients.
Age (years) Less than 5 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29
No. of patients 38 32 50 36 24 20
Activity :-
• Find the mean weight of 20 students in your class.
• Find the mode of sizes of shirts of students in your class
• Every student in your class should measure his/her own pulse rate, note the
pulse rates of all students and find the mode of the pulse rate.
• Measure the height of every student in the class, prepare a grouped
frequency distribution table and find the median of the heights.
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Let’s remember!
We have studied the central tendencies mean, median and mode. Before
selecting any of these measures, we have to know the purpose of its selection
clearly.
Suppose, we have to judge the performance of five divisions of standard
10 in the internal examination. For the purpose, we have to find the 'mean'
of marks of students in each division.
If we have to make two groups of students in a division based on their
marks in the examination, we have to find the 'median' of their marks
If a 'bachat' group producing chalks wants to know about the colour of
chalks having maximum demand, it will have to choose the 'mode'.
Pictorial representation of statistical data
The mean, median or mode of a numerical data or analysis of the
data is useful to draw some useful inferences.
We know that tabulation is one of the methods of representing numerical
data in brief. But a table does not quickly reveal some aspects of the data. A
common man is interested in the important aspects of a data. For example,
annual budget, information about a game, etc. Let us think of another way of
data representation for the purpose.
How Rupee Comes ?
Debts and Non tax revenue
other liabilities Non debt capital
receipts
Corporate Tax Service tax
and other taxes
Income Tax
Union excise
Customs duties
Run
How Rupee goes ?
Centrally Other expenses
sponsored plan States'share of
taxes and duties
Central plan
Plan
assistance to
Interest payment
Non plan Player
Defence assistance to
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Presentation of data
Pictorial and graphical presentation are attractive methods of data interpretation.
The tree chart below shows different methods of data interpretation.
Data Presentation
Tabulation Pictorial Presentation Graphical Method
Ungrouped Grouped Bar Diagram Pie Diagram Line Graph
Simple Joint Divided Percentage Histogram Frequency
polygon
We have studied some of these methods and graphs in previous standards. Now we
will learn a histogram, a frequency polygon and a pie diagram.
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) The lady is
considered as an idol in the field of nursing. She was
devoted to the work of caring for the wounded and
the sick. In the crimean war, she nursed wounded
soldiers and saved their lives. She is also known
for her fundamental work is the field of statistics.
She kept a systematic record of the conditions of
wounded soldiers, treatments given to them and
the results of the treatments and deduced important
conclusions. The cause of the death of soldiers was more often a disease
like typhoid or cholera and not the wounds in the war. The causes of the
diseases were lack of cleanliness of the surronding, polluted water and
crowded dwelling of the patients. Florence exhibited the information in
the form of graphs, and pie charts to convince the people. She showed
that proper treatments and observing the rules of cleanliness decreases the
death rate considerably. The municipalities accepted her observations, that
to maintain the hygiene of town, good drainage system and clean drinking
water for everyone are necessary. Her work established that systematic
records and the statistical methods are useful in drawing reliable inferences.
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Let’s learn.
Histogram Study the following example to know about a histogram and how
to draw it.
Ex : The table below shows the net asset value (NAV) per unit of mutual funds of
some companies.
Draw a histogram representing the information.
NAV (`) 8-9 10-11 12-13 14-15 16-17
No. of mutual
funds 20 40 30 25 15
Solution : The given classes are not continuous. Lets make the classes continuous.
Continuous Classes 7.5-9.5 9.5-11.5 11.5-13.5 13.5-15.5 15.5-17.5
Frequency 20 40 30 25 15
Y Scale
40 X-Axis :1 cm = ` 2
35 Y-Axis : 1 cm = 5 Funds
30
Frequency
25
20
15
10
5
X¢ 7.5 9.5 11.5 13.5 15.5 17.5 X
Y¢
Classes
fig 6.1
Method of drawing a histogram :
1. If the given classes are not continuous, make them continuous. Such classes are
called extended class intervals.
2. Show the classes on the X- axis with a proper scale.
3. Show the frequencies of the Y- axis with a proper scale.
4. Taking each class as the base, draw rectangles with heights proportional to the
frequencies.
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Note :
On the X-axis, a mark ‘ ’ is called the krink mark and it is shown between
the origin and the first class. It means, there are no observations upto the first class.
The mark can be used on the Y- axis also, if needed. This enables us to draw a graph
of optimum size.
Practice Set 6.4
1. Draw a histogram of the following data.
Height of student (cm) 135-140 140-145 145-150 150-155
No. of students 4 12 16 8
2. The table below shows the yield of jowar per acre. Show the data by histogram.
Yield per acre (quintal) 2-3 4-5 6-7 8-9 10-11
No. of farmers 30 50 55 40 20
3. In the following table, the investment made by 210 families is shown. Present it in the
form of a histogram.
Investment 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35
(Thousand Rupees)
No. of families 30 50 60 55 15
4. Time alloted for the preparation of an examination by some students is shown in the
table. Draw a histogram to show the information.
Time (minutes) 60-80 80-100 100-120 120-140 140-160
No. of students 14 20 24 22 16
Let’s learn.
