1

For questions : Recep Durna

Room : D-112/D-103 Phone: 5216 Question 2:
E-mail : rdurna@[Link] Date: 25/11/2025

ME 307 – MACHINE ELEMENTS I The clevis pin shown in the figure is 12 mm in diameter and has the
TUTORIAL 7 dimensions 𝑎 = 12 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑏 = 18 𝑚𝑚. The pin is machined from
“STATIC DESIGN CRITERIA” AISI 1018 hot-rolled steel is to be loaded to no more than 4.4 𝑘𝑁.
Determine whether or not the assumed loading of figure c yields a factor
Question 1: of safety any different from that of figure d.
A steel machine part is statically loaded and has a yield strength of 350 a) Use the maximum-shear-stress theory.
MPa. For each of the following stress states find the factor of safety using b) Use the distortion-energy theory.
the maximum normal stress theory, the maximum shear stress theory and
the distortion energy theory.

a) 𝜎𝑥 = 110 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑦 = −80 𝑀𝑃𝑎 , 𝜎𝑧 = 90 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 40 𝑀𝑃𝑎

80 25 0
b) 𝜎 = (25 −30 0 ) 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0 0 50
c) y

40MMPa
20 Pa

80 MPa
40 MPa x

20 MPa
40 MPa

METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2025

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Question 3: Question 4:

Using the maximum shear stress and distortion energy theory, find the The steel crankshaft, which is supported from the points A and B, is
minimum yield strength to be used for the beam shown in the figure. loaded statically as shown in the figure. The steady force is
Choose an appropriate material accordingly. 𝑇 = 300 𝑁. 𝑚, 𝑀 = counterbalanced by a twisting torque T and by reactions at A and B. The
250 𝑁. 𝑚, 𝐹 = 8000 𝑁. (Take the safety factor as 2.5). yield strength of the material is 420 MPa. If the factor of safety according
to the maximum shear stress theory is to be 2, what should be the
minimum diameter of the crankshaft? (Note: In practice, such problems
are dealt with dynamic considerations, but here it is taken as a static
example.)

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Question 5: SOLUTIONS

Figure shows a crank loaded by a force 𝐹1 = 500 𝑁 and 𝐹2 = 1000 𝑁. Solution to Question 1:
As a result, twisting and bending moments will occur in 18 mm diameter
shaft. A cast iron (brittle) structure is used for the shaft AB. The material Since steel is a ductile material, it is needed to apply ductile static failure
is ASTM grade 40 and its tensile ultimate strength and the compressive theories. First of all, principal stresses should be calculated for the given
ultimate strength are 𝑆𝑢𝑡 = 293 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑆𝑢𝑐 = 965 𝑀𝑃𝑎, respectively. stress state.
Find the safety factor using brittle failure theories, Coulomb-Mohr
(internal friction) and Modified Mohr for the following points 𝜎 3 − (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 )𝜎 2 + (𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑧 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2
− 𝜏𝑥𝑧 2
− 𝜏𝑦𝑧
2 2 2
)𝜎 − (𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 + 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜏𝑦𝑧 − 𝜎𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑧 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑧 − 𝜎𝑧 𝜏𝑥𝑦 )=0
• Section A
• Section D, there is 3 mm diameter through hole in the section. Thus, the equation becomes,

The distance BD is 20mm. 𝜎 3 − 𝐼1 𝜎 2 + 𝐼2 𝜎 − 𝐼3 = 0

y
20mm a) Inserting the stress values given in part (a), the coefficients of the
24 mm
above equation is found as,
F1
3 mm R 3 mm D
30 mm 𝐼1 = 120 𝐼2 = −7700 𝐼3 = −936000
27 mm D C 12 mm D
A
6 mm
D Thus,
B 𝜎 3 − 120𝜎 2 − 7700𝜎 + 936000 = 0
z F2 where the roots of the above equation give the principal stresses. Using
120 mm 96 mm
the roots command in MATLAB or applying the solution method for
x
18 mm D cubic polynomials described in the lectures, one can simply found these
stresses as,

𝜎1 = 118 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜎2 = 90 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜎3 = −88 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Now, let’s calculate factor of safety for each failure theories.

