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Reading vs Writing Scores Analysis

The document presents two statistical analyses: one comparing reading and writing scores using a paired t-test, concluding no significant difference, and the other comparing fuel efficiency between manual and automatic transmissions, finding a significant difference in average MPG. In the first part, the null hypothesis was not rejected, suggesting a potential Type II error, while the second part showed strong evidence against the null hypothesis. Overall, the analyses highlight the importance of statistical testing in evaluating differences in means.

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Hima Reda
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7 views3 pages

Reading vs Writing Scores Analysis

The document presents two statistical analyses: one comparing reading and writing scores using a paired t-test, concluding no significant difference, and the other comparing fuel efficiency between manual and automatic transmissions, finding a significant difference in average MPG. In the first part, the null hypothesis was not rejected, suggesting a potential Type II error, while the second part showed strong evidence against the null hypothesis. Overall, the analyses highlight the importance of statistical testing in evaluating differences in means.

Uploaded by

Hima Reda
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Complete Assignment Solutions

Part 1: Reading vs Writing Scores (Paired t-test)

(a) Hypotheses

 H 0 : μd i f f =0 (There is no difference in average scores between reading and writing)

 H a : μd i f f ≠ 0 (There is a difference in average scores between reading and writing)

 Where μd i f f =μr e a d − μ w r i t e

(b) Condition Check

 Independence: The data comes from a random sample of 250 students, satisfying
the independence condition

 Sample Size: With n = 250 ≥ 30, the Central Limit Theorem applies

 Normality: The histogram of differences shows an approximately normal


distribution (slightly right-skewed but acceptable given the large sample size)

(c) Hypothesis Test Calculations

x́ d i f f −0.545 − 0.545
 T-statistic: t= = = =− 0.97
S E 8.887 / √ 250 0.5621

 Degrees of freedom: d f =n −1=250− 1=249

 Conclusion: Since p-value (0.39) > α (0.05), we fail to reject the null
hypothesis. There is not sufficient evidence to conclude a significant difference
between average reading and writing scores.

(d) Type of Error


We may have made a Type II Error (failing to reject a false null hypothesis). In context,
this means we concluded there is no difference between reading and writing scores when
there actually might be a small difference that our test failed to detect.

(e) Confidence Interval


Yes, a confidence interval for the average difference would include 0. Since we failed to
reject H₀ at the 0.05 significance level, this indicates that 0 is a plausible value for the
true mean difference. A 95% confidence interval contains all plausible values for the
parameter, so it must include 0.

Part 2: Fuel Efficiency - Manual vs Automatic Transmission

(1) Hypotheses

 H 0 : μm a n u a l=μ au t o m a t i c (No difference in average city MPG)

 H a : μm a n u a l ≠ μ au t o m a t i c (There is a difference in average city MPG)

Equivalently: H 0 : μm a n u a l − μa u t o m at i c =0 vs. H a : μm a n u a l − μa u t o m a t i c ≠ 0

(2) T-statistic

√
s 21 s 22
√
2 2
3.58 4.51
S E= + = + =√ 0.4929+0.7823=1.129
n1 n 2 26 26

( x́ m a n u a l − x́ a u t o m a t i c ) 19.85 −16.12 3.73


t= = = =3.30
SE 1.129 1.129

(3) Degrees of Freedom

Using the Welch-Satterthwaite approximation:

d f =¿ ¿

(4) Conclusion

Since the p-value (0.0029) < α (0.05), we reject the null hypothesis. There is strong
statistical evidence of a significant difference between the average city fuel efficiency of
cars with manual and automatic transmissions. Specifically, manual transmission cars
achieve significantly higher city MPG (19.85 mpg) compared to automatic transmission
cars (16.12 mpg), with an average difference of 3.73 mpg.

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1. [Link]

2. [Link]

3. Math-1281_LJ_Unit-4_Part-1_graph.jpg

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