Frequency polygon
The information in a frequency table can be presented in various ways. We have
studied a histogram. A frequency polygon is another way of presentation.
Let us study two methods of drawing a frequency polygon.
(1) With the help of a histogram (2) Without the help of a histogram.
(1) We shall use the histogram in figure 6.1 to learn the method of drawing a
frequency polygon.
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Y Scale
40
Frequency (No. of mutual funds)
X-Axis :1 cm = ` 2
35 Y-Axis : 1 cm : 5 Funds
30
25
20
15
10
5
X¢ 0 Y¢ 7.5 9.5 11.5 13.5 15.5 17.5 X
Class (Net Asset Value)
Fig. 6.2
1. Mark the mid - point of upper side of each rectangle in the histogram.
2. Assume that a rectangle of zero height exists preceeding the first rectangle and
mark its mid - point. Similarly, assume a rectangle succeeding the last rectangle
and mark its mid -point.
3. Join all mid - points in order by line segments.
4. The closed figure so obtained is the frequency polygon.
(2) Observe the following table. It shows how the coordinates of points are decided to
draw a frequency polygon, without drawing a histogram.
Class Continuous class Class mark Frequency Coordinates of points
6-7 5.5 - 7.5 6.5 0 (6.5, 0)
8-9 7.5 - 9.5 8.5 20 (8.5, 20)
10 - 11 9.5 - 11.5 10.5 40 (10.5, 40)
12 -13 11.5 - 13.5 12.5 30 (12.5, 30)
14 - 15 13.5 - 15.5 14.5 25 (14.5, 25)
16 - 17 15.5 - 17.5 16.5 15 (16.5, 15)
18 - 19 17.5 - 19.5 18.5 0 (18.5, 0)
The points corresponding to the coordinates in the fifth column are plotted. Joining
them in order by line segments, we get a frequency polygon. The polygon is shown in
figure 6.3. Observe it.
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Y Scale
(10.5, 40)
40 X-Axis :1 cm = 2 rupees
Frequency (No. of mutual funds)
35 Y-Axis : 1 cm = 5 funds
30 (12.5, 30)
25 (14.5, 25)
20 (8.5, 20)
15 (16.5, 15)
10
X¢ 0 6.5 8.5 10.5 12.5 14.5 16.5 18.5 X
Y¢
Class (Net Asset Value)
fig 6.3
ÒÒÒ Solved Examples ÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) Answer the following questions Y
22 Scale
based on the frequency polygon (35, 20) X-Axis :1 cm = 2 rupees
20 Y-Axis : 1 cm : 5 funds
given in the adjacent figure.
18
(1) Write frequency of the class 50-60. 16 (45, 16)
(2) State the class whose frequency is 14. 14 (25, 14)
Frequency
(3) State the class whose class mark is 55. 12
10 (55, 10)
(4) Write the class in which the frequency
8 (15, 8)
is maximum.
6
(5) Write the classes whose frequencies
4
are zero.
2
X¢ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 X
Y¢
Class
fig 6.4
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Solution :
(1) The class marks are on the X- axis. The point whose x- coordinate is 55 (as the
mid - point of the class 50-60 is 55.) y- coordinate is 10. So, the frequency of the
class 50-60 is 10.
(2) The frequencies are shown on the Y-axis. The x- coordinate of the point whose
y- coordinate is 14, is 25. Note the mark 14 on the Y- axis . The class mark of the
class 20-30 is 25. Hence, the frequency of the class 20-30 is 14.
(3) The class mark of the class 50-60 is 55.
(4) The frequency is shown on the Y-axis. On the polygon the maximum value of the
y- coordinate is 20. Its corresponding x- coordinate is 35, which is the mark of
the class 30-40. Therefore, the maximum frequency is in the class 30-40.
(5) The frequencies of the classes 0-10 and 60-70 are zero.
Ex. (2) The following table shows the weights of children and the number of children.
Draw a frequency polygon showing the information.
Weight of children (kg) 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24
No. of children 4 13 15 19 17 6
Let us prepare a table showing the co-ordinates necessary to draw a frequency
polygon.
Class 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24
Class mark 18.5 19.5 20.5 21.5 22.5 23.5
Frequency 4 13 15 19 17 6
Coordinates (18.5, 4) (19.5,13) (20.5,15) (21.5,19) (22.5,17) (23.5,6)
of points
Y Scale
X-Axis :2 cm = 1 kg
Frequency (No. of children)
Y-Axis : 1 cm = 4 children
Fig. 6.5
X¢ 17.5 18.5 19.5 20.5 21.5 22.5 23.5 24.5 X
Y¢
Class mark (Weight-kg)
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Practice Set 6.5
1. Observe the following frequency polygon and write the answers of the questions
below it.
Y Scale
X-Axis : 1 cm = 2 marks
Y-Axis : 1 cm =10 students
(65, 60)
60
50 (55, 50)
Students
40 (45, 40)
(75, 35)
30
20 (35, 20)
(85, 15)
10
X¢ Y¢ 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 X
Marks
fig 6.6
(1) Which class has the maximum number of students?
(2) Write the classes having zero frequency.
(3) What is the class-mark of the class, having frequency of 50 students?