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The Maximum Normal Stress Theory (MNST):
Recall that this theory states that failure occurs if any of the principal b) Lets use the eigenvalue approach to find the principal stresses.
stresses exceeds the yield strength of the material. Thus,
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑥𝑧
𝑆𝑦 350 𝜎 = (𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝑦𝑧 )
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ⇒𝑛= = 2.97 𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜎𝑧𝑧
𝑛 118

The Maximum Shear Stress Theory (MSST): is the matrix representation of the stress state of an element. The solution
Recall that this theory states that yielding starts whenever the maximum can be found as in part (a) using the third order equation or more simply
shear stress at any point becomes equal to the maximum shear stress in a the principal stresses can be calculated from eigenvalues of the given
tension test specimen of the same material when that specimen starts matrix. (For example, using eigenvals command in MathCad or eig
yielding. command in MATLAB)
𝜎1 − 𝜎3
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 103 𝑀𝑃𝑎 80 25 0 85.4
2
𝑆𝑦 350 𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑠 ([25 −30 0 ]) = ( 50 )
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ⇒𝑛= = 1.7
2𝑛 2 ⋅ 103 0 0 50 −35.4

The Distortion Energy Theory (DET):

Recall that theory states that yielding occurs whenever the distortion 𝜎1 = 85.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜎2 = 50 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜎3 = −35.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎
energy in a unit volume reaches the distortion energy in the same volume
corresponding to the yield strength in tension or compression. Then, let’s calculate factor of safety for each failure theories.
The von Misses stress is,
Maximum Normal Stress Theory:
1/2
(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎1 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3)2 𝑆𝑦
𝜎′ = [ ] = 𝑆𝑦 350
2 𝑛 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ⇒𝑛= = 4.1
𝑛 85.4
Then, Maximum Shear Stress Theory:
𝑆𝑦 350
𝑛= = = 1.81
1 193.5 𝜎1 − 𝜎3
(𝜎 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎1 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3 )2 2 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 60.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎
[ 1 ] 2
2 𝑆𝑦 350
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ⇒𝑛= = 2.9
Since MSST is the safest theory to use, it gives the minimum safety factor 𝑛 2 ⋅ 60.4
as expected. The most realistic safety factor is due to the DET which is
1.81.

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Distortion Energy Theory: Let’s calculate factor of safety values:

𝑆𝑦 350 Maximum Normal Stress Theory:

𝑛= 1 = = 3.26
108
(𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎1 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3
)2 2 𝑆𝑦 350
[ ] 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ⇒𝑛= = 3.8
2
𝑛 92.1
Again, one of the principal stresses is compressive while the others are This theory should not be used; since, the stresses have different sign. (In
tensile so that MNST should not be used. the 2nd and 4th quadrant MNST gives wrong result and cannot be used.)
c) The principal stresses can be found as in part (a) using the third order The Maximum Shear Stress Theory:
equation. Instead, let’s use a Mohr’s circle in this case to find the
principal stresses. The given stresses are, 𝑆𝑦 𝜎1 − 𝜎3
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ⇒ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅 = = 72.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑛 2
𝜎𝑥 = 80 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜎𝑦 = −40 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = −40𝑀𝑃𝑎 350
𝑛= = 2.4
2 ⋅ 72.1
The center on abscissa of Mohr’s circle is,
Distortion Energy Theory:
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = 20 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 𝑆𝑦 350
𝑛= 1 = = 2.8
126.5
Then the radius becomes, (𝜎1 − 𝜎2 )2 + (𝜎1 − 𝜎3 )2 + (𝜎2 − 𝜎3
)2 2
[ ]
2
𝑅 = √(𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑒 )2 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 = 72.1

Hence, the principal stresses can be found just by adding the radius to the
σave term.

