Q1) Attempt any EIGHT of the following (out of TEN)
[8 × 1 = 8]
a) _____ of the following is the way in which an IoT device is associated with data.
Answer:
(iv) Network
b) ______ of the following IoT networks has a very short range.
Answer:
(iv) Short-range wireless network
c) ______ numbers of elements in the open IoT architecture?
Answer:
(iii) Four
d) The protection and security for an embedded system is made by ______.
Answer:
(i) Security chip
e) “Internet of Things” was coined in the year ______.
Answer:
(ii) 1999
f) MQTT is mainly used for _________.
Answer:
(i) M2M communication
g) ___________ is an open standard.
Answer:
(iv) HTTP
h) Request field is present in _______ message format.
Answer:
(ii) Response Message
i) SDLC stands for ________.
Answer:
(i) Synchronous Data Link Control
j) Using _______ an embedded system communicates with the outside world.
Answer:
(iii) Peripherals
Q2) Attempt any FOUR of the following (out of FIVE)
[4 × 2 = 8]
a) What are the challenges for secure IoT?
Answer:
1. Data Privacy and Security – Risk of unauthorized access and data breaches.
2. Authentication and Authorization – Ensuring only trusted devices access the network.
3. Secure Communication – Preventing man-in-the-middle attacks and data tampering.
4. Scalability Issues – Managing security for a large number of devices.
b) Enlist the characteristics of an Embedded system.
Answer:
1. Single-purpose – Designed for a specific function.
2. Real-time Performance – Works within a defined time constraint.
3. Low Power Consumption – Optimized for energy efficiency.
4. Small Size and Lightweight – Compact in design.
5. Reliability – Must work continuously without failure.
c) What is SCADA?
Answer:
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) is an industrial control system used for monitoring
and controlling processes remotely. It collects real-time data from sensors and devices, processes it,
and allows centralized monitoring.
d) Write the need for Analog/Digital conversion.
Answer:
1. Interfacing Sensors – Many sensors provide analog output, but digital systems require digital
input.
2. Efficient Processing – Digital data can be easily processed and stored.
3. Noise Reduction – Digital signals are less prone to noise than analog signals.
4. Communication – Most modern communication systems use digital data.
e) What is LoRa?
Answer:
LoRa (Long Range) is a wireless communication technology used for IoT applications. It provides long-
range, low-power connectivity, making it ideal for smart cities, agriculture, and industrial IoT.
Q3) Attempt any TWO of the following (out of THREE)
[2 × 4 = 8]
a) Difference between Real-time system and Embedded system.
Feature Real-time System Embedded System
A system that responds within a defined A system designed for a specific
Definition
time limit. function.
Time May or may not have real-time
Strict timing constraints (hard or soft).
Constraint constraints.
Examples Airbag systems, Pacemakers. Washing machines, Digital cameras.
Focus Deterministic response time. Functionality and optimization.
b) M2M and WSN protocols with examples.
Answer:
• M2M (Machine-to-Machine) Protocols: These enable direct communication between
machines.
o Example: MQTT, CoAP
• WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) Protocols: Used for communication in sensor networks.
o Example: Zigbee, LoRaWAN
c) Define IoT? Write trends in the adoption of IoT.
Answer:
IoT (Internet of Things) refers to a network of interconnected devices that communicate and
exchange data over the internet.
Trends in IoT Adoption:
1. Smart Homes and Cities – Increasing use of IoT in automation.
2. 5G Integration – Faster and more reliable connectivity.
3. Edge Computing – Processing data closer to the source.
4. Security Improvements – Focus on IoT cybersecurity.
Q4) Attempt any TWO of the following (out of THREE)
[2 × 4 = 8]
a) Difference between General Processors and Embedded Processors.
Feature General Processor Embedded Processor
Purpose Designed for general computing tasks. Designed for specific embedded applications.
Performance High processing power, multitasking. Optimized for low power and efficiency.
Flexibility Can run multiple applications. Runs a fixed set of tasks.
Examples Intel Core i7, AMD Ryzen. ARM Cortex-M, PIC microcontrollers.
b) Write the basic building blocks of IoT.
Answer:
1. Sensors and Actuators – Collect data and perform actions.
2. Connectivity – Enables communication (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LPWAN).
3. Edge Devices – Process and filter data before transmission.
4. Cloud Platform – Stores and analyzes IoT data.
5. User Interface – Provides control via apps or dashboards.
c) Explain key elements of IoT security.