(4) Write the lower and upper class limits of the class whose class mark is 85.
(5) How many students are in the class 80-90?
2. Show the following data by a frequency polygon.
Electricity bill (`) 0-200 200-400 400-600 600-800 800-1000
Families 240 300 450 350 160
3. The following table shows the classification of percentages of marks of students
and the number of students. Draw a frequency polygon from the table.
Result 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
(Percentage)
No. of students 7 33 45 65 47 18 5
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Let’s recall.
Pie diagram
In the previous standards, we have seen the following figures in Geography and
Science. Such graphs are called pie diagrams.
Other gases
Oxygen 1%
Land
29% 21%
71% 78%
Water Nitrogen
Proportion of land and Proportion of
water on the earth constituents of air
fig 6.7
In a pie diagram, the numerical data is shown
in a circle. Different components of a data are shown
by proportional sectors of the circle.
O
In figure 6.8, seg OA and seg OB are radii of a
circle with centre O. A B
∠ AOB is the central angle. X
The shaded region O - AXB is a sector of the circle. fig 6.8
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Let’s learn.
Reading of Pie diagram
The following example illustrates how a pie chart gives information at a glance.
120 students of standard 10 were asked
Tennis
which game they like. The information Cricket
obtained is shown in the adjacent pie
kho-kho
diagram. Answers to the question as-
Kabaddi
'Which game is liked the most' Hockey
'What percentage of students like kho-kho?'
fig 6.9
'What percentage of students like kabaddi?'
can be obtained from the pie diagram at a glance.
Observe one more pie diagram.
Figure 6.10 shows the annual financial
planning of a school. From the pie diagram
we see that Games
� 45% of the amount is reserved for
educational equipment. Sanitati
Educational on
� 35% of the amount is shown for games. equipment
En
vir
on
� 10% of the amount is kept for sanitation.
me
nt
� 10% of the amount is reserved for
fig 6.10
environment.
In this way, we get information at a glance from a pie diagram.
Let us have more information about a pie diagram.
Many times we find information of different types in newspapers given in
the form of pie diagrams. For example, the annual budget, performance of different
nations in olympic games, etc.
Now we shall see, by examples, how to interpret the information from a pie
diagram.
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Example :
As deduced from a survey, the classification of skilled workers is shown in the pie
diagram (fig 6.11). If the number of workers in the production sector is 4500, answer
the following questions.
(i) What is the total number of skilled
workers in all fields?
Ag Others
ri (ii) What is the number of skilled workers
Produ in the field of constructions?
ction
n
ructio (iii) How many skilled workers are in
nst
Co
agriculture?
Hotel
(iv) Find the difference between the
fig 6.11 numbers of workers in the field of
production and construction.
Solution : (i) Suppose, the total number of skilled workers in all fields is x.
\ the central angle for x persons is = 360°
Central angle for number of persons in production field
Number of persons in production field
= x ´ 360
4500
\ 90 = ´ 360
x
\ x = 18000
\ total number of skilled workers in all the fields together = 18000.
(ii) The angle shown for construction sector = 72°.
\ 72 = Number of persons in construction ´ 360
18000
72 ´18000
\ number of persons in construction field =
360
= 3600
(iii) The central angle for agriculture field is 24°.
Number of workers in agriculture
\ 24 = total skilled workers
´ 360
Number of workers in agriculculture
24 = ´ 360
18000
24 ´ 18000
\ number of workers in agriculture =
360
= 1200
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(iv) The difference between angles relating fields of production and construction
= 90° - 72° = 18°.
\ The difference between the central angles =
Difference between numbres of workers in the fields
´ 360
Total number of skilled workers
Difference between the numbers of workers in the fields
18 = ´ 360
18000
18 ´18000
Difference between the numbers of workers in the two fields = 360
= 900
Let’s remember!
� Every component of a data is shown by a sector associated with it.
� The measure of the central angle of the sector is in proportion with the
number of scores in that component.
Number of scores in component
� The measure of central angle (θ) = Total number of scores ´ 3600
� A circle of suitable radius should be drawn. Divide the circle in sectors
such that the measure of central angle of each sector is proportional to
the number of scores in its corresponding component in the data.
Let’s learn.
To draw a Pie diagram
We have seen how to read a pie diagram. Now let us learn to draw it.
1. To draw a pie diagram, the whole circle is divided into sectors proportional to the
components of the data
2. The measure of central angle of each sector is found by the following formula.
The measure of central angle of sector θ
Number of scores in the components
= ´ 360
Total number of scores
A circle of a suitable radius is drawn. Then it is divided into sectors such that,
the number of sectors is equal to the number of components in the data.
Let us understand the method through examples.
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ÒÒÒ Solved ExamplesÒÒÒ
Ex. (1) In a bicycle shop, number of bicycles purchased and choice of their colours
was as follows. Find the measures of sectors of a circle to show the information
by a pie diagram.
Colour Number of Central angle of
Solution : In all 36 bicycles were
purchased. Out of them 10 bicycles bicycles the sector
White 10 10
were white coloured. ´ 360° = 100°
36
\ the measure of sector showing white 9
Black 9 ´ 360° = 90°
coloured bicycles 36
Number of white bicycles Blue
= ´ 360 6 60°
Total number of bicycles
= 10 ´ 360 = 100 Grey 7 70°
36
The measures of angles of sector relating
to bicycles of other colours can be Red 4 40°
calculated similarly which are shown in Total 36 360°
the adjacent table.
