Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences

Volume 18 Article 8
Issue 1 Jan. 2024

1-1-2024

Some recent research trends in fixed point theory with

applications
Hasanen A. Hammad
Department of Mathematics, Unaizah College of Sciences and Arts, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571,
Saudi Arabia\\ Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt,
[Link]@[Link]

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Recommended Citation
A. Hammad, Hasanen (2024) "Some recent research trends in fixed point theory with applications,"
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences: Vol. 18: Iss. 1, Article 8.
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Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 18, No. 1, 75-92 (2024) 75
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
An International Journal

[Link]

Some recent research trends in fixed point theory with

applications
Hasanen A. Hammad1,2
1 Department of Mathematics, Unaizah College of Sciences and Arts, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt

Received: 21 Oct. 2023, Revised: 3 Nov. 2023, Accepted: 11 Dec. 2023

Published online: 1 Jan. 2024

Abstract: In this study, some fixed-point, coupled, tripled, and quadruple fixed-point results for generalized contractive type mappings
under mild conditions in the setting of abstract spaces are obtained. Also, we established some solutions to integral equations, functional
equations, functional Volterra-Fredholm integral equations, 2D Volterra integral equations, Riemann-Liouville integrals, Atangana-
Baleanu integral operators, and the boundary value problem for singular coupled fractional differential equations are established.
Moreover, a unique stationary distribution for the Markov process is discussed. Furthermore, a new faster iterative algorithm is created
than the previous sober algorithms. The proposed algorithm is used to analyze convergence, stability, and data-dependence results.
Finally, two numerical examples are also provided to highlight the behavior and effectiveness of our approach.

Keywords: Fixed point technique, abstract space, integral equation, fractional differential equation, stationary distribution, Markov
process, iterative scheme, stability result, strong convergence.

1 Introduction Thereafter, a triple fixed point was introduced by Berinde

and Borcut [17] in 2011. They initiated it for
Fixed-point technologies offer a focal concept with many self-mappings and established some exciting
diverse uses. It has been and still is an important consequences in partially ordered metric spaces. For more
theoretical tool in many fields and various disciplines, details, see [18,19,20,21]. For a generalized case of a
such as topology, game theory, optimal control, artificial triple fixed point, Karapinar initiated the idea of a
intelligence, logic programming, dynamical systems (and quadruple fixed point and showed some fixed point results
chaos), functional analysis, differential equations, and on the topic [22]. Following this study, a quadruple fixed
economics. More clearly, for example, the technique of point is developed, and some related fixed point results
the fixed point is used to find the solution to the are discussed in [23,24,25]. As an extension of a metric
equilibrium troubles in economics and game theory. It is space, a b−metric space was presented by Bakhtin [26], a
used to find analytical and numerical solutions to metric-like space was discussed by Amini-Harandi [27],
Fredholm integral equations [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11, and a cone metric space was introduced by Huang and
12]. Zhang [28]. They discussed some fixed point theorems
The fundamental result of Banach on ordinary metric with applications in such spaces.
spaces endowed with vector-valued metrics is defined by In the last years, boundary value problems of
Perov [13]. Later, for a self-mapping on generalized nonlinear fractional differential equations with a variety
metric spaces, the results of Perov were generalized by of boundary conditions have been studied by various
Filip and Petruşel [14]. They proved some fixed point researchers [29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38]. Fractional
results under this regard. In paper [15], the notions of differential equations appear naturally in diverse fields of
mixed-monotone functions and coupled fixed points were science and engineering. They constitute an important
initiated and studied. Under partially ordered metric field of research. It should be noted that most papers
spaces and abstract spaces, some main results in this dealing with the existence of solutions of nonlinear initial
direction have been driven; for broadening, see [16]. value problems to fractional differential equations mainly
∗ Corresponding author e-mail: [Link]@[Link]; hassanein hamad@[Link]
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76 H. A. Hammad: Some recent research trends...

use techniques of nonlinear analysis such as fixed point Throughout this review, the study was done under the
techniques, stability, the Leray–Schauder result, etc. following spaces: a metric-like space [27], a generalized
Relatively, fractional calculus and fractional metric space [14], a partially ordered metric space [27],
differential/integral equations are very fresh topics for the and a cone b−metric space [28]. It should be noted that
researchers. For instance, in [39], the authors resolved the considered spaces are generalized from the standard
some fractional differential equations with multiple metric space.
delays in relation to chaos neuron models by using the The notion of coupled fixed point introduced by
results of Lou [40], E. de Pascale and L. de Pascale [41]. Bhaskar and Lakshmikantham [15] as follows:
One of the important trends in fixed-point technique is
the study of the behavior and performance of algorithms Definition 1.[15] An element (p, q) ∈ Ω2 is called a
that contribute greatly to real-world applications. One of coupled fixed point of the mapping H : Ω2 → Ω if
the well-established principles of the fixed point theory is H (p, q) = p and H (q, p) = q.
Banach’s contraction principle. This principle is
significant as a source of existence and uniqueness in A tripled fixed point concept was presented by Berinde
various parts of science. The Banach contraction principle and Borcut [17] as follows:
depends on the Picard one-step iteration, which is given
by: Definition 2.[17] An element (p, q, r) ∈ Ω3 is called a
tripled fixed point of the mapping H : Ω3 → Ω if
νi+1 = Ξνi , ∀i ≥ 1,
where Ξ is a contraction mapping defined in a complete H (p, q, r) = p, H (q, r, p) = q and H (r, p, q) = r.
metric space. When the existence of the fixed point
Karapinar [23] introduced the idea of qudrable fixed
theorem is guaranteed in a complete metric space, Banach
point as the following:
contraction principle is not well applied to nonexpansive
mapping because Picard’s iteration gives poor results for Definition [Link] Ω , ∅, and H : Ω4 → Ω be a given
the convergence of the fixed point. So, many authors mapping. An element (p, q, r, t) ∈ Ω4 is called a quadruple
tended to create many iterative methods for fixed point of H if
approximating fixed points in terms of improving the
performance and convergence behavior of algorithms for H (p, q, r, t) = p, H (q, r, t, p) = q,
nonexpansive mappings. Moreover, data-dependent H (r, t, p, q) = r, and H (t, p, q, r) = t.
results and the stability results with respect to Ξ via these
methods have been introduced. For more details, we refer −
Definition 4.[23] The mapping ω : Ω4 → Rm defined on a
to some iterative methods such as S algorithm [42],
generalized metric space (Ω, ω) equipped with
Picard-S algorithm [43], Thakur algorithm [44],
K ∗ −algorithm [52] and Hammad et al. [45]. See also, [46, −
ω ((p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 ) , (q1 , q2 , q3 , q4 ))
47,49,50,51].
In the present article, some fixed-point, coupled, = ω(p1 , q1 ) + ω(p2, q2 ) + ω(p3, q3 ) + ω (p4 , q4 ) ,
tripled, and quadruple fixed-point results for generalized defined a metric on Ω4 for all p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 , q1 , q2 , q3 , q4 ∈
contractive type mappings under certain conditions in the Ω.
context of abstract spaces are established. Furthermore,
solutions to Riemann-Liouville integrals, Definition 5.[53] For a function z(τ) : (0, ∞) → R, the
Atangana-Baleanu integral operators, functional Riemann–Liouville fractional integral of order ν is
Volterra-Fredholm integral equations, functional Volterra described as
equations, 2D Volterra equations, and the boundary value
problem for singular coupled fractional differential Zτ
1
equations are obtained by fixed-point techniques. I ν z(τ) = (τ − θ)ν−1 z(θ)dθ, ν > 0,
Moreover, a unique stationary distribution for the Markov Γ(ν)
0
process is discussed. Finally, a novel iterative algorithm
that is faster than the sober algorithms in the prior writing provided that an integral exists.
is developed. Also, convergence and stability results are
examined using the suggested algorithm. Definition 6.[53] The Caputo derivative of fractional
order ν > 0, n − 1 < ν < n, n ∈ N, for the function
z(τ) : (0, ∞) → R is described as
2 Preliminaries Zτ
C 1 zn (θ)
ν
D z(τ) = dθ, n = [ν] + 1,
This part is intended to give some basic facts, which will
Γ(n − ν) (τ − θ)ν−n+1
0
help the reader understand our review and be useful in the
sequel. where [ν] represents the integer part of the real number ν.

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Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 18, No. 1, 75-92 (2024) / [Link]/[Link] 77

Now, assume that {αi } and {γi } are non-negative where ψ ∈ Ψ, 0 < L < 1 and
sequences in [0, 1]. The following algorithm is known as
K ∗ −algorithm [52]: x)ω(y,S y) 
ω(x, y), ω(x,Sω(x,y)
 



 ,

 ω(y,S y)(ω(x,S x)+1) 
Mω (x, y) = max 
 
.


 ν◦ ∈ ∆,  1+ω(x,y) , 

  ω(x,S y)+ω(y,S x)

 ̟i = (1 − αi)νi + αi Ξνi ,

 
 

∀i ≥ 1. (1)
  
4



 ℘i = Ξ ((1 − γi )̟i + γi Ξ̟i ) ,
The theorem concerned with the existence of fixed
 ν = Ξ℘ ,

i+1 i
points under the mentioned contraction can be formulated
The following definitions are used in the last section: below:
Definition 7.A mapping Ξ : Λ → Λ is called Suzuki
generalized nonexpansive mapping (SGNM) if Theorem [Link] (X, ω) be a complete metric-like space, q
be a positive integer, B1 , B2, ...Bq be nonempty ω−closed
1 q
subsets of X, Y = ∪i=1 Bi and α : Y × Y → [0, ∞) be a
kν − Ξνk ≤ kν − ̟k ⇒ kΞν − Ξ̟k ≤ kν − ̟k , ∀ν, ̟ ∈ Λ.
2 ψ
mapping. Assume that S : Y → Y is a cyclic αL −rational
Definition 8.A mapping Ξ : Λ → Λ is called almost contractive mapping satisfying the following conditions:
contractive mapping (ACM), if there exist θ ∈ (0, 1) and (i) S is an α−admissible mapping;
ℓ ≥ 0 so that (ii) there exists x◦ ∈ Y such that α(x◦ , S x◦ ) ≥ 1;
(iii)(1) either S is α−continuous, or;
kΞν − Ξ̟k ≤ θ kν − ̟k + ℓ kν − Ξνk , ∀ν, ̟ ∈ Λ. (2) (2) for any sequence {xn } in X with α(xn , xn+1 ) ≥ 1 for
all n ≥ 0 and xn → x as n → ∞,
then α(x, S x) ≥ 1.
3 Solution of nonlinear integral equation via q
Then, S has a fixed point x ∈ ∩i=1 Bi . Moreover, if
ψ (iv) for all x ∈ Fix(S ) we have α(x, x) ≥ 1.
fixed point of cyclic αL −rational contraction q
mappings in metric-like spaces Then S has a unique fixed point x ∈ ∩i=1 Bi .