Answer:
1. Data Encryption – Secures data during transmission.
2. Device Authentication – Ensures only authorized devices connect.
3. Firmware Updates – Protects against vulnerabilities.
4. Network Security – Prevents unauthorized access and DDoS attacks.
Q5) Attempt any ONE of the following (out of TWO)
[1 × 3 = 3]
a) Difference between AWS and Skynet.
Feature AWS (Amazon Web Services) Skynet
Provider Amazon Decentralized P2P IoT platform
Architecture Cloud-based Peer-to-peer network
Security High-security standards Uses encryption and decentralized control
Use Cases General cloud computing IoT device communication
b) Define:
1. M2M (Machine-to-Machine): A technology that enables direct communication between
devices without human intervention (e.g., smart meters, industrial automation).
2. WSN (Wireless Sensor Network): A network of sensors that collect and transmit
environmental data (e.g., weather monitoring, smart agriculture).
3. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport): A lightweight communication protocol for
IoT devices that ensures efficient message exchange over unreliable networks.
Q1) Attempt any EIGHT of the following (out of TEN)
[8 × 1 = 8]
a) Which of the following offers external chips for memory & peripheral interface circuits?
Answer:
(iv) Microprocessor
b) In a real-time operating system _______.
Answer:
(ii) A task must be serviced by its deadline
c) ______ is not an application of IoT?
Answer:
(i) BMP 280 (It is a sensor, not an application.)
d) ______ is IoT?
Answer:
(iv) Network of sensors
e) “Internet of Things” was coined in the year ______.
Answer:
(ii) 1999
f) Using _____ an embedded system communicates with the outside world.
Answer:
(iii) Peripherals
g) _______ of the following IoT networks has a very short range.
Answer:
(iv) Short-range WN (Wireless Network)
h) _______ of the following is the way in which an IoT device is associated with data.
Answer:
(iv) Network
i) The protection and security for an embedded system is made by _____.
Answer:
(i) Security chip
j) ______ numbers of elements in the open IoT architecture?
Answer:
(iii) Four
Q2) Attempt any FOUR of the following (out of FIVE)
[4 × 2 = 8]
a) Enlist the characteristics of an Embedded system.
Answer:
1. Dedicated Functionality – Performs a specific task.
2. Real-time Performance – Operates under strict time constraints.
3. Low Power Consumption – Optimized for energy efficiency.
4. Compact Size – Small form factor with integrated hardware and software.
5. Reliability – Works continuously without failure.
b) Explain any two pillars of IoT.
Answer:
1. Connectivity – IoT devices communicate using protocols like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and LPWAN.
2. Security – Data encryption, authentication, and secure communication prevent cyber
threats.
c) Write the need for Analog/Digital conversion.
Answer:
1. Sensor Data Processing – Sensors generate analog signals that must be converted to digital
for computing.
2. Noise Reduction – Digital signals are less prone to interference than analog signals.
3. Efficient Storage & Transmission – Digital data is easier to store and transmit.
4. Compatibility with Microcontrollers – Most microcontrollers process only digital signals.
d) What is RFID protocol?
Answer:
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a wireless communication protocol used for tracking and
identification of objects using radio waves. It consists of RFID tags and readers.
e) What are the challenges for secure IoT?
Answer:
1. Device Authentication – Preventing unauthorized access.
2. Data Encryption – Protecting data from being intercepted.
3. Network Security – Preventing attacks like DDoS.
4. Software Updates – Ensuring devices receive security patches.
Q3) Attempt any TWO of the following (out of THREE)
[2 × 4 = 8]
a) Define IoT? Write trends in the adoption of IoT.
Answer:
IoT (Internet of Things) is a network of interconnected devices that collect, exchange, and process
data.
Trends in IoT Adoption:
1. Smart Cities – Implementation of IoT in infrastructure and traffic management.
2. 5G Connectivity – Faster and reliable IoT device communication.
3. Edge Computing – Processing data near the source for faster decision-making.
4. Industrial IoT (IIoT) – IoT in manufacturing and automation.
b) Difference between General processors in computers and Embedded processors.
Feature General Processor Embedded Processor
Purpose Designed for multitasking Designed for a specific function
Processing Power High-performance Optimized for efficiency and low power
Flexibility Runs multiple applications Runs a fixed set of tasks
Examples Intel Core i7, AMD Ryzen ARM Cortex-M, PIC Microcontrollers
c) M2M and WSN protocols with examples.