Ex. (2) The following table shows the daily supply of electricity to different places in
a town. Show the information by a pie diagram.
Places Factories Houses Roads Shops Offices Others
Supply of electricity
(Thousand units) 24 14 7 5 6 4
Solution : The total supply of electricity is 60,000 units. Let us find the measures of
central angles and show in the table.
Supply of electricity Unit Measure of central angle ces
Others
Offi
Factories 24 24
´ 360 = 144°
s
op
60
Sh
Houses 14 14 Factories
´ 360 = 84° Roads
60
Roads 7 7
´ 360 = 42° Ho
use
60 s
Shops 5 5
´ 360 = 30°
60
Offices 6 6
60
´ 360 = 36° fig 6.12
Others 4 4
60
´ 360 = 24°
Total 60 360°
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Steps of drawing pie chart :
(1) As shown in the figure, a circle and a radius is drawn. Then the sectors having
measures of angles in the table, (144°,84°, 42°, 30°, 36°, and 24°) were drawn
one by one, in the clockwise direction. (While drawing the sectors one by one,
we can change their order.)
(2) The components of the data were recorded in the sectors.
Activity :
The monthly expenditure of a family on different items is shown in the following
table. Calculate the related central angles and draw a pie chart.
Different Percentage of Measure of central angle
items expenditure
Food 40
40 ´ 360 =
100
Cloting 20 ´ =
House rent 15 ´ =
Education 20 ´ =
Expenditure 05 ´ =
Total 100 360°
Practice Set 6.6
1. The age group and number of persons, who donated blood in a blood donation camp
is given below. Draw a pie diagram from it.
Age group (Yrs) 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40
No. of persons 80 60 35 25
2. The marks obtained by a student in different subjects are shown. Draw a pie diagram
showing the information.
Subject English Marathi Science Mathematics Social science Hindi
Marks 50 70 80 90 60 50
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3. In a tree plantation programme, the number of trees planted by students of different
classes is given in the following table. Draw a pie diagram showing the information.
Standard 5 th 6 th 7 th 8 th 9 th 10 th
No. of trees 40 50 75 50 70 75
4. The following table shows the percentages of demands for different fruits registered
with a fruit vendor. Show the information by a pie diagram.
Fruits Mango Sweet lime Apples Cheeku Oranges
Percentages of demand 30 15 25 20 10
5. The pie diagram in figure 6.13 shows the proportions of different workers in a town.
Answer the following questions with its help.
(1) If the total workers is 10,000;
Ag
ric
El
ec Food how many of them are in the field of
ult
tri
ure
ci
ty
Co
Adm
inistr
construction?
nst
ation
or Ad
min
ruc
(2) How many workers are working
tio
n
Production
Hotels in the administration?
(3) What is the percentage of workers
in production?
fig 6.13
6. The annual investments of a family are shown
in the adjacent pie diagram. Answer the
Immovable
following questions based on it. Property Shares
(1) If the investment in shares is ` 2000/,
find the total investment. Mutual Post
fund
(2) How much amount is deposited in bank? Deposit in
bank
(3) How much more money is invested in
immovable property than in mutual fund?
(4) How much amount is invested in post? fig 6.14
Miscellaneous Problems - 6
1. Find the correct answer from the alternatives given.
(1) The persons of O- blood group are 40%. The classification of persons based
on blood groups is to be shown by a pie diagram. What should be the measures of
angle for the persons of O- blood group?
(A) 114° (B) 140° (C) 104° (D) 144°
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(2) Different expenditures incurred on the construction of a building were shown
by a pie diagram. The expenditure ` 45,000 on cement was shown by a
sector of central angle of 75°. What was the total expenditure of the
construction ?
(A) 2,16,000 (B) 3,60,000 (C) 4,50,000 (D) 7,50,000
(3) Cumulative frequencies in a grouped frequency table are useful to find . . .
(A) Mean (B) Median (C) Mode
(D) All of these
å fi ui
(4) The formula to find mean from a grouped frequency table is X = A + ´h g
In the formula u = . . . å fi
i
xi + A xi - A A - xi
(A) (B) (xi - A) (C) (D)
g g g
(5) Distance Covered per litre (km) 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20
No. of cars 11 12 20 7
The median of the distances covered per litre shown in the above data is in the
group . . . . . .
(A) 12-14 (B) 14-16 (C) 16-18 (D) 18-20
(6)
No. of trees planted by each student 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12
No. of students 7 8 6 4
The above data is to be shown by a frequency polygon. The coordinates of the
points to show number of students in the class 4-6 are . . . .
(A) (4, 8) (B) (3, 5) (C) (5, 8) (D) (8, 4)
2. The following table shows the income of farmers in a grape season. Find the mean
of their income.
Income
20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
(Thousand Rupees)
Farmers 10 11 15 16 18 14
3. The loans sanctioned by a bank for construction of farm ponds are shown in the
following table. Find the mean of the loans.