In 2003, Kirk et al. [54] introduced cyclic contraction To support theoretical results, Theorem 1 is applied to
mappings in metric spaces and investigated the existence prove the existence of solutions for the following integral
of fixed points for cyclic contraction mappings. Many equation:
authors proved the existence of fixed points for various
types of cyclic contractions in a metric space [55,56]. In Z1
the present investigation, Hammad and De la Sen [5] x(t) = h(t) + k(t, s) f (s, x(s))ds, t ∈ [0, 1], (5)
generalized the concept of cyclic contraction mappings by 0
ψ
introducing the notion of a cyclic αL -rational contractive
mapping and established the existence and uniqueness of where h : [0, 1] → R, k : [0, 1] × [0, 1] → [0, ∞) and
fixed points for such mappings in complete metric-like f : [0, 1] × R → R are three continuous functions.
spaces. Finally, an application to an integral equation is Let X = C([0, 1], R) be the set of real continuous
obtained to illustrate the usability of the theoretical functions on [0, 1]. Take the metric-like space
results.
Let Ψ be the class of all functions ψ : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞), ω∞ (x, y) = sup {||x(t)| − |y(t)||} for all x, y ∈ X.
satisfying the following conditions: t∈[0,1]
(i) ψ is non-decreasing and continuous;
(ii) for all t > 0, limn→∞ ψn (t) = 0. Then (X, ω∞ ) is a complete metric-like space.
ψ
The definition of a cyclic αL -rational contractive Suppose that π : X × X → R is a function with the
mapping can be introduced as follows: following properties:
• π(x, y) ≥ 0 =⇒ π(S x, S y) ≥ 0,
Definition [Link] (X, ω) be a metric-like space, q ∈ N, • there exists x◦ ∈ X such that π(x◦ S x◦ ) ≥ 0,
q
B1 , B2, ...Bq be ω−closed subsets of X, Y = ∪i=1 Bi and • if {xn } is a sequence in X such that π(xn , xn+1 ) ≥ 0 for all
α : Y × Y → [0, ∞) be a mapping. We say that S is a cyclic n ∈ N and xn → x as n → ∞, then π(x, S x) ≥ 0, where
ψ
αL −rational contractive mapping if
(a) Z1
S x(t) = h(t) + k(t, s) f (s, x(s))ds, for all t ∈ [0, 1].
S (B j ) ⊆ B j+1 , j = 1, 2, ..., q, where Bq+1 = B1. (3)
0
(b) for any x ∈ Bi and y ∈ Bi+1 , i = 1, 2, ..., q where Bq+1 =
B1 and α(x, S x)α(y, S y) ≥ 1, we get Let (a, b) ∈ X × X, (a◦ , b◦ ) ∈ R2 such that

ψ(ω(S x, S y)) ≤ ψ(Mω (x, y)) − LMω (x, y), (4) a◦ ≤ a(t) ≤ b(t) ≤ b◦ , for all t ∈ [0, 1]. (6)

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78 H. A. Hammad: Some recent research trends...

Assume that for all t ∈ [0, 1], we get Assume that Π = {π : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) is non-decreasing
function and lower semi-continuous such that π(ν) = 0 ⇔
Z1 ν = 0}.
a(t) ≤ h(t) + k(t, s) f (s, b(s))ds (7) Firstly, the main result of this part is as follows:
0 Theorem [Link] that ℜ : χ3 → χ and ℑ : χ → χ are
and two-mappings on a POCML space (χ, -, ξ) such that
Z1 (i) ℜ(χ3 ) ⊆ ℑ(χ);
b(t) ≥ h(t) + k(t, s) f (s, a(s))ds. (8) (ii) ℜ is continuous;
(iii) ℑ is continuous and commutes with ℜ;
0 (iv) ℜ has a mixed ℑ−monotone property;
Let for all s ∈ [0, 1], f (s, .) be a decreasing function, that (v) there is π ∈ Π, ζ ≥ 0 and Λ ∈ ∁ such that
is,
ξ(ℜ(℘, h̄, ð), ℜ(x, y, z))
x, y ∈ R, x ≥ y ⇒ f (s, x) ≤ f (s, y). (9)   
ξ(ℑ(℘), ℑ(x)), 
  
    
 
 π max  ξ(ℑ(h̄), ℑ(y)), 
 

,
Z1    
 

ξ(ℑ(ð), ℑ(z))

 
≤ Λ  (12)
   ,
sup k(t, s)ds ≤ 1. (10) 
 ξ(ℑ(℘), ℑ(x)), 
t∈[0,1]
   
 ζ max  ξ(ℑ(h̄), ℑ(y)), 


0   
  ξ(ℑ(ð), ℑ(z)) 
  

Also, suppose that for all s ∈ [0, 1], x, y ∈ R with (x ≤ b◦ and
y ≥ a◦ ) or (x ≥ a◦ , y ≤ b◦ ) and π(y, S y) ≥ 1 and π(x, S x) ≥ 1, for any ℘, h̄, ð, x, y, z ∈ χ, for which ℑ(℘) - ℑ(x), ℑ(y) -
we have ℑ(h̄) and ℑ(ð) - ℑ(z). If there exists ℘◦ , h̄◦ , ð◦ ∈ χ such that
ℑ(℘◦ ) - ℜ(℘◦ , h̄◦ , ð◦ ), ℑ(h̄◦ ) % ℜ(h̄◦ , ℘◦ , ð◦ ) and ℑ(ð◦ ) -
||x| − |y|| ,
 
ℜ(ð◦ , h̄◦ , ℘◦ ). Then ℜ and ℑ have a tripled coincidence

 

||x|−|S x||||y|−|S y||

 



||x|−|y|| , 

point.
|| f (s, x)| − | f (s, y)|| ≤ r max  , (11)

 

||y|−|S y||(||x|−|S x||+1)
,
 

1+||x|−|y||
Next, choosing ℑ = Iχ , (where Iχ is the identity


 


 ||x|−|S y||+||y|−|S x|| 

 
mapping) and replace a mixed-monotone with a

4
monotone-increasing property on Theorem 2, the
where 0 < r < 1. Based on Conditions (6)-(18), the integral
following result holds:
equation (5) has a solution {x ∈ X : a ≤ x(t) ≤ b for all t ∈
[0, 1]}. Corollary [Link] (ℜ, -, ξ) be a POCML space. Suppose
that ℜ : χ3 → χ is mapping such that:
(i) ℜ is continuous;
4 A technique of tripled coincidence points (ii) ℜ is non-decreasing with respect to -;
for solving a system of nonlinear integral (iii) there exists three elements ℘◦ , h̄◦ , c◦ ∈ χ such that
℘◦ - ℜ(℘◦ , h̄◦ , ð◦ ), h̄◦ % ℜ(h̄◦ , ℘◦ , h̄◦ ) and
equations in POCML spaces c◦ - ℜ(c◦ , h̄◦ , ℘◦ );
(v) here is π ∈ Π, ζ ≥ 0 and Λ ∈ ∁ such that
In 2014, the idea of C−type functions, which cover a
large class of contractive conditions was presented by   
 ξ(℘, x), 
 
Ansari [57] as follows:
    
 
 π max 
 
ξ(h̄, y),   , 
 
 
   ξ(ð, z) 
  
Definition 10.([57]) A function Λ : [0, ∞)2 → R is called ξ(ℜ(℘, h̄, ð), ℜ(x, y, z)) ≤ Λ  
    , (13)
 ξ(℘, x), 
C−type function if it is continuous and fulfills the following   
  
 ζ max 
 
ξ(h̄, y),

hypotheses:  
 
 ξ(ð, z) 
  
(1) Λ(λ, µ) ≤ λ,
(2) Λ(λ, µ) = λ implies that either λ = 0 or µ = 0 for all for any ℘, h̄, ð, x, y, z ∈ χ, and for which ℘ - x, y - h̄ and
λ, µ ∈ [0, ∞). ð - z. Then, there is a tripled coincidence point of ℜ.
We symbolize the C−type functions as ∁.
For an application, let Ω be a class functions
Here, via this notion, some recent theoretical ω : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) such that ω is increasing and there
consequences related to tripled coincidence points for exists π ∈ Π, ζ ≥ 0 and Λ ∈ ∁ such that
non-self mappings are initiated in the context of a ω(µ) = 13 Λ (π(µ), ζµ) for all µ ∈ [0, ∞).
partially ordered complete metric-like space (POCML Next, Corollary 1 is applied to show the existence of
space, for short). These contributions unify and extend solution to the following problem:
some previous studies in the literature. As an application,
some theoretical results are applied to discuss the Zq  r1 (v, ρ)   p1 (ρ, ℘(ρ)) 
existence of the solution to a system of nonlinear integral ℘(ν) = ϕ(ν) +  +r2 (ν, ρ)   +p2 (ρ, h̄(ρ))  dρ, (14)
  
equations. p +r3 (ν, ρ) +p3 (ρ, ð(ρ))

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Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 18, No. 1, 75-92 (2024) / [Link]/[Link] 79

for all ν ∈ [p, q] under the following assumptions: for all ℘, h̄ ∈ χ. Then the pair (χ, ξ) is a complete metric-
(i) ϕ : [p, q] → R is continuous; like space. We endow χ with the partial ordered - as
(ii) pi , ri (i = 1, 2, 3) : [p, q] × R → R are continuous;
(iii) for all ℘, ð ∈ R, there is κ, τ, σ such that ℘ - h̄ ⇔ ℘(ν) ≤ h̄(ν), ∀ν ∈ [p, q].
0 ≤ p1 (ρ, ℘) − p1(ρ, ð) ≤ κω(℘ − ð),
Subsequently, (χ, -, ξ) is a POCML space if ℘ - x, y - h̄
0 ≤ p2 (ρ, ℘) − p2(ρ, ð) ≤ τω(℘ − ð), and ð - z whenever, ℘(ν) ≤ x(ν), y(ν) ≤ h̄(ν) and ð(ν) ≤ z(ν),
and for all ℘, h̄, ð, x, y, z ∈ χ and ν ∈ [p, q].
According to Hypotheses (i)-(v), problem (14) has a
0 ≤ p3 (ρ, ℘) − p3(ρ, ð) ≤ σω(℘ − ð); solution in χ3 , where χ = C ([p, q], R) .
(iv) we assume that
Zq  r1 (ν, ρ)  
 
 5 Generalized dynamic process for an
max{κ, τ, σ}  sup  +r2 (ν, ρ)  dρ ≤ 1;
   
t∈[p,q]  +r (ν, ρ)   extended multi-valued F−contraction in
3
p metric-like spaces with applications
(v) there is continuous functions α, β, γ : [p, q] → R
such that The system of dynamic programming consists of two
Zq main sections. One is the decision space, which is the
 p1 (ρ, α(ρ)) 
 
spectrum of decisions taken to find a solution to the
α(ν) ≤ r1 (ν, ρ)  +p2 (ρ, β(ρ))  dρ

problem. The other is the state space, which is a family of
+p3 (ρ, γ(ρ))
p parameters acting in different states, containing action
Zq  p1 (ρ, δ(ρ)) 
  states, transitional states, and initial states. This direction
+ r2 (ν, ρ)  +p2 (ρ, η(ρ))  dρ formulates the problems of mathematical optimization
+p3 (ρ, δ(ρ)) and computer programming by using the fixed point
p
q
technique; see [58,59,6].
 p1 (ρ, γ(ρ)) 
 
