1

For questions: Ege ÖDEN Notch sensitivities for bending or axial loads q = 0.82 (Fig 6-20 in formula sheet)
Room: C-201 and for torsion q = 0.88 (Fig 6-21 in formula sheet), respectively. The theoretical
E-mail: egeoden@[Link] Date: 03/12/2025
stress-concentration factors are Kt =1.5 for bending (Fig A-15-9) and Kts =1.3 for
ME 307 – MACHINE ELEMENTS I torsion (Fig A-15-8). The fatigue stress-concentration factors are
TUTORIAL 9
“DESIGN OF SHAFTS” 𝐾 = 1 + 𝑞(𝐾 − 1) = 1 + 0.82(1.50 − 1) = 1.41
𝐾 = 1 + 𝑞(𝐾 − 1) = 1 + 0.88(1.3 − 1) = 1.264
Problem 1: The figure shows a section of an AISI 1050 CD steel shaft with
dimensions D = 30 mm and d = 25 mm. The shaft section at the shoulder is subject The bending stress for completely reversed bending moment is:
to a completely reversed bending moment of 60 N.m and a torsion fluctuating
between -30 and 50 Nm. Determine the factor of safety for infinite life based on the 32𝑀 32 ⋅ 60
modified Goodman diagram. (Operating temperature is 100°C and reliability is 𝜎 =𝐾 = 1.41 = 55.2𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜎 =0
𝜋𝑑 𝜋(2.5 ⋅ 10 )
%90).
The alternating and mean components of the torsional stress are:

50 + 30 50 − 30
𝑇 = = 40𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚, 𝑇 = = 10𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
2 2
16 ⋅ 𝑇 16 ⋅ 40
𝜏 =𝐾 ⋅ = 1.264 ⋅ = 16.47𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜋⋅𝑑 𝜋⋅ (2.5 ⋅ 10 )
16 ⋅ 𝑇 16 ⋅ 10
Solution: 𝜏 =𝐾 ⋅ = 1.264 ⋅ = 4.11𝑀𝑃𝑎
The tensile strength of AISI 1050 Cold-Drawn steel is 𝑆 = 690 MPa (Shigley Table 𝜋⋅𝑑 𝜋 ⋅ (2.5 ⋅ 10 )
A-20). From the same table, it can be assumed that the material is brittle by observing Based on the distortion-energy theory the equivalent stresses are:
its relatively low elongation (10%).
The endurance limit is 𝜎 = 𝜎 , + 3𝜏 , = 55.2 + 3 ⋅ 16.47 = 62.13𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑆 = 0.5 𝑆 (𝑆 < 1400𝑀𝑃𝑎), 𝑆 = 0.5 ⋅ 690 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎 .
The endurance limit modifying factors are 𝜎 = 𝜎 + 3𝜏 = 0 + 3 ⋅ 4.11 = 7.11𝑀𝑃𝑎
, ,
𝑘 = 𝑎 · (𝑆 ) = 4.51 · (690) . = 0.798
𝑘 = 1.24(0.370𝑑) .
= 0.977 (6-20)(Table 6-3) According to the modified Goodman relation the factor of safety is
𝑘 =1 for bending
𝑘 = 1.02 T=100 C° (Table 6.4) 1 𝜎 𝜎 62.13𝑀𝑃𝑎 7.11𝑀𝑃𝑎 1
= + = + =
𝑘 = 0.897 for 90% reliability. 𝑛 𝑆 𝑆 246.1𝑀𝑃𝑎 690𝑀𝑃𝑎 3.81

𝑆 = 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑘 ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ 𝑆
𝑆 = 0.798 ⋅ 0.977 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1.02 ⋅ 0.897 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 345𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 246.1𝑀𝑃𝑎

METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2025

 2
Problem 2: Figure 1 shows a shaft with two gears and a drum mounted on it with Solution:
keys and profiled keyways. Gears 1 and 2 are identical helical gears driven by The material properties from Table A-20 (Shigley 10th Edition)
another pair of helical gears. The forces acting on gear 1 are shown in figure 3. Same 𝑆 = 830 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑆 = 460 𝑀𝑃𝑎
forces act on gear 2 in the same directions, except the axial force being in the To find the stresses on the shaft, the moment and the torque distribution over the
shaft is needed. The torque on the shaft is transmitted from the drum to the gears
opposite direction. The force acting on the drum can be seen in figure 2. The material
through the shaft. The torque applied by the drum force has a value of:
of the shaft is AISI 1095 HR steel, the shaft is annealed and the surface of the shaft 𝐷 160 ∙ 10
is machined. For the loadings and the dimensions given below, find the FoS of the 𝑇 = 𝐹 = 60000 = 4800𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
2 2
shaft for 99% reliability using Distortion-Energy Theory and Soderberg Criteria. The torque exerted to the gears 1 and 2 are the half of this value (2400𝑁 ∙ 𝑚) due
𝐿 = 80 𝑚𝑚, 𝐿 = 120 𝑚𝑚, 𝐿 = 240 𝑚𝑚, to symmetry or can be calculated by:
𝑑 = 70 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 80 𝑚𝑚, 𝑑 = 90 𝑚𝑚, 𝐷 = 160 𝑚𝑚, 𝐷 = 120 𝑚𝑚 𝐷 , 120 ∙ 10
𝑇 , = 𝐹 , = 40000 = 2400𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑟/𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 0.15 2 2
𝐹 = 60𝑘𝑁, 𝐹 = 40𝑘𝑁, 𝐹 = 15.50𝑘𝑁, 𝐹 = 14.56𝑘𝑁 The torque diagram over the shaft can be drawn as in the figure below.
For annealed material with keyways 𝐾 = 1.6 and 𝐾 = 1.3. Tx
L3
2400 Nm
L2
y L1 Drum 120 240
x
x G1 G2
-2400 Nm

The reaction forces are needed to obtain the shear force diagram and the moment
d3 d2 d1 A B C D diagram of the shaft. The reaction forces will be calculated and the bending moment
diagram will be drawn in two orthogonal planes x-y and x-z planes. The analysis
in the x-y plane is as follows:
Figure 1 y Max Max

y y x
x Fr FBy FDy Fr
z Drum
z G1 𝐹 = 𝐹 = 15.50𝑘𝑁
𝐷
𝑀 =𝐹 ∗ = 14560 𝑁 ∗ 0.06𝑚 = 874 𝑁𝑚
2
V(kN) 15.5 kN
G1&G2 y
Fax
Fdrum Ft x
Fr
G3
Figure 2 Figure 3 X (m)
-15.5 kN

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y Mz diameter is the smallest at section A, however there is no bending moment at this
2114 Nm
section, so this section does not need to be checked.
x
Analysis in section B:
874 Nm Magnitude of the bending moment at section B is the sum of the moment in x-y
and x-z planes:
x 𝑀 = (2114) + (3200) = 3835 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
80 160 The axial force and the torque values are:
𝐹 = 14.56𝑘𝑁, 𝑇 = 2400 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
The analysis in the x-z plane: The shaft is rotating, so the constant bending moment gives fully reversed bending
z stress and the constant torque gives mean torsional shear stress. The axial force
gives mean normal stress.
x
Using the Distortion-Energy Theory, the alternating and the mean components of
Ft FBz Fdrumz FDz Ft
the von Mises stress are:
2𝐹 − 𝐹
𝐹 =𝐹 = = 10𝑘𝑁 𝜎 = 𝐾 𝜎 + 3𝐾 ∙ 𝜏 where 𝜏 = 0
2
𝜎 = 𝐾 𝜎 + 3𝐾 ∙ 𝜏 where 𝜎 = 𝜎 𝜏 =𝜏
z 40 kN The endurance limit of the test specimen 𝑆 is,
V(kN) 30 kN 𝑆 = 0.5 ∙ 𝑆 = 0.5 ∙ 830 = 415𝑀𝑃𝑎
y In the formula sheet gives the surface factor as follows:
The surface factor, 𝑘 = 0.76 for machined shaft with 𝑆 = 830𝑀𝑃𝑎.
The size factor is 𝑘 = 0.76 for 𝑑 = 80𝑚𝑚 > 50𝑚𝑚.
-30 kN
X (m) The loading factor 𝑘 = 1 for bending.
-40 kN Since nothing mentioned, the temperature factor is 𝑘 = 1.
For 99% reliability, the reliability factor is 𝑘 = 0.814.
My 𝐾 and 𝑞 values are needed. The notch sensitivity can be read as 𝑞 = 𝑞 = 0.9
z 4400 Nm for 𝑟 = 0.15 ∙ 80𝑚𝑚 = 12𝑚𝑚 > 4𝑚𝑚 and 𝑆 = 830𝑀𝑃𝑎 from Figure 6-20
3200 Nm and 6-21 in the formula sheet. The theoretical stress concentration factors have
x values,𝐾 , = 1.5 from Figure A-15-7, 𝐾 , = 1.5 from Figure A-15-9
and 𝐾 = 1.3 from Figure A-15-8 in the formula sheet for = 0.15 and = =
x
80 120 160 1.125. Then,
Note that there is a tensile axial force throughout the shaft. The normal stress due to 𝐾, =1+𝑞 𝐾, − 1 = 1 + 0.9(1.5 − 1) = 1.45
this axial force is the same for all positions. The magnitude of the torque is the same 𝐾, =1+𝑞 𝐾, − 1 = 1 + 0.9(1.5 − 1) = 1.45
over the shaft. The maximum bending moment occurs at section C, so this section 𝐾 =1+𝑞 (𝐾 − 1) = 1 + 0.9(1.3 − 1) = 1.27
should be checked in the safety factor analysis. Section B should also be checked, Then, 𝑆 can be calculated as:
since the diameter of the shaft is smaller compared to the one at section C. The