Loan (Thousand rupees) 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
No. of farm ponds 13 20 24 36 7
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4. The weekly wages of 120 workers in a factory are shown in the following frequency
distribution table. Find the mean of the weekly wages.
Weekly wages
(Rupees) 0-2000 2000-4000 4000-6000 6000-8000
No. of workers 15 35 50 20
5. The following frequency distribution table shows the amount of aid given to 50
flood affected families. Find the mean of the amount of aid.
Amount of aid
(Thosand rupees)
50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
No. of families 7 13 20 6 4
6. The distances covered by 250 public transport buses in a day is shown in the
following frequency distribution table. Find the median of the distances.
Distance (km) 200-210 210-220 220-230 230-240 240-250
No. of buses 40 60 80 50 20
7. The prices of different articles and demand for them is shown in the following
frequency distribution table. Find the median of the prices.
Price (Rupees) 20 less than 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
No. of articles 140 100 80 60 20
8. The following frequency table shows the demand for a sweet and the number of
customers. Find the mode of demand of sweet.
Weight of sweet
(gram) 0-250 250-500 500-750 750-1000 1000-1250
No. of customers 10 60 25 20 15
9. Draw a histogram for the following frequency distribution.
Use of electricity
(Unit) 50-70 70-90 90-110 110-130 130-150 150-170
No. of families 150 400 460 540 600 350
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10. In a handloom factory different workers take different periods of time to weave a
saree. The number of workers and their required periods are given below. Present
the information by a frequency polygon.
No. of days 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20
No. of workers 5 16 30 40 35 14
11. The time required for students to do a science experiment and the number of
students is shown in the following grouped frequency distribution table. Show the
information by a histogram and also by a frequency polygon.
Time required for
20-22 22-24 24-26 26-28 28-30 30-32
experiment (minutes)
No. of students 8 16 22 18 14 12
12. Draw a frequency polygon for the following grouped frequency distribution table.
Age of the donor
20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49
(Yrs.)
No. of blood doners 38 46 35 24 15 12
13. The following table shows the average rainfall in 150 towns. Show the information
by a frequency polygon.
Average rainfall
0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
(cm)
No. of towns 14 12 36 48 40
14. Observe the adjacent pie diagram. It
shows the percentages of number of Cars
vehicles passing a signal in a town
between 8 am and 10 am Two Tempos
wheelers
(1) Find the central angle for each
Au Buses
type of vehicle. rik
sh
aw
to
-
s
(2) If the number of two-wheelers is
1200, find the number of all vehicles. fig 6.15
15. The following table shows causes of noise pollution. Show it by a pie diagram.
Construction Traffic Aircraft take offs Industry Trains
10% 50% 9% 20% 11%
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16. A survey of students was made to know which
game they like. The data obtained in the survey Cricket Football
is presented in the adjacent pie diagram. If the
Hockey
total number of students are 1000, Kabaddi
(1) How many students like cricket? -k
ho
Other
o
Kh
(2) How many students like football?
(3) How many students prefer other games? fig 6.16
17. Medical check up of 180 women was conducted in a health centre in a village.
50 of them were short of haemoglobin, 10 suffered from cataract and 25 had
respiratory disorders. The remaining women were healthy. Show the information
by a pie diagram.
18. On an environment day, students in a school planted 120 trees under plantation
project. The information regarding the project is shown in the following table.
Show it by a pie diagram.
Tree name Karanj Behada Arjun Bakul Kadunimb
No. of trees 20 28 24 22 26
rrr
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Answers
1. Linear Equations In Two Variables
Practice Set 1.1
2. (1) (2, 4) (2) (3, 1) (3) (6,1) (4) (5, 2)
(5) (-1, 1) (6) (1, 3) (7) (3, 2) (8) (7, 3)
Practice Set 1.2
1. (1) (2)
x 3 -2 0 x 4 -1 0
y 0 5 3 y 0 -5 -4
(x, y) (3, 0) (-2, 5) (0, 3) (x, y) (4, 0) (-1,-5) (0,-4)
2. (1) (5, 1) (2) (4, 1) (3) (3, -3) (4) (-1, -5) (5) (1, 2.5) (6) (8, 4)
Practice Set 1.3
3 2
1. = 3 ´ 5 - 2 ´ 4 = 15 - 8 = 7
4 5
4
2. (1) -18 (2) 21 (3) -
3
5 1
3. (1) (2, -1) (2) (-2, 4) (3) (3, -2) (4) (2, 6) (5) (6, 5) (6) ( , )
8 4
Practice Set 1.4
1 5
1. (1) ( 9 , 1) (2) (3, 2) (3) ( 2 , -2) (4) (1, 1)
Practice Set 1.5
1. The numbers are 5 and 2 2. x = 12, y = 8, Area = 640 sq. unit,
Perimeter = 112 unit 3. Son’s age is 15 years, father’s age is 40 years
7
4. 18 5. A - 30 kg, B - 55 kg 6. 150 km.
Problem Set 1
1. (1) B (2) A (3) D (4) C (5) A
2.