Z This process is formulated in the sense of the fixed
+ r3 (ν, ρ)  +p2 (ρ, β(ρ))  dρ,

point technique by Arshad et al. [60] as follows:
p +p3 (ρ, α(ρ))
Zq Definition 11.[60] A generalized dynamic process of
 p1 (ρ, β(ρ)) 
 
mappings Q : Y → Y and Z : Y → CB(Y) is defined as:
β(ν) ≥ r1 (ν, ρ)  +p2 (ρ, η(ρ))  dρ
+p3 (ρ, β(ρ))  n o 
p  Ωj : 
Θ(Z, Q, Ω◦ ) = 
 
j∈N∪{0} ,
 
Zq  p1 (ρ, γ(ρ)) 
 
 Ω j+1 = Q(Ω j ) ∈ Z(Ω j−1 ) 
 

+ r2 (ν, ρ)  +p2 (ρ, β(ρ))  dρ
p +p3 (ρ, α(ρ)) for all j ∈ N, where Ω◦ ∈ Y is a starting point. For short,
q we denote Θ(Z, Q, Ω◦ ) with Q(Ω j ).
 p1 (ρ, α(ρ)) 
Z  
+ r3 (ν, ρ)  +p2 (ρ, β(ρ))  ,

In 2012, Wardowski [61] introduced a type of
+p3 (ρ, γ(ρ))
p contraction called F−contraction and proved some fixed
and point theorems concerning F−contraction. In this way, he
Zq generalized the Banach contraction principle in a different
 p1 (ρ, γ(ρ)) 
 
manner from the well-known results from the literature.
γ(ν) ≤ r1 (ν, ρ)  +p2 (ρ, β(ρ))  dρ
+p3 (ρ, α(ρ))
p Definition 12.[61] Let (Y, d) be a metric space. A mapping
Z q
 p1 (ρ, α(ρ)) 
  Q : Y −→ Y is called an F−contraction if there exist F ∈ Π
+ r2 (ν, ρ)  +p2 (ρ, β(ρ))  dρ
 and τ > 0 such that
+p3 (ρ, γ(ρ))
p d(QΩ1 , QΩ2 ) > 0
Zq  p1 (ρ, β(ρ)) 
 
implies τ + F(d(QΩ1, QΩ2 )) ≤ F(d(Ω1 , Ω2 )),
+ r3 (ν, ρ)  +p2 (ρ, α(ρ))  dρ.
+p3 (ρ, β(ρ)) for all Ω1 , Ω2 ∈ Y, where Π is the class of functions F :
p
(0, +∞) → R verifying the following:
Let χ = C ([p, q], R) be the set of real continuous functions (i) For all ι, κ > 0 such that ι < κ, F(ι) < F(κ), (i.e., F is
on [p, q] endowed with strictly increasing);
ξ(℘, h̄) = k℘ − h̄k∞ (ii) For each sequence {ιn }n∈N in (0, +∞), limn→∞ ιn = 0 if
= sup {|℘(ν) − h̄(ν)|} , and only if limn→∞ F(ιn ) = −∞;
ν∈[p,q] (iii) There exists λ ∈ (0, 1) such that limi→0+ ιλ F(ι) = 0.

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80 H. A. Hammad: Some recent research trends...

According to the above two definitions, Hammad et supΩ∈Π |k(Ω)|. The pair (B(Π), k.k) is a quasi-Banach space
al. [6] developed some fixed-point results satisfying an equipped with the metric-like defined by
extended multi-valued F−contraction mapping under a
generalized dynamic process in the context of metric-like θ(m1 , m2 ) = sup |m1 (Ω)| − |m2 (Ω)| ,
Ω∈Π
spaces. Also, the solution of a system of functional
equations is obtained as an application. for all m1 , m2 ∈ B(Π).
The notion of an extended multi-valued F−contraction Define δ : B(Π) → B(Π) by
mapping can be formulated as follows:
ψ1 (Ω, ω)
 ( )
δ (m) (Ω) = supω∈Ξ


 1 ( +φ1 (Ω, ω, m (̟ (Ω, ω))) ) , (16)



Definition [Link] Q be a self-mapping on a metric-like

space (Y, θ). A mapping Z : Y → CB(Y) is called a ψ2 (Ω, ω)


 δ2 (m) (Ω) = supω∈Ξ +φ2 (Ω, ω, m (̟ (Ω, ω)))




generalized multi-valued F−contraction with respect to
generalized dynamic process Θ(Z, Q, Ω◦ ), Ω◦ ∈ Y, if for for all m ∈ B(Π) and Ω ∈ Π, where φ1 , φ2 , ψ1 and ψ2 are
some F ∈ Π and τ > 0, we have θ(Q(Ω j )), Q(Ω j+1 )) > 0, bounded and continuous functions. Suppose that for all τ >
implies
0,
|φ1 (Ω, ω, m1 (Ω)) − φ2(Ω, ω, m2 (Ω))| ≤ e−τ H (m1 (Ω), m2 (Ω)) ,
   
τH(Ω j−1 , Ω j ) + F θ(Q(Ω j ), Q(Ω j+1 )) ≤ F H(Ω j−1 , Ω j ) ,
for all m1 , m2 ∈ B(Π), where Ω ∈ Π and ω ∈ Ξ.
where
Based on what has been assumed, the solution to the


 θ(Q(Ω j−1 ), Q(Ω j )),


 system can be obtained by the following theorem:
θ(Q(Ω j−1 ), Z(Ω j−1 )),
 
Theorem [Link] δ1 , δ2 : B(Π) → B(Π) be a

 

H(Ω j−1 , Ω j ) = max 
 
,
 

 θ(Q(Ω j ), Z(Ω j )), 

 semi-continuous mappings defined as (16). Assume that
 θ(Q(Ω j−1 ),Z(Ω j ))+θ(Q(Ω j ),Z(Ω j−1 )) 

 

4

 the following assumptions are satisfied:
(i) φ1 , φ2 , ψ1 and ψ2 are bounded and continuous,
for all Ω1 , Ω2 ∈ Θ(Z, Q, Ω◦ ), j ∈ N. (ii) for all m ∈ B(Π), there exists ℓ ∈ B(Π) such that

Based on Definition 13, the existence of fixed points δ1 (m) (Ω) = δ2 (ℓ) (Ω) ,
can be obtained from the following theorem: (iii) δ1 and δ2 are weakly compatible, i.e., there exists
m ∈ B(Π) such that
Theorem [Link] that (Y, θ) is a complete metric-like
space and Q : Y → Y is a self-mapping. Let δ1 (m) (Ω) = δ2 (m) (Ω)
Z : Y → CB(Y) be a generalized multi-valued implies δ1 δ2 (m) (Ω) = δ2 δ1 (m) (Ω) .
F−contraction with respect to generalized dynamic Then the system (15) possesses a bounded solution.
process Θ(Z, Q, Ω◦ ). Then Z and Q possess a common
fixed point.

For applications, Theorem 3 is applied to show the

6 A tripled fixed point technique for solving a
existence of a solution for a system of functional tripled-system of integral equations and
equations in the form of Markov process in CCbMS
ψ(Ω1 , Ω2 ) + φ(Ω1, Ω2 , In 2007, the concept of a cone-metric space was
 ( )
) sup

σ(Ω = introduced by Huang and Zhang [62]. They talked about

1
( ∗ σ (̟ (Ω1 , Ω∗2 )))


 Ω2 ∈Ξ
) , (15)

some fixed-point theorems that extended certain results of

ψ (Ω1 , Ω2 ) + φ (Ω1 , Ω2 ,


∗ (Ω ) sup this kind to the complete metric space. Great papers

 σ 1 = Ω2 ∈Ξ σ∗ (̟ (Ω1 , Ω2 )))



combine b−metric spaces with cone-metric spaces
for Ω1 ∈ Π, where the mappings clarified by Hussain and Shah in [63] to form a
cone-metric space (CbMS, for short), where some
φ, φ∗ : Π × Ξ × R → R, topological properties in such spaces are investigated and
ψ, ψ∗ : Π × Ξ → R, recent results for contractive mappings in a CbMS are
̟ : Π × Ξ → Π. established.
Alignment for this work, Hammad and De la Sen [21]
Suppose that Y1 and Y2 are quasi-Banach spaces. Consider investigated a new generalized nonlinear contraction
a state space Π ⊂ Y1 (is the initial space, set of actions, and mapping and discussed the existence of tripled fixed
transposition model of the process) and a decision space points in complete CbMS. To support their results, a
Ξ ⊂ Y2 (is the set of a possible action that can be considered solution for the tripled system of integral equations and a
to facilitate the problem). For more details, see [60]. unique stationary distribution for the Markov process are
Assume that B(Π) is the set of all bounded real valued presented.
functions on Π. For an arbitrary point k ∈ B(Π), take kkk = The form of the contractive condition is as follows:

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Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 18, No. 1, 75-92 (2024) / [Link]/[Link] 81

Definition [Link] (χ, ξ) be a CbMS with the coefficient s ≥ (iv) we consider

1, Q ∪ (−Q) = B (i.e. Q is a total ordering cone) and ℑ : !2
χ → χ be a mapping. We will say that a mapping ℜ : χ3 → 1
Z ℘
max £(‫ג‬, ℧) d℧ - .
χ is a ℑθ −contraction if there is θ ∈ [0, 1) such that ‫[∈ג‬0,℘] 0 21
ξ ℑp, ℑp∗
, 



  We assume that χ = C([0, ℘], R) is a set of all
ξ ℑℜ(p, q, r), ℑℜ(p∗ , q∗ , r∗ ) - θ max  ∗ ,
 
ℑq, ℑq


ξ , continuous real-valued functions on [0, ℘] and taking


 ξ ℑr, ℑr∗ 


values in R and Q = {π ∈ B : π ≥ 0}. Set ξ : χ × χ → B as
 

(17) ξ(o, O) = e‫ ג‬max‫[∈ג‬0,℘] |o(‫ )ג‬− O(‫|)ג‬2 . It is obvious that (χ, ξ)
for all p, q, r, p∗ , q∗ , r∗ ∈ χ. is a CCbMS.
Under this contractive condition, the existence of fixed Now, the theorem concerned with the existence of a
points is demonstrated in the following theorem: solution to the above system is formulated as follows:
Theorem [Link] that the mapping ℜ is Theorem 6.[21] Under hypotheses (i) − (iv), problem (18)
ℑθ −contraction (31) defined on CCbMS (χ, ξ) with the has a solution in χ3 , where χ = C([0, ℘], R).
coefficient s ≥ 1, such that B is a solid cone with
Q ∪ (−Q) = B and ℑ : χ → χ is a continuous and Another application involved in Theorem 5 is the study
one-to-one, then for all p, q, r, p∗ , q∗ , r∗ ∈ χ, of a unique stationary distribution for the Markov process.
(a) there exist υ p◦ , υq◦ , υr◦ ∈ χ and iterative sequences Suppose that
 R+ = {(δ1 , δ2 , ...,n δn ) =
n δ : δℓ ≥ 0, ℓ ≥ 1}
ℜn (p◦ , q◦ , r◦ ) = pn , ℜn (q◦ , p◦ , q◦ ) = qn and 
 σ = (p, q, r) ∈ R + × R n × Rn 
+ + 
and Ω3n−1 =  n n
refer to