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𝑆 = 0.76 ∙ 0.76 ∙ 1 ∙ 0.814 ∙ 415𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 195.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎 4𝐹 4 ∙ 14.56 ∙ 10
𝜎 = = = 2.3𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜋𝑑 𝜋 ∙ 90
Soderberg criteria give the factor of safety as: 16𝑇 16 ∙ 2400 ∙ 10
32𝑀 32 ∙ 3835 ∙ 10 𝜏 = = = 16.8𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎 = = = 76.3𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜋𝑑 𝜋 ∙ 90
𝜋𝑑 𝜋 ∙ 80
𝜎 = (1.6 ∙ 68.2) = 109.1𝑀𝑃𝑎
4𝐹 4 ∙ 14.56 ∙ 10
𝜎 = = = 2.9𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜎 = (1.6 ∙ 2.3) + 3 ∙ (1.3 ∙ 16.8) = 38.0𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜋𝑑 𝜋 ∙ 80
And for endurance limit of the shaft at section C only difference is kb which is
16𝑇 16 ∙ 2400 ∙ 10
𝜏 = = = 23.9𝑀𝑃𝑎 0.75 instead of 0.76:
𝜋𝑑 𝜋 ∙ 80 𝑆 = 0.76 ∙ 0.75 ∙ 1 ∙ 0.814 ∙ 415𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 192.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎 = (𝐾 𝜎 ) + 3(𝐾 𝜏 ) = 110.6𝑀𝑃𝑎 The factor of safety at section C:
,
1 𝜎 ′ 𝜎 ′
= +
𝜎 = (𝐾 𝜎 ) + 3(𝐾 𝜏 ) = (1.45 ∙ 2.9) + 3 ∙ (1.27 ∙ 23.9) 𝑛 𝑆 𝑆
,
1 109.1 38
= 52.7𝑀𝑃𝑎 = +
𝑛 192.5 460
𝑛 = 1.54
1 𝜎 ′ 𝜎 ′ The safety factor for section B is slightly lower than that of the section C. So section
= +
𝑛 𝑆 𝑆 B is more critical and the safety factor of the shaft analysed is 𝑛 = 1.47.
1 110.6 52.7
= + ⇒ 𝑛 = 1.47
𝑛 195.1 460
Analysis in section C:
The bending moment, the axial force and the torque values are:
𝑀 = (2114) + (4400) = 4881 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝐹 = 14.56𝑘𝑁, 𝑇 = 2400 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
The drum at section C is mounted on the shaft with a profiled type keyway and it
will create a stress concentration region. For annealed material with a keyway under
bending, fatigue stress concentration factors are: 𝐾 = 1.6 and 𝐾 = 1.3 as given in
the question.
The alternating and the mean components of the von Mises stress are:
𝜎 = (𝐾 𝜎 ) + 3(𝐾 𝜏 ) where 𝜏 = 0

𝜎 = (𝐾 𝜎 ) + 3(𝐾 𝜏 ) where 𝜎 = 𝜎 𝜏 =𝜏
32𝑀 32 ∙ 4881 ∙ 10
𝜎 = = = 68.2𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜋𝑑 𝜋 ∙ 90