Answer:
• M2M (Machine-to-Machine) Protocols: Used for communication between devices without
human intervention.
o Example: MQTT, CoAP
• WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) Protocols: Used for sensor-based networks that collect and
transmit data.
o Example: Zigbee, LoRaWAN
Q4) Attempt any TWO of the following (out of THREE)
[2 × 4 = 8]
a) Difference between Real-time system and Embedded system.
Feature Real-time System Embedded System
A system that must respond within a time A system designed for a specific
Definition
constraint. function.
Time May or may not have time
Strict timing constraints (hard or soft).
Constraint constraints.
Examples Pacemakers, Airbag systems. Washing machines, Digital cameras.
b) Write the basic building blocks of IoT.
Answer:
1. Sensors and Actuators – Collect data and perform actions.
2. Connectivity – Enables communication (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LPWAN).
3. Edge Devices – Process and filter data before transmission.
4. Cloud Platform – Stores and analyzes IoT data.
5. User Interface – Provides control via apps or dashboards.
c) Explain key elements of IoT security.
Answer:
1. Data Encryption – Protects data from cyber threats.
2. Authentication Mechanisms – Ensures only authorized devices communicate.
3. Firmware Updates – Keeps devices secure from vulnerabilities.
4. Network Security – Protects against attacks like hacking and DDoS.
Q5) Attempt any ONE of the following (out of TWO)
[1 × 3 = 3]
a) Explain the Zigbee architecture with Modbus protocol.
Answer:
• Zigbee Architecture:
o Application Layer: Provides communication between devices.
o Network Layer: Manages routing and addressing.
o MAC Layer: Controls data transmission and reception.
o Physical Layer: Handles the actual radio transmission.
• Modbus Protocol:
o A serial communication protocol used in industrial automation.
o Works in Master-Slave architecture for communication between devices.
o Supports Modbus RTU (binary format) and Modbus TCP (IP-based).
b) What is RESTful web services? Explain GRPC or SOAP.
Answer:
• RESTful Web Services:
o Uses HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) to communicate between client and
server.
o Follows a stateless architecture for easy scalability.
o Common data formats: JSON, XML.
• GRPC:
o A high-performance RPC (Remote Procedure Call) framework.
o Uses Protocol Buffers (Protobufs) for data serialization.
o Supports bidirectional streaming and high efficiency.
• SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol):
o Uses XML-based messaging.
o More secure than REST but heavier due to strict message structure.
o Works with multiple protocols like HTTP, SMTP.
Q1) Attempt any EIGHT of the following (out of TEN)
[8 × 1 = 8]
a) _____ of the following is the way in which an IoT device is associated with data.
Answer:
(ii) Cloud
b) An embedded system communicates _____ with the outside world.
Answer:
(iv) Peripherals
c) _____ of the IoT networks has a very short range.
Answer:
(iv) Short-range Wireless Network
d) WSN stands for _____.
Answer:
(iii) Wireless Sensor Network
e) _____ is the role of the cloud in smart grid architecture.
Answer:
(ii) Manage data
f) An IoT network is a collection of _____ devices.
Answer:
(iii) Interconnected
g) _____ one of the following protocols is lightweight.
Answer:
(iii) MQTT
h) _____ many elements are in the open IoT architecture.
Answer:
(iii) Four elements
i) _____ of the following is not an IoT device.
Answer:
(i) Table
j) _____ of the following is not a sensor in IoT.
Answer:
(iv) LED
a) Explain the characteristics of an Embedded System.
Answer:
1. Dedicated Functionality – Performs a specific task.
2. Real-time Performance – Operates under strict time constraints.
3. Low Power Consumption – Optimized for energy efficiency.
4. Compact Size – Small and integrated with hardware and software.
5. Reliability – Works continuously without failure.
b) Differentiate between IoT Devices and Computers.
Feature IoT Device Computer
Purpose Performs a specific function General-purpose computing
Connectivity Always connected Connected when needed
Power Usage Low power consumption High power consumption
User Interaction Minimal or no user interaction Requires user interaction
Example Smart thermostats, Sensors Laptops, Desktops
c) What is Sensor Networks?
Answer:
A Sensor Network is a collection of wirelessly connected sensor nodes that monitor and transmit
environmental data. It is used in IoT applications such as smart homes, industrial automation, and
healthcare.
d) Explain Threat Modeling in Detail.
Answer:
Threat modeling is a process used to identify security threats in an IoT system. The steps include:
1. Identifying Assets – Data, hardware, or network resources.
2. Threat Identification – Possible attacks such as malware, hacking, or DoS attacks.
3. Risk Assessment – Evaluating the severity of threats.
4. Mitigation Strategies – Implementing security measures like encryption and authentication.
e) Describe RFID Protocol in Detail.