 P 

ℜ (r◦ , q◦ , p◦ ) = rn such that
n
: (p ) 1
P


 σ ℓ = ℓ + q ℓ + rℓ = 



ℓ=1 ℓ=1
lim ℑℜn (p◦ , q◦ , r◦ ) = υ p◦ ,
n→∞ 3(n − 1) dimensional unit simplex and σ ∈ Ω3n−1 could be
lim ℑℜn (q◦ , p◦ , q◦ ) = υq◦ , considered a possibility over 3n possible statuses. Here,
n→∞ Markov process is a stochastic process which verifies that
and lim ℑℜn (r◦ , q◦ , p◦ ) = υr◦ ; 3n statuses is realized in each period ‫ = ג‬1, 2, ...with the
n→∞
probability contingent on the current achieved status.
(b) ℜn (p◦ , q◦ , r◦ ), ℜn (q◦ , p◦ , q◦ ) and ℜn (r◦ , q◦ , p◦ ) Assume that aℓκ refer to the probability contingent that
have a convergent subsequence, whenever ℑ is status ℓ is achieved in the subsequent period beginning in
subsequentially convergent; status κ. Hence, in period ‫ ג‬and ‫ ג‬+ 1, the prior probability
(c) there exist a unique σ p◦ , σq◦ , σr◦ ∈ χ such that vector σP and‫ ג‬the posterior probability σ
‫ג‬ ‫ג‬+1 given by
ℜ(σ p◦ , σq◦ , σr◦ ) = σ p◦ , ℜ(σq◦ , σ p◦ , σq◦ ) = σq◦ and σℓ = aℓκ σκ for each ℓ ≥ 1. To write this in matrix
‫ג‬+1
ℜ(σr◦ , σq◦ , σ p◦ ) = σr◦ ; ℓ
(d) for every p◦ , q◦ , r◦ ∈ χ, the sequences style, we consider σ‫ ג‬is a column vector, then σ‫ג‬+1 = ℑσ‫ ג‬.
ℜn (p◦ , q◦ , r◦ ), ℜn (q◦ , p◦ , q◦ ) and ℜn (r◦ , q◦ , p◦ ) converges n
Note that aℓκ ≥ 0 and aℓκ = 1 which is required for
P
to σ p◦ , σq◦ , σr◦ ∈ χ respectively, provided that ℑ is ℓ=1
subsequentially convergent. conditional probability. σ‫ ג‬is called a stationary
Theorem 5 has been supported by using it to study the distribution of the Markov process at any period, if
existence and uniqueness of the solution for the following σ‫ = ג‬σ‫ג‬+1 . It’s mean that, the problem of finding a
integral system: stationary distribution is equivalent to the fixed point
problem ℑσ‫ = ג‬σ‫ ג‬.
 a1 (℧, p(℧)) 
  
℘ n
Let δℓ = minκ aℓκ and define δ = δℓ .
 P
p(‫ = )ג‬ℵ(‫ )ג‬+ £(‫ג‬, ℧)  +a2 (℧, q(℧))  d℧


 R

 ℓ=1
 +a3 (℧, r(℧)) 

0

Then, there exists a unique stationary distribution for



 a1 (℧, q(℧)) 

the Markov process, provided that aℓκ ≥ 0.



 ℘
 +a2 (℧, p(℧))  d℧,
R
£(‫ג‬, (18)

q(‫)ג‬ = ℵ(‫)ג‬ + ℧)


(℧,

0 +a q(℧))
  
3



 a1 (℧, r(℧)) 

  
R℘ 7 Quadruple fixed point techniques for



r(‫ = )ג‬ℵ(‫ )ג‬+ £(‫ג‬, ℧)  +a2 (℧, q(℧))  d℧.



solving integral equations involved with


+a3 (℧, p(℧))

0

matrices and Markov process in generalized
for all ‫[ ∈ ג‬0, ℘], under the following assumptions:
(i) ℵ : [0, ℘] → R and £ : [0, ℘] × R → R are continuous;
metric spaces
(ii) al (l = 1, 2, 3) : [0, ℘] × R → R are continuous; The fundamental result of Banach contraction mappings
(iii) There is a constant α > 0 such that for all p, q ∈ R: on metric spaces with vector-valued metrics is presented
0 - Γ1 (℧, p) − Γ1(℧, q) - α(p − q), by Perov [13]. Later, Perov’s results are refined for a
0 - Γ2 (℧, p) − Γ2(℧, q) - α(p − q), self-mapping on generalized metric spaces by Filip and
PetruÅŸel [14]. Also, they proved some fixed-point
0 - Γ3 (℧, p) − Γ3(℧, q) - α(p − q). sequences in this space.

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82 H. A. Hammad: Some recent research trends...

Motivated by the results in [13,14], Hammad and Using the conditions of Lemma 1, the theorem below
Abdeljwad [25] established some quadruple fixed point can be obtained.
and coincidence point results under the same space. In
addition, these results were exploited to obtain some Theorem [Link] the conditions of Lemma 1 hold, suppose
applications. that {ℑi }i∈N0 and h are compatible, weakly reciprocally
Here, the symbols Mm,m (R+ ), ϑ, I and Φ ∈ Mm×m (R+ ), continuous, where h is continuous, satisfies the condition
represent the set of all m × m matrices with components in (O), monotonic nondecreasing and h(Ω) ⊆ Ω is complete.
R+ , zero and identity matrices, and a matrix, respectively. Then {ℑi }i∈N0 and h have a quadruple coincidence point
Further, N0 = N ∪ {0}, and ZM refers to the set of all provided that h(Ω) is regular and Φ, Ψ are nonzero
matrices Φ ∈ Mm,m (R+ ), where Φn → ϑ. matrices in ZM.
The results can be started with the following By taking h = Id (where Id is the identity mapping),
definitions: the result below holds.
Definition [Link] given mappings ℑi : Ω4 → Ω and
Corollary [Link] (Ω, ω, ) be a (POCGMS) and
h : Ω → Ω. We say {ℑi }i∈N0 and h satisfy the condition (O) {ℑi }i∈N∪{0} : Ω4 → Ω be a mixed monotone sequence of
if
mappings, where {ℑi }i∈N∪{0} and Id : Ω → Ω satisfy the
ω ℑi e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 , ℑ j r1 , r2 , r3 , r4
    
condition (O). Also ℑ0 and Id have a (MQTP) and Id(Ω)
1 2 3 4 4
 ω h(e ), ℑi e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 
  1 is regular. Then  there is (e , e , e , e ) ∈ Ω so that
  
1 2 3
ℑi e , e , e , e 4 = e , 1 2 3
ℑi e , e , e , e 4 1 = e2 ,
≤ Φ 
+ω h(r1 ), ℑ j r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 
   
ℑi e3 , e4 , e1 , e2 = e3 and ℑi e4 , e1 , e2 , e3 = e4 for i ∈ N0 .
   

+Ψ ω h(e1 ), h(r1 ) ,
  
(19)
 2 and
If we omit some conditions of Corollary  take
 Φ
for e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 , r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 ∈ Ω with h(e1 )  h(r1 ), h(r2 )  1 1
as a zero matrix and expand the distance ω e , r , we
h(e2 ), h(e3 )  h(r3 ), h(r4 )  h(e4 ) or h(e1 ) h(r1 ), h(r2 )  get the following result:
h(e2 ), h(e3 )  h(r3 ), h(r4 )  h(e4 ), I , Φ = φi j , I , Ψ =
  Corollary [Link] (Ω, ω, ) be a (POCGMS) and k : Ω4 → Ω
ψi j ∈ Mm,m (R+ ), (Φ + Ψ ) (Φ − I)−1 ∈ ZM. be a mixed monotone mapping, such that
Definition [Link] say ℑ0 and h have a mixed quadruple ω ℑi e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 , ℑ j r1 , r2 , r3 , r4
    
transcendence point (MQTP), if there exists e1◦ , e2◦ , e3◦ , e4◦ ∈
≤ Ψ ω e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 , r 1 , r 2 , r 3 , r 4 .
    
Ω so that
ℑ◦ e1◦ , e2◦ , e3◦ , e4◦  h(e1◦ ),
 
If k has a (MQTP). Then k has a (QFP) in Ω.
ℑ◦ e2◦ , e3◦ , e4◦ , e1◦  h(e2◦ ),
 
Now, Corollary 2 is used to discuss the existence and
ℑ◦ e3◦ , e4◦ , e1◦ , e2◦ ,  h(e3◦ ), uniqueness of the solution of the following integral
 
equations system:
and ℑ◦ e4◦ , e1◦ , e2◦ , e3◦  h(e4◦ ),
 
(20)
R̺  w δ, σ, e1 (σ) + x δ, σ, e2 (σ) 
     
1
e (δ) =  

provided that ℑ◦ and h have a non-decreasing   dσ


3 4
  
transcendence point in e1◦ , e3◦ and a non-increasing 0 +y δ, σ, e (σ) + z δ, σ, e (σ)





transcendence point in e2◦ , e4◦ .

+b(δ),




2 (σ) + x δ, σ, e3 (σ) 
     
 ̺
The following lemma is very important in the sequel:


2
R w δ, σ, e
e (δ) = 
  

   dσ
4 1
 
(σ) (σ)

+y δ, σ, e + z δ, σ, e


Lemma [Link] that ℑi : Ω4 → Ω and h : Ω → Ω are 0




 +b(δ),
(21)

two mappings on a partially ordered complete generalized

3 (σ) + x δ, σ, e4 (σ) 
̺
    
w δ, σ, e

metric space (POCGMS, for short) (Ω, ω, ) . Assume also

3
 R
(δ)
  

 e = 
 
1
 
2
 dσ
0 +y δ, σ, e (σ) + z δ, σ, e (σ)
  
{ℑi }n∈N0 have mixed h−monotone property (MhMP) with 



 
ℑi (Ω4 ) ⊆ h(Ω). If ℑ◦ and h have a (MQTP), then

+b(δ),




(i) there are sequences {e1n }, {e2n }, {e3n } and {e4n } in Ω so

4 (σ) + x δ, σ, e1 (σ) 
 ̺
    
w δ, σ, e


4
R
e (δ) = 
  
that

   dσ
2 (σ) + z δ, σ, e3 (σ) 
  
+y δ, σ, e


0

he1n = ℑn−1 e1n−1 , e2n−1 , e3n−1 , e4n−1 ,
  


 +b(δ),
he2n = ℑn−1 e2n−1 , e3n−1 , e4n−1 , e1n−1 ,
 
for all δ, σ ∈ [0, ̺], for some ̺ > 0.
he3n = ℑn−1 e3n−1 , e4n−1 , e1n−1 , e2n−1 , As usual, we consider Ω = C ([0, ̺], R) is continuous
 
real functions created on [0, ̺] and equipped
and he4n = ℑn−1 e4n−1 , e1n−1 , e2n−1 , e3n−1 .
 
with a metric
(ii) {he1n }, {he3n } are non-decreasing sequences and max0≤δ≤̺ e1 (δ) − e2(δ)
!
ω(e1 , e2 ) = .
{he2n }, {he4n }
are non-increasing sequences. max0≤δ≤̺ e1 (δ) − e2(δ)

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Define a partial order ”  ” on Ω as follows: 8 Contributions of the fixed point technique

to solve the 2D Volterra integral equations,
for e1 , e2 ∈ Ω, for any δ ∈ [0, ̺], e1  e2 iff e1 (δ)  e2 (δ). Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals and
Atangana-Baleanu integral operators
Thus, (Ω, ω, ) is a (POCGMS).
System (21) will be taken under the hypotheses below: Fractional differential equations appear naturally in
(†i ) the functions w, x, y, z : [0, ̺] × [0, ̺] × R → R2 and diverse fields of science and engineering. They constitute
b : [0, ̺] → R are continuous; an important field of research. It should be noted that
(†ii ) for all e1 , e2 ∈ Ω, there is µ : [0, ̺] → M2×2 ([0, ̺]), most papers dealing with the existence of solutions to
so that nonlinear initial value problems of fractional differential
equations mainly use techniques of nonlinear analysis
such as fixed point methods, stability, the Leray–Schauder

0 ≤ w δ, σ, e1 (σ) − w δ, σ, e2 (σ) ≤ µ1 (δ)ω(e1, e2 ),
   


result, etc. Numerous academics have investigated the



2 1 1 2
    
 0 ≤ x δ, σ, e (σ) − x  δ, σ, e (σ) ≤ µ2 (δ)ω(e , e ),

existence and uniqueness of solutions to differential and





 0 ≤ y δ, σ, e1 (σ) − y δ, σ, e2 (σ) ≤ µ3 (δ)ω(e1 , e2 ), integral equations involving fractional operators using
fixed point theorems; for instance, see [64,65,34].