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Problem 3: The shaft in the figure is subjected to the loadings as shown. The The maximum stresses due to the bending moment and the twisting torque are:
flywheel is mounted on the shaft by means of the key and the snap ring (retaining
ring) which is set on the groove to secure the flywheel on the + x direction. The Mc Tc
material of the shaft is AISI 1050 HR. The surface of the shaft is machined.  bending   twisting 
Determine the diameter of the shaft for:
I J
a.) a factor of safety of 2.5, if the loads are static.
b.) a factor of safety of 2, if the loads are completely reversed with the given The Maximum torsional shear due to the twisting torque occurs at the outer surface
magnitudes. Take 𝑘 = 0.85 and the reliability is 95 percent. of the cross-section and the maximum normal stress due to bending occurs on the
stress element at the upper point of the shaft for static loading. So this point is the
(Take: r/d=0.10, D/d=1.02, t/D=0.125, b/D=0.25)
critical point. The stresses at this point due to these loadings can be expressed in
terms of the diameter as:

Mc 32M Tc 16T
 bending   ,  twisting  
I d 3
J d3

The total normal stress and the shear stresses are:

4 F 32 M 16T
x    xz 
d2 d3 d3

Using the distortion-energy theory,

2 2
 4 F 32M   16T 
 '    3
2 2
  2 3 
 3 3 
d d  d 
x xz

The material properties from Table A-20 (Shigley 10th Edition)

F = 100 N , M = 200 N ×m, T = 400 N ×m Sut = 620MPa , S y = 340 MPa

Solution: The diameter of the shaft can be found using the safety factor value.
a) The normal stress due to axial force is uniform over the area:
Sy
F 4F n
 axial   '
A d2

METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2025

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Sy
2.5  Alternating component of the von Mises stress is:
2 2
 4 F 32M   16T 
 2 3 
 3 3  4𝐹 32𝑀 16𝑇
d d  d  𝜎 , = 𝜎 + 3𝜏 = 𝐾 + +3 𝐾
0.85𝜋𝐷 𝜋𝐷 𝜋𝐷
Sy
2.5  where
2 2
 4 100 32(200 10 ) 
3
 16  400 10 3
K f 1 (stress concentration factor for bending for profile keyways): 1.6
    3 
 d d d3
2 3
   K f 2 (stress concentration factor for torsion for profile keyways): 1.3

which gives d = 31.1mm , by iteration. 4 ∗ 100 32 ∗ 200 ∗ 10 16 ∗ 400 ∗ 10

𝜎 , = 1.6 + + 3 1.3
Note that, taking the axial force as F = 0 , d = 31.0mm can be found. This value can 0.85𝜋𝐷 𝜋𝐷 𝜋𝐷
be used as an initial value to the iterations.
Since the normal stress from axial loading is so small when compared with stress
Then, by using the given diameter ratio D/d=1.02, shaft diameter, D is found as due to bending moment, the axial stress term is neglected. So,
31.7mm. Select an appropriate value for diameter from the table A-17 (Preferred
Sizes and Renard Numbers Table). Preferred size for shaft diameter is D = 32mm. 31.7 ∗ 10
𝜎 , =
𝐷
Also, note that, stress calculations on the section where the keyway is located are
performed by using the whole shaft area. Since, the area at the keyway is very small The stress calculation at the groove:
compared to the shaft cross-section as shown below, the area of the shaft is used in
calculations. From Figure 7-13 in the Formula Sheet, for reversed bending and axial load, q is
taken as 0.85 assuming that notch radius is 4 mm
Akey b t 0.25D  0.125 D From Figure 6-20 in the Formula Sheet, for reversed torsion, q is taken as 0.95
   0.04 assuming that notch radius is 4 mm.
Ashaft  D 2
  D2
Kt = 1.60 (from Figure A-15-13 in the Formula Sheet, grooved round bar in
4 4
b) For the fatigue case the points at the keyway and at the groove of the snap-ring tension)
should be investigated to determine the critical section. The stress formulations Kt = 1.55 (from Figure A-15-14 in the Formula Sheet, grooved round bar in
used above will be the alternating stress for this case. The mean components of the bending)
stresses will be zero due to completely reversed loading. Kts = 1.30 (from Figure A-15-15 in the Formula Sheet, grooved round bar in
The stress calculation at the keyway: torsion)
Since, both the axial loading and bending moment cause normal stress on the cross-
section, it is assumed that K f 1 can be taken as the stress concentration factor for axial
loading as well. So,
𝐾 = 1 + 𝑞(𝐾 − 1) = 1 + 0.85(1.60 − 1) = 1.51