3
x -5 2
13
y −
6
0
(x, y) (-5, 13 3
− ) ( 2 , 0)
6
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3. (1) (3, 2) (2) (-2, -1) (3) (0, 5) (4) (2, 4) (5) (3, 1)
4. (1) 22 (2) -1 (3) 13
2 1 1 7 116
5. (1) (- , 2) (2) (1, 4) (3) ( , - 2 )
2
(4) ( ,
11 33
) (5) (2, 6)
3
1
6. (1) (6, -4) (2) (- , -1)
4
(3) (1, 2) (4) (1, 1) (5) (2, 1)
7. (2) Tea; `300 per kg.
(5) Skilled worker's wages ` 450.
sugar; ` 40 per kg.
unskilled worker's wages ` 270.
(3) `100 notes 20
(6) Hamid's speed 50 km/hr.
`50 notes 10
Joseph's speed 40 km/hr.
(4) Manisha's age 23 years
Savita's age 8 years.
2. Quadratic Equations
Practice Set 2.1
1. Any equations of the type m2 + 5m + 3 = 0 , y2 - 3 = 0
2. (1), (2), (4), (5) are quadratic equations.
3. (1) y2 + 2y - 10 = 0, a = 1, b = 2, c = -10
(2) x2 - 4x - 2 = 0, a = 1, b = -4, c = -2
(3) x2 + 4x + 3 = 0,
a = 1, b = 4, c = 3
(4) m2 + 0m + 9 = 0, a = 1, b = 0, c = 9
(5) 6p2 + 3p + 5 = 0 , a = 6, b = 3, c = 5
(6) x2 + 0x - 22 = 0 , a = 1, b = 0, c = -22
5
4. (1) 1 is a root, -1 is not. (2) 2
is a root, 2 is not.
5. k = 3 6. k = -7
Practice Set 2.2
1 3
1. (1) 9, 6 (2) -5, 4 (3) -13, -
2
(4) 5, -
5
1 1 2 1 5 2 2
(5) 2 , 2 (6) ,-2 (7) - ,- 2 (8) ,
3 2 3 3
3 3
(9) 25, -1
(10) - , (11) 0, 3 (12) - 11 , 11
5 5
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Practice Set 2.3
13 + 5 13 5
1. (1) 4,-5 (2) ( 6 -1), (- 6 -1) (3) ,
2 2
2+2 2 2 5 5 2 + 39 2 − 39
(4) 3
, 3 (5) - , -
2
(6)
5
, 5
4
Practice Set 2.4
1. (1) 1, -7, 5 (2) 2, -5, 5 (3) 1, -7, 0
3 + 17 3 − 17 1 22 −1 − 22
2. (1) -1, -5 (2) 2
, 2 (3) 3
, 3
2 + 14 2 − 14 1 73 −1 − 73 8
(4)
5
, 5 (5) 6
, 6 (6) -1, - 5
3. - 3 ,- 3
Practice Set 2.5
1. (1) Roots are distinct and real when b2 - 4ac = 5, not real when b2 - 4ac = -5.
3
(2) x2 + 7x + 5 = 0 (3) a + b = 2, a ´ b = - 2
2. (1) 53 (2) -55 (3) 0
3. (1) Real and equal. (2) Real and unequal. (3) Not real.
4. (1) x2 - 4x = 0 (2) x2 + 7x - 30 = 0
1
(3) x2 - 4 = 0 (4) x2 - 4x - 1 = 0
5. k=3 6. (1) 18 (2) 50
7. (1) k = 12 or k = -12 (2) k = 6
Practice Set 2.6
1. 9 years 2. 10 and 12 3. In vertical row 10, in horizontal row 15.
4. Kishor’s present age is 10 years and Vivek’s present age is 15 years
5. 10 marks 6. No. of pots 6, production cost of each is ` 100.
7. 6 km/hr 8. For Nishu 6 days, for Pintu 12 days.
9. Divisor = 9, quotient = 51 10. AB = 7 cm, CD = 15 cm, AD = BC = 5 cm.
Problem Set 2
1. (1) B (2) A (3) C (4) B (5) B (6) D (7) C (8) C
2. (1) and (3) are quadratic equations.
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3. (1) -15 (2) 1 (3) 21
4. k=3 5. (1) x2 - 100 = 0 (2) x2 - 2x - 44 = 0 (3) x2 - 7x = 0
6. (1) Not real. (2) Real and unequal (3) Real and equal
1 + 21 1 − 21 1 1
7. (1) , 2 (2) 2 , - (3) 1, -4
5
2
5 5 −5 − 5
(4) 2
, 2 (5) Roots are not real. (6) (2 + 7 ), (2 - 7 )
8. m = 14 9. x2 - 5x + 6 = 0 10. x2 - 4pqx - (p2 - q2)2 = 0
11. ` 100 with Sagar, ` 150 with Mukund.
12. 12 and 24 or 12 and - 24 13. No. of students 60
14. Breadth 45 m. length 100 m, side of the pond 15 m.
15. For larger tap 3 hours and for smaller tap 6 hours.
3. Arithmetic Progression
Practice Set 3.1
1
1. (1) Yes, d = 2 (2) Yes, d = 2 (3) Yes, d = 4 (4) No
(5) Yes, d = -4 (6) Yes, d = 0 (7) Yes, d = 2 (8) Yes, d = 5
2. (1) 10, 15, 20, 25, . . . (2) -3, -3, -3, -3, . . . (3) -7, -6.5, -6, -5.5, . .