 0 ≤ z δ, σ, e2 (σ) − z δ, σ, e1 (σ) ≤ µ4 (δ)ω(e1, e2 ),
    
In this section, a new space is introduced called


(22) double-controlled metric spaces (in short, ην‫ ג‬-metric
1
0 spaces), and some fixed-point results for generalized
!
for all δ, σ ∈ [0, ̺] with µ(δ) ≤ Φ = 4 1 and µ(δ) ≤ Ψ = contractive type mappings under mild conditions are
0 4
0 41
! obtained. These results are applied to discuss the
1 . This holds because of Φ, Ψ ∈ ZM; existence and uniqueness of solutions of 2D Volterra
4 0 integral equations, Riemann-Liouville integrals, and
(†iii ) consider µ1 (δ) + µ2(δ) + µ3(δ) + µ4(δ) < 1 and
Atangana-Baleanu integral operators.
The novel space is formulated as follows:
µ(δ) = max{µ1 (δ), µ2 (δ), µ3 (δ), µ4 (δ)};
Definition [Link] that ℘ is a non-empty set and
(†iv ) there exist continuous functions λ, ρ, υ, κ : [0, ̺] → ‫ג‬, ν : ℘ × ℘ → [1, ∞) are given functions. Let
R so that ην‫ ג‬: ℘ × ℘ → [0, ∞) be a distance function on ℘. We list the
following hypotheses, for all ς, υ, τ ∈ ℘,
R̺ w (δ, σ, λ(σ)) + x (δ, σ, ρ(σ)) (J1 ) ην‫( ג‬ς, υ) = 0 iff ς = υ;
 !

λ ≤ dσ + b(δ),

(J2 ) ην‫( ג‬ς, υ) = ην‫( ג‬υ, ς);

+y (δ, σ, υ(σ)) + z (δ, σ, κ(σ))



0

 h i
(J3 ) ην‫( ג‬ς, υ) ≤ ‫(ג‬ς, υ) ην‫( ג‬ς, τ) + ην‫( ג‬τ, υ) (an extended

R̺

w (δ, σ, ρ(σ)) + x (δ, σ, υ(σ))

 !

ρ≥ dσ + b(δ),

+y (δ, σ, κ(σ)) + z (δ, σ, λ(σ))



 triangle inequality);
0

(J4 ) ην‫( ג‬ς, υ) ≤ ‫(ג‬ς, τ)ην‫( ג‬ς, τ) + ‫(ג‬τ, υ)ην‫( ג‬τ, υ) (controlled

R̺ w (δ, σ, υ(σ)) + x (δ, σ, κ(σ))

 !


υ ≤ dσ + b(δ), triangle inequality);
+y (δ, σ, λ(σ)) + z (δ, σ, ρ(σ))


(J5 ) ην‫( ג‬ς, υ) ≤ ‫(ג‬ς, τ)ην‫( ג‬ς, τ) + ν(τ, υ)ην‫( ג‬τ, υ) (double


0



R̺ w (δ, σ, κ(σ)) + x (δ, σ, λ(σ))
 !
controlled triangle inequality).



κ ≥ dσ + b(δ).

+y (δ, σ, ρ(σ)) + z (δ, σ, υ(σ))

ην‫ ג‬is called:


0
• an extended b−metric [66] if ην‫ ג‬satisfies (J1 ) − (J3),
• a controlled metric type [67] if ην‫ ג‬satisfies (J1 ), (J2 )
Based on the assumptions (†i ) − (†vi ), the problem (21)
and (J4 ),
has a unique solution in Ω.
• a double controlled metric type [68] if ην‫ ג‬satisfies
Also, Corollary 3 is used to discuss the unique (J1 ), (J2 ) and (J5 ).
stationary distribution for the Markov process. Suppose The pair (℘, ην‫ ) ג‬is called an extended b−metric/ a
that Rn+ = {(e1 , e2 , ..., en ) = e : ei ≥ 0, i ≥ 1} and controlled metric type/ a double controlled metric type
space if ην‫ ג‬is an extended b−metric/ a controlled metric
Λ4n−1 = {℘ = (e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 ) ∈ Rn+ × Rn+ × Rn+ × Rn+ : type/ a double controlled metric type on ℘.
n n 
e1i + e2i + e3i + e4i = 1},
X X 
℘i = The topological properties of this space are described
i=1 i=1 as
refer to 4(n − 1) dimensional unit simplex and ℘ ∈ Λ4n−1 Definition [Link] (℘, ην‫ ) ג‬be an ην‫ ג‬−metric space. A
could be considered a possibility over 4n possible statuses. sequence {ςn } ∈ ℘ is called:
For more details in this direction, see Section 6. • convergent if there is ς ∈ ℘ such that
Hence, if ai j ≥ 0, then there exists a unique stationary limn→∞ ην‫( ג‬ςn , ς) = 0, and this notation leads to
distribution for the Markov process. limn→∞ ςn = ς;

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84 H. A. Hammad: Some recent research trends...

• Cauchy iff ην‫( ג‬ςn , ςm ) → 0 as n, m → ∞. for all λ, h̄, ς, υ ∈ [0, 1], where Λ ∈ ℘ = C ([0, 1] × [0, 1]), and
An ην‫ ג‬−metric space is complete if every Cauchy ξ : [0, 1] × [0, 1] → R2 ; Ξi (i = 1, 2, 3) : [0, 1] × [0, 1] × R2 →
sequence in ℘ is convergent. R2 . Define the distance ην‫ ג‬: ℘ × ℘ → [0, ∞) on the set of all
continuous functions ℘ = C [0, 1]2 , R+ from [0, 1]2 onto
 
The existence and uniqueness of fixed points are
investigated as follows: R+ as follows:

Theorem [Link] (℘, ην‫ ) ג‬be a complete ην‫ ג‬−metric space and ην‫( ג‬Λ(λ, h̄), ̟(λ, h̄)) = |κ(λ, h̄) − ̟(λ, h̄)|2 ,
the mappings a, ℧ : ℘ → ℘ satisfy
h i for all κ, ̟ ∈ ℘. Let the functions ‫ג‬, ν : ℘ × ℘ → [1, ∞) be
ην‫( ג‬υ, ℧υ) 1 + ην‫( ג‬υ, ℧υ) defined by
a η‫( ג‬aς, ℧υ) ≤ ση‫( ג‬ς, υ) + ρ
b ν ν
1 + ην‫( ג‬aς, ℧υ) |Λ(λ, h̄)| + |̟(λ, h̄)|
‫(ג‬Λ(λ, h̄), ̟(λ, h̄)) = + 2,
2
h i
ην‫( ג‬υ, ℧υ) 1 + ην‫( ג‬ς, aς)
+µ , (23) |Λ(λ, h̄)| + |̟(λ, h̄)|
1 + ην‫( ג‬ς, υ) ν (Λ(λ, h̄), ̟(λ, h̄)) = + 2.
1 + |Λ(λ, h̄)| + |̟(λ, h̄)|
for all ς, υ ∈ ℘, where σ, ρ and µ are non-negative real  
numbers with σ + ρ + µ < 1 and a, b ≥ 1. Consider ςn = Then ℘, ην‫ ג‬is clearly an ην‫ ג‬−metric space.
℧n ς◦ , for ς◦ ∈ ℘, then a and ℧ have a unique common Problem (25) was considered via the following
fixed point, provided that the following hypotheses hold: assumptions:
(i) (i) Ξi (i = 1, 2, 3) : [0, 1] × [0, 1] × R2 → R2 are
continuous functions satisfying
‫(ג‬ς j+1 , ς j+2 ) 1
sup lim ν(ς j+1 , ςl ) < , (24)
l≥1 j→∞ ‫(ג‬ς j , ς j+1 ) Θ
|Ξ1 (ς, υ, h̄1 (ς, υ) − Ξ1 (ς, υ, h̄2 (ς, υ)|
σ
;
p
where Θ = ab −ρ−µ ≤ U1 |h̄1 (ς, υ) − h̄2 (ς, υ)|,
(ii) limn→∞ ‫(ג‬ς, ςn ) and limn→∞ ν(ς, ςn ) exist and are |Ξ2 (ς, υ, h̄1 (ς, υ) − Ξ2 (ς, υ, h̄2 (ς, υ)|
finite for all ς ∈ ℘. p
≤ U2 |h̄1 (ς, υ) − h̄2 (ς, υ)|,
If we take a = b = 1, µ = ρ = 0 and a = ℧ in Theorem |Ξ3 (ς, υ, h̄1 (ς, υ) − Ξ3 (ς, υ, h̄2 (ς, υ)|
8, we get the following corollary: p
≤ U3 |h̄1 (ς, υ) − h̄2 (ς, υ)|,
Corollary [Link] (℘, ην‫ ) ג‬be a complete ην‫ ג‬−metric space and
for constants U1 , U2 , U3 ≥ 0 and h̄1 , h̄2 ∈ R2 ;
let the mapping a : ℘ → ℘ satisfy
(ii) U1 + |‫ |ג‬U2 + |ν| U3 ≤ σ; where 0 < σ < 1.
ην‫( ג‬aς, aυ) ≤ σην‫( ג‬ς, υ), According to the above conditions, Problem (25) has a
unique solution.
for all ς, υ ∈ ℘, where σ is a non-negative real number with Again, Corollary 4 is applied to find a unique solution
σ < 1. Choose ςn = ℧n ς◦ , for ς◦ ∈ ℘, then a has a unique to Reimann-Lioville fractional integrals, which takes the
fixed point, provided that the following assumptions are form
satisfied:
‫(ג‬ς ,ς j+2 )
• supl≥1 lim j→∞ ‫(ג‬ςj+1
j ,ς j+1 )
ν(ς j+1 , ςl ) < σ1 ; Zκ
1
• limn→∞ ‫(ג‬ς, ςn ) and limn→∞ ν(ς, ςn ) exist and are RL τ
ℏ Iκ ς(κ) = (κ − ℓ)τ−1ς(ℓ)dℓ; Γ(τ) > 0, (26)
finite for all ς ∈ ℘. Γ(τ)
ℏ
To address the applications, Corollary 4 was applied
where τ ∈ R, ς(κ) ∈ ℘ = C ([0, 1], R)(C ([0, 1], R) is the set
to find a solution to the two-dimensional (2D) Volterra
of all continuous functions from [0, 1] onto R) and κ, ℓ ∈
integral equations, which take the form:
[0, 1] which is the fractional integral. Define the distance
Zλ Zh̄ ην‫ ג‬: ℘ × ℘ → [0, ∞) by
Λ(λ, h̄) = ξ (λ, h̄) + Ξ1 (ς, υ, Λ(ς, υ))dςdυ
0 0
ην‫( ג‬ς, υ) = |ς(κ) − υ(κ)|2 ,
Zλ for all ς(κ), υ(κ) ∈ ℘ and κ ∈ [0, 1]. Also, define ‫ג‬, ν : ℘×℘ →
+‫ג‬ Ξ2 (h̄, υ, Λ(λ, υ))dυ [1, ∞) by
0 |ς(κ)| + |υ(κ)|
Zh̄ ‫(ג‬ς(κ), υ(κ)) = + 2,
2
+ν Ξ3 (λ, ς, Λ(h̄, ς))dς, (25) |ς(κ)| + |υ(κ)|
ν (ς(κ), υ(κ)) = + 2.
0 1 + |ς(κ)| + |υ(κ)|

