Introduction and orientation
light microscope
Medicine collage
Biology lab 2
Orientation: -
Certain terms are in common use to determine the position of
certain organ or part in relation to the body or another part of
the body.
1. Anterior- pertaining to the front or head end of the animal.
2. Posterior:- pertaining to the tail or hind end of the animal.
3- Ventral:- the lower side of the body or belly, away from the
back.
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4. Dorsal:- the back or the upper surface, opposite of ventral.
5. Lateral:- towards the side of body, at each side of the
midline. e
6- Median:- the middle of the body.
7. Proximal:- near the point of articulation (or point of
attachment).
8. Distal:- away from the point of articulation (or point of
attachments).
9. Superior: upper , higher in position
10. Inferior:- lower in position.
11. Pre-axial:- nearer to the main longitudinal axis of the body.
12. Post-axial:- away from the main longitudinal axis of the
body.
13. Sections:- Cuts are made through the various objects to
produce thin slices for detailed study of the structure (at the level
of light microscope) and/or the fine structure (or ultra structure
at the level of electron microscope).
14. Transverse section (t.s.) or cross section (c.s.):- Is one
made horizontally through object, hence its place lies at right
angles to the main longitudinal axis of the body.
15. Longitudinal section: - Is one made parallel to the main
longitudinal axis of the body.
16. Horizontal section: Pertaining to the median, vertical
longitudinal plane.
The Microscope
It is an essential tool for any microbiology
laboratory. It magnifies and illuminates minute
objects such as bacteria and other
microorganisms that would otherwise be invisible
to the eye .There are many kinds of microscopes,
but the type most useful in diagnostic work is the
compound microscope.
Parts of the compound microscope
1. Base or foot:- the structure on which the microscope stands.
2. Arm:- a curved handle used in carrying the microscope.
3. Stage:- a square platform with a hole through its center, at the lower
end of the arm. it is provided with two clips to hold the slide in position.
4. Body tube:- carried by the upper part of the arm. It bears the lenses.
5. Rotating ( or revolving ) nose-piece:- a disc carried by the tube at
the lower end. It is usually, has four holes to receive the objectives.
6. Objectives:- combination of lenses screwed on to the holes in the nose
piece, these are:-
Extra low power objective ( x4 ).
Low power objective( xlO ).
High power objective ( x40 ).
Immersion oil ( x 100 ).
7. Eye (or ocular) piece:- a combination of lenses carried at
the top of the body tube ( 6x, lOx ).
8. Coarse adjustment:-it is carried by the arm used to move
the stage up and down, it must be used only with low power, as a
small turn lowers or raises the stage a considerable distance.
9. fine adjustment:- it is carried by the arm. it must be used
only with high power as complete turn of this adjustment raises
or lowers the stage a very short distance.
10. condenser:- a lens system which serves to focus the light
beam on sample.
11. a lamp: found within the cavity of the stage, it is product
light
12. Specimen holder movement:- it move the sample
transverse and lateral movement.
Magnification by a microscope
The total magnification achieved with the
microscope depends on the multiplication of the
initial magnification of the objective by the
magnification of ocular.
Magnification of the Magnification of the Total magnification
objectives eyepiece
10X 10X 100X
40X 10X 400X
100X 10X 1000X
notes
The oil immersion lens use a special mineral oil is
interposed between the lens and the microscope slide.
The oil is used because it has the same refractive
index as glass, which prevents the loss of light due to
the bending of light rays as they pass through air.
The use of oil in this way enhances the resolving
power of the microscope.