𝜎1 = 20 + 72.1 = 92.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜎3 = 20 − 72.1 = −52.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Note that the other principal stress is 𝜎2 = 0

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Solution to Question 2: 𝐹 4.4
42 4 ( 2 103 )
𝜏𝐶 = = = 25.94 𝑀𝑃𝑎
a) Maximum-shear-stress theory 3𝜋𝑑2 3𝜋122
4 4
i) For the load assumption given in Figure c
Sections The maximum shear stress for the stress element at B (between the
F/2 F/2 sections 2 and 3) is

136.2 2
𝜏𝐵 = √ ( ) = 68.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
F/2 F/2
1 2 3 4
Note that 𝜏𝐵 > 𝜏𝐶 , therefore, check point B
V
220
𝑆𝑦 = 220 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑆𝑠𝑦 = = 110 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑆𝑠𝑦 110
+ 𝑛= = = 1.62
2 4 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 68.1
M
ii) For the load assumption given in Figure d, there is a distributed force
acting. Therefore, the maximum bending moment should be calculated
𝐹 𝑎 𝑏 4.4 12 18 as,
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( + )= ( + ) = 23.1 𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
2 2 4 2 2 4
𝐹𝑎 𝐹𝑏1 𝐹 𝑎 𝑏
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + = ( + )
For a stress element at A between the sections 2 and 3, 22 222 2 2 4

32𝑀 32 ⋅ 23.1 ⋅ 1000 4.4 12 18

𝜎𝑥 = = = 136.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( + ) = 23.1 𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚
𝜋𝑑3 𝜋123 2 2 4

The maximum shear stress occurs on the center line for the stress So the normal stress along the x-axis can be calculated as,
𝑉𝑄
elements between the sections 1 and 2 or 3 and 4 by using 𝜏 = 𝐼𝑏
32 ⋅ 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 32 ⋅ 23.1 ⋅ 1000
formula. For cylindrical section the shear stress formula becomes 𝜎𝑥 = = = 136.2𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜋𝑑3 𝜋123
4 4𝑃
𝜏𝑐 = 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
3 3𝐴
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At point B there exists average compressive stress in y-direction due to Solution to Question 3:
the contact force F (bearing stress).
Stresses due to the bending can be seen from the figure below.
𝐹 𝐹 4400
𝜎𝑦 = − =− =− = −20.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴 𝑏𝑑 18 ⋅ 12
y
𝜎𝑥 = 136.2𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜎𝑦 = −20.4𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝜎𝑧 = 0

From Mohr circle; z

136.2 − (−20.4) Forces are applied in a manner which creates tension in the shaft.
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 78.3𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
y
𝑆𝑠𝑦 110
𝑛= = = 1.40
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 78.3
z
b) Distortion-energy theorem
The bending moment can be calculated as,
i) For the load assumption given in Figure c, for points A and B
(between the sections 2 and 3) 𝑑
𝑀𝑐 𝑀 2
𝜎𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = = 27.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎 ′ = √(𝜎𝑥 )2 = √(136.2)2 = 136.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐼 𝜋𝑑4
𝑆𝑦 220 64
𝑛= ′= = 1.62
𝜎 136.2 Torsional shear stress can be calculated as;
𝑑
ii) For the load assumption given in Figure d, for point B 𝑇𝑐 𝑇2
𝜏𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = = 16.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐽 𝜋𝑑 4
32
𝜎 ′ = √𝜎𝑥2 − 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑦2 = √(136.2)2 − 136.2 ⋅ (−20.4) + (−20.4)2
= 147.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 Stress due to the applied axial force is;
𝑆𝑦 220 𝐹
𝑛= ′= = 1.5 𝜎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎 147.5 𝐴

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As seen from the figures given at the beginning of the problem, the lower However, to be more accurate it would be enough to select material
part of the beam is more critical. So, the calculations should be done for having 𝑆𝑦 ≥ 109.75𝑀𝑃𝑎 for the DET.
this part of the shaft.

𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝜎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 32.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎 Solution to Question 4:

𝜎𝑦 = 0 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 16.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎 The free body diagram of the system can be drawn as follows; where the
reaction forces are 𝐹𝐴 and 𝐹𝐵 .
Then, the maximum shear stress and principal stress can be found using
the equations obtained from the Mohr’s circle,

𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑧 2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √( 2 = 23.51𝑀𝑃𝑎
) + 𝜏𝑥𝑧
2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧
𝜎1 = + 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 39.96𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧
𝜎3 = − 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −7.06𝑀𝑃𝑎
2
𝜎2 = 0

a) Using maximum shear stress theory;

𝑆𝑦
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = → 𝑆𝑦 = 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 ⋅ 2𝑛 = 117.55𝑀𝑃𝑎
2𝑛
5000
b) Using distortion energy theory; 𝐹𝐴 = 𝐹𝐵 = , 𝑇 = (5000 cos(60°)) ∙ 45 = 112500 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
2

𝜎 ′ = √𝜎12 − 𝜎1 𝜎2 + 𝜎22 𝐹𝐴𝐻𝑂𝑅 = 𝐹𝐵𝐻𝑂𝑅 = 2500 ∙ cos(60) = 1250 𝑁

𝐹𝐴𝑉𝐸𝑅 = 𝐹𝐵𝑉𝐸𝑅 = 2500 ∙ sin(60) = 2165 𝑁
𝜎 ′ = 43.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑆𝑦 At point C, there is normal stress in axial direction due to bending (max.
𝑛= → 𝑆𝑦 = 𝜎 ′ 𝑛 = 109.75 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎′ moment). At point D, both axial stress due to bending and shear stress
due to torsion exist. So sections at C and D should be checked.
Hence, a material that has a yield strength greater than 117.55 𝑀𝑃𝑎
should be selected to be on the safe side if we were to use MSST.

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At point C : 𝑑
𝑇 ∙ 𝑐 112500 ∙ 2 572958
𝜏𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = =
𝑀𝑦 = 1250 ∙ 90 = 112500 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚 𝑐 = 𝑑/2 𝐼 = 𝜋 ∙ 𝑑4 /64 𝐽 𝜋𝑑4 𝑑3
32
1
𝑀𝑧 = 2165 ∙ 90 = 194850 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 2
2 𝑆𝑦 420
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (( ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ) 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = 105 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2𝑛 2 ⋅ 2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √𝑀𝑦2 + 𝑀𝑧2 = √(112500)2 + (194850)2 = 225000 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑 1
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐 225000 ⋅ 2 2.29 ⋅ 106 6 2
1.22 ⋅ 10 572958 2 2
8.38 ⋅ 105
𝜎𝑏 = = = 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (( ) + ( ) ) =
𝐼 𝜋𝑑4 𝑑3 2 ∙ 𝑑3 𝑑3 𝑑3
64

𝜎1 = 𝜎𝑏 𝜎2 = 𝜎3 = 0 Solving for d;
→ 𝑑 = 20 𝑚𝑚
Recall for maximum shear stress theory; Checking both points, point C found to be more critical. The minimum
diameter of the shaft should be 22.2 mm. But it is going to be better to
𝑆𝑦 420 use the preferred numbers in machine element design, so it can be set as
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = 105 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
2𝑛 2 ∙ 2 d = 25 mm. (Shigley 10th Edition-Table A17)
2.29 ⋅ 106
𝜎1 − 𝜎3 ( 𝑑3
− 0)
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 105 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2
→ 𝑑 = 22.2 𝑚𝑚

At point D:
𝑑 𝑑4
𝑀𝑦 = 1250 ∙ 48 = 60000 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚 𝑐= 𝐼=𝜋∙ J=2∙I
2 64