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Then ℘, ην‫ ג‬is an ην‫ ג‬−metric space. Continuing the same approach, some coupled fixed
By helping Corollary 4, Problem (26) has a unique point results are obtained for two rational contractive
solution provided that the following condition holds: mappings under mild conditions in b−metric spaces.
Furthermore, the findings are used to debate the existence
1 (κ − ℓ)τ−1(κ − ℏ)2τ and uniqueness of the solution to the following singular
< σ; coupled fractional differential equation (CFDE, for short)
Γ 2 (τ + 1) (κ − ℓ)τ−1
of order ν:
where σ ∈ (0, 1) and κ , ℓ.
In 2016, Atangana and Baleanu [69] developed more
D z(τ) + Ξ(τ, z(τ), w(τ)) = 0, τ ∈ (0, 1),
c ν
general definitions of fractional derivative and integral 

 D w(τ) + Ξ(τ, w(τ), z(τ)) = 0, τ ∈ (0, 1),
 c ν
operator targeting non-local and non-singular kernel, this


(28)

operator takes the form (27). 
 Λ′′′ (0) = Λ′′ (0) = 0,

′ R1
Let ℘ = C ([0, 1], R) be a set of all continuous functions


Λ = Λ(1) = α Λ(θ)dθ,


0
from [0, 1] onto R. Define the distance ην‫ ג‬: ℘ × ℘ → [0, ∞)
by where Λ ∈ C[0, 1] × C[0, 1] is given by Λ(τ) = (z(τ), w(τ)) ,
ην‫( ג‬ς, υ) = |ς(κ) − υ(κ)|2 , ν ∈ (3, 4), α ∈ (0, 2), cDν is the Caputo fractional derivative,
and Ξ may be singular at z = 0 and w = 0.
for all ς(κ), υ(κ) ∈ ℘ and κ ∈ [0, 1]. Also define ‫ג‬, ν : ℘ × ℘ →
The theorem concerned with the existence of fixed
[1, ∞) by
points is formulated as follows:
|ς(κ)| + |υ(κ)|
‫(ג‬ς(κ), υ(κ)) = + 2, Theorem [Link] that (Ω, µr ) is a complete b−metric
2
|ς(κ)| + |υ(κ)| space with a coefficient r(= b) ≥ 1 and let the mappings
ν (ς(κ), υ(κ)) = + 2. Υ, Ξ : Ω × Ω → Ω satisfy
1 + |ς(κ)| + |υ(κ)|
  µr (Υ (ρ, a) , Ξ (σ, b))
Then ℘, ην‫ ג‬is an ην‫ ג‬−metric space.
µr (ρ, σ) + µr (a, b)
Atangana-Baleanu fractional integral type of order ℜ ≤λ
of a function ς(κ) is exemplified as: 2
1 + µr (ρ, Υ (ρ, a)) µr (σ, Ξ (σ, b))
 
Zκ +τ
1−ℜ ℜ (1 + µr (ρ, σ) + µr (a, b))
AB ℜ
ℏ Iκ ς(κ) = ς(κ) + ς(ℓ)(κ − ℓ)ℜ−1dℓ. µr (σ, Υ (ρ, a)) µr (ρ, Ξ (σ, b))
β(ℜ) β(ℜ)Γ(ℜ) +ζ .
ℏ (1 + µr (ρ, σ) + µr (a, b))
(27)
where ℜ ∈ (0, 1], ς(κ) ∈ ℘ and κ, ℓ ∈ [0, 1] which is the for all ρ, a, σ, b ∈ Ω and λ, τ, ζ ≥ 0 with rλ+τ < 1 and λ+ζ <
fractional integral. 1. Then there is a unique common coupled fixed point of Υ
Using Corollary 4, the fractional integral (27) has a and Ξ.
unique solution if the following assumption is true:
The following corollary follows immediately from
1−ℜ ℏℜ Theorem 9.
+ < σ; where σ ∈ (0, 1).
β(ℜ) β(ℜ)Γ(ℜ) Corollary [Link] (Ω, µr ) be a complete bMS with a
coefficient r ≥ 1 and let the mapping Υ : Ω × Ω → Ω
verifies
9 Solving singular coupled fractional
differential equations with integral boundary µr (ρ, σ) + µr (a, b)
µr (Υ (ρ, a) , Υ (σ, b)) ≤ λ ,
constraints by coupled fixed point 2
methodology for all ρ, a, σ, b ∈ Ω and λ ≥ 0 with rλ < 1. Then Υ has a
unique coupled fixed point.
Differential equations of fractional order are frequently
used to provide multiple perspectives on control systems, The Green’s function of the problem (28) is obtained
fluid dynamics, and other topics. The fractional order as follows:
models are more accurate than the correct order models,
and they also seem to have a greater degree of freedom; Lemma [Link] the pair
for more details, see [70,71]. The integral boundary (a, q) ∈ (C (0, 1) ∩ L (0, 1)) × (C (0, 1) ∩ L (0, 1)) , ν ∈ (3, 4),
conditions play a prominent role in many applications, α ∈ (0, 2), the unique solution of
such as thermoelasticity, population dynamics, problems
Θ (Λ(τ)) + (a(τ), q(τ)) = 0, τ ∈ (0, 1),
c ν
with blood flow, and underground water supply. For a full 

Λ′′′ (0) = Λ′′ (0) = 0,

and comprehensive explanation of the terms with integral (29)


 ′ R1
boundaries, see [72,73,33].



 Λ = Λ(1) = α 0 Λ(θ)dθ,

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86 H. A. Hammad: Some recent research trends...

is 10 Applying faster algorithm for obtaining

Z 1
Λ(τ) = ℑ(τ, θ)(a(θ), q(θ))dθ, convergence, stability, and data dependence
0 results with application to functional-integral
where Λ(τ) = (z(τ), w(τ)) and equations
ℑ(τ, θ)
1 One of the important directions of fixed-point methods is
= the study of the behavior and performance of algorithms
ν(2 − α)Γ(ν)
that contribute greatly to real-world applications. Many
ν (2 − α)
 !

 (1 − θ)ν−1 authors tended to create many iterative methods for
+2ατ (ν − 1 + θ) if 0 ≤ θ ≤ τ ≤ 1,

approximating fixed points in terms of improving the




(2 (τ ν−1

× −ν − α) − θ) , performance and convergence behavior of algorithms for


ν (2 − α)
!
nonexpansive mappings [43,44,45].


 +2ατ (ν − 1 + θ) (1 − θ) , if 0 ≤ τ ≤ θ ≤ 1,
ν−1



In this section Hammad et al. [45] created a new faster

iterative algorithm than the previous sober algorithms. In
The next lemma estimates Green’s function ℑ(τ, θ) of the setting of Banach spaces, this algorithm is used to
a fractional definitional equation with integral boundary analyze convergence and stability results. A basic
stipulations described in (29) on L2 (0, 1). numerical example is also provided to highlight the
Lemma [Link] that ν ∈ (3, 4), α ∈ (0, 2), such that ν , behavior and effectiveness of the approach. Ultimately,
α, then for all τ, θ ∈ (0, 1), the Green’s function ℑ(τ, .) ∈ L2 the proposed algorithm is used to solve the functional
verifies Volterra-Fredholm integral problem as an application.
The iterative scheme can be formulated as:
Z 1
1 4 8α 4α2
!
2
ℑ(τ, θ) dθ < 2 + + . 
ν◦ ∈ ∆,
Γ (ν) 5 3 |α − 2| 9 (α − 2)2

0 ̟i = (1 − αi)νi + αi Ξνi ,





℘i = Ξ ((1 − ηi)̟i + ηi Ξ̟i ) , (31)


Assume that Ξ(., z(.), w(.)) ∈ L2 for any z, w ∈ C[0, 1] 
((1 )℘ )

ℑ = Ξ − γ + γ Ξ℘ ,

and describe a mapping Υ : C[0, 1] × C[0, 1] → C[0, 1] as  i i i i i




follows: νi+1 = Ξℑi ,
Z 1
for each i ≥ 1, where αi , ηi and γi are sequences in [0, 1].
Υ(z(τ), w(τ)) = ℑ(τ, θ)Ξ(θ, z(θ), w(θ))dθ, (30)
0
Note, the symbols −→ and ⇀ refer to the strong and
weak convergence, respectively.
where θ → ℑ(τ, θ) is continuous from [0, 1] to L2 . Firstly, the rate of convergence of the iterative scheme
The following lemma gives the solution of the for ACMs is presented in the following theorems:
boundary value problem (28):
Theorem [Link] that Λ is a Banach space (BS, for
Lemma [Link] that Υ is a mapping described as (30)
short) and ∆ is a closed convex subset (CCS) of Λ. Let
and z, w ∈ C[0, 1]. The pair (z (τ) , w (τ)) is a solution of the
Ξ : Λ → Λ be a mapping satisfying (2) with Υ(Ξ) , ∅.
boundary value problem (28) if and only if it is a coupled
Suppose that {νi } is the iterative sequence generated by
fixed point of Υ. ∞
(31) with {αi }, {ηi }, {γi } ∈ [0, 1] such that γi = ∞. Then
P
Finally, a uniqueness of the solution is presented by the i=0
following theorem: {νi } −→ ζ ∈ Υ(Ξ).