(4) -1.25, 1.75, 4.75, 7.75, . . .(5) 6, 3, 0, -3 . . . (6) -19, -23, -27, -31
1 1
3. (1) a = 5, d = -4 (2) a = 0.6, d = 0.3 (3) a = 127, d = 8 (4) a = , d = 4 2
Practice Set 3.2
1. (1) d = 7 (2) d = 3 (3) a = -3, d = -5 (4) a = 70, d = -10
2. Yes. 121 3. 104 4. 1115 5. -121 6. 180
7. 55 8. 55th 9. 60 10. 1
Practice Set 3.3
1. 1215 2. 15252 3. 30450 5. 5040
5. 2380 6. 60 7. 4, 9, 14 or 14, 9, 4 8. -3, 1, 5, 9
Practice Set 3.4
1. ` 70455 2. First instalment ` 1000, last instalment ` 560. 3. ` 1,92,000
4. 48, 1242 5. -20°, -25°,-30°,-35°,-40°,-45° 6. 325
Problem Set 3
1. (1) B (2) C (3) B (4) D (5) B (6) C (7) C (8) A (9) A (10) B
2. 40 3. 1, 6, 11, . . . 4. -195 5. 16, -21 6. -1 7. 6, 10
8. 8 9. 67, 69, 71 10. 3, 7, 11, . . . . . , 147 14. ` 2000.
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4. Financial Planning
Practice Set 4.1
1. CGST 6%, SGST 6% 2. SGST 9%, GST 18%
3. CGST ` 784 and SGST ` 784
4. The customer gets the belt for ` 691.48.
5. Taxable value of toy car is ` 1500, CGST ` 135, SGST ` 135
6. (1) Rate of SGST 14% (2) Rate of GST on AC 28%
(3) Taxable value of AC ` 40,000. (4) Total GST ` 11,200.
(5) CGST ` 5600. (6) SGST ` 5600.
7. Prasad gets the washing machine for ` 48,640 and CGST ` 5320, SGST ` 5320.
Practice Set 4.2
1. Payable GST ` 22,000.
2. Input Tax Credit for Nazama is ` 12,500 and her payable GST is ` 2250.
3. Ameer Enterprises : Payable GST ` 300, payable CGST ` 150,
payable SGST ` 150.
Akabari Brothers : payable GST ` 400, payable CGST ` 200,
payable SGST ` 200.
4. Payable GST ` 100 so CGST ` 50 and UTGST ` 50. 5. CGST = SGST = ` 900
Practice Set 4.3
1. (1) MV ` 100 (2) FV ` 75 (3) At discount of ` 5.
2. 25% 3. ` 37,040 4. 800 shares
5. Rate of return 5.83% 6. Company A- more profitable.
Practice Set 4.4
1. ` 200.60 2. ` 999
3.
No. of MV of Total Brokerage 9% 9% Total value
shares shares value 0.2% CGST on SGST on of shares
brokerage brokerage
100 B ` 45 ` 4500 ` 9 ` 0.81 ` 0.81 ` 4510.62
75 S ` 200 `15000 ` 30 ` 2.70 ` 2.70 ` 14964.60
4. No. of shares sold = 100. 5. Loss of ` 8560.
Problem Set 4A
1. (1) C (2) B (3) D (4) B (5) A (6) B
2. Total bill ` 28,800 , CGST ` 3150, SGST ` 3150.
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3. ` 997.50 4. ` 12,500 5. ITC ` 4250, payable tax ` 250
6. ITC ` 1550, payable CGST ` 5030, payable SGST ` 5030.
7. Taxable value ` 75,000, CGST ` 4500, SGST ` 4500
8. (1) Wholesaler’s tax invoice : CGST ` 16200; SGST ` 16200.
Retailer’s tax invoice: CGST ` 19,800; SGST ` 19,800.
(2) Wholesaler : payable CGST ` 2700 and payable SGST ` 2700,
Retailer : payable CGST ` 3600 and payable SGST ` 3600
9. (1) Anna Patil’s invoice : CGST ` 1960, SGST ` 1960
(2) Trader in Vasai : CGST ` 2352 and SGST ` 2352
(3) Trader in Vasai : payable CGST ` 392 and payable SGST ` 392
10.
(1) Person Payable CGST (`) Payable SGST (`) Payable GST (`)
Manufacturer 300 300 600
Distributor 360-300 = 60 60 120
Retailer 390-360 = 30 30 60
Total Tax 390 390 780
(2) Finally, the customer will get the article for ` 7280.
(3) Manufacturer to distributor B2B, distributor to retailer B2B,
retailer to customer B2C
Problem Set 4B
1. (1) B (2) B (3) A (4) C (5) A
2. ` 130.39 3. 22.2% 4. will get ` 21,000 .
5. Will get 500 shares. 6. Profit ` 1058.52 7. Company B, as returns are more
8. Will get 1000 shares. 9. ` 118.
10. (1) ` 1,20,000 (2) ` 360 (3) ` 64.80 (4) ` 120424.80.