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𝐾 = 1 + 𝑞(𝐾 − 1) = 1 + 0.85(1.55 − 1) = 1.47 Se .
n= 2=
𝐾 = 1 + 𝑞(𝐾 − 1) = 1 + 0.95(1.30 − 1) = 1.28 sa' . ∗

Alternating component of the von Mises stress is:

which gives D=39.8 mm

4 ∗ 100 32 ∗ 200 ∗ 10 16 ∗ 400 ∗ 10 Select an appropriate value for diameter from the table A-17 (Preferred Sizes and
𝜎 , = 1.51 + 1.47 + 3 1.28 Renard Numbers Table). Preferred size for shaft diameter is D = 40mm.
0.85𝜋𝐷 𝜋𝐷 𝜋𝐷
Note that, if both the alternative and mean stress components exist, the critical
section can be found by using one of the failure theorems.
Since the normal stress from axial loading is so small when compared with stress
due to bending moment, the axial stress term is neglected. 2 2
 4  100
3
1.47 32  200 10   1.28 16  400 103 
 a , groove '  1.51 2
 3
 3 3
  (40 / 1.02) 0.85  (40 / 1.02)   0.85  (40 / 1.02) 
29.3 ∗ 10 33.1 ∗ 10
𝜎 , = =  a , groove '  106 MPa
𝑑 𝐷
𝑆 187.5
𝑛= = = 1.769
Since, the stresses at the groove are more critical, those will be taken in consideration 𝜎 106
for the determination of shaft diameter. (It is better to select D=45mm)
The Endurance limit of the shaft is to be determined. The endurance limit of the test
specimen is:

𝑆 ′ = 0.5 ⋅ 𝑆 = 0.5 ⋅ 620 = 310𝑀𝑃𝑎

The endurance limit modifying factors are:

𝑘 = 0.82 for Sut = 620MPa and machined surface.
𝑘 = 0.85 given in the question
𝑘 =1 since it is used in stress calculations (axial loading)
k =1 nothing mentioned.
𝑘 = 0.868 for 95% reliability
k f =1 nothing mentioned.
𝑆 = 0.82 ∙ 0.85 ∙ 1 ∙ 1 ∙ 0.868 ∙ 1 ∙ 310 = 187.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎

The diameter of the shaft can be found using the safety factor value.
Since the mean stress is zero:

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Problem 4: Note that the lowest critical speed of the shaft is related with the first bending mode
of the shaft. The first mode shape is given in Figure 3.

The deflections at the specified positions will be calculated considering the weights
are acting in the directions shown in Figure 4, which will result in the deflection
curve of the first mode shape given in Figure 3.

A B

F1 F2 F3 Figure 4
The figure shows a shaft with two gears and a drum mounted on it. All the
dimensions are known since the system is symmetric with respect to its mid-section. 𝐹 = 𝐹 = 𝑊 = 70𝑁
Gears 1 and 2 are identical with weight 70N. The weights of the drum is 100N. You 𝐹 = 𝑊 = 100 = 100𝑁
can neglect the weight of the shaft during the deflection analysis. Find the first
critical speed of the shaft using Rayleigh’s equation. (Flexural rigidity of the shaft: The shaft in the problem can be considered as an overhanging simply supported
EI=2.2x107 N.m2) beam. To find the deflections at position 2, the forces outside the supports will be
replaced with equivalent force and moment system at the supports. The deflections
Solution: will be determined by using the formula from the deflection table for simply
The Rayleigh’s equation gives the first critical speed of a shaft as: supported and cantilever beams.
F2
∑ th
𝜔 = ∑
where 𝑤 is the weight of the i element on the shaft and 𝑦 is the Meq
A B Meq
th
A B
deflection at the i body location. The shaft can be analysed by dividing it into 3
F1 F2 F3 Figure 5
elements as in Figure 2. The deflection of the gears, drum and each element on the FR FR Feq FR FR Feq
shaft are to be determined.
The positions 1 and 3 are the positions of the gears. Position 2 is the position of the 𝐹 = 𝐹 = 70 = 70 𝑁
drum. 𝑀 = 𝐹 ∙ 80 = 70 ∙ 80 = 5600 𝑁

Using the equivalent system in Figure 5, the deflection at position 2 can be

calculated. Superposition of the three loadings; two end moments and the center
load will give the total deflection. Also for the positions outside the supports, the
slopes at the supports due to these loads are needed.

METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2025

 9
F2
Meq Meq
𝜃 = − 𝑃𝐿 16𝐸𝐼 𝜃 = −1.8 ∙ 10 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (from beam deflection tables)
A B B
Meq A 𝜃 = 𝑃𝐿 16𝐸𝐼 𝜃 = 1.8 ∙ 10 𝑟𝑎𝑑(from beam deflection tables)
Meq F2
A B
Figure 6 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 = −0.252 𝑚𝑚
𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝜃 + 𝜃 = −0.012 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Feq Feq A B A B 𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝜃 + 𝜃 = 0.012 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Feq Feq
To find the deflections outside the supports, the slope at supports A and B of the
Figure 6 shows the superposition of the loads over the shaft. Note that equivalent simply supported beam given in Figure 6 is obtained and the deflection of the
force due to overhanging forces will not make any deflection or slope, since they are overhanging locations due to these forces are obtained by simply multiplying the
acting on the supports. distance with the slope. In addition to this, the overhanging forces are considered
as they are acting on a beam cantilevered at the support locations. Therefore, the
The deflection at 2 and the slopes at A and B due to end moment at B: total deflections at the overhanging parts are obtained by simply adding the
deflections due to the slope of simply supported beam (including moments) and the
𝑦 = − 𝑀 6𝐸𝐼𝐿 (𝑥 − 𝐿 𝑥 ), (from beam deflection tables) cantilever beam.
𝑀 = −5600 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚, 𝐿 = 80𝑚𝑚, 𝑥 = 40𝑚𝑚 It will be sufficient to find the deflections at position 1 or 3, because of symmetry.
𝑦 = −0.102 𝑚𝑚 (deflection at 2 due to end moment B)

Note that the sign of the end moment is taken as negative due to the sign convention
used in beam deflection formulas. Figure 7
B
F3
𝜃 = 𝑀𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 (from beam deflection tables)
𝜃 = −3.4 ∙ 10 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (slope at A due to end moment B)
𝜃 = − 𝑀𝐿 3𝐸𝐼 (from beam deflection tables) The deflections at 3 due to the moment inside the supports:
𝜃 = 6.8 ∙ 10 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (slope at B due to end moment B)
𝑦 = 𝜃 𝑥 , 𝑥 = 80 𝑚𝑚
Using the symmetry, 𝑦 = 0.962 𝑚𝑚

𝑦 = 𝑦 = −0.102 𝑚𝑚 (deflection at 2 due to end moment A) The deflections at 3 due to the concentrated force at 3:
𝜃 = −𝜃 = −6.8 ∙ 10 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (slope at A due to end moment A)
𝜃 = −𝜃 = 3.4 ∙ 10 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (slope at B due to end moment A) 𝑦 = 𝑃 6𝐸𝐼 (𝑥 − 3𝐿𝑥 ), 𝑃 = −70𝑁, 𝐿 = 80𝑚𝑚
𝑦 = 0.543 𝑚𝑚
The deflections at 2 and the slopes at A and B due to the center load:
The total deflections at 3:
𝑦 = 𝑃 48𝐸𝐼 (4𝑥 − 3𝐿 𝑥 ), (from beam deflection tables), 𝑃 = 100𝑁 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 1.505 𝑚𝑚
𝑦 = −0.048 𝑚𝑚 (deflection at 2 due to force at 2)

METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2025

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The total deflections at 1:

𝑦 = 𝑦 = 1.505 𝑚𝑚

The weight at each position is also needed.

𝑤 = 𝑤 = 𝑊 = 70𝑁
𝑤 = 𝑊 = 100𝑁

The first critical speed of the shaft can be calculated using the Rayleigh’s equation.
Note that during the calculation of all the deflections, y axis has been selected as
pointing upwards. However, since Rayleigh’s equation is obtained from the equality
of potential energy and kinetic energy all the forces and deflections used in
Rayleigh’s equation should be taken as positive. Note that energy is a positive
quantity and it cannot be negative.

𝑤 𝑦 = 70 ∙ 1.505 + 100 ∙ 0.252 + 70 ∙ 1.505 = 236 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚

𝑤 𝑦 = 70 ∙ (1.505) + 140 ∙ (0.252) + 70 ∙ (1.505) = 326 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚

𝑚𝑚
9810 ∙ (236𝑁. 𝑚𝑚) 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 = 𝑠 = 84.3 = 805 𝑟𝑝𝑚
(326𝑁. 𝑚𝑚 ) 𝑠

METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2025