Theorem [Link] that ν ∈ (3, 4) and Theorem [Link] ∆ be a CCS of a BS Λ and Ξ : Λ → Λ

2
be a mapping satisfying (2) with Υ(Ξ) , ∅. Consider {νi }
1 4 8α 4α
!
λ= + + < 1, is the iterative sequence generated by the algorithm (31)
Γ 2 (ν) 5 3 |α − 2| 9 (α − 2)2 with {αi }, {ηi }, {γi } ∈ [0, 1] such that 0 < γ ≤ γi ≤ 1, for all
i ≥ 1. Then the sequence {νi } converges faster to ν than the
holds for any α ∈ (0, 2). Let Ξ(., z(.), w(.)) be a function in iterative scheme (1).
L2 for any z, w ∈ C[0, 1] and for any z∗ , w∗ ∈ C[0, 1] the
inequality below holds Next, convergence results of the iteration procedure
Ξ(θ, z(θ), w(θ)) − Ξ(θ, z (θ), w (θ)) ∗ ∗ 2 (31) for SGNMs in the setting of uniformly vonvex
Banach spaces (UCBSs) are obtained as follows:
|z(θ) − z∗ (θ)|2 + |w(θ) − w∗ (θ)|2
≤ , θ ∈ [0, 1],
2 Lemma [Link] ∆ be a CCS of a BS Λ and Ξ : Λ → Λ be
Then the mapping Υ has a unique coupled fixed point, SGNM with Υ(Ξ) , ∅. If {νi } is the iterative sequence given
which is a unique solution to the boundary value problem by the algorithm (31), then lim kνi − ζk exists for each ζ ∈
i→∞
(28). Υ(Ξ).

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Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 18, No. 1, 75-92 (2024) / [Link]/[Link] 87

Lemma [Link] ∆ be a non-empty CCS of a UCBS Λ and Ξ : 102 102

100 100

Λ → Λ be SGNM. If {νi } is the iterative sequence defined 10-2 10-2

by the algorithm (31). Then Υ(Ξ) , ∅ if and only if {νi } is 10-4 10-4

bounded and lim kΞνi − νi k = 0. 10-6 10-6

i→∞ 10-8 10-8

10-10 10-10

Theorem [Link] Λ, ∆ and Ξ be as in Lemma 6. If Λ 10-12

0 5 10 15 20 25
10-12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

satisfies Opial’s condition and Υ(Ξ) , ∅, then the Number of iterations Elapsed time [sec] 10-3

sequence {νi } iterated by (31) converges weakly to a fixed Fig. 2: Graphically comparison of the proposed algorithm
point of Ξ, that is {νi } ⇀ ζ ∈ Υ(Ξ). (HR algorithm) when ν◦ = 23.
Theorem [Link] Λ be a UCBS and ∆ be a non-empty
compact convex subset of Λ. Assume that Ξ : ∆ → ∆ is
SGNM and {νi } is the iterative sequence given by (31). 102 102

Then {νi } −→ ζ ∈ Υ(Ξ). 100 100

10-2 10-2

Theorem [Link] Λ, ∆ and Ξ be described as Lemma 6 and 10-4 10-4

10-6 10-6

{νi } be an iterative sequence defined by (31). Then 10-8 10-8

10-10 10-10

{νi } −→ ζ ∈ Υ(Ξ) ⇔ lim inf d(νi , Υ(Ξ)) = 0, 10-12

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
10-12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
i→∞ Number of iterations Elapsed time [sec] 10-3

where d(ν, Υ(Ξ)) = inf{kν − ζk : ζ ∈ Υ(Ξ)}. Fig. 3: Graphically comparison of proposed algorithm
(HR algorithm) when ν◦ = 41.
Additionally, the stability of the iteration process (31)
is presented in the theorem below.

Theorem [Link] Λ be a BS and ∆ be a CCS of Λ. Suppose [Link] on what has been shown in the tables and
that Ξ : Λ → Λ is a self-mapping satisfies (2) and {νi } is figures above, it is clear that the method is successful and
the iterative sequence iterated by (31) with the behavior of the algorithm is satisfactory compared to
∞
{αi }, {ηi }, {γi } ∈ [0, 1] so that γi = ∞. Then the algorithm some sober iterations in this direction.
P
i=0
(31) is Ξ−stable. Finally, the considered algorithm is applied to solve the
Volterra-Fredholm integral equation, which was suggested
Furthermore, the following example is used to
by Lungu and Rus [74].
investigate the behavior of the proposed algorithm.
Consider the following problem:
Example [Link] Λ = R, ∆ = [0, 50], and Ξ : ∆ → ∆ be a ξ(ν, ̟) = ℵ(ν, ̟, z(ξ(ν, ̟))
mapping defined by
Zν Z̟
℧ ν, ̟, κ∗ , τ∗ , ξ(κ∗ , τ∗ ) dκ∗ dτ∗ , (32)


p +
Ξ(ν) = ν2 − 9ν + 54.
0 0
Clearly, 6.0000 is a FP of the mapping Ξ. Take αi = ηi = for all ν, ̟ ∈ R+ . Assume that (Γ, |.|) is a BS, s > 0 and
1
γi = 5(i+2) , with different initial values. Then we obtain the
following Tables: 1-3 and graphs for comparison of the ξ ∈ C R2+ , Γ : there is U(ξ) > 0
(   )
various iterative methods. χs = .
so that |ξ(ν, ̟)| e−s(ν+̟) ≤ U(ξ)

Define the norm on χ s as follows:

102 102
 
100 100
kξk s = sup |ξ(ν, ̟)| e−s(ν+̟) .
10-2 10-2
ν,̟∈R+
10-4 10-4

10-6 10-6

It follows from the paper [75] that χ s , kξk s is a BS.

10-8 10-8

10-10 10-10 The following theorem helps us for proving our main
10-12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Number of iterations
14 16 18 20
10-12
1 2 3 4
Elapsed time [sec]
5 6 7
10-3
result in this part.

Fig. 1: Graphically comparison of the proposed algorithm Theorem 17.[74] Assume that the postulates below are
(HR algorithm) when ν◦ = 1. satisfied:

(Pi )ℵ ∈ C R2+ × Γ, Γ and ℧ ∈ C R4+ × Γ, Γ ;

   

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 88 H. A. Hammad: Some recent research trends...

Table 1: Example 1: Numerical effectiveness comparison of the proposed algorithm (HR algorithm) when ν◦ = 1.

Iter (n) S algorithm Picard-S algorithm Thakur algorithm K ∗ −algorithm HR algorithm

1 8.70091704981746 7.16921920849454 7.16914772374443 6.36059443309194 6.00727524833131
2 7.16526232112099 6.10977177957558 6.10975923118057 6.01468466644452 6.00002780412529
3 6.39088232469395 6.00714403607375 6.00714316980988 6.00065450058063 6.00000018328059
4 6.10931564922512 6.00044721072023 6.00044715630748 6.00003168526056 6.00000000153606
5 6.02823416956883 6.00002793225376 6.00002792885454 6.00000161316022 6.00000000001474
6 6.00711636371271 6.00000174471605 6.00000174450373 6.00000008491151 6.00000000000015
7 6.00178220920879 6.00000010899371 6.00000010898045 6.00000000457683
8 6.00044563525887 6.00000000680959 6.00000000680876 6.00000000025113
9 6.00011139089900 6.00000000042547 6.00000000042542 6.00000000001397
10 6.00002784178933 6.00000000002659 6.00000000002658 6.00000000000079
11 6.00000695905778 6.00000000000166 6.00000000000166
12 6.00000173945939
13 6.00000043479852
14 6.00000010868515
15 6.00000002716811
16 6.00000000679132
17 6.00000000169767
18 6.00000000042438
19 6.00000000010609
20 6.00000000002652

Table 2: Example 1: Numerical effectiveness comparison of the proposed algorithm (HR algorithm) when ν◦ = 23.

Iter (n) S algorithm Picard-S algorithm Thakur algorithm K ∗ −algorithm HR algorithm

1 19.3563152555029 15.9518056335603 15.9517798586745 12.5877267284391 6.85064626172682
2 15.9377280808459 10.1547429779848 10.1547063746371 7.21310921795745 6.00404110670722
3 12.8216267389821 6.83637415013381 6.83635232023217 6.07773436689889 6.00002666859578
4 10.1453665006161 6.07061076131832 6.07060799598213 6.00385998151440 6.00000022350839
5 8.09904894091384 6.00453182122915 6.00453163699128 6.00019677562843 6.00000000214472
6 6.83342864338475 6.00028356649349 6.00028355493982 6.00001035833149 6.00000000002245
7 6.26044908931579 6.00001771655983 6.00001771583789 6.00000055832830 6.00000000000025
8 6.07032543085564 6.00000110688254 6.00000110683744 6.00000003063582
9 6.01796113338512 6.00000006915944 6.00000006915662 6.00000000170455
10 6.00451434416413 6.00000000432139 6.00000000432122 6.00000000009591
11 6.00112994220417 6.00000000027003 6.00000000027002 6.00000000000545
12 6.00028253511929 6.00000000001687 6.00000000001687
13 6.00007062920329 6.00000000000105 6.00000000000105
14 6.00001765533615
15 6.00000441334114
16 6.00000110322227
17 6.00000027578013
18 6.00000006893931
19 6.00000001723354
20 6.00000000430809
21 6.00000000107696
22 6.00000000026923
23 6.00000000006730
24 6.00000000001683

(Pv )π℧ ∈ C R4+ , R+ and

 
(Pii )there exist z : χ s → χ s and πz > 0 so that

z(ξ(ν, ̟)) − z(ξ∗ (ν, ̟)) ≤ πz ξ − ξ∗ e s(ν+̟) ,

for all ν, ̟ ∈ R+ and ξ, ξ∗ ∈ χ s ;

(Piii )for all ν, ̟ ∈ R+ and c, c∗ ∈ Γ, there exists πℵ > 0 so Zν Z̟

∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
that π℧ ν, ̟, κ∗ , τ∗ e s(κ +τ ) dκ∗ dτ∗ ≤ πe s(κ +τ ) ,
ℵ(ν, ̟, c) − ℵ(ν, ̟, c∗) ≤ πℵ c − c∗ ; 0 0
(Piv )for all ν, ̟, κ∗ , τ∗ ∈ R+ and c, c∗ ∈ Γ, there exists
π℧ (ν, ̟, κ∗ , τ∗ ) > 0 so that
℧ ν, ̟, κ∗ , τ∗ , c − ℧ ν, ̟, κ∗ , τ∗ , c∗



for all ν, ̟ ∈ R+ ;
≤ π℧ ν, ̟, κ∗ , τ∗ c − c∗ ; (Pvi )πz πℵ + π < 1.

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Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 18, No. 1, 75-92 (2024) / [Link]/[Link] 89

Table 3: Example 1: Numerical effectiveness comparison of the proposed algorithm (HR algorithm) when ν◦ = 41.