Answer:
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a wireless communication protocol used for tracking and
identifying objects using radio waves.
• Components: RFID Tags, RFID Reader, and Backend Database.
• Working: RFID tags store data, which is read by the reader and processed by a system.
• Applications: Asset tracking, inventory management, and access control.
Q3) Attempt any TWO of the following (out of THREE)
[2 × 4 = 8]
a) Explain any two IP-based protocols in detail.
Answer:
1. HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) – Used for communication between web applications
and IoT devices. It is lightweight but not suitable for real-time applications.
2. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) – A lightweight messaging protocol used for
IoT communication, enabling publish-subscribe messaging.
b) List out the pillars of IoT. Explain any two of them.
Answer:
The pillars of IoT are:
1. Connectivity – Devices connect using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LPWAN, etc.
2. Security – Protecting data and devices from cyber threats.
3. Cloud Computing – Storing and processing IoT data in the cloud.
4. Big Data Analytics – Analyzing large volumes of IoT data.
c) Explain Amazon Web Services (AWS).
Answer:
AWS provides cloud computing services for IoT applications. Features include:
• AWS IoT Core – Connects IoT devices securely.
• AWS Lambda – Executes event-driven functions.
• AWS DynamoDB – Stores IoT data in real-time.
• AWS S3 – Provides scalable cloud storage.
Q4) Attempt any TWO of the following (out of THREE)
[2 × 4 = 8]
a) Explain the Security Model of IoT.
Answer:
The IoT Security Model consists of:
1. Device Security – Securing IoT hardware and firmware.
2. Network Security – Protecting communication channels from attacks.
3. Cloud Security – Encrypting and securing IoT data stored in the cloud.
4. Access Control – Ensuring only authorized users access the system.
b) What are the Networking Components?
Answer:
1. Sensors and Actuators – Collect and transmit data.
2. Gateways – Bridge IoT devices and networks.
3. Communication Protocols – Wi-Fi, Zigbee, LoRaWAN.
4. Cloud Platforms – Store and analyze IoT data.
c) Explain the Components of an Embedded System.
Answer:
1. Processor – Executes instructions (Microcontroller or Microprocessor).
2. Memory – Stores code and data (RAM, Flash).
3. Input/Output Devices – Sensors, Keyboards, Displays.
4. Communication Interface – SPI, I2C, UART for device communication.
Q5) Attempt any ONE of the following (out of TWO)
[1 × 3 = 3]
a) Explain IoT Communication Model in Detail.
Answer:
The IoT Communication Model consists of:
1. Perception Layer – Includes sensors and actuators that collect data.
2. Network Layer – Transmits data using Wi-Fi, LPWAN, or cellular networks.
3. Edge Computing Layer – Processes data locally before sending it to the cloud.
4. Cloud Layer – Stores and analyzes data.
5. Application Layer – Provides a user interface for controlling IoT devices.
b) Differentiate between M2M and WSN Protocols.
Feature M2M (Machine-to-Machine) WSN (Wireless Sensor Network)
Communication between machines without Network of sensors collecting and
Definition
human intervention transmitting data
Communication Uses wired or wireless Mostly wireless
Protocol
MQTT, CoAP Zigbee, LoRaWAN
Examples
Environmental monitoring, Smart
Application Industrial automation, Smart meters
agriculture
Q1) Attempt any EIGHT of the following (Out of TEN)
[8 × 1 = 8]
i) Using ________ an embedded system communicates with the outside world.
Answer:
(c) Peripherals
ii) ________ of the following is the way in which an IoT device is associated with data.
Answer:
(b) Cloud
iii) ________ of the following IoT networks has a very short range.
Answer:
(d) Short-range wireless network
iv) WSN stands for __________.
Answer:
(b) Wireless Sensor Network
v) What role does the cloud play in smart grid architecture?
Answer:
(b) Manage data
vi) The protection and security for an embedded system is made by ______.
Answer:
(a) Security chip
vii) RFID stands for _________.
Answer:
(d) Radio Frequency Identification
viii) _______ number of elements exist in open IoT architecture.
Answer:
(c) Four
ix) An IoT network is a collection of ________ devices.
Answer:
(c) Interconnected
x) Arduino UNO is __________.
Answer:
(b) Hardware device
Q2) Attempt any FOUR of the following (Out of FIVE)
[4 × 2 = 8]
i) What is an embedded system?
Answer:
An embedded system is a specialized computing system designed to perform dedicated functions. It
consists of:
1. Processor – Microcontroller or Microprocessor.
2. Memory – ROM, RAM for storage.
3. Input/Output Interfaces – Sensors, Actuators, Displays.
4. Real-time Operation – Works under strict time constraints.
ii) Define IoT. Why is IoT needed?
Answer:
IoT (Internet of Things) is a network of interconnected physical devices that communicate and
exchange data using the internet.
Need for IoT:
1. Automation – Reduces human effort in tasks.
2. Remote Monitoring – Enables control from anywhere.
3. Efficiency – Enhances productivity in industries.
4. Smart Solutions – Used in smart homes, healthcare, and agriculture.
iii) Define AWS IoT.
Answer:
AWS IoT (Amazon Web Services IoT) is a cloud platform that enables IoT devices to communicate,
process data, and integrate with applications.
Features:
• AWS IoT Core – Connects and manages IoT devices.
• AWS Lambda – Executes event-driven functions.
• AWS IoT Analytics – Analyzes IoT data.
iv) State and explain Threat Modeling in short.
Answer:
Threat modeling is a process of identifying security risks in an IoT system.
Steps in Threat Modeling:
1. Identify Assets – Data, network, and hardware.
2. Assess Threats – Cyberattacks like hacking or malware.
3. Analyze Vulnerabilities – Weak points in the system.
4. Implement Security Measures – Encryption, authentication, firewalls.
v) Short note on Sensor Networks.
Answer:
A Sensor Network is a collection of wirelessly connected sensors used for monitoring and data
collection.
Key Features:
1. Wireless Communication – Uses Zigbee, LoRa, or Wi-Fi.
2. Data Collection – Sensors collect environmental data.
3. Applications – Used in smart cities, agriculture, and healthcare.
Q3) Attempt any TWO of the following (Out of THREE)
[2 × 4 = 8]
i) What are the components of an embedded system?
Answer:
1. Processor – Microcontroller (ARM, PIC) or Microprocessor.
2. Memory – ROM for firmware, RAM for temporary storage.
3. Input Devices – Sensors, Keyboards.
4. Output Devices – Displays, Actuators.
5. Communication Interfaces – SPI, I2C, UART for data exchange.
ii) Explain any four protocols of IoT.
Answer:
1. MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) – Lightweight messaging protocol for IoT.
2. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) – Used for low-power IoT communication.
3. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) – Web-based communication.
4. LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) – Wireless protocol for long-range IoT
networks.
iii) Explain the Cloud Storage Model in detail.
Answer:
The Cloud Storage Model is used in IoT for storing and managing large-scale data.
1. Public Cloud – Services provided by third-party vendors (AWS, Google Cloud).
2. Private Cloud – Owned by a single organization for internal use.
3. Hybrid Cloud – Combination of public and private cloud.
4. Edge Computing – Processes data near the source before uploading to the cloud.
Q4) Attempt any TWO of the following (Out of THREE)
[2 × 4 = 8]
i) Explain the Pillars of IoT in detail.
Answer:
1. Connectivity – Devices communicate using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or LPWAN.
2. Security – Protecting data and devices from cyber threats.
3. Cloud Computing – Storing and processing data in cloud servers.
4. Big Data Analytics – Analyzing IoT data to gain insights.
ii) Explain IP-based protocols in detail.
Answer:
1. IPv4 (Internet Protocol v4) – Addresses IoT devices using a 32-bit address.
2. IPv6 (Internet Protocol v6) – Provides a larger address space (128-bit).
3. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) – Used for web-based communication.
4. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) – Designed for low-power IoT devices.
iii) Differentiate between Amazon Web Services & Skynet IoT.
Feature AWS IoT Skynet IoT
Ownership Amazon Open-source community
Cloud Model Centralized cloud Decentralized cloud
Security High-security standards Community-driven security
Scalability Highly scalable Moderate scalability
Usage Enterprise IoT solutions Experimental IoT applications
Q5) Attempt any ONE of the following (Out of TWO)
[1 × 3 = 3]
i) Explain IoT Security Model in detail.
Answer:
The IoT Security Model ensures safe communication and device protection.
1. Device Security – Prevents unauthorized access to IoT devices.
2. Network Security – Protects data transmission using encryption.
3. Cloud Security – Secures data stored in cloud services.
4. Access Control – Uses authentication methods like passwords, biometrics.
ii) Differentiate between IoT Communication Model and IoT Communication APIs.
Feature IoT Communication Model IoT Communication