11. 1% profit
5. Probability
Practice Set 5.1
1. (1) 8 (2) 7 (3) 52 (4) 11
Practice Set 5.2
1. (1) S = {1H, 1T, 2H, 2T, 3H, 3T, 4H, 4T, 5H, 5T, 6H, 6T} n(S) = 12
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(2) S = {23, 25, 32, 35, 52, 53} n(S) = 6
2. S = {Red, Purple, Orange, Yellow, Blue, Green} n(S) = 6
3. S = {Tuesday, Sunday, Friday, Wednesday, Monday, Saturday} n(S) = 6
4. (1) B1B2 (2) G1G2 (3) B1G1 B2G1 B1G2 B2G2
(4) S = {B1B2, B1G1, B1G2, B2G1, B2G2, G1G2}
Practice Set 5.3
1. (1) S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} n(S) = 6
A = {2, 4, 6} n(A) = 3, B = {1, 3, 5} n(B) = 3, C = {2, 3, 5} n(C) = 3
(2) S = {(1,1), . . ., (1, 6), (2,1), . . ., (2, 6), (3, 1), . . .,(3, 6),
(4, 1), . . .,(4,6),(5, 1), . . .,(5, 6),(6, 1), . . .,(6, 6)} n(S) = 36
A = {(1, 5) (2, 4) (3, 3) (4, 2) (5, 1) (6, 6)} n(A) = 6
B = {(4, 6) (5, 5) (5, 6) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)} n(B) = 6
C = {(1, 1) (2, 2) (3, 3) (4, 4) (5, 5) (6, 6)} n(C) = 6
(3) S = {HHH, HHT, HTT, HTH, THT, TTH, THH, TTT} n(S) = 8
A = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH} n(A) = 4
B = {TTT} n(B) = 1
C = {HHH, HHT, THH} n(C) = 3
(4) S = {10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 40, 41, 42, 43,
45, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54} n(S) = 25
A = {10, 12, 14, 20, 24, 30, 32, 34, 40, 42, 50, 52, 54} n(A) = 13
B = {12, 15, 21, 24, 30, 42, 45, 51, 54} n(B) = 9
C = {51, 52, 53, 54} n(C) = 4
(5) S = {M1M2, M1M3, M1F1, M1F2, M2M3, M2F1, M2F2, M3F1, M3F2, F1F2}
n(S) = 10
A = {M1F1, M1F2, M2F1, M2F2, M3F1, M3F2, F1F2} n(A) = 7
B = {M1F1, M1F2, M2F1, M2F2, M3F1, M3F2} n(B) = 6
C = {M1M2, M1M3, M2M3} n(C) = 3
(6) S = {H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6 T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6} n(S) = 12
A = {H1, H3, H5} n(A) = 3
B = {H2, H4, H6, T2, T4, T6} n(B) = 6
C = { } n(C) = 0
Practice Set 5.4
3 1 1 5
1. (1) 4 , (2)
4
2. (1) 6 (2) 0 (3)
12
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7 1 4 1 1 1
3. (1)
15
(2)
5
4. (1) 5
(2) 5 5. (1) 13 (2) 4
Problem Set - 5
1 6
1. (1) B (2) B (3) C (4) A (5) A 2. Vasim’s 11 3. (1)
(2) 11
5 4 1 4 1 1 1
4. 5. (1) 9 (2) 3 (3) 9 6. 2 7. (1) 3 (2) 6
26
1 1 1 1 1 3
8. (1) 2 (2) 6 9. 25 10. (1) 8 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 1
5 1 1 2 2 2
11. (1) 6 (2) 6 (3) 1 (4) 0 12. (1) 3 (2) 3 (3) 3 13. 11
13 3 3 1 11
14. 40
15. (1) 10 (2) 10 (3) 5 16. 36
6. Statistics
Practice Set 6.1
(1) 4.36 hrs (2) ` 521.43. (3) 2.82 litre (4) ` 35310
(5) ` 985 or ` 987.5. (6) ` 3070 or ` 3066.67.
Practice Set 6.2
(1) 11.4 hrs (2) 184.4 means 184 mangoes approximately (3) 74.558 » 75 vehicles
(4) 52750 lamps
Practice Set 6.3
1. 4.33 litre 2. 72 unit 3. 9.94 litre 4. 12.31 years
Practice Set 6.5
1. (1) 60-70 (2) 20-30 and 90-100 (3) 55 (4) 80 and 90 (5) 15
Practice Set 6.6
5. (1) 2000 (2) 1000 (3) 25%
6. (1) ` 12000 (2) ` 3000 (3) ` 2000 (4) ` 1000.
Problem Set - 6
1. (1) D (2) A (3) B (4) C (5) C (6) C
2. ` 52,500 3. ` 65,400 4. ` 4250
5. ` 72,400 6. 223.13 km. 7. ` 32 8. 397.06 gm
14. (1) Cars - 108°, Tempos - 43°, Buses - 29°, Auto-rickshaws - 36°,
Two wheelers - 144°
(2) Total number of vehicles - 3000
16. (1) Cricket - 225, (2) Football - 175 (3) Other games- 200.
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