Iter (n) S algorithm Picard-S algorithm Thakur algorithm K ∗ −algorithm HR algorithm

1 36.9195393902310 32.9359459295575 32.9359410372494 28.6777050430159 18.0010100671820
2 32.9185209048623 25.1854713159820 25.1854637821918 19.1184050275537 6.99692674147933
3 28.9966652255498 17.9433658908193 17.9433563898048 11.5396125686070 6.00870649597241
4 25.1701649172411 11.6863804499820 11.6863697408416 7.09098245036886 6.00007316294814
5 21.4670877470757 7.49707008913586 7.49706191231517 6.07877285288080 6.00000070206652
6 17.9313757495734 6.15612940775542 6.15612775011077 6.00426075582864 6.00000000734890
7 14.6320375697776 6.01035659987680 6.01035647945727 6.00023000499555 6.00000000008173
8 11.6781275774842 6.00064966715110 6.00064965955411 6.00001262154899 6.00000000000095
9 9.23371552492475 6.00004060231534 6.00004060184040 6.00000070225384
10 7.49350575600870 6.00000253705577 6.00000253702609 6.00000003951159
11 6.53524954796329 6.00000015853311 6.00000015853125 6.00000000224357
12 6.15563769964487 6.00000000990656 6.00000000990645 6.00000000012838
13 6.04078294734902 6.00000000061907 6.00000000061906 6.00000000000739
14 6.01032406840519 6.00000000003869 6.00000000003869 6.00000000000043
15 6.00258903649963 6.00000000000242 6.00000000000242
16 6.00064771546926
17 6.00016194664418
18 6.00004048534517
19 6.00001012070523
20 6.00000253001219
21 6.00000063246434
22 6.00000015810715
23 6.00000003952473
24 6.00000000988071
25 6.00000000247007
26 6.00000000061749
27 6.00000000015437
28 6.00000000003859
29 6.00000000000965

Then the problem (32) has a unique solution ζ ∈ χ s and influence and provide links substantiating the body of
the iterative sequence problems and solution methodology of functional
analysis. A branch was taken from this tree and was
ξi+1 (ν, ̟) called fixed-point theory. Fixed point technologies offer a
= ℵ(ν, ̟, z(ξ(ν, ̟)) focal concept with many diverse applications. It has been
Zν Z̟ and still is an important theoretical tool in many fields and
℧ ν, ̟, κ∗ , τ∗ , ξi (κ∗ , τ∗ ) dκ∗ dτ∗ , various disciplines, such as topology, game theory,


+
optimal control, artificial intelligence, logic
0 0
programming, and dynamical systems. So, in this review,
for all i ≥ 1 converges uniformly to ζ. for generalized contractive type mappings in the context
of abstract spaces, various fixed-point, coupled, tripled,
Now, according to the above hypotheses, the main and quadruple fixed-point results are established.
theorem of this part is as follows: Furthermore, several common examples are given to
Theorem [Link] {νi } be an iterative sequence generated by support our theoretical conclusions. Furthermore,
∞ solutions to Riemann-Liouville integrals,
(31) with sequences {αi }, {ηi }, {γi } ∈ [0, 1] so that γi = ∞.
P
Atangana-Baleanu integral operators, functional
i=0
If the postulates (Pi ) − (Pvi ) of Theorem 17 hold. Then the equations, functional Volterra-Fredholm integral
problem (32) has a unique solution ζ ∈ χ s and the intended equations, 2D Volterra integral equations, and the
algorithm (31) converges strongly to ζ. boundary value issue for singularly coupled fractional
differential equations are established. Also discussed is a
unique stationary distribution for the Markov process. In
11 Conclusion addition, a new iterative algorithm that is faster than the
previous article’s sober algorithms is developed. Results
One of the important branches of mathematics is for convergence and stability are examined using the
functional analysis. The development of this field suggested technique. Moreover, a simple numerical
progressed in parallel to the development of modern example is given to illustrate the behavior and efficacy of
theoretical physics. The formal framework of functional the proposed algorithm.
analysis adheres closely to the laws of both quantum
mechanics and quantum field theory. At the same time,
these theoretical physics frameworks have a very relevant

© 2024 NSP
Natural Sciences Publishing Cor.
90 H. A. Hammad: Some recent research trends...

12 Future works [5] H.A. Hammad, M. De la Sen, Solution of nonlinear integral

ψ
equation via fixed point of cyclic αL −rational contraction
There are many open problems for the last section in this mappings in metric-like spaces, Bull. Braz. Math. Soc., New
review. Some of these are summarized as follows: Series, 51, 81-105, (2020).
[6] H.A. Hammad, H. Aydi, M. De la Sen, Generalized dynamic
(1)If the mapping Ξ is defined in a Hilbert space ∆ process for an extended multi-valued F−contraction in
endowed with inner product space, then we can use metric-like spaces with applications, Alex. Eng. J., 59, 3817-
our iteration (31) to find a common solution to the 3825, (2020).
variational inequality problem. This problem can be [7] R.A. Rashwan, H.A. Hammad, M.G. Mahmoud, Common
stated as follows: find ℘∗ ∈ ∆ such that fixed point results for weakly compatible mappings under
implicit relations in complex valued g−metric spaces, Inf.
hΞ℘∗ , ℘ − ℘∗i ≥ 0 for all ℘ ∈ ∆, Sci. Lett., 8(3), 111-119, (2019). DOI: 10.18576/isl/080305
[8] S. Rao, N. Kalyani, T. Gemechu, Fixed point theorems
where Ξ : ∆ → ∆ is a nonlinear mapping. Variational in partially ordered metric spaces with rational
inequalities are an important and essential modeling expressions, Inf. Sci. Lett., 10(3), (2021), 451-460.
tool in many fields, such as engineering mechanics, [Link]
transportation, economics, and mathematical [9] S. Rao, N. Kalyani, Some coincidence point theorems
programming, (see [76]). and an application to integral equation in partially ordered
(2)The proposed algorithm can be generalized to metric spaces, Inf. Sci. Lett., 12(7), (2023), 2951-2959.
gradient and extra-gradient projection methods; these [Link]
methods are very important for finding saddle points [10] A. Kari, H.A. Hammad, A. Baiz, M. Jamal, Best proximity
and solving many problems in optimization, (see point of generalized (F − τ)−proximal non-self contractions
[77]). in generalized metric spaces, Appl. Math. Inf. Sci., 16(6),
(3)The convergence of the considered algorithm can be (2022), 853-861. [Link]
accelerated by adding shrinking projection and CQ [11] R.A. Rashwan, H.A. Hammad, A. Nafea, Quadruple
terms. These methods stimulate algorithms and coincidence point methodologies for finding a solution
improve their performance to obtain strong to a system of integral equations with a directed
graph, Appl. Math. Inf. Sci., 16(1), (2022), 59-72.
convergence; for more details; see [78].
[Link]
(4)If the mapping Ξ is an α−inverse strongly monotone
[12] J. Jebril, D.S. Kumar, R. Sarkar, N. Biswas, Common fixed
function and the inertial term is included in the point theorem in probabilistic metric space using Lukasiecz
algorithm, the result is an inertial proximal point t−norm and product t−norm, J. Stat. Appli. Prob., 10(2),
algorithm. This algorithm is used in many (2021), 635-639. DOI: 10.18576/jsap/100303
applications, such as monotone variational [13] A.I. Perov, On the Cauchy problem for a system of
inequalities, image restoration problems, convex ordinary differential equations, Pviblizhen. Met. Reshen.
optimization problems, and split convex feasibility Differ. Uvavn., 2, 115–134, (1964).
problems (see [79,80,81,82]). For more accuracy, [14] A.D. Filip, A. Petruşel, Fixed point theorems on spaces
these problems can be expressed as mathematical endowed with vector-valued metrics, Fixed Point Theory
models such as machine learning and the linear Appl., 2010, 281381, (2021).
inverse problem. [15] T.G. Bhaskar, V. Lakshmikantham, Fixed point theorems in
(5)A supposed algorithm can be applied to solve second- partially ordered metric space and applications, Nonlinear
order differential equations and fractional differential Anal., 65, 1379–1393, (2006).
equations, where these equations can be converted into [16] M. Abbas, M.A. Khan, S. Radenović, Common
integral equations by Green’s functions. coupled fixed point theorems in cone metric spaces
for w−compatible mappings, Appl. Math. Comput., 217,
195-202, (2010).
[17] M. Borcut, Tripled coincidence theorems for contractive
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92 H. A. Hammad: Some recent research trends...

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functional equations arising in dynamic programming II, J. Inequalities, Springer-Verlag, Berlin., (2001).
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F−contraction with applications, J. Nonlinear Sci. Appl., 9, [79] Y. Dang, J. Sun, H. Xu, Inertial accelerated algorithms for
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mappings in complete metric spaces, Fixed Point Theory [80] H.A. Hammad, H. ur Rehman, M. De la Sen, Shrinking
Appl., 2012:94, (2012). projection methods for accelerating relaxed inertial Tseng
[62] L.G. Huang, X. Zhang, Cone metric spaces and fixed point type algorithm with applications, Math. Probl. Eng., 2020,
theorems of contractive mappings, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 7487383, (2020).
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[63] N. Hussian, M.H. Shah, KKM mappings in cone b−metric and CQ-methods on two inertial forward–backward
spaces, Comput. Math. Appl., 62, 1677-1684 (2011). algorithms for solving variational inclusion problems, Rend.
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Solutions of the nonlinear integral equation and fractional [82] W. Chaolamjiak, D. Yambangwai, H.A. Hammad, Modified
differential equation using the technique of a fixed point hybrid projection methods with SP iterations for quasi-
with a numerical experiment in extended b−metric space, nonexpansive multivalued mappings in Hilbert spaces, Bull.
Symmetry, 11, 686, (2019). Iran. Math. Soc., 47, 1399–1422, (2020).
[65] C.B. Zhai, M.R. Hao, Fixed point theorems for mixed
monotone operators with perturbation and applications to
fractional differential equation boundary value problems,
Nonlinear Anal., 75, 2542-2551, (2012). Hasanen. A. Hammad is
[66] T. Kamran, M. Samreen, Q. UL Ain, A Generalization of b- an assistant professor at Saudi
metric space and some fixed point theorems, Mathematics, Arabia’s Quassim University.
5(19), 1-7, (2017). At the University of Sohag,
[67] N. Mlaiki, H. Aydi, N. Souayah, T. Abdeljawad, Controlled he earned his Master’s
metric type spaces and the related contraction principle, and Ph.D. in mathematics
Mathematics, 6(10), 194, (2018). (functional analysis).
[68] T. Abdeljawad, N. Mlaiki, H. Aydi, N. Souayah, Double His research interests
controlled metric type spaces and some fixed point results, are in functional analysis,
Mathematics, 6, 320, (2018). particularly fixed point theory
[69] A. Atangana, D. Baleanu, New fractional derivatives with and applications, random fixed points and applications,
nonlocal and non-singular kernel: theory and application to
optimization, and variational inequalities. He has
heat transfer model, Therm. Sci., 20(2), 763-769, (2016).
numerous papers published in prestigious international
[70] R.P. Agarwal, B. Ahmad, Existence of solutions for
impulsive anti-periodic boundary value problems of
mathematical journals. He is also a referee and editor for
fractional semilinear evolution equations, Dynam. Cont. reputable mathematical publications.
Dis. Ser. A, 18, 457-470, (2011).
[71] C. Bai, Impulsive periodic boundary value problems for
fractional differential equation involving Riemann-Liouville
sequential fractional derivative, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 384,
211-231, (2011).
[72] M. Benchohra, J.J. Nieto, Ouahab, Second-order boundary
value problem with integral boundary conditions, Bound.
Value Probl., 2011, 260309, (2011).

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