𝑀𝑧 = 2165 ∙ 48 = 103920 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √𝑀𝑦2 + 𝑀𝑧2 = √(60000)2 + (103920)2 = 1.2 ⋅ 105 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚

5𝑑
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑐 1.2 ⋅ 10 2 1.22 ⋅ 106
𝜎𝑏 = = = 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼 𝜋𝑑4 𝑑3
64

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Solution to Question 5:

There are two critical parts for the shaft AB. The first one is section
passing through point A where the bending moment is maximum and the
second one is at the section where there is stress concentration area due
to the 3mm hole. Thus,

a) Section A
x
z

F2
T
A2 M A1 y
F1

Section at point A

The bending and torsion created at section A is,

𝑀 = 𝐹1 (120 + 24)10−3 = 72 𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚

𝐹2 = 1000 𝑁

𝑇 = 500(0.096) = 48 𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚

The transverse shear due to F1 at points A1 and A2 is zero.

𝐷 27 𝑟 3
For = 18 = 1.5 and = 18 = 0.167, the stress concentration factors
𝑑 𝑑
are,
𝐾𝑡,𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 ≈ 1.5 𝐾𝑡𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ≈ 1.3 𝐾𝑡,𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 ≈ 1.6

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a.1) At point A1
𝜎1 = 197.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎2 = 0
𝜎3 = −15 𝑀𝑃𝑎

a.2) At point A2
𝜎1 = 14.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎2 = 0
𝜎3 = −209.1 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Brittle-Coulomb-Mohr Theory

𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐵 1
− = , 0 < 𝜎𝐴 < 𝑆𝑢𝑡 , − 𝑆𝑢𝑐 < 𝜎𝐵 < 0
Thus stresses at point A can be calculated as; 𝑆𝑢𝑡 𝑆𝑢𝑐 𝑛

𝑀𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 ⋅ 𝑐 𝐹2
𝜎𝐴1 = 𝐾𝑡,𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 4 − 𝐾𝑡,𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝜋𝑑 𝜋𝑑 2
64 4
= 182.3 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (tension + compression)

𝑀𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 ⋅ 𝑐 𝐹2
𝜎𝐴2 = −𝐾𝑡,𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 4 − 𝐾𝑡,𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝜋𝑑 𝜋𝑑2
64 4
= −194.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (compression + compression)

𝑇⋅𝑐
𝜏 = 𝐾𝑡𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 54.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜋𝑑 4
32

Hence, the principal stresses can be found as,

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
𝜎1,3 = ± √( ) + 𝜏2
2 2

METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2025

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For point A1: Using similarity of triangles, the following can be written:
197.4 −15 1
− = ⇒ 𝑛 = 1.45 𝑆𝑢𝑡 𝑆𝑢𝑐 − 𝑆𝑢𝑡 293 965 − 293
293 965 𝑛 = ⇒ =
𝑆1 𝑆𝑢𝑐 − 𝑆3 𝑆1 965 − 𝑆3
For point A2:
14.2 −209.1 1 Solving these equations:
− = ⇒ 𝑛 = 3.77
293 965 𝑛 𝑆1 = 56.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Modified-Mohr Theory 𝑠3 = 835 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (→ −835 𝑀𝑃𝑎)

𝑆𝑢𝑡 𝑆1 56.7
𝜎𝐴 = , 0 ≤ 𝜎𝐴 ≤ 𝑆𝑢𝑡 , − 𝑆𝑢𝑡 ≤ 𝜎𝐵 ≤ 𝑆𝑢𝑡 𝑛= = ⇒ 𝑛 = 3.99
𝑛 𝜎1 14.2

𝑆3 865
𝑛= = ⇒ 𝑛 = 3.99
𝜎3 209.1

For point A1:

𝑆𝑢𝑡 293
𝑛= = = 1.48
𝜎1 197.4
For point A2:
𝑆1 𝑆3 𝑆1 𝑆3
𝑛= = , =
𝜎1 𝜎3 14.2 209.1
METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2025
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𝑑 3 𝑑 3
For 𝐷 = 18 = 0.167 and 𝑤 = 18 = 0.167, stress concentration factors:
𝐾𝑡,𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 ≈ 2.1
b) Section D
𝐾𝑡𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ≈ 3.1

In order to be on the safe side the larger value is taken

𝐾𝑡,𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 ≈ 2.55

Can be obtained from other sources or be taken roughly for bar in tension
or simple compression with transverse hole

Thus, stresses at point D can be calculated as;

𝑀𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 . 𝑐 𝐹2
𝜎𝐻1 = 𝐾𝑡,𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 4 3 − 𝐾𝑡,𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 2 = 97.07𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐷 𝑑𝐷 𝐷
𝜋 64 − 12 𝜋 4 − 𝑑𝐷
(Tension+compression)
𝑀𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 . 𝑐 𝐹2
𝜎𝐻2 = −𝐾𝑡,𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 4 3 − 𝐾𝑡,𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 2 = −128.0𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐷 𝑑𝐷 𝐷
𝜋 64 − 12 𝜋 4 − 𝑑𝐷
(Compression+compression)
𝑇
𝜏 = 𝐾𝑡𝑠,𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 151.4𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜋𝐷 3 𝑑𝐷 2
16 − 6
Hence, the principal stresses can be found as,

The bending and torsion created at section D is, 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2

𝜎1,3 = ± √( ) + 𝜏2
2 2
𝑀 = 𝐹1 (20 + 24)10−3 = 22 𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚

𝐹2 = 1000 𝑁 b.1) At point H1

𝜎1 = 207.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑇 = 𝐹1 (0.096) = 48 𝑁 ⋅ 𝑚 𝜎2 = 0
𝜎3 = −110.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎

METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2025

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b.2) At point H2
𝜎1 = 100.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜎2 = 0
𝜎3 = −228.4𝑀𝑃𝑎
Brittle-Coulomb-Mohr Theory:
𝜎𝐴 𝜎𝐵 1
− = , 0 < 𝜎𝐴 < 𝑆𝑢𝑡 , − 𝑆𝑢𝑐 < 𝜎𝐵 < 0
𝑆𝑢𝑡 𝑆𝑢𝑐 𝑛

For point H1:

𝑆𝑢𝑡 293
𝑛= = = 1.41
𝜎1 207.5
For point H2:
𝑆1 𝑆3 𝑆1 𝑆3
𝑛= = → =
𝜎1 𝜎3 100.4 228.4
Using similarity of triangles, the following can be written:
For point H1: 𝑆𝑢𝑡 𝑆𝑢𝑐 − 𝑆𝑢𝑡 293 965 − 293
207.5 −110.5 1 = ⇒ =
− = → 𝑛 = 1.22 𝑆1 𝑆𝑢𝑐 − 𝑆3 𝑆1 965 − 𝑆3
293 965 𝑛 Solving these equations:
For point H2:
100.4 −228.4 1 𝑆1 = 211.2𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑆3 = 480.5𝑀𝑃𝑎 (→ −480.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
− = → 𝑛 = 1.73 𝑆1 211.2
293 965 𝑛 𝑛= = → 𝑛 = 2.10
Modified-Mohr Theory: 𝜎1 100.4
𝑆𝑢𝑡 𝑆3 480.5
𝜎𝐴 = 0 ≤ 𝜎𝐴 ≤ 𝑆𝑢𝑡 − 𝑆𝑢𝑡 ≤ 𝜎𝐵 ≤ 𝑆𝑢𝑡 𝑛= = → 𝑛 = 2.10
𝑛 𝜎3 228.4

METU – ME 307 Machine Elements I – Fall 2025