A Practical Oven-Aging Method for

Evaluating Long-Term Cracking

Performance of Asphalt Mixtures in
Virginia

[Link]

ILKER BOZ, Ph.D., P.E., Senior Research Scientist

Virginia Transportation Research Council
ELIE Y. HAJJ, Ph.D., Professor
University of Nevada, Reno
JHONY HABBOUCHE, Ph.D., P.E., Western U.S. Regional Engineer
Asphalt Institute
STACEY D. DIEFENDERFER, Ph.D., P.E., Assoc. Principal Research Scientist
Virginia Transportation Research Council
IFTEKAR ALAM, Graduate Research Assistant
University of Nevada, Reno
HABIB EL HAJJ, M.S., E.I.T., Pavement Staff Engineer
Terracon Consultants, Inc.

Final Report VTRC 26-R04

 Standard Title Page - Report on Federally Funded Project
1. Report No.: 2. Government Accession No.: 3. Recipient’s Catalog No.:
FHWA/VTRC 26-R04

4. Title and Subtitle: 5. Report Date:

A Practical Oven-Aging Method for Evaluating Long-Term Cracking Performance of August 2025
Asphalt Mixtures in Virginia 6. Performing Organization Code:

7. Author(s): 8. Performing Organization Report No.:

Ilker Boz, Ph.D., P.E., Elie Y. Hajj, Ph.D., Jhony Habbouche, Ph.D., P.E., Stacey D. VTRC 26-R04
Diefenderfer, Ph.D., P.E., Iftekar Alam, Habib El Hajj, M.S., E.I.T.
9. Performing Organization and Address: 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS):
Virginia Transportation Research Council
530 Edgemont Road 11. Contract or Grant No.:
Charlottesville, VA 22903 122013
12. Sponsoring Agencies’ Name and Address: 13. Type of Report and Period Covered:
Virginia Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Final
1401 E. Broad Street 400 North 8th Street, Room 750 14. Sponsoring Agency Code:
Richmond, VA 23219 Richmond, VA 23219-4825
15. Supplementary Notes:
This is an SPR-B report
16. Abstract:

The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) has adopted the balanced mix design (BMD) framework to enhance the
durability and service life of its dense-graded asphalt surface mixtures with A and D designations. VDOT’s BMD framework
incorporates the indirect tensile cracking test to assess the cracking susceptibility of asphalt mixtures through the cracking
tolerance (CT) index under short-term oven-aging conditions. However, the current framework does not consider the effect of
oxidative aging on asphalt mixture performance throughout its service life, which can be evaluated using long-term oven-aging
(LTOA) methods.

This study aimed to develop a practical LTOA method for inclusion in VDOT’s BMD framework and establish a preliminary
performance criterion for the CT index during the mix design and production phases. The research involved 10 dense-graded
asphalt surface mixtures with varying reclaimed asphalt pavement contents and binder grades. Laboratory-produced and plant-
produced mixtures were subjected to oven-aging at two different temperatures (i.e., 95°C and compaction temperature) to
determine the appropriate aging durations for each temperature conditioning method. The study evaluated the changes in mixture
performance characteristics using the CT index and examined the corresponding changes in asphalt binder rheological and
chemical properties across various aging durations.

The study showed that the CT index effectively captures the anticipated behavior of asphalt mixtures undergoing laboratory
oven-aging. As mixtures age, their performance rankings shift, highlighting distinct resistance characteristics that can be assessed
through long-term performance evaluations. The research suggests that laboratory oven-aging at 95°C can be used for shorter
durations to gauge long-term performance effectively. Furthermore, aging at the compaction temperature provides results
equivalent to 95°C, supported by consistent binder characteristics. For VDOT’s dense-graded surface asphalt mixtures with A
and D designations, a 6-hour oven-aging duration at compaction temperature is recommended for the design phase, with a
preliminary CT index threshold of 55. In addition, an oven-aging duration of 2 hours at compaction temperature following
reheating during production and 4 hours at compaction temperature for non-reheat conditions (i.e., hot compacted) are deemed
suitable for evaluating the long-term performance of asphalt mixtures during production, with a preliminary CT index threshold
of 55 for both cases.

The study recommends that VDOT’s Material Division adopt the LTOA method and the associated CT index threshold
developed in this study for the design phase of asphalt mixtures into its BMD specification. In addition, the study recommends a
followup study to evaluate the viability of using the LTOA method and the CT index threshold during production, both for reheat
and non-reheat conditions.

17. Key Words: 18. Distribution Statement:

Balanced mix design, performance testing, long-term aging, CT No restrictions. This document is available to the public
index, oven-aging, protocol, asphalt mixtures. through NTIS, Springfield, VA 22161.
19. Security Classif. (of this report): 20. Security Classif. (of this page): 21. No. of Pages: 22. Price:
Unclassified Unclassified 51
Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized
 FINAL REPORT

A PRACTICAL OVEN-AGING METHOD FOR EVALUATING LONG-TERM

CRACKING PERFORMANCE OF ASPHALT MIXTURES IN VIRGINIA

Ilker Boz, Ph.D., P.E.

Senior Research Scientist
Virginia Transportation Research Council

Elie Y. Hajj, Ph.D.

Professor
University of Nevada, Reno

Jhony Habbouche, Ph.D., P.E.

Western U.S. Regional Engineer
Asphalt Institute

Stacey D. Diefenderfer, Ph.D., P.E.

Associate Principal Research Scientist
Virginia Transportation Research Council

Iftekar Alam
Graduate Research Assistant
University of Nevada, Reno

Habib El Hajj, M.S., E.I.T.

Pavement Staff Engineer
Terracon Consultants, Inc.

In Cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation

Federal Highway Administration

Virginia Transportation Research Council

(A partnership of the Virginia Department of Transportation
and the University of Virginia since 1948)

Charlottesville, Virginia

August 2025
VTRC 26-R04
 DISCLAIMER

The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the
facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the
official views or policies of the Virginia Department of Transportation, the Commonwealth
Transportation Board, or the Federal Highway Administration. This report does not constitute a
standard, specification, or regulation. Any inclusion of manufacturer names, trade names, or
trademarks is for identification purposes only and is not to be considered an endorsement.

Copyright 2025 by the Commonwealth of Virginia.

All rights reserved.

ii
 ABSTRACT

The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) has adopted the balanced mix design
(BMD) framework to enhance the durability and service life of its dense-graded asphalt surface
mixtures with A and D designations. VDOT’s BMD framework incorporates the indirect tensile
cracking test to assess the cracking susceptibility of asphalt mixtures through the cracking
tolerance (CT) index under short-term oven-aging conditions. However, the current framework
does not consider the effect of oxidative aging on asphalt mixture performance throughout its
service life, which can be evaluated using long-term oven-aging (LTOA) methods.

This study aimed to develop a practical LTOA method for inclusion in VDOT’s BMD
framework and establish a preliminary performance criterion for the CT index during the mix
design and production phases. The research involved 10 dense-graded asphalt surface mixtures
with varying reclaimed asphalt pavement contents and binder grades. Laboratory-produced and
plant-produced mixtures were subjected to oven-aging at two different temperatures (i.e., 95°C
and compaction temperature) to determine the appropriate aging durations for each temperature
conditioning method. The study evaluated the changes in mixture performance characteristics
using the CT index and examined the corresponding changes in asphalt binder rheological and
chemical properties across various aging durations.

The study showed that the CT index effectively captures the anticipated behavior of
asphalt mixtures undergoing laboratory oven-aging. As mixtures age, their performance rankings
shift, highlighting distinct resistance characteristics that can be assessed through long-term
performance evaluations. The research suggests that laboratory oven-aging at 95°C can be used
for shorter durations to gauge long-term performance effectively. Furthermore, aging at the
compaction temperature provides results equivalent to 95°C, supported by consistent binder
characteristics. For VDOT’s dense-graded surface asphalt mixtures with A and D designations, a
6-hour oven-aging duration at compaction temperature is recommended for the design phase,
with a preliminary CT index threshold of 55. In addition, an oven-aging duration of 2 hours at
compaction temperature following reheating during production and 4 hours at compaction
temperature for non-reheat conditions (i.e., hot compacted) are deemed suitable for evaluating
the long-term performance of asphalt mixtures during production, with a preliminary CT index
threshold of 55 for both cases.

The study recommends that VDOT’s Material Division adopt the LTOA method and the
associated CT index threshold developed in this study for the design phase of asphalt mixtures
into its BMD specification. In addition, the study recommends a follow-up study to evaluate the
viability of using the LTOA method and the CT index threshold during production, both for
reheat and non-reheat conditions.

iii
 FINAL REPORT

A PRACTICAL OVEN-AGING METHOD FOR EVALUATING LONG-TERM

CRACKING PERFORMANCE OF ASPHALT MIXTURES IN VIRGINIA

Ilker Boz, Ph.D., P.E.

Senior Research Scientist
Virginia Transportation Research Council

Elie Y. Hajj, Ph.D.

Professor
University of Nevada, Reno

Jhony Habbouche, Ph.D., P.E.

Western U.S. Regional Engineer
Asphalt Institute

Stacey D. Diefenderfer, Ph.D., P.E.

Associate Principal Research Scientist
Virginia Transportation Research Council

Iftekar Alam
Graduate Research Assistant
University of Nevada, Reno

Habib El Hajj, M.S., E.I.T.

Pavement Staff Engineer
Terracon Consultants, Inc.

INTRODUCTION

The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) has implemented the balanced mix
design (BMD) concept for its dense-graded asphalt surface mixtures with A and D designations.
This effort specifically targets the 0 to 3 and 3 to 10 million equivalent single axle loads traffic
range for A and D mixtures, respectively, to enhance the durability and service life of asphalt
pavements. VDOT’s BMD framework requires the use of the indirect tensile cracking test (IDT-
CT) as specified in Virginia Test Method (VTM)-143, “Determination of Cracking Tolerance
Index for Asphalt Mixture Using the Indirect Tensile Cracking Test (IDT-CT) at Intermediate
Temperature,” which generally follows ASTM D8225-19, “Standard Test Method for
Determination of Cracking Tolerance Index of Asphalt Mixture Using the Indirect Tensile
Cracking Test at Intermediate Temperature” (ASTM International, 2019; VDOT, 2023). This test
is used to assess the cracking susceptibility of the asphalt mixtures using the parameter known as
the cracking tolerance (CT) index. The current performance criterion requires a minimum CT
index of 70 after short-term oven-aging (STOA) for 4 hours at compaction temperature,
recommended to reduce the cracking susceptibility of the asphalt mixtures (Diefenderfer and

1
Bowers, 2019; Diefenderfer et al., 2021a, 2021b). This CT index requirement was determined
based on testing compacted specimens from reheated plant-produced asphalt mixtures (i.e.,
reheat mixtures) and is specified for design and reheat mixtures. In addition, a CT index of 95 is
required for plant-produced asphalt mixtures that are not subjected to reheating during
production—that is, hot-compacted or non-reheat mixtures (Boz et al., 2022). Moreover,
VDOT’s BMD specification describes a long-term oven-aging (LTOA) method for which results
must be reported only during the mix design phase, with no threshold criterion defined. This
LTOA method was recommended based on the data analysis from Kim et al.’s (2018) study and
considering Virginia conditions. In the specified LTOA, loose asphalt mixtures are subjected to
oven-aging at 135°C for 8 hours, preceded by STOA for 4 hours at compaction temperature.
Starting with the 2026 construction season, new performance criteria will be recommended for
CT index values during production, with 100 and 130 recommended for reheat and non-reheat
mixtures, respectively (Smith, 2024). The minimum CT index of 70 is recommended to remain
the same for the design of asphalt mixtures.

It is well known that asphalt binder experiences oxidative aging during production and
construction, referred to as short-term aging, and continues to oxidize throughout its service life,
referred to as long-term aging (Habbouche et al., 2021b). This phenomenon has a significant
effect on the performance of asphalt mixtures. It is one of the main factors significantly affecting
pavement and mixture durability against cracking-related distresses (e.g., fatigue and thermal
cracking). Although the current cracking testing protocol and threshold values (i.e., CT index
values of 70 and 95) in VDOT’s BMD specification are indicative of the cracking performance
of asphalt mixtures, they do not account for how oxidative aging (i.e., as it experiences long-term
aging) affects the performance of asphalt mixtures throughout the service life. Thus, laboratory
evaluation of the long-term oxidative aging characteristics of asphalt mixtures is essential to
ensure that the mixtures within pavement structures continue to perform adequately throughout
their service life. Such evaluation is even more critical because it allows for capturing and
quantifying the effects of binder type and quality, additives, recycled materials (e.g., reclaimed
asphalt pavement [RAP]) and their interactions, along with aggregate characteristics, on the
long-term cracking performance of asphalt mixtures produced in Virginia.

Background on Long-Term Oven-Aging Methods

Multiple laboratory oven-aging methods currently exist to simulate the long-term

oxidative aging of asphalt mixtures observed in the field. Some methods involve conditioning
compacted asphalt mixture specimens, and others require conditioning loose (uncompacted)
asphalt mixture. In addition, the aging temperature and duration of conditioning vary with each
method. The following paragraphs describe the methods most commonly used for laboratory
conditioning of asphalt mixtures for long-term performance evaluation.

The standardized laboratory oxidative aging methods for asphalt mixtures are specified in
the recently published AASHTO R 121-24, “Standard Practice for Long-Term Laboratory
Conditioning of Asphalt Mixtures” (AASHTO, 2024). This standard practice outlines the
laboratory oven-aging of compacted or loose asphalt mixtures for long-term performance
evaluation through mechanical testing. STOA precedes this process, following AASHTO R 30-

2
24, “Standard Practice for Short-Term Laboratory Conditioning of Asphalt Mixtures”
(AASHTO, 2024). Table 1 presents five LTOA methods specified in AASHTO R 121-24.

Table 1. Long-Term Laboratory Conditioning Methods of Asphalt Mixtures Following AASHTO R 121-24
Conditioning Simulated Field
Method Mixture Condition Conditioning Duration
Temperature Aging
Method A Compacted 85℃ 120 hours 1–3 years
Method B Uncompacted loose 85℃ 120 hours 7–14 years
Method C Uncompacted loose 95℃ Based on Climate Aging Index 4–16 years
Method D Uncompacted loose 100–125℃ 20 hours Up to 12 years
Method E Uncompacted loose 135℃ 6 or 8 hours 5–10 years

These different LTOA methods simulate certain levels of field aging of an asphalt
mixture during its in-service life. The National Cooperative Highway Research Program
(NCHRP) Project 09-52 indicated that Method A represents approximately 1 or 2 years of field
aging in warmer and colder climates, respectively (Newcomb et al., 2015). Other studies
reported similar conclusions (Chen et al., 2018). This method was also critiqued for several other
limitations (Kim et al., 2018). For example, it does not account for the effects of different
climatic conditions (i.e., environment) and various mixture types because it uses a single aging
procedure for all conditions. In addition, an aging gradient exists through a compacted
specimen’s radial and vertical directions. Although such condition somewhat represents field
aging, it may increase the variability of laboratory performance test results. Prior studies also
showed variations in the asphalt binder oxidation measurements as a function of the air void
level of the compacted mixture aged in the oven (Morian, 2014). For instance, a decrease in
oxidation and rate of oxidation growth is observed for asphalt binders aged in compacted asphalt
mixtures at lower air void levels (e.g., 4% relative to 7% and 11%). Moreover, specimens may
experience integrity problems under this method, such as change in air void content and
geometry due to the specimen softening and slumping under self-weight. Method B was
introduced for aging loose asphalt mixtures instead of compacted specimens to address some of
these concerns. However, both methods still involve lengthy aging durations and lack
practicality, especially during production testing.

Method C, developed through NCHRP Project 09-54 (Kim et al., 2018), involves oven-
aging loose asphalt mixtures at 95°C for climate-dependent durations. This method aims to
simulate 4, 8, and 16 years of field aging at depths of 6 mm, 20 mm, and 50 mm below the
pavement surface, respectively. After LTOA, the mixture is conditioned back to the compaction
temperature, typically for 75 minutes, as recommended in NCHRP Project 09-54, before
compaction. This LTOA method, described in NCHRP Project 09-54, is preceded by STOA in
which the loose asphalt mixture is aged for 4 hours at 135°C. However, AASHTO R 121-24
refers to AASHTO R 30-24 for the STOA method, which specifies aging asphalt mixtures for 2
hours at a temperature that varies by mixture type (i.e., 116°C for warm-mix asphalt and 135°C
for hot-mix asphalt). The researchers in NCHRP Project 09-54 opted for loose mixture aging
over compacted specimen aging to achieve a uniform aging gradient and increased the
conditioning temperature from 85°C to 95°C to reduce conditioning time. Although the goal of
shortened conditioning time was met for some conditions, several scenarios still require
impractically long aging durations, limiting its application in mix design verification and asphalt
mixture production. Table 2 provides the loose mixture aging durations at 95°C for Virginia, as
recommended in NCHRP Project 09-54, covering the state’s climate-dependent aging boundary

3
(minimum and maximum durations). For instance, if the desired field aging to assess the
cracking potential of asphalt mixtures is 8 years at 20 mm below the surface, following STOA
for 4 hours at 135°C, LTOA of loose asphalt mixtures at 95°C would range from 2 to 4 days,
depending on the specific climate zone in Virginia.

Table 2. Recommended Long-Term Oven Aging Durations at 95°C for Virginia (Kim et al., 2018)
Minimum and Maximum Oven-Aging Durations at 95°C, Days
Field Aging, Years
6 mm Below Surface 20 mm Below Surface 50 mm Below Surface
4 2–4 1–2 1–1
8 5–8 2–4 1–2
16 10–17 4–8 2–5

Other LTOA methods many researchers use involve conditioning loose mixtures at
elevated temperatures (e.g., more than 100°C), as described in Methods D and E of AASHTO R
121-24. These methods are preferred over the relatively lower aging temperatures because they
significantly reduce the aging duration needed. For example, a loose mixture aging procedure for
8 hours at 135°C (preceded by STOA) was developed in a study conducted by the National
Center for Asphalt Technology to evaluate the top-down cracking potential of asphalt mixtures
(Chen et al., 2018). This approach was proposed based on the cumulative degree-days concept,
which is defined as the sum of daily high temperatures above freezing during the service life of
asphalt mixtures. It was shown that top-down cracking is typically initiated after a critical field
aging condition of approximately 70,000 cumulative degree-days. The number of years needed
to reach the critical cumulative degree-days value for Virginia was determined to be 5.1 years.
Thus, the loose mixture aging for 8 hours at 135°C corresponds to 5.1 years of field aging in
Virginia, when the top-down cracking may start appearing, according to the analysis performed
in the study. Table 3 shows the loose mixture aging durations at 135°C for Virginia, covering the
state’s climate-dependent aging boundary (minimum and maximum durations), determined based
on analyzing the NCHRP Project 09-64 data. For instance, if the desired field aging to assess the
cracking potential of asphalt mixtures is 8 years at 20 mm below the surface, following STOA,
LTOA of loose asphalt mixtures at 135°C would range from 5.8 to 9.8 hours, depending on the
specific climate zone in Virginia. For example, Table 4 presents STOA and LTOA methods for
asphalt mixtures implemented by select highway agencies.

Table 3. Recommended Long-Term Oven-Aging Durations at 135°C for Virginia Based on NCHRP Project
09-54 Data
Minimum and Maximum Oven-Aging Durations at 135°C, Hours
Field Aging, Years
6 mm Below Surface 20 mm Below Surface 50 mm Below Surface
4 5.8–9.8 3.8–5.8 3.8–3.8
8 11.8–17.9 5.8–9.8 3.8–5.8
16 21.9–35.9 9.8–17.9 5.8–11.8

4
 Table 4. Example Agency Practices for Short-Term and Long-Term Oven-Aging Conditioning of Asphalt
Mixtures (Bittner et al., 2023a, 2023b, 2023c, 2024a, 2024b; Yin et al., 2025)
AASHTO
Short-Term Aging Long-Term Aging
Agency R 121-24
Mixture Conditioning Mixture Conditioning
California Uncompacted 4 hours at compaction Uncompacted 20 hours at 100°C Method D
temperature
Illinois Uncompacted 2 hours at 135°C Compacted 72 hours at 95°C Not
applicable
Louisiana Uncompacted 2 hours at 135°C Compacted 120 hours at 85°C Method A
Maine Uncompacted 2 hours at 135°C Uncompacted 20 hours at 100°C Method D
Massachusetts Uncompacted 2 hours at 135°C Uncompacted 20 hours at 100°C Method D
Oregon Uncompacted 2 hours at 135°C Uncompacted 24 hours at 95°C Method C
Texas Uncompacted 2 hours at 135°C Uncompacted 20 hours at 100–125°C Method D
Wisconsin Uncompacted 4 hours at 135°C Uncompacted 6 hours at 135°C Method E

The conditioning of asphalt mixtures at elevated temperatures (i.e., more than 100°C) has
raised concern among researchers. Evidence has shown that LTOA at such high temperatures can
negatively affect the laboratory performance of asphalt mixtures, particularly for binders with
high sulfur content. This result is due to fundamental changes in the chemical composition of
asphalt binders aged at these elevated temperatures compared with those binders aged in the field
(Rad et al., 2017). It is important to note that although no statistically significant differences
were observed in the rheological properties of asphalt binders aged at 95°C versus 135°C,
differences in chemical composition were observed and reflected in high-strain performance test
results (Rad et al., 2017). In addition, several studies reported unexpected changes in the trends
of performance test results after prolonged aging durations (i.e., more than 10 hours) at 135°C.
These changes varied among the studies because each used different types of performance tests,
for example, low- and high-strain performance tests (Boz et al., 2017; Braham et al., 2009;
McGovern et al., 2014; Rad et al., 2017).

PURPOSE AND SCOPE

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to develop a practical laboratory oven-aging
method for use within VDOT’s BMD framework to evaluate the long-term performance of
asphalt mixtures and (2) to establish a preliminary performance criterion for the CT index based
on the method for use in mix design verification and production of asphalt mixtures for quality
assessment purposes.

The study focused on LTOA of loose asphalt mixtures to achieve these objectives
because of the limitations associated with aging compacted specimens. The research was
conducted in two stages, involving 10 dense-graded asphalt surface mixtures. In Stage 1,
laboratory-mixed and laboratory-compacted (LMLC) asphalt mixtures were evaluated, and Stage
2 focused on corresponding plant-mixed and laboratory-compacted (PMLC) asphalt mixtures.
The mixtures evaluated featured various combinations of asphalt binder performance grades
(PGs) and RAP contents. These mixtures were subjected to laboratory oven-aging at two
different temperatures to establish respective aging durations for each temperature conditioning
method. The study evaluated the changes in mixture performance characteristics (CT index) and
assessed the changes in corresponding asphalt binder rheological and chemical properties
throughout various aging durations.

5
 METHODS

Asphalt Mixtures

This study evaluated 10 dense-graded asphalt surface mixtures, designated as M1 through

M10, which were selected from both BMD and non-BMD schedules during the 2022
construction season. As Figure 1 illustrates, these mixtures were sourced from various locations
across Virginia to ensure they represented materials commonly used throughout the
Commonwealth, resulting in the statewide applicability of the study’s findings.

Figure 1. Approximate Plant Locations for the Mixtures Used in this Study

Component materials, including aggregates, binders, and RAP, were sampled alongside
the corresponding plant-produced asphalt mixtures during production. LMLC asphalt mixture
samples were prepared for performance testing and evaluation in accordance with their
respective job mix formulas (JMFs), as Table 5 summarizes.

Table 5. Gradations, Asphalt Content, and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement of the Mixtures from Job Mix
Formulas
1/2 inch 3/8 inch No. 4 No. 8 No. 200
Mixture Total AC,
(12.5 mm) (9.5 mm) (4.75 mm) (2.36 mm) (75 µm) RAP, %a
ID %a
Percent Passing
M1 96 85 - 36 4.7 6.1 30
M2 100 96 59 41 6.0 5.9 30
M3 100 93 54 39 5.5 5.6 30
M4 100 95 66 43 4.7 6.1 26
M5 97 85 - 39 5.9 5.7 30
M6 100 94 62 42 6.5 5.9 26
M7 97 88 - 42 5.5 5.3 30
M8 100 94 66 45 5.5 5.7 30
M9 96 88 61 44 5.0 5.8 30
M10 100 94 65 44 6.2 5.5 40
- = not reported; AC = asphalt content; RAP = reclaimed asphalt pavement. a By total weight of mixtures.

PMLC asphalt mixtures were verified against their respective JMFs. The asphalt binders
were extracted in accordance with AASHTO T 164-22 (Method A), “Standard Method of Test
for Quantitative Extraction of Asphalt Binder from Hot Mix Asphalt,” using n-propyl bromide
(AASHTO, 2022). The binder recovery was performed using a rotary evaporator following
ASTM D5404-21, “Standard Practice for Recovery of Asphalt Binder from Solution Using the

6
Rotary Evaporator” (ASTM International, 2021). The gradation of the extracted aggregates was
determined in accordance with AASHTO T 30-19, “Standard Method of Test for Mechanical
Analysis of Extracted Aggregate” (AASHTO, 2019). Table 6 summarizes the details of the
asphalt mixtures evaluated in this study. These results indicate that the mixtures in this study
represent a wide range of material characteristics. Despite variations in asphalt binder content
and aggregate gradation among the mixtures with respect to their JMFs, all values fell within
VDOT’s production tolerance limits, confirming that the mixtures met their respective JMFs.
Figure 2 shows the recovered asphalt binder contents and their respective tolerance limits as
specified by JMFs.

Table 6. Characteristics of the Mixtures

Virgin RAP Mixing Compaction
Mixture Mixture Design
RAP, %a Binder True Temperature, Temperature,
ID Type Type
PG PGHT °C °C
M1 SM-12.5D BMD 30 58-28 111.2 150.0 135.6
M2 SM-9.5D BMD 30 64S-22 102.0 176.7 148.9
M3 SM-9.5D BMD 30 64S-22 101.0 176.7 148.9
M4 SM-9.5D BMD 26 64S-22 104.8 176.7 148.9
M5 SM-12.5A BMD 30 64S-22 92.4 176.7 143.3
M6 SM-9.5D BMD 26 64S-22 97.9 176.7 148.9
M7 SM-12.5A BMD 30 64S-22 78.0 176.7 143.3
M8 SM-9.5D Superpave 30 58-28 97.6 176.7 148.9
M9 SM-12.5D Superpave 30 64S-22 100.5 176.7 148.9
M10 SM-9.5A BMD 40 64S-22b 97.0 176.7 143.3
BMD = balanced mix design; PG = performance grade; PGHT = high-temperature PG; RAP = reclaimed asphalt
pavement; S = standard traffic; SM = surface mixture. a By total weight of mixture; b Includes a recycling agent.

6.5

6.3
Recovered Asphalt Binder Content, %

6.1

5.9

5.7

5.5

5.3

5.1
6.0 5.9 5.5 6.1 5.6 6.0 5.4 5.8 5.7 5.3
4.9
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10
Mixture ID
Figure 2. Recovered Asphalt Binder Content from the Plant-Produced Mixtures. I-bars show the upper and
lower tolerance limits from the job mix formula.

7
 Experimental Plan

The experimental work for this study was conducted in two stages. Stage 1, comprising
three phases, focused on evaluating the oven-aging of LMLC loose asphalt mixtures at two
temperatures (95°C and compaction temperature) to determine the appropriate aging durations
for assessing the long-term performance of asphalt mixtures through mechanical testing. Figure 3
illustrates the experimental plan for Stage 1, which is described in detail in the following
paragraphs.

Standardized conditioning and reheating protocols were developed and implemented for
the asphalt mixtures to ensure consistency and repeatability throughout the study. The appendix
details these protocols.

Phase 1 focused on evaluating the reference oven-aging method through LMLC asphalt
mixtures and identifying a practical oven-aging method for further evaluation in subsequent
phases. For this study, the LTOA method developed in NCHRP Project 09-54, standardized as
Method C in AASHTO R 121-24, was used as the reference LTOA method. As previously
described, the reference LTOA method at 95°C specifies an aging duration of 2 to 4 days for
loose asphalt mixtures, depending on the climate zone in Virginia, and is preceded by STOA
conditioning. This method simulates field aging equivalent to 8 years at a depth of 20 mm below
the surface, aligning with the onset of the typical mill-and-overlay cycle for asphalt pavements in
Virginia based on anecdotal evidence ranging from approximately 8 to 12 years.

In Phase 1, a subset of LMLC mixtures—M4, M6, and M7—was subjected to various

aging conditions to determine CT index values. These mixtures were tested using IDT-CT after
LTOA durations of 1, 2, and 4 days, with one mixture (M6) also aged for an extended duration
of 6.5 days. All LTOA was performed at 95°C, following an initial STOA of 4 hours at
compaction temperature in accordance with VDOT’s BMD specifications.

The LTOA conditions were designated as RL[4h; 1d], RL[4h; 2d], and RL[4h; 4d]. In
addition, the mixtures were tested after STOA durations of 2 and 4 hours at compaction
temperature without LTOA, referred to as S[2h; 0d] and S[4h; 0d], respectively. The test results
were analyzed to evaluate changes in cracking resistance as a function of aging duration and to
explore the feasibility of a reduced or abbreviated LTOA method at 95°C, referred to as the
reduced reference LTOA method. Specifically, the analysis aimed to determine whether shorter
aging durations could effectively capture the mixtures’ susceptibility to cracking as an alternative
to the standard 2 to 4 days of aging at 95°C. Following this analysis, an asphalt binder aging
kinetics model was applied to determine equivalent (rheology-based) LTOA durations at
compaction temperature relative to the LTOA durations at 95°C.

8
 Phase 1: Determine Equivalent Aging Durations
(Select Asphalt Mixtures: M4, M6, and M7)

Short-Term Oven-Aging at Long-Term Oven-Aging (LTOA)

Compaction Temperature at 95C

2 Hours 4 Hours 1, 2, and 4 Days

(S[2h; 0d]) (S[4h; 0d]) (RL[4h; 1d]; RL[4h; 2d]; RL[4h; 4d])

Conduct Indirect Tensile Cracking Test (IDT-CT)

Determine Reduced LTOA Duration at 95C

Determine Kinetics-Based Equivalent LTOA Durations at Compaction Temperature

Phase 2: Compare Reduced and Practical LTOA Methods

(Asphalt Mixtures: M1 to M10)

Practical LTOA at Compaction

Reduced LTOA at 95C
Temperature

2 Hours 4 Hours 6 Hours 8 Hours 2 Days

(S[2h; 0d]) (S[4h; 0d]) (PL[6h; 0d]) (PL[8h; 0d]) (RL[4h; 2d])

Conduct -IDT-CT
(Comparison of cracking tolerance [CT] index values between both aging conditions)

Determine IDT-CT-Based Equivalent LTOA Duration at Compaction Temperature

Compare Rheological and Chemical Properties of Recovered Binders

Phase 3: Establish Preliminary CT Index Criteria after LTOA

IDT-CT Test Results Glover-Rowe Parameter Results

Determine Equivalent CT Index for Onset of Cracking and Significant Cracking

Figure 3. Flowchart of the Experimental Plan for Stage 1

9
 Based on the outcomes of Phase 1, Phase 2 involved testing all mixtures (M1 through
M10) after subjecting them to the identified reduced reference LTOA duration at 95°C and to
LTOA durations at compaction temperatures ranging from 2 to 8 hours. The test results were
analyzed to determine an equivalent aging duration at the compaction temperature that produced
similar CT index results to the reduced reference LTOA duration at 95°C. This LTOA method at
the compaction temperature is referred to as the practical or accelerated LTOA method in this
study. In addition, asphalt binders were recovered from these mixtures to evaluate whether aging
at the higher temperature adversely affected their rheological and chemical properties.

Phase 3 examined the relationship between the CT index values of aged mixtures and the
corresponding Glover-Rowe parameter (GRP) of the recovered asphalt binders. The goal was to
identify critical CT index values associated with specific cracking thresholds previously
established for GRP. Based on the relationship and the performance expectations of Virginia
asphalt mixtures, several preliminary CT index thresholds (for the practical LTOA method) were
recommended as performance criteria for potential use during the design phase to assess the
long-term performance of asphalt mixtures in the state.

Stage 2 of the study evaluated the plant-produced asphalt mixtures by comparing them
with the laboratory-made mixtures from Stage 1 and the available data from BMD trials and their
control mixtures from the 2020 construction season. This stage aimed to investigate the link
between design and production of asphalt mixtures. The goal was to establish corresponding
LTOA methods comparable with the practical LTOA method recommended in Stage 1 for the
design phase, which could be used during production for reheat and non-reheat asphalt mixtures.
To achieve this goal, the plant-produced asphalt mixtures were reheated, compacted, and tested
using IDT-CT at different intervals: immediately after reaching compaction temperature (P[R;
0h]), 2 hours later (P[R; 2h]), and 4 hours later (P[R; 4h]). The compaction temperature listed in
the JMF for each mixture was used for this process. The CT index results from both LMLC and
PMLC specimens were then analyzed. In addition, asphalt binders were recovered from a subset
of these mixtures to determine their properties and evaluate the aging levels relative to the levels
achieved through the practical LTOA method. The data from the 2020 construction season were
also leveraged to explore the relationship between the design and reheat asphalt mixtures through
CT index results and the relationship between reheat and non-reheat asphalt mixtures, again
using the CT index.

Mixture and Binder Tests

Indirect Tensile Cracking Test

IDT-CT was performed at 25°C in accordance with VTM-143. The tests were conducted
at a loading rate of 50 plus or minus 2 mm per minute on specimens with a diameter of 150 plus
or minus 2 mm and a height of 62 plus or minus 1 mm, compacted to an air void content of 7
plus or minus 0.5%. The CT index was then calculated from the load-displacement curve
following the standard.

10
Rheological Characterization

Rheological tests were performed on the virgin and recovered asphalt binders evaluated
in this study. Low-temperature characteristics were assessed using the Bending Beam Rheometer
tests in accordance with AASHTO T 313-22, “Standard Method of Test for Determining the
Flexural Creep Stiffness of Asphalt Binder Using the Bending Beam Rheometer” (AASHTO,
2022). The low-temperature true performance grade (true PGLT) of the binders was determined
based on AASHTO M 320-22, “Standard Specification for Performance-graded Asphalt Binder”
(AASHTO, 2022). In addition, the critical low-temperature difference (ΔTc) parameter was
calculated as described by the Asphalt Institute (2019). ΔTc is the difference between the
temperature at a stiffness (S) of 300 MPa (referred to as Tc(S)) and the temperature at a stiffness-
slope (m-value) of 0.300 (referred to as Tc(m)).

Intermediate-temperature characteristics of the binders were evaluated using GRP

(Anderson et al., 2011). The shear modulus (G*) and phase angle (δ) master curves for the
binders were developed using frequency sweep data measured in the dynamic shear rheometer
across multiple frequencies and temperatures. For temperatures between 4°C and 46°C (with 6°C
increments), 8-mm parallel plate geometry was used with 0.1% strain and a frequency range of
0.1 to 100 radians per second (data collected at 10 points per decade). For temperatures between
46°C and 70°C (with 4°C increments), 25-mm parallel plate geometry was employed with 1%
strain and a frequency range of 0.01 to 100 radians per second (data collected at 10 points per
decade). The rheology analysis software (RHEAv2, version 2.3.11) was used to construct the
asphalt binder master curves using the free-shifting method in RHEA to fit the measured
frequency sweep data into a smooth curve (Abatech Consulting Engineers, 2019). The master
curves were used to calculate GRP at 15°C and 0.005 radians per second, as expressed in
Equation 1. At this temperature and frequency, GRP thresholds are set as 180 kPa for the onset
of cracking and 600 kPa for significant cracking.

𝐺 ∗ (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛿)2
𝐺𝑅𝑃 = Equation 1
𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝛿)

Where:
G* = complex dynamic shear modulus, kPa.
δ = phase angle, °.

High-temperature characteristics of the RAP binders and recovered binders from LMLC
mixtures were evaluated in accordance with AASHTO M 320-22.

Chemical Characterization

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, or FTIR, was used to assess the chemical
composition of the virgin and recovered asphalt binders (Habbouche et al., 2021b; Zhu, 2015).
The FTIR spectrum was used to determine the carbonyl area (CA) that is used as an indicator of
oxygen absorption by the asphalt binder. In arbitrary units, CA is calculated as the area between
the absorption spectrum and the magnitude of the absorption at 1,870 cm-1 as the baseline and
between the wavelengths of 1,650.768 and 1,870.473 cm-1. In addition, the carbonyl area growth

11
(CAg) was calculated as the difference between the CA value at a specific aging condition and
the CA value of the virgin asphalt binder in its original state.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Stage 1: Practical Oven-Aging Method for Design

Phase 1: Determination of Equivalent Aging Durations

Evaluation of the Reference Long-Term Oven-Aging Method

Figure 4 presents the average CT index results for mixtures M4, M6, and M7 subjected to
various aging durations, including STOA at compaction temperature and reference LTOA at
95°C following STOA at compaction temperature. Table 7 provides the corresponding data.
Figure 4 highlights key insights regarding the test method and the performance of the asphalt
mixtures:

• The CT index can capture the anticipated behavior of asphalt mixtures as they age under
laboratory conditions, demonstrating a reduction in CT index values with extended aging
durations.
• The performance rankings of asphalt mixtures shift with age. The initial 2-hour STOA
yielded different performance rankings compared with further aged mixtures.
• Asphalt mixtures can exhibit distinct resistance characteristics to aging that can be
captured by performing a long-term performance assessment. This result was particularly
evident with mixture M7, which showed distinct resistance characteristics to aging
compared with the other two mixtures tested.
• CT index values initially exhibited a significant decrease during aging (i.e., rapid-
reduction stage), then stabilized and reached statistical equivalence after a certain aging
duration (i.e., steady-state stage). This trend was particularly evident in mixture M6, for
which the CT index did not exhibit any significant statistical change even after extended
aging at 95°C for 6.5 days following 4 hours of STOA at compaction temperature.
Importantly, asphalt mixture performance remains consistent beyond the transition from
the fast-reduction stage to the steady-state stage.
• Such distinct behavior of the CT index response implies that asphalt mixtures can be
evaluated at reduced or abbreviated aging durations to gauge long-term performance.
This evaluation necessitates proper identification of the steady-state stage, including its
starting point and duration.

12
 160
M4 M6 M7
140

120

100
CT Index

80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2
3 4 5 6 7
Aging Duration (Days)
Figure 4. CT Index Results for Laboratory-Mixed and Laboratory-Compacted Mixtures Subjected to Short-
Term Oven-Aging for 2 and 4 Hours at Compaction Temperature, along with Long-Term Oven-Aging at
95°C for Various Durations Following Short-Term Oven-Aging of 4 Hours at Compaction Temperature. CT
= cracking tolerance.

Table 7. CT Index for Laboratory-Mixed and Laboratory-Compacted Mixtures

Duration at CT Index
Compaction
Aging
Temperature, 95°C, Days M4 M6 M7
Hours
S[2h; 0d] 2 0 100 145 101
S[4h; 0d] 4 0 62 71 76
RL[4h; 1d] 4 1 35 38 73
RL[4h; 2d] 4 2 31 31 65
RL[4h; 4d] 4 4 20 29 47
RL[4h; 6.5d] 4 6.5 - 23 -
- = not tested; CT = cracking tolerance; d = days; h = hours.

The change in CT index value as a function of aging duration was modeled up to 4 days
of LTOA using Equation 2, where M, kf, kc, and CT0 are regression parameters. Specifically, kf
and kc represent the fast-reduction and steady-state reduction rates in CT index values,
respectively.

ln(𝐶𝑇 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥) = 𝑀[1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑓(𝐴𝑔𝑒) ] − 𝑘𝑐(𝐴𝑔𝑒) + ln (𝐶𝑇0) Equation 2

Figure 5 demonstrates that the model properly fits the measured CT index values as a
function of aging. Table 8 shows the calculated coefficients of the model. The transition from the
fast-reduction stage to the steady-state stage can be identified where the second derivative
approaches zero or changes sign. Because the exponential component of the model is always
positive and approaches zero as time increases, the critical inflection (transition) point is

13
effectively where the concavity shifts from negative to less negative, marking the end of the
sharp decrease. Therefore, the first derivative of the function was analyzed to determine when
the rate of change becomes minimal. The transition points for mixtures M4, M6, and M7 were
approximately 0.47, 0.84, and 0.18 days, respectively. This outcome suggests that the steady-
state stage for mixture M7 began shortly after 4 hours of STOA, whereas for mixtures M4 and
M6, it began within approximately 1 day of LTOA at 95°C. These findings indicate that although
4 days of LTOA aligns with field aging of asphalt mixtures in Virginia, as recommended in
NCHRP Project 09-54, such an extended duration may not be necessary. Reduced or abbreviated
reference long-term aging durations, considerably less than 4 days at 95°C, are sufficient for
making reliable inferences about the long-term performance of asphalt mixtures.

160
M4 M6 M7 M4(Fit) M6(Fit) M7(Fit)
140

120

100
CT Index

80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Aging Duration (Days)
Figure 5. Measured versus Predicted CT Index Results for Laboratory-Mixed and Laboratory-Compacted
Mixtures. CT = cracking tolerance.

Table 8. Model Coefficients for Equation 2

Mixture Identification
Coefficients
M4 M6 M7
M – 1.867 – 2.848 – 12.513
kf 9.774 9.575 47.129
kc 0.181 0.085 0.115
Ln(CT0) 5.656 6.545 16.894

Kinetics-Based Equivalent Long-Term Oven-Aging Durations at Compaction Temperature

Because the study also aimed to explore accelerated (i.e., practical) LTOA methods to
expedite asphalt mixture testing during production quality assessments, it was essential to
identify LTOA durations at higher temperatures that would yield equivalent characteristics to the
characteristics achieved with the reduced reference LTOA at 95°C. This adjustment sought to
shorten the aging duration, accommodate typical working hours, and improve implementation
efficiency.

14
 Using kinetics-based conversions developed by Elwardany et al. (2021), equivalent
durations of 1 and 2 days of LTOA at 95°C were determined to correspond to 6 and 8 hours of
aging at 135°C, respectively. Because the compaction temperatures of all mixtures were close to
135°C, the research team made the decision to maintain the STOA temperature (i.e., compaction
temperature) for the LTOA process to ensure consistency between STOA and LTOA protocols
and eliminate the need for multiple ovens. For this study, 135°C was assumed to approximate the
compaction temperature, approximately 149°C for the mixtures used (Table 6). Two practical
LTOA durations at compaction temperature were adopted for further evaluation:

• Six hours of STOA and LTOA at compaction temperature (i.e., 4 hours of STOA plus 2
hours of LTOA).
• Eight hours of STOA and LTOA at compaction temperature (i.e., 4 hours of STOA plus 4
hours of LTOA).

All mixtures (M1 through M10) were mixed, compacted, and aged in the laboratory
under these conditions and then tested for their CT index. The results were compared with those
obtained from the mixtures subjected to the reduced reference LTOA protocol at 95°C for 2 days
following STOA for 4 hours at compaction temperature. Asphalt binders were recovered from all
aged mixtures and evaluated using frequency sweep tests to assess their rheological properties
and FTIR tests to analyze their chemical properties, both as functions of aging.

Phase 2: Comparison Between Reduced and Practical Long-Term Oven-Aging Methods

Indirect Tensile Cracking Test Results

Figure 6 shows the CT index results for mixtures M1 through M10 subjected to 2, 4, 6,
and 8 hours of aging at compaction temperature. These results and the CT index values for the
same mixtures aged under the reduced reference LTOA method at 95°C for 2 days following
STOA for 4 hours at compaction temperature are tabulated in Table 9. Based on the data, the
following key observations can be made:

• All mixtures exhibited a decrease in the CT index with increasing aging duration.
Mixtures M1, M3, and M5 generally demonstrated the highest CT index values, and
mixture M8 consistently showed the lowest values among the mixtures.
• Six of the 10 mixtures met the minimum CT index criterion of 70 after 4 hours of STOA
at compaction temperature, as specified by VDOT. The mixtures that did not meet this
criterion included two BMD mixtures (M4 and M10) and two non-BMD mixtures (M8
and M9).
• The relative ranking of the mixtures varied with aging duration, indicating differences in
susceptibility to aging. Notably, three mixtures (M1, M3, and M5) maintained a CT index
value greater than 70 even after 8 hours of aging, demonstrating better long-term
cracking resistance compared with the other evaluated mixtures.

15
 200
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10

160
CT Index

120

80

40

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Aging Duration at Compaction Temperature (Hours)
Figure 6. CT Index Results for Laboratory-Mixed and Laboratory-Compacted Mixtures Subjected to
Various Aging Durations at Compaction Temperature. Red dashed line indicates VDOT’s current CT index
threshold value after short-term oven-aging at compaction temperature for 4 hours. CT = cracking tolerance.

Table 9. CT Index Results for Laboratory-Mixed and Laboratory-Compacted Mixtures Subjected to Various
Aging Durations
Aging
Aging ID M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10
Duration

STOA at 2 hours S[2h; 0d] 164 153 136 100 148 145 101 43 75 77
Compaction
Temperature 4 hours S[4h; 0d] 115 118 128 62 98 71 76 29 54 52

Practical LTOA 6 hours PL[6h; 0d] 89 59 89 31 88 54 57 15 37 34

at Compaction
Temperature 8 hours PL[8h; 0d] 80 45 79 20 73 45 37 10 35 30
Reduced 4 hours at
Reference Tcomp and 2 RL[4h; 2d] 102 86 89 31 93 31 65 23 51 25
LTOA days at 95°C
CT = cracking tolerance; LTOA = long-term oven-aging; ;STOA = short-term oven-aging; Tcomp = compaction
temperature; Green shaded cell = CT index equal to or greater than 70; Red shaded cell = CT index less than 70.

The CT index results of the mixtures from various aging durations at compaction
temperature were compared with the results obtained from the reduced reference LTOA method
at 95°C (RL[4h; 2d]). This comparison aimed to determine a CT index-based equivalent aging
duration of a practical LTOA method at compaction temperature relative to the reduced
reference LTOA method. Figure 7 presents a box plot of the CT index-based equivalent aging
durations at compaction temperatures ranging from 4.6 to 8.3 hours, with an average of 5.9 hours
and a median of 5.4 hours. Overall, the CT index-based and kinetics-based equivalent aging
durations are closely aligned.

16
 Average = 5.9

Min = 4.6 Max = 8.3

Median = 5.4

Q1 = 4.8 Q3 = 7.1

4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9

Equivalent Aging Durations at Compaction Temperature (Hours)

Figure 7. Box Plot for Equivalent Aging Durations at Compaction Temperature Relative to the Reduced
Reference Long-Term Oven-Aging at 95°C (RL[4h; 2d]) Based on the Cracking Tolerance Index Results of
Laboratory-Mixed and Laboratory-Compacted Mixtures. Q1 indicates the first quartile, representing the
25th percentile of the dataset; Q3 indicates the third quartile, representing the 75th percentile of the dataset.
d = days; h = hours.

A statistical comparison was conducted to evaluate the CT index results for each asphalt
mixture aged under the reduced reference LTOA method (RL[4h; 2d]) and two STOA methods
(S[2h; 0d] and S[4h; 0d]), as well as two practical LTOA methods (PL[6h; 0d] and PL[8h; 0d]).
Two separate paired t-test analyses were performed at a 95% confidence level (i.e., a
significance level of 0.05) to assess differences between these aging conditions. The first
analysis focused on the measured variability among replicates of CT index values for each aging
method. This analysis allowed for a direct comparison of CT index differences while accounting
for the observed variability in test results. The second analysis applied VDOT’s single operator
variability precision estimate of the CT index, the coefficient of variation of 18.3%, to
investigate if the deviations in CT index values between aging methods remained within VDOT-
accepted limits, allowing for a controlled evaluation of differences.

These two analyses comprehensively compared CT index values between the reduced
reference LTOA and various aging durations at compaction temperature (STOA and practical
LTOA methods), incorporating both observed data variability and an accepted standard for
variability. Table 10 summarizes the findings. The paired comparisons at the 95% confidence
level were categorized as follows:

• SL: The average CT index from the reduced reference LTOA method is significantly
lower than that obtained from an aging method at compaction temperature.
• NS: No significant difference in average CT index values between the reduced reference
LTOA method and an aging method at compaction temperature.

17
 • SH: The average CT index from the reduced reference LTOA method is significantly
higher than that obtained from an aging method at compaction temperature.

Table 10. Comparison of CT Index Results Between the Reduced Reference LTOA Method and Aging
Method at Compaction Temperature
RL[4h; 2d] Aging Durations at Compaction Temperature
Compared with: S[2h; 0d] S[4h; 0d] PL[6h; 0d] PL[8h; 0d]
Paired t-Test Comparison Based on Test Variability
M1 SL NS NS SH
M2 SL SL SH SH
M3 SL SL NS NS
M4 SL SL NS SH
M5 SL NS NS SH
M6 SL SL SL SL
M7 SL SL SH SH
M8 SL SL SH SH
M9 SL NS SH SH
M10 SL SL SL SL
10 0 0 3 0 4 4 1
Summary 7 SL 2 SL 2 SL 7 SH
SL NS SH NS SH NS SH NS
Percentage of Time
the Reduced
Reference LTOA
100% 100% 60% 30%
Matches or is Less
than Practical Aging
Condition
Paired t-Test Based on Acceptable CT Index Variability (i.e., Coefficient of Variation = 18.3%)
M1 SL NS NS NS
M2 SL SL SH SH
M3 SL SL NS NS
M4 SL SL NS SH
M5 SL NS NS SH
M6 SL SL SL SL
M7 SL NS NS SH
M8 SL SL SH SH
M9 SL NS SH SH
M10 SL SL SL NS
10 0 0 4 0 5 3 3
Summary 6 SL 2 SL 1 SL 6 SH
SL NS SH NS SH NS SH NS
Percentage of Time
the Reduced
Reference LTOA
100% 100% 70% 40%
Matches or is Less
than Practical Aging
Condition
CT = cracking tolerance; d = days; h = hours; LTOA = long-term oven-aging; NS = not significant; SH =
significantly higher; SL = significantly lower. Yellow highlighted cell indicates that the CT index obtained from the
reduced reference LTOA condition is SL than that obtained from the practical aging condition. Green highlighted
cell indicates no significant difference in the measured CT index values. Blue highlighted cell indicates that the CT
index obtained from the reduced reference LTOA aging condition is SH than that obtained from the practical aging
condition.

18
 If the reduced reference LTOA method (RL[4h; 2d]) shows a significantly lower CT
index value compared with that of an aging method at compaction temperature, it indicates that
the aging method at compaction temperature results in less aged asphalt mixtures. Conversely, if
the reduced reference LTOA method (RL[4h; 2d]) shows a significantly higher CT index value,
it suggests that the aging method at compaction temperature is excessively aging the asphalt
mixtures, making it no longer representative of the reduced reference LTOA method. For an
aging method at compaction temperature to be considered equivalent to the reduced reference
LTOA method, it should ideally have the highest number of not significant comparisons.

The goal is to identify a practical LTOA method in which the CT index data shift from
significantly lower to not significant and eventually to significantly higher. This shift represents
the level at which a practical LTOA method most likely reflects the reduced reference LTOA
method and can be selected as the equivalent practical LTOA method (duration at compaction
temperature) if no adverse effects are induced to asphalt binder rheological and chemical
properties. Based on the data in Table 10, the following observations can be made:

• S[2h; 0d] versus RL[4h; 2d]: The CT index from the reduced reference LTOA method
was consistently lower than that of the STOA method for all 10 asphalt mixtures, with
100% of the comparisons showing significantly lower values in both analyses.
• S[4h; 0d] versus RL[4h; 2d]: The comparison showed no significant difference in CT
index values for 3 out of 10 mixtures in the first analysis and 4 out of 10 mixtures in the
second analysis. In both analyses, The CT index from the STOA method matched or was
lower than that of the reduced reference LTOA method 100% of the time.
• PL[6h; 0d] versus RL[4h; 2d]: In the first analysis, the CT index showed no significant
difference for four mixtures, was significantly lower for two mixtures, and significantly
higher for four mixtures compared with the CT index of the reduced reference LTOA
method. In the second analysis, the CT index showed no significant difference for five
mixtures, was significantly lower for two mixtures, and significantly higher for three
mixtures compared with the CT index of the reduced reference LTOA method. Overall,
the CT index from the reduced reference LTOA method matched or was lower than that
of this practical LTOA method 60 to 70% of the time.
• PL[8h; 0d] versus RL[4h; 2d]: This case showed the greatest difference, with a
significant number of comparisons (6 or 7 out of 10, depending on the analysis)
indicating that this practical LTOA method had CT index values significantly higher than
that of the reduced reference LTOA method. Depending on the analysis, only 30 to 40%
of the comparisons showed no significant difference or a lower CT index value for the
reduced reference LTOA method.

Accordingly, the practical LTOA method (PL[6h; 0d]) was selected as equivalent to the
reduced reference LTOA method (RL[4h; 2d]) because of its balanced results across the
evaluated asphalt mixtures. In both statistical analyses, a substantial portion of the comparisons
(60–70%) indicated that the practical LTOA method (PL[6h; 0d]) either matched or resulted in
lower CT index values compared with the reference reduced LTOA method (RL[4h; 2d]). This
outcome suggests that aging for 6 hours at compaction temperature can effectively replicate the
effects of the reduced reference LTOA method, offering a practical balance between testing
efficiency and achieving comparable aging effects. However, this equivalence is considered

19
acceptable only if the aging process at such an elevated temperature does not adversely affect the
asphalt binder’s rheological and chemical properties.

Based on the CT index data, the evaluated asphalt mixtures were categorized into four
performance groups for asphalt binder evaluation. Group A includes the highest performing
mixtures, whereas Group D comprises the lowest performing ones. The relative similarity of the
CT index values across the different aging durations determined the grouping.

• Group A: This group includes mixtures M1, M3, and M5. These mixtures consistently
showed the highest CT index values, indicating superior resistance to cracking even after
prolonged aging. They exhibited minimal degradation over time and maintained values
well above the minimum STOA threshold of 70, even after 8 hours of aging.
• Group B: This group includes mixtures M2, M6, and M7. These mixtures performed
similarly to or slightly below the mixtures in Group A, up to 4 hours of aging, but
exhibited a more pronounced reduction in CT index values with longer aging durations.
Despite this reduction, all mixtures in this group met the minimum STOA threshold of 70
after 4 hours of aging at compaction temperature.
• Group C: This group includes mixtures M4, M9, and M10. These mixtures failed to meet
the minimum STOA threshold of 70 after 4 hours of aging at compaction temperature,
showing a more rapid reduction in CT index values with aging. However, all mixtures in
this group exhibited a CT index value greater than 70 after 2 hours of aging at
compaction temperature.
• Group D: This group includes only mixture M8, which exhibited the poorest performance
among all mixtures. The mixture’s CT index values were consistently lower than the CT
index values of the other groups. Mixture M8 failed to meet the minimum threshold of
70, even at the early aging stage of 2 hours at compaction temperature.

This grouping helped identify asphalt mixtures with varying levels of cracking and aging
susceptibility, highlighting the differences among the evaluated mixtures. After completing IDT-
CT, asphalt binders were recovered from a representative aged mixture from each group:
Mixture M1 from group A, mixture M2 from group B, mixture M10 from group C, and mixture
M8 from group D. These recovered binders were then analyzed to assess the rheological and
chemical changes induced by the aging process.

Rheological and Chemical Properties

The comparisons between recovered asphalt binders from the mixtures (i.e., M1, M2,
M10, and M8) aged at 95°C for 2 days and various aging conditions at compaction temperature
were conducted to assess whether the higher aging temperature had a significant effect on the
binder’s rheological and chemical properties. This analysis aimed to determine if aging mixtures
at compaction temperature could yield comparable asphalt binder characteristics to the
characteristics obtained from the reduced reference LTOA at 95°C (RL[4h; 2d]), or if the higher
temperature aging resulted in altered material properties that might affect long-term asphalt
mixture performance.

20
 Table 11 summarizes the rheological (i.e., PGLT, ΔTc, and GRP) and chemical (i.e., CA)
properties of virgin and recovered asphalt binders under various aging conditions, illustrating
how these properties evolve with aging time and temperature. Identifying the aging duration at
compaction temperature that results in binder properties equivalent to the binder properties
observed under the reduced reference LTOA method at 95°C (RL[4h; 2d]) also determined an
equivalent aging duration. This comparison establishes a consistent basis for evaluating the
effects of different aging protocols on asphalt binder performance.

Table 11. Rheological and Chemical Properties of Virgin and Recovered Asphalt Binders from Laboratory-
Mixed and Laboratory-Compacted Mixtures Along with CT Index Results
Virgin Binder Recovered Binder
Equivalent

RL[4h; 2d]
PL[6h; 0d]

PL[8h; 0d]
S[2h; 0d]

S[4h; 0d]
Original

PAV20

PAV40
Mix Aging
RTFO

Property
(Group) Duration,
Hours*

M1 (A) – 29.4 – 28.4 – 27.7 – 26.9 – 26.1 – 25.5 – 24.3 – 23.5 – 25.0 4–6
True
M2 (B) – 28.9 – 26.7 – 26.1 – 23.2 – 26.1 – 25.3 – 21.4 – 18.8 – 22.6 4–6
PGLT
M10 (C) – 30.9 – 29.7 – 26.1 – 26.5 – 25.6 – 21.6 – 21.0 – 18.0 – 12.5 >8
(C)
M8 (D) – 30.3 – 28.8 – 24.8 – 24.5 – 27.3 – 24.5 – 16.7 – 14.5 – 19.0 4–6
M1 (A) 2.6 1.6 – 1.2 – 3.1 0.4 – 0.1 – 0.5 – 1.0 – 0.3 4–6
M2 (B) 0.6 1.7 – 4.9 – 4.5 – 0.2 – 0.7 – 2.0 – 4.2 – 1.7 4–6
ΔTc (℃)
M10 (C) 0.4 – 0.5 – 4.5 – 5.8 – 1.7 – 5.5 – 6.8 – 8.4 – 11.8 >8
M8 (D) – 0.4 – 3.8 – 4.3 – 7.2 – 1.5 – 3.0 – 12.1 – 11.5 – 8.8 4–6
M1 (A) 0.2 5.8 27 58 6.4 29 54 70 38 4–6
GRP M2 (B) 0.4 6.3 53 92 2.0 43 364 557 136 4–6
(kPa) M10 (C) 0.3 5.2 61 151 91 266 573 761 1,389 >8
M8 (D) 109 165 543 1,721 171 499 1,292 2,106 903 4–6
M1 (A) 0 0.05 0.32 0.36 0.45 0.47 0.76 0.80 0.55 4–6
M2 (B) 0 0.05 0.35 0.38 0.11 0.31 0.51 0.54 0.38 4–6
CAg
M10 (C) 0 0.29 0.46 0.47 0.49 0.58 0.90 1.00 1.01 ~8
M8 (D) 0 0.07 0.27 0.32 0.02 0.34 0.97 1.03 0.49 4–6
Asphalt Mixtures
M1 (A) – – – – 164 115 89 80 102 5.3
M2 (B) – – – – 153 118 59 45 86 4.9
CT Index
M10 (C) – – – – 77 52 34 30 25 8.3
M8 (D) – – – – 43 29 15 10 23 4.6
* At compaction temperature; CT = cracking tolerance; CAg = carbonyl area growth relative to virgin binder at
original condition; GRP = Glover-Rowe parameter; PAV20 = pressure aging vessel (PAV) for 20 hours; PAV40 =
PAV for 40 hours; PGLT = low-temperature performance grade; RTFO = rolling thin-film oven.

As aging progresses, asphalt binders generally exhibited an increase in PGLT (less

negative), GRP values, and CAg, indicating a decline in performance, particularly under LTOA
scenarios such as pressure aging vessel for 40 hours (PAV40), PL[6h; 0d], and PL[8h; 0d]. This
trend was especially pronounced in asphalt mixtures M8 and M10, which showed more
significant property changes, suggesting that these binders are more susceptible to performance
degradation due to aging.

The virgin asphalt binders for mixtures M1, M2, M8, and M10 decreased PGLT by one
level (from PG-28 to PG-22) compared with the original and PAV40 virgin binder data. In
general, the virgin asphalt binder for mixture M1 demonstrated reduced sensitivity (i.e., better

21
resistance) to aging compared with the other virgin binders. On the other hand, the recovered
asphalt binders from all four mixtures showed a PG-22 after 2 hours of aging at compaction
temperature. All recovered asphalt binders, except for the mixture M1 binder, exhibited a
performance grade drop from PG-22 to PG-16, with aging durations of 6 hours at compaction
temperature. The recovered asphalt binder from mixture M8 exhibited an additional grade drop
from PG-16 to PG-10 after 8 hours of aging at compaction temperature, and the binder from
mixture M1 remained at PG-22.

The reduced reference LTOA method (RL[4h; 2d]) resulted in PGLT values comparable
with the values observed between the aging conditions S[4h; 0d] and PL[6h; 0d] for mixtures
M1, M2, and M8 but significantly lower than the values under the aging condition PL[8h; 0d] for
mixture M10.

A similar trend was observed for the ΔTc parameter, in which an overall decrease (i.e.,
becoming more negative) occurred with increased aging. For RL[4h; 2d], ΔTc values for
mixtures M1, M2, and M8 fell between the values observed for S[4h; 0d] and PL[6h; 0d].
However, for mixture M10, the ΔTc values for RL[4h; 2d] were significantly worse than the
values for PL[8h; 0d].

NCHRP Project 09-60 investigated the effect of changes in asphalt binder formulation
and manufacturing on pavement performance, resulting in recommended updates to binder
specifications (Elwardany et al., 2019). As part of this study, three ΔTc categories were defined:

• Passing: ΔTc greater than -2°C (i.e., less negative).

• Failing: ΔTc less than -6°C (i.e., more negative).
• To Be Determined: ΔTc between -2°C and -6°C. Further evaluation using the asphalt
binder cracking device test is recommended for binders in this range, although this test
was not performed in this study.

For the virgin binders for mixtures M1 and M2, the ΔTc values did not fall below -6°C
under any aging conditions. Only mixture M8 exhibited a ΔTc value less than -6°C for the virgin
binder after PAV40 aging. For the recovered asphalt binders, mixtures M10 and M8 both showed
ΔTc values below -6°C under the aging conditions of PL[6h; 0d], PL[8h; 0d], and RL[4h; 2d].
The aging conditions corresponding to the cutoff for the passing category (i.e., ΔTc of -2°C) were
identified as follows:

• Mixture M1: PAV40 for the virgin binder; no aging condition had a ΔTc value below
-2°C.
• Mixture M2: Pressure aging vessel for 20 hours (PAV20) for the virgin binder and
PL[8h; 0d] for the recovered binder.
• Mixture M10: PAV20 for the virgin binder and S[4h; 0d] for the recovered binder.
• Mixture M8: Rolling thin-film oven (RTFO) for the virgin binder and S[4h; 0d] for the
recovered binder.

Figures 8 through 11 display the G* and δ values determined at 15°C and 0.005 radian
per second for the binders from the four mixtures and their virgin binders across various aging

22
conditions. The figures include the current PG boundaries for G* and δ corresponding to RTFO
(for virgin binders) and as-recovered binders under PAV20 aging conditions, represented by
green dashed-dotted and dashed double-dotted lines, respectively. Furthermore, dashed and solid
lines mark GRP thresholds indicating the onset of cracking (180 kPa) and significant cracking
(600 kPa), respectively.

1.0E+09 Onset of Cracking

Signifcant Cracking
1.0E+08
G*/sin(delta) ≥ 2.2 kPa
G* at 15°C and 0.005 rad/s (Pa)

G*sin(delta) ≤ 5,000 kPa

1.0E+07
Original
1.0E+06 RTFO
PAV20
1.0E+05
PAV40
2H
1.0E+04
4H
1.0E+03 6H
8H
1.0E+02 4H_2D
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Phase Angle (°)
Figure 8. Analysis of Glover-Rowe Parameter (GRP) at 15°C and 0.005 rad/s for Mixture M1 Virgin and
Recovered Asphalt Binders (Group A). D = days; delta = phase angle; G* = shear complex modulus; H =
hours; PAV20 = pressure aging vessel (PAV) for 20 hours; PAV40 = PAV for 40 hours; RTFO = rolling thin-
film oven.

23
 1.0E+09 Onset of Cracking
Signifcant Cracking
1.0E+08
G*/sin(delta) ≥ 2.2 kPa
G* at 15°C and 0.005 rad/s (Pa)

1.0E+07 G*sin(delta) ≤ 5,000 kPa

Original
1.0E+06 RTFO
PAV20
1.0E+05
PAV40

1.0E+04 2H
4H
1.0E+03 6H
8H
1.0E+02
4H_2D
40 50 0
60 10
70 20
80 30
90
Phase Angle (°)
Figure 9. Analysis of Glover-Rowe Parameter (GRP) at 15°C and 0.005 rad/s for Mixture M2 Virgin and
Recovered Asphalt Binders (Group B). D = days; delta = phase angle; G* = shear complex modulus; H =
hours; PAV20 = pressure aging vessel (PAV) for 20 hours; PAV40 = PAV for 40 hours; RTFO = rolling thin-
film oven.

1.0E+09 Onset of Cracking

Signifcant Cracking
1.0E+08
G*/sin(delta) ≥ 2.2 kPa
G* at 15°C and 0.005 rad/s (Pa)

1.0E+07 G*sin(delta) ≤ 5,000 kPa

Original
1.0E+06 RTFO
PAV20
1.0E+05
PAV40

1.0E+04 2H
4H
1.0E+03 6H
8H
1.0E+02
40 50 0
60 10
70 20
80 30
90 4H_2D
Phase Angle (°)
Figure 10. Analysis of Glover-Rowe Parameter (GRP) at 15°C and 0.005 rad/s for Mixture M10 Virgin and
Recovered Asphalt Binders (Group C). D = days; delta = phase angle; G* = shear complex modulus; H =
hours; PAV20 = pressure aging vessel (PAV) for 20 hours; PAV40 = PAV for 40 hours; RTFO = rolling thin-
film oven.

24
 1.0E+09 Onset of Cracking
Signifcant Cracking
1.0E+08
G*/sin(delta) ≥ 2.2 kPa
G* at 15°C and 0.005 rad/s (Pa)

1.0E+07 G*sin(delta) ≤ 5,000 kPa

Original
1.0E+06 RTFO
PAV20
1.0E+05
PAV40

1.0E+04 2H
4H
1.0E+03 6H
8H
1.0E+02
4H_2D
40 50 0 601070 20 8030 90
Phase Angle (°)
Figure 11. Analysis of Glover-Rowe Parameter (GRP) at 15°C and 0.005 rad/s for Mixture M8 Virgin and
Recovered Asphalt Binders (Group D). D = days; delta = phase angle; G* = shear complex modulus; H =
hours; PAV20 = pressure aging vessel (PAV) for 20 hours; PAV40 = PAV for 40 hours; RTFO = rolling thin-
film oven.

Overall, aging resulted in an increase in G* and a decrease in δ, indicating that binders

with lower G* and higher δ values are less susceptible to cracking. Furthermore, a steeper slope
between G* and δ reflects reduced susceptibility to long-term aging and improved resistance to
flexibility loss. These observations highlight the rheological changes that aging induces and their
effect on the cracking potential of asphalt binders. The trends in Figures 8 through 11 are
analyzed with respect to the CT index results provided in Table 11 for various aging conditions.
Based on the data, the following observations can be made:

• All mixture M1 binders (both virgin and recovered) exhibited GRP values below the
onset cracking limit of 180 kPa, indicating high resistance to cracking. This observation
aligns with IDT-CT results in which the CT index consistently remained higher than the
STOA threshold value of 70, even after 8 hours of aging at compaction temperature.
• For mixture M2, all virgin binders had GRP values below 180 kPa, even after PAV40
aging. However, the recovered mixture M2 binder showed GRP values exceeding 180
kPa but remaining below 600 kPa under PL[6h; 0d] and PL[8h; 0d] aging conditions. In
these cases, the CT index dropped below the STOA threshold value of 70, indicating a
decline in cracking resistance.
• All mixture M10 virgin binders exhibited GRP values below 180 kPa. However, the
recovered binders exhibited GRP values exceeding 180 kPa after 4 hours of aging and
600 kPa after 8 hours of aging at compaction temperature. The corresponding CT index
values were significantly lower, measuring 52 for S[4h; 0d] aging condition and 34 for
PL[6h; 0d] aging condition, indicating increased susceptibility to cracking.
• For mixture M8, the virgin binder exhibited GRP values exceeding 180 kPa at PAV20
and surpassing 600 kPa at PAV40. Similarly, the recovered binder showed GRP values

25
 exceeding 180 kPa after 4 hours of aging at compaction temperature and surpassing 600
kPa after 6 hours of aging at compaction temperature, indicating an increased risk of
cracking. The CT index values for mixture M8 were consistently below the STOA
threshold of 70 across all aging conditions, indicating reduced resistance to cracking with
aging.

Table 11 also presents the CA growth relative to the virgin binder at the original
condition (CAg) for all virgin and recovered asphalt binders. As anticipated, CAg increased with
aging. Notably, higher CAg values were observed for M10 and M8 binders, consistent with the
PGLT, ΔTc, and GRP trends. Moreover, the CAg values for the reduced reference LTOA method
(RL[4h; 2d]) fell within the range of values measured for recovered asphalt binders under aging
conditions at compaction temperature, either between S[4h; 0d] and PL[6h; 0d] or PL[6h; 0d]
and PL[8h; 0d]. The data suggest that the binder experiences similar levels of aging between the
reduced reference and practical aging methods in terms of chemical characteristics. In other
words, the practical aging method does not significantly alter the chemical properties of asphalt
binders, addressing concerns about potential negative effects from aging at higher temperatures.

The high-temperature performance grade (PGHT) of the recovered asphalt binders from
the LMLC mixtures (i.e., M1, M2, M10, and M8) aged for various aging durations (2, 4, 6, and 8
hours) at compaction temperature was evaluated to gain insights into how these laboratory aging
conditions simulate the aging levels observed in the field. Figure 12 presents PGHT of the
LMLC mixtures aged for these durations at compaction temperature.

106
M1 (Group A)
M2 (Group B)
100
M10 (Group C)
M8 (Group D)
94
PGHT

88

82

76

70
0 2 4 6 8 10
Aging Duration at Compaction Temperature, Hours
Figure 12. PGHT of the Laboratory-Mixed and Laboratory-Compacted Mixtures Subjected to Various Aging
Conditions. PGHT = high-temperature performance grade.

For the mixtures aged under the S[2h; 0d] aging condition (one of the STOA conditions
in this study), PGHT ranged from 72.6 to 79.8, with an average of 76.7, slightly higher compared
with the theoretical PGHT (i.e., JMF-predicted PGHT) range of 69.9 to 75.4, with an average of

26
73.2, calculated from the design information of the mixtures. This calculation was based on the
blending chart concept and assumed (1) full blending between RAP binder and virgin binder and
(2) that the design properties of RTFO-aged binders simulate the properties of as-recovered
binders post-plant production. On the other hand, the PGHT range for mixtures aged under the
S[4h; 0d] aging condition (VDOT’s STOA method) was from 79.1 to 88.2, with an average of
82.4, exceeding the theoretical range of 69.9 to 75.4. This observation suggests that VDOT’s
STOA method leads to binder aging levels beyond the intended STOA condition, which aims to
simulate oxidative aging occurring during production, indicating an aging level more reflective
of what is experienced after some service life.

For the practical LTOA method (PL[6h; 0d]), PGHT ranged from 82.1 to 96.9, with an
average of 88.8. This range aligns well with VDOT’s assumed RAP PGHT of 88, VDOT’s
Materials Manual of Instructions, Chapter 5, Section 502.04, (VDOT, 2024). Based on the
VDOT RAP PGHT assumption, the practical LTOA method likely simulates field aging
conditions corresponding to approximately 8 to 12 years of service, typically the mill and
overlay cycle in Virginia. If this is the case, the practical LTOA method simulates a critical state
in which “better” and “worse” performing mixtures can be differentiated. However, assuming
that PGHT of RAP sources in this study is reflective of PGHT for RAP across the state, ranging
from 78 to 111.2, with an average of 98.2 (as provided in Table 6), the practical LTOA method
likely simulates a field aging level of less than 8 to 12 years based on its range of PGHT values,
again assuming that 8 to 12 years is the typical mill and overlay cycle for asphalt mixtures in
Virginia. In this context, the practical LTOA method simulates a field aging condition in which
the asphalt mixtures are still in acceptable performance condition but at a stage in which the
method can be used to assess their long-term performance and differentiate between “better” and
“worse” performing asphalt mixtures. This rationale was explored in Phase 1 of this study from
the context of IDT-CT results.

For the mixtures aged under the PL[8h; 0d] aging condition, PGHT ranged from 84.7 to
100.1, with an average of 90.9. The aging level achieved through this LTOA method aligns well
with VDOT’s assumed RAP PGHT of 88 but extends the aging of asphalt mixtures to a stage in
which some mixtures might already be in a state of damage. For example, the aging induced
through this LTOA method (PL[8h; 0d]) resulted in PG values exceeding average PGHT of RAP
sources (98.2) used in this study. Compared with the PGHT range of RAP sources in this study,
this LTOA method likely simulates a field aging level of 8 to 12 years. Between the two aging
methods, the PL[6h; 0d] aging condition is more practical than PL[8h; 0d], considering the
turnaround time of the test results, especially during production. This analysis further supports
the selection of the 6-hour LTOA at compaction temperature as the practical LTOA method.
However, a field verification study is needed to investigate the field aging levels achieved
through the laboratory oven-aging conditions explored in this study.

The data presented thus far indicate that the rheological and chemical properties of both
virgin and recovered asphalt binders were consistent with the IDT-CT results for the asphalt
mixtures under the corresponding aging conditions. This observation reinforces the correlations
between aging, cracking susceptibility, and binder performance and supports the practical LTOA
selection of 6 hours at compaction temperature.

27
Phase 3: Preliminary CT Index Criterion for the Practical Long-Term Oven-Aging Method

The relationship between the IDT-CT results and GRP of recovered asphalt binders was
analyzed to establish threshold CT index values obtained from the LMLC mixtures subject to the
practical LTOA method. This relationship was used to estimate several LTOA thresholds based
on performance expectations for the mixtures evaluated under the BMD framework in Virginia.

Figure 13 shows the relationship between the CT index and GRP at 15°C and 0.005
radian per second for various asphalt mixtures, including M1 from group A; M2, M6, and M7
from group B; M4 and M10 from group C; and M8 from group D. The results generally
demonstrate a nonlinear relationship in which an increase in GRP (indicating greater binder
brittleness) corresponds to a decrease in CT index values, reflecting the anticipated behavior of
asphalt mixtures with respect to aging. Consequently, a logarithmic relationship was established
between the CT index and the natural logarithm of GRP, as Figure 13 depicts. The CT index
rapidly decreases at lower GRP values, followed by a more gradual decrease as GRP increases.
The 95% confidence interval for the CT index is also shown, highlighting the variability in the
data at each GRP level.
200
Data Points
175
Logarithmic Fit
150 95% Confidence Interval

125
CT Index

y = -23.735ln(x) + 192.172
100

75

50

25

0
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200
GRP at 15°C and 0.005 rad/s (kPa)
Figure 13. Relationship Between CT Index and Glover-Rowe Parameter at 15°C and 0.005 rad/s for
Laboratory-Mixed and Laboratory-Compacted Asphalt Mixtures. CT = cracking tolerance.

The relationship between the CT index values obtained from the LMLC mixtures
subjected to VDOT’s STOA method, and the practical LTOA method was used to estimate
corresponding STOA CT index values for these LTOA thresholds. Figure 14 shows this
relationship, described by a linear function. It is worth noting that the performance ranking of
mixtures based on these two aging conditions differs. However, the overall relationship was
utilized to estimate the overall CT index values for the STOA condition.

28
 140

CT Index from the Practical LTOA 120

100

80 y = 0.6935x

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
CT Index from VDOT’s STOA

Figure 14. Relationship Between CT Index Results Obtained from Laboratory-Mixed and Laboratory-
Compacted Mixtures Subjected to VDOT’s STOA (4 Hours at Compaction Temperature) and the Practical
LTOA (6 Hours at Compaction Temperature) Conditions. CT = cracking tolerance; LTOA = long-term oven-
aging; STOA = short-term oven-aging.

Based on the relationships presented in Figures 13 and 14, thresholds for mixtures
subjected to the practical LTOA method were derived based on the performance expectation of
VDOT’s BMD mixtures at the aging stage achieved through the practical LTOA method.
Corresponding STOA CT index thresholds, which accounted for variability in the CT index
results, were also determined. This variability was incorporated into the threshold value at a 95%
confidence interval, based on single-operator precision estimates of 18.3% for the CT index
value, as established in a previous studies (Boz et al., 2021; Habbouche et al., 2021a). The
following provides the threshold values for mixtures with five replicate specimens and rounded
up to the nearest integer.

• A GRP value of 600 kPa corresponds to significant cracking levels in the field. The
average CT index value at this performance level for the practical LTOA method is 40.
This LTOA threshold corresponds to a STOA CT index threshold value of 67, which is
slightly less than VDOT’s current STOA CT index threshold value of 70.
• A GRP value of 180 kPa corresponds to field conditions leading to the initial formation
of cracks. The average CT index value at this performance level for the practical LTOA
method is 69. This LTOA threshold corresponds to a STOA CT index threshold value of
115, which is higher than the recommended (production) STOA CT index threshold
value of 100 for the 2026 construction season.
• Considering a STOA CT index value of 86, which corresponds to 100 when including the
variability of the test, the CT index value for the practical LTOA method corresponds to
60. The GRP value for the CT index value of 60 is 260 kPa.
• In this study, the average reduction in the CT index value, calculated as the difference
between STOA and LTOA values normalized by the STOA value, was 40%. In a

29
 previous study (Habbouche et al., 2023), this reduction averaged 45% and was
recommended as a threshold value for evaluating asphalt mixtures with recycling agents.
Applying this criterion to the recommended STOA threshold CT index value of 100 for
the 2026 construction season, the practical LTOA method corresponds to an average CT
index value of 55, which corresponds to a GRP value of 320 kPa.
• One approach to establishing a performance criterion for a test method involves testing a
pool of asphalt mixtures, typically designed and produced within a specific region or
climate, and evaluating the results using descriptive statistical parameters (e.g., the
average test value of the mixtures) or simple statistical tests (e.g., a one-way t-test with a
defined confidence level). These analyses can help determine a threshold for the test
method (Habbouche et al., 2025; Seitllari et al., 2023). VDOT employed this approach
when initially establishing its BMD performance threshold criteria, including the STOA
CT index threshold of 70 (Bowers and Diefenderfer, 2018). Using this approach, the
average CT index value of the mixtures tested in this study, after being subjected to the
practical LTOA method, was 55.

Evaluating the CT index results of the mixtures from the practical LTOA method (PL[6h;
0d]) with respect to the thresholds established in the previous paragraphs, LTOA CT index
threshold values of 69 and 60 result in a 70% failure rate among the mixtures, including a
mixture (M2), with a CT index value higher than 100 for STOA condition. On the other hand,
the LTOA CT index threshold value of 55 results in a 50% failure rate, with no mixtures
exceeding the STOA CT index threshold value of 100 failing in this scenario. The LTOA CT
index threshold value of 40 results in a 40% failure rate among the mixtures, including two BMD
(designed with respect to the CT index value of 70 for the STOA condition) and two non-BMD
mixtures.

Accordingly, based on the STOA CT index threshold value of 100, an LTOA CT index
threshold value of 55 is recommended as a preliminary benchmark for evaluating the long-term
performance of asphalt mixtures during the design phase. This recommendation implies that the
average CT index values of asphalt mixtures, tested with five replicate specimens, should exceed
55 after being subjected to 6 hours of oven-aging at compaction temperature.

Stage 2: Practical Oven-Aging Method for Production

In addition to the performance-based requirements during the design phase of asphalt

mixtures, VDOT’s BMD framework also encompasses quality measurement practices during
production, involving well-defined quality control and quality acceptance processes. To evaluate
cracking susceptibility, the quality measurement practices during production involve testing of
asphalt mixtures without subjecting them to LTOA. For quality control, contractors often choose
to assess asphalt mixtures without applying any further conditioning before testing. This scenario
is referred to as the STOA case under non-reheat conditions, in which the mixtures are tested as
they are produced without reheating. For independent assurance testing, VDOT often samples
and tests asphalt mixtures at a later stage due to logistical constraints that involves reheating
them to compaction temperature. This “STOA” scenario is termed as the reheat condition. The
initial findings from implementing these practices revealed differences in CT index values
between the non-reheat and reheat conditions, which were attributed to the additional aging

30
induced by reheating. Consequently, a CT index threshold value of 95 was established for the
non-reheat condition (Boz et al., 2022). A CT index threshold of 70 is assumed to be applicable
for both the design and reheat conditions.

For an LTOA method to be incorporated into quality measurement practices during

production, it is essential to establish the link between design and production conditions. In the
previous stage, the practical LTOA method for design was established based on the equivalency
of CT index values compared with the reduced reference LTOA method. Findings from the
rheological and chemical characterization of the binders further supported this equivalency.
Specifically, the strong relationship between the CT index and the rheological parameter (i.e.,
GRP) supports using the CT index to investigate the link between design and production
conditions. To achieve this goal, the outstanding questions that remain to be answered are: How
much aging does plant production induce on asphalt mixtures during production, and what is the
relationship to the aging simulated during design? Once these questions are addressed, the LTOA
durations for production in non-reheat and reheat conditions can be established and implemented
for quality measurement practices.

Figure 15 shows the CT index results for design, non-reheat, and reheat conditions for
mixtures from the 2020 BMD trials, including the control mixtures (i.e., non-BMD mixtures).
Contractors obtained the test results for design and non-reheat conditions, and the Virginia
Transportation Research Council (VTRC) tested the mixtures under reheat conditions.

Figure 15. Box Plots of CT Index Results for Design, Non-Reheat, and Reheat Conditions for Mixtures from
the 2020 Balanced Mix Design Trials, Including Non-Balanced Mix Design Mixtures. The box plots represent
the spread of the CT index results. The lines in the boxes indicate the median, and the interquartile range
boxes represent the middle 50%. In addition, the whisker bars extending from either side of the boxes
represent the ranges for the bottom 25% and the top 25% of the CT index results, not including outliers
relative to the data, which are represented by asterisks (*). CT = cracking tolerance.

31
 The design CT index values averaged 102.6, ranging from 56 to 202, and the non-reheat
CT index values averaged 142.9, ranging from 69 to 322.8. In 10 out of 36 observations (27.8%),
the design CT index values were higher than the non-reheat CT index values, with an average
difference of 25.1 CT index units, ranging from 5.3 to 79.5. Conversely, in 26 out of 36
observations (72.2%), the design CT index values were less than the non-reheat CT index values,
with an average difference of 65.5 CT index units, ranging from 0.2 to 177.7. A pairwise
comparison between the design and non-reheat CT index results, using the single-operator
precision estimate for the d2s condition (Boz et al., 2021; Habbouche et al., 2021a), indicated
that 23 out of 36 observations (63.9%) resulted in statistically significant differences. This result
suggests that VDOT’s STOA method for 4 hours at compaction temperature (S[4h; 0d]) during
the design phase induces more aging on average than occurs during production under the non-
reheat condition.

The design CT index values averaged 102.6, with a range of 56 to 202 compared with the
average reheat CT index value of 101.9, with a range of 48.9 to 168.7. In 17 out of 36
observations (47.2%), the design CT index values were higher than the reheat CT index values,
with an average difference of 35.4 CT index units, ranging from 1.2 to 99.5. Conversely, in 19
out of 36 observations (52.8%), the design CT index values were less than the reheat CT index
values, with an average difference of 30.4 CT index units, ranging from 7.5 to 60.8. A pairwise
comparison between the design and reheat CT index results, using the multi-laboratory precision
estimate for the d2s condition (Boz et al., 2021; Habbouche et al., 2021a), indicated that only 2
of 36 observations (5.6%) resulted in statistically significant differences. This result suggests that
VDOT’s STOA method for 4 hours at compaction temperature (S[4h; 0d]) during the design
phase induces a similar level of aging on average as occurs during production for the reheat
condition. However, the reheat condition tends to induce slightly more aging than the design
condition.

The ratio of the average non-reheat CT index to the average design CT index for the 2020
BMD data is 1.4. This ratio compares with the ratio of 1.42 obtained from the average CT index
of the S[2h; 0d] condition (114.2) and the average CT index of the S[4h; 0d] condition (80.3) for
the LMLC mixtures from the previous stage (i.e., Stage 1). This result suggests that 2 hours of
STOA at compaction temperature simulates the aging better on average that occurs during
production for non-reheat conditions compared with 4 hours of STOA at compaction
temperature. This finding assumes that the design STOA of 4 hours at compaction temperature,
on average, provides CT index results equivalent to the CT index results of production for the
reheat condition, as the analysis in the preceding paragraph substantiates.

Notably, the recommended CT index values for non-reheat and reheat mixtures for the
2026 construction season correspond approximately to the bottom 25% of the CT index data
analyzed from the 2024 construction season. The ratio of the recommended non-reheat CT index
value (130) to the recommended reheat CT index value (100) is 1.3. This value closely aligns
with the ratio of 1.29 obtained from the 2020 BMD data, in which the non-reheat CT index value
of 109.1 and the reheat CT index value of 84.7 both correspond to the bottom 25% of the 2020
data.

32
 Based on the analyses previously discussed, for plant-produced asphalt mixtures,
assuming approximately 2 hours of aging at compaction temperature induced through
production, about 4 hours of additional aging at compaction temperature under non-reheat
conditions should provide similar CT index results on average to the CT index results obtained
from the practical LTOA method during the design phase (PL[6h; 0d]). However, this
relationship between design and non-reheat conditions with respect to LTOA was not fully
explored because of logistical constraints in collecting and testing non-reheat mixtures at various
aging durations. Such an effort would have required the insights gained from this study, which
were not available when the mixtures were produced.

For plant-produced asphalt mixtures, approximately 2 hours of additional aging at

compaction temperature after reheating should, on average, yield CT index results similar to the
CT index results obtained using the practical LTOA method at the design phase (PL[6h; 0d]).
Thus, the research team decided to test the PMLC asphalt mixtures evaluated in this study at
three different intervals to cover a wide range of aging for the reheat condition: immediately
after reaching compaction temperature (P[R; 0h]), 2 hours later (P[R; 2h]), and 4 hours later
(P[R; 4h]).

Table 12 presents the CT index results for the P[R; 0h], P[R; 2h], and P[R; 4h]
conditions. It also includes the CT index results for the LMLC mixtures at various aging
durations at compaction temperature, including the practical LTOA condition (PL[6h; 0d]).
Because the practical LTOA method is established for 6 hours of aging at compaction
temperature, the binder properties from the plant-produced asphalt mixtures under the LTOA
condition should produce similar properties to those obtained from the practical LTOA method
during the design phase. Given the strong relationship between the CT index and binder
properties, as shown in the previous stage, the CT index results from the PMLC mixtures were
interpolated to determine their equivalency to the LMLC CT index results at the practical LTOA
(PL[6h; 0d]). This analysis was not performed for mixtures M3, M5, and M8 because their CT
index values did not encompass the CT index values obtained from the LMLC mixtures. The
results indicated that the LMLC CT index equivalency at production, based on the CT index
value at the practical LTOA, corresponded to 1 hour of aging at compaction temperature after
reheating, ranging from 0.1 to 2.1 hours.

Table 12. Cracking Tolerance Index Results from PMLC and LMLC Mixtures Across Various Aging
Durations
Mixture Aging Duration ID M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10
Reheat P[R; 0h] 109 63 42 32 40 73 58 65 52 39
PMLC 2 hours P[R; 2h] 89 28 32 23 31 50 40 43 37 23
4 hours P[R; 4h] 71 15 19 16 24 29 24 27 27 16
2 hours S[2h; 0d] 164 153 136 100 148 145 101 43 75 77
4 hours S[4h; 0d] 115 118 128 62 98 71 76 29 54 52
LMLC
6 hours PL[6h; 0d] 89 59 89 31 88 54 57 15 37 34
8 hours PL[8h; 0d] 80 45 79 20 73 45 37 10 35 10
LMLC Equivalency, Based on PL[6h; 0d] at
2.1 0.1 - 0.2 - 1.7 0.1 - 2 0.6
Production After Reheating, Hours
- not calculated; LMLC = laboratory-mixed and laboratory-compacted; PMLC = plant-mixed and laboratory-
compacted.

33
 For mixtures M3 and M5, the reheat conditions induced more aging than the design
conditions. To match the CT index values for these mixtures under the reheat condition, they
must be aged significantly more than 8 hours at compaction temperature during the design phase.
For mixture M8, the design conditions induced more aging than the reheat conditions.

A statistical comparison was conducted to evaluate the CT index results for each asphalt
mixture aged under the reheat and design conditions. A paired t-test analysis was performed at a
95% confidence level (i.e., a significance level of 0.05) to assess the differences between these
aging conditions. For this analysis, VDOT’s single operator variability precision estimate of the
CT index, a coefficient of variation of 18.3%, was used to investigate if the deviations in CT
index values between aging methods remained within VDOT-accepted limits.

Table 13 summarizes the findings. The paired comparisons at the 95% confidence level
were categorized as follows:

• SL: The average CT index from a reheat condition is significantly lower than that
obtained from a design condition, both at compaction temperature.
• NS: No significant difference in average CT index values between two aging conditions,
both at compaction temperature.
• SH: The average CT index from a reheat condition is significantly higher than that
obtained from a design condition, both at compaction temperature.

Table 13. Comparison of Cracking Tolerance Index Results Between Reheat and Design Conditions at
Compaction Temperature
Reheat Aging Design Aging Durations at Compaction Temperature
Conditions S[2h; 0d] S[4h; 0d] PL[6h; 0d] PL[8h; 0d]
P[R; 0h] 9 SL 0 NS 1 SH 6* SL 3 NS 1 SH 2 SL 5 NS 3 SH 2 SL 1 NS 7 SH
P[R; 2h] 9 SL 1 NS 0 SH 8 SL 1 NS 1 SH 6 SL 3 NS 1 SH 4 SL 5 NS 1 SH
P[R; 4h] 10 SL 0 NS 0 SH 9 SL 1 NS 0 SH 8 SL 1 NS 1 SH 6 SL 3 NS 1 SH
* One mixture is on the verge of NS with a p-value of 0.05; d = days; h = hours; NS = not significant; SH =
significantly higher; SL = significantly lower. Yellow highlighted cell indicates that the CT index obtained from a
reheat condition is SL than that obtained from a design condition. Green highlighted cell indicates no significant
difference in the measured CT index values. Blue highlighted cell indicates that the CT index obtained from a reheat
condition is SH than that obtained from a design condition.

If a reheat aging condition shows a significantly lower CT index value compared with
that of a design aging condition, it indicates that the design aging condition is resulting in less
aged asphalt mixtures. On the other hand, if a reheat aging condition shows a significantly higher
CT index value, it suggests that the design aging condition is excessively aging the asphalt
mixtures. For a reheat aging condition to be considered equivalent to the (design) practical
LTOA method (PL[6h; 0d]), it should ideally have the highest number of not significant
comparisons.

Based on the data in Table 13, the following observations can be made:

• Design STOA Condition (S[2h; 0d]) versus Reheat Conditions: As expected, the reheat
conditions had lower CT index values than the design STOA condition (S[2h; 0d]) at

34
 least 90% of the time, indicating that the reheat conditions evaluated in this study induce
significant aging in the mixtures compared with the design STOA (S[2h; 0d]) condition.
• VDOT’s Design STOA Condition (S[4h; 0d]) versus Reheat Conditions: Reheating for 2
and 4 hours at compaction temperature (P[R; 2h] and P[R; 4h]) after production resulted
in lower CT index values compared with VDOT’s design STOA condition (S[4h; 0d]) at
least 80% of the time, indicating significant aging from the two reheat conditions
compared with the design STOA condition. On the other hand, the reheat condition
without any further aging (P[R; 0h]) had lower CT index values than the design STOA
condition (S[4h; 0d]) 60% of the time, or 50% of the time if one mixture, in which the
results at a p-value of 0.05 (a borderline value) are considered statistically equal to the
design STOA condition, is included. This outcome suggests that VDOT’s design STOA
condition (S[4h; 0d]) can yield similar CT index values to the values obtained after
reheating during production, but it is more likely that reheating (P[R; 0h]) will result in
lower CT index values. This observation is consistent with the findings from the 2020
data, although the differences were not statistically significant in that case.
• Recommended Design Practical LTOA Condition (PL[6h; 0d]) versus Reheat
Conditions: Reheating for 4 hours at compaction temperature (P[R; 4h]) after production
resulted in lower CT index values compared with the recommended practical LTOA
condition (PL[6h; 0d]) 80% of the time, indicating significant aging from this reheating
condition relative to the practical LTOA condition. For reheating 2 hours at compaction
temperature (P[R; 2h]) after production, the CT index values were less than the CT index
values of the practical LTOA condition (PL[6h; 0d]) 60% of the time. Reheating without
any further aging (P[R; 0h]) during production matched or exceeded the CT index values
of the recommended design practical LTOA condition (PL[6h; 0d]) 80% of the time. This
outcome suggests that reheating is likely to produce CT index results similar to the
recommended practical LTOA method for design.
• Design LTOA Condition (PL[8h; 0d]) versus Reheat Conditions: Reheating for 4 hours at
compaction temperature (P[R; 4h]) after production resulted in lower CT index values
compared with the design LTOA condition (PL[8h; 0d]) 60% of the time, indicating
significant aging from this reheating condition relative to the LTOA condition. For
reheating 2 hours at compaction temperature (P[R; 2h]) after production, the CT index
values matched or exceeded the CT index values of the LTOA condition (PL[8h; 0d])
60% of the time, suggesting that reheating for 2 hours at compaction temperature after
production is likely to produce CT index results similar to this LTOA condition during
design. Reheating without any further aging (P[R; 0h]) during production matched or
exceeded the CT index values of the LTOA condition (PL[8h; 0d]) 80% of the time,
indicating less aging occurs during reheating in production compared with aging for 8
hours at compaction temperature during design.

Based on the analysis in the previous paragraphs, reheating during production (P[R; 0h])
yields CT index results statistically equivalent to the results obtained after 4 to 6 hours of aging
at compaction temperature during the design phase, with results closer to 6 hours of aging.
However, this observation contrasts with the 2020 data, in which reheating produced CT index
results statistically equivalent to the CT index results from 4 hours of aging at compaction
temperature during design (S[4h; 0d]). This discrepancy may be attributed to the significant
aging of some of the PMLC mixtures during storage (approximately 2 years in a controlled

35
environment) or the reheating process, in which the mixtures may have been subjected to higher
mixing temperatures than specified in their JMFs, thereby shifting the statistical equivalency
toward 6 hours of aging. For aging at compaction temperature for 2 hours after reheating during
production (P[R; 2h]), the results indicate statistical equivalency to LTOA during design falls
between 6 and 8 hours of aging. This outcome aligns with the shifts observed in the reheating
condition (P[R; 0h]) test results. It is noteworthy that CT index magnitude-based equivalency (as
discussed in Table 12) suggests that 1 hour of aging at compaction temperature after reheating
provides CT index results comparable with the CT index results from the practical LTOA
method during design (PL[6h; 0d]).

Considering the previous discussions, aging asphalt mixtures for 2 hours at compaction
temperature following reheating is deemed more appropriate as the practical LTOA method for
production under reheat conditions. Similarly, assuming that plant production induces aging
equivalent to 2 hours at compaction temperature, aging asphalt mixtures for 4 hours at
compaction temperature after production (non-reheat) is considered more suitable as the practical
LTOA method for production under non-reheat conditions. These selected LTOA conditions for
production pose less risk to the agency compared with relying solely on the evaluation of PMLC
data from this study. PMLC data might suggest that reheating alone could suffice for long-term
performance evaluation of asphalt mixtures during production, which the analysis of the 2020
data does not support. The two aging durations for non-reheat and reheat conditions are expected
to result in asphalt binder aging similar to the practical LTOA method for 6 hours at compaction
temperature. Therefore, the preliminary CT index threshold of 55 applies to both production
conditions. A followup study is necessary to verify these aging durations and the preliminary
threshold recommended for production conditions.

Table 14 presents the GRP results calculated at 15°C and 0.005 radian per second for the
binders from LMLC and PMLC mixtures. This analysis aimed to provide insights into the
differences observed between the CT index results of the LMLC and PMLC asphalt mixtures.
GRP data for some LMLC mixtures were unavailable. Although not shown, the relationship
between the CT index and GRP was also strongly correlated for the PMLC mixtures, further
supporting using the CT index as a parameter to evaluate the aging characteristics of the
mixtures and establishing the respective thresholds for design and production conditions. For
brevity, this section discusses three mixtures representing different performance characteristics.

Table 14. GRP Results from PMLC and LMLC Mixtures Across Various Aging Durations
Mixture Aging Duration ID M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10
Reheat P[R; 0h] 37 323 337 834 318 144 144 50 161 437
PMLC 2 hours P[R; 2h] 61 1005 846 1088 1177 356 490 200 621 1307
4 hours P[R; 4h] 143 5922 1685 2118 1768 1086 1548 621 1143 1775
2 hours S[2h; 0d] 6.4 1.7 - 76 - 110 - 171 - 91
4 hours S[4h; 0d] 29 43 - 170 - 208 - 499 - 266
LMLC
6 hours PL[6h; 0d] 54 364 - 771 - - - 1292 - 573
8 hours PL[8h; 0d] 70 557 - 1185 - - - 2106 - 761
- not available; GRP = Glover-Rowe parameter (at 15°C and 0.005 rad/s); LMLC = laboratory-mixed and
laboratory-compacted; PMLC = plant-mixed and laboratory-compacted.

Mixture M1 exhibited similar CT index values between the design condition (PL[6h; 0d])
and the reheat condition (P[R; 2h]). As Table 14 shows, the GRP results for these conditions

36
were comparable, with values of 61 kPa and 54 kPa for P[R; 2h] and PL[6h; 0d], respectively.
Mixture M4 had CT index values ranging from 32 to 16 for the reheat conditions and from 100
to 20 for the design conditions. This result aligns with the GRP values observed for the two
conditions, which ranged from 834 kPa to 2118 kPa for the reheat conditions and from 76 kPa to
1185 kPa for the design conditions. Mixture M8 was the only PMLC mixture in this study with
higher CT index values overall for the reheat conditions than for the design conditions. This
trend is reflected in the GRP results, which ranged from 50 kPa to 621 kPa for the reheat
conditions and from 171 kPa to 2106 kPa for the design conditions.

The findings suggest that the differences observed in the CT index results between the
LMLC and PMLC mixtures were not due to variations in binder properties because the
volumetric properties of the mixtures were within VDOT tolerance limits. This outcome
indicates that some of the mixtures had aged during storage (approximately 2 years in a
controlled environment) or during plant production, resulting in stiffer mixtures before the
reheating process. This stiffness may be attributed to differences in mixing temperatures during
plant production versus the compaction temperature used during laboratory aging, as their JMFs
specify.

CONCLUSIONS

• The CT index parameter from IDT-CT effectively captures the anticipated behavior of
asphalt mixtures as they undergo laboratory oven-aging. This observation is evidenced by
the strong relationship between the CT index and GRP calculated at 15°C and 0.005 radian
per second.

• The performance ranking of asphalt mixtures changes as they undergo laboratory STOA and
LTOA.

• Asphalt mixtures exhibit distinct resistance characteristics to aging, which can be assessed
through long-term performance evaluations.

• Laboratory oven-aging at 95°C can be performed for shortened or reduced durations to

gauge the long-term performance of asphalt mixtures effectively.

• Laboratory oven-aging at higher temperatures, such as the compaction temperature, can be

used to evaluate asphalt mixtures within the aging durations evaluated in this study. The
findings from this study indicate an equivalency between aging methods at 95°C and at the
compaction temperature, which is supported by consistent binder rheological and chemical
characteristics.

• The laboratory oven-aging method for 6 hours at compaction temperature is applicable for
evaluating the long-term performance of VDOT’s dense-graded surface asphalt mixtures
with A and D designations during the design phase.

• A preliminary performance criterion requiring a minimum CT index value of 55 is deemed

suitable as an initial benchmark for evaluating the long-term performance of VDOT’s dense-

37
 graded surface asphalt mixtures with A and D designations during the design phase. This
proposed threshold provides initial benchmarks and is based on the recommended STOA CT
index threshold value of 100 for the 2026 construction season. Further validation is necessary
for robust verification.

• VDOT’s STOA method, which involves 4 hours at compaction temperature during the design
phase, induces more aging than during production under non-reheat conditions.

• An oven-aging duration of 2 hours at compaction temperature, following reheating during

production, is deemed suitable for evaluating the long-term performance of VDOT’s dense-
graded surface asphalt mixtures with A and D designations. The preliminary threshold for
this recommended LTOA condition is set at a CT index value of 55 because this aging
condition provides equivalent aging on average to that of LTOA for design. Further work is
necessary to verify the aging duration and the preliminary threshold recommended for this
condition.

• An oven-aging duration of 4 hours at compaction temperature following production (non-

reheat case) is deemed suitable for evaluating the long-term performance of VDOT’s dense-
graded surface asphalt mixtures with A and D designations. The preliminary threshold for
this recommended LTOA condition is set at a CT index value of 55 because this aging
condition provides, on average, equivalent aging to that of LTOA for design. Further work is
necessary to verify the aging duration and the preliminary threshold recommended for this
condition.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. VDOT’s Materials Division should adopt the LTOA method developed in this study for the
design phase of asphalt mixtures into its BMD specification, replacing the current LTOA
method. The recommended LTOA method involves aging asphalt mixtures for 6 hours at
compaction temperature, which includes the 4-hour STOA at the same temperature. In
contrast, the current LTOA method outlined in the BMD specification requires aging asphalt
mixtures for an additional 8 hours at 135°C after the 4-hour STOA at the compaction
temperature. The recommended LTOA method from this study is based on the evaluation of
asphalt mixtures specific to Virginia. In contrast, the current method in the BMD
specification is derived from modeling efforts that rely on asphalt mixtures from outside the
state. In addition, the proposed LTOA method is more practical and convenient for two main
reasons: (1) It reduces the aging duration by 50% compared with the current method in the
BMD specification, requiring 6 hours compared with 12 hours of STOA plus LTOA, and (2)
the same oven can be used for both short- and long-term aging in the proposed method—
unlike the current BMD specification, in which short-term aging is done at the compaction
temperature, and long-term aging requires a different oven temperature of 135°C.

2. VDOT’s Materials Division should adopt a criterion of 55 for the recommended LTOA CT
index threshold in the design phase of asphalt mixtures. The LTOA CT index design
threshold of 55 was derived using two approaches. First, a STOA CT index of 100 correlated

38
 to a minimum LTOA of 55. Secondly, the trial mixes, representing typical VDOT mixes
generally expected to perform well, showed an average LTOA CT index of 55.

3. VDOT’s Materials Division and VTRC should conduct a follow-up study to evaluate the
viability of the LTOA method for asphalt mixtures during production, including both
proposed durations—2 hours at compaction temperature for reheated conditions and 4 hours
at compaction temperature for non-reheated conditions—and the recommended CT index
threshold value of 55.

IMPLEMENTATION AND BENEFITS

Researchers and the technical review panel (listed in the Acknowledgments) for the
project collaborate to craft a plan to implement the study recommendations and to determine the
benefits of doing so. This process is to ensure that the implementation plan is developed and
approved with the participation and support of those involved with VDOT operations. The
implementation plan and the accompanying benefits are provided here.

Implementation

With regard to Recommendations 1 and 2, VDOT’s Materials Division will replace the
current LTOA method with the recommended LTOA method and incorporate the suggested CT
index threshold of 55 into its BMD specification and VTM-143 starting with the 2027
construction season. The initial implementation of the LTOA method and its threshold will only
be for reporting purposes, to provide benchmark evaluations. Incorporating the LTOA method
and its threshold into the BMD specification will be completed by February 1, 2026.

With regard to Recommendation 3, a research needs statement will be submitted to the

appropriate Pavement Research Advisory Subcommittee for funding consideration. The
subcommittee is expected to submit the research needs statement for consideration no later than
the end of calendar year 2025.

Benefits

VDOT aims to enhance the durability and long-term performance of its dense-graded
asphalt surface mixtures by implementing the BMD concept. By integrating performance criteria
into mix design and acceptance, BMD optimizes mixtures to resist deterioration, contributing to
a more sustainable, longer lasting, and economical roadway network, provided these mixtures
are placed on sound underlying pavement structures.

A previous VTRC study by Habbouche et al. (2025) demonstrated that the successful
application of the BMD approach in a hypothetical scenario, utilizing refined thresholds for D
mixtures in alignment with recommended changes for the 2026 construction season, could result
in an estimated cost avoidance of approximately $54.3 million per year compared with VDOT’s
current BMD framework. Recommendations from this study, specifically incorporating the
LTOA method and its threshold for cracking evaluation within the BMD framework, align with
the anticipated BMD specifications for the 2026 construction season. These recommendations
further support the accurate assessment and improvement of the cracking resistance of asphalt

39
mixtures, ensuring that designed mixtures meet the desired performance criteria over their
service life and realizing the economic benefits of BMD.

This research highlights that asphalt mixtures with similar cracking potentials, as
quantified through the STOA method, can exhibit distinct characteristics with respect to aging.
These differences can be effectively assessed and captured by evaluating asphalt mixtures using
the LTOA method. Such evaluations ensure the selection of appropriate component materials
and the production of better-performing asphalt mixtures. For instance, the study illustrates that
not all binders with similar performance grades perform equally, underscoring the importance of
thorough evaluation in achieving optimal performance and ensuring economic benefits.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors of this report are grateful to the following individuals who served on the
technical review panel for this study: Angela Beyke (Project Champion and Assistant State
Materials Engineer, VDOT Materials Division); David Shiells (District Materials Engineer,
VDOT Northern Virginia District); Thomas Schinkel (District Construction Engineer, VDOT
Richmond District); Donald (Clyde) Landreth (Pavement Engineer, VDOT Salem District);
Bryan Smith (Asphalt Pavement Field Engineer, VDOT Materials Division); and Chien-Lun Lan
(Research Scientist, VTRC).

The authors thank Andrew Barbour, Brian Powell, Derek Lister, David (Zack) McKee,
Jennifer Samuels, and Troy Deeds of VTRC and Danny Martinez Rodriguez, formerly of VTRC,
for their assistance in sampling component materials and corresponding plant-produced asphalt
mixtures for this study. The authors also thank Ashraf Alrajhi of the University of Nevada, Reno
for his support and for overseeing the laboratory work.

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Performance of Asphalt Mixtures Containing RAP and RAS. In Proceedings of the 58th
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Rheology- and Chemistry-Based Properties of High Polymer-Modified Asphalt Binders.
International Journal of Pavement Engineering, Vol. 23, No. 10, 2021b, pp. 3285–3303.
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44
 APPENDIX: CONDITIONING PROCEDURES USED IN THIS STUDY

Conditioning Protocol for Laboratory-Produced Asphalt Mixtures

Mix the loose sample in the laboratory. (a)

If needed, store the sample in a

Prepare for the loose mixture
metal pan with a properly sealed
compaction procedure per
aluminum foil at room
AASHTO T 312. (c)
temperature. (b)

Timing starts when placing

the samples in the
Condition the loose mixture in a metal pan at uniform thickness of 2±0.5 inch preheated oven. Samples
shall not be placed inside
in a preheated oven at compaction temperature for the desired aging duration
the oven while being heated
[For example: 2h, 4h, 6h, or 8h]. (d) to target temperature.

Stir the samples every 60±5 minutes to maintain uniform conditioning. (e)

Check if internal
temperature of the
sample has reached the No
specified compaction Monitor the sample
temperature (±5F). (f) temperature every
15 minutes. (g)

Yes

Compact the samples in the gyratory mold to achieve target specimen

dimensions. (h)

Allow the compacted sample to cool down to room temperature. (i)

45
Additional Instructions

(a) Prior to the mixing procedure, estimate the sample weight required to achieve target air void
and compacted specimen dimensions.

(b) Keep the samples in a safe storage space with proper labels to avoid contamination. It is
recommended to compact the stored loose mix sample within 2 days of the mixing procedure to
minimize any potential impact for lag time.

(c) Use a separate oven to preheat the gyratory mold, top plate, base plate, and funnel to
compaction temperature for at least 30 minutes, per the AASHTO T 312 laboratory-prepared
sample preparation method.

(f) Check the mixture’s internal temperature by using a thermocouple probe or a heat gun.

(g) While monitoring the sample temperature every 15 minutes, stir the sample before taking the
temperature measurement. Depending on the location of the sample within the oven, only an
additional 15 minutes is usually enough for the loose mix sample to reach the compaction
temperature.

(h) Set the target specimen height in the gyratory compactor according to the manufacturer’s
instructions. Specimens should be extruded from the gyratory mold immediately after
compaction. The gyratory mold, top plate, base plate, and funnel should be placed back into the
oven at the compaction temperature for at least 5 minutes before reuse.

(i) A period of 8 to 12 hours is recommended for the compacted sample to cool. Placing the
sample in front of a cooling fan might be necessary to speed up the process.

46
 Reheating and Conditioning Protocol for Plant and Field-Produced Asphalt Mixtures

Store loose mixture box at room temperature for at least 24 hours. (a) Field boxes should be handled
and sealed properly.

Take out the mix from the cardboard box and place it in a preheated oven at Each box is allowed to be heated
compaction temperature for 1.5 hours. (b) only once and not be cooled and
reheated again.

Break down the loose mix and transfer it to multiple large metal pans while Tapping with metal rod may be
mixing thoroughly. (c) needed to loosen and spread the
mixture.

Place the large metal pans back in the oven for 1 hour at compaction Total heating period should not
temperature. (d) exceed 2.5 (1.5+1) hours.

Split the loose mix into sample weights required to meet the desired air void Combine all the pans referring
content per AASHTO R 47. (e) to the same field box for
splitting.

Spread the split sample in the metal pan at a uniform thickness of 2±0.5 inch Prepare for the loose mixture
and place it back into the oven preheated at compaction temperature for compaction procedure per
30±5 minutes in preparation for aging conditioning. (f) AASHTO T 312.

Stir the sample every 30±5 minutes to maintain uniform conditioning. (g)

Check if the internal

temperature of the samples No Monitor the sample
has reached the specified temperature every 15
compaction temperature. (h) minutes. (i)

Total heating period

for splitting and
getting the sample
Yes ready for aging
conditioning should
Condition the samples in the oven at compaction temperature for the desired not exceed 3.5 hours.
aging duration—for example: 2, 4, or 6hours. (j)

Compact the samples in the gyratory mold to achieve target specimen

dimensions. (k)

Allow the compacted sample to cool down to room temperature. (l)

47
Additional Instructions

(a) Field boxes should be handled carefully, properly sealed, and kept out of moisture at a
controlled room temperature.

(b) A box should be selected randomly. Each box is allowed to go through the reheating
procedure only once.

(c) Loose mix is transferred to multiple large pans to maintain uniform conditioning.

(d) Stir the sample after the first 30 minutes.

(e) The quartering method, per AASHTO R47, is recommended for splitting. The quartering
process should be completed within 5 minutes to reduce the loss of temperature.

(f) Use a separate oven to preheat the gyratory mold, top plate, base plate, and funnel to
compaction temperature for at least 30 minutes according to the AASHTO T312 plant-produced
sample preparation method.

(h) Check the mixture’s internal temperature by using a thermocouple probe or a heat gun.

(i) While monitoring the sample temperature every 15 minutes, stir the sample before taking the
temperature measurement. Depending on the location of the sample within the oven, only an
additional 15 minutes is usually enough for the loose mix sample to reach the compaction
temperature.

(k) Set the target specimen height in the gyratory compactor according to the manufacturer’s
instructions. Specimens should be extruded from the gyratory mold immediately after
compaction. The gyratory mold, top plate, base plate, and funnel should be placed back into the
oven at the compaction temperature for at least 5 minutes before reuse.

(l) A period of 8 to 12 hours is recommended for the compacted sample to cool. Placing the
sample in front of a cooling fan might be necessary to speed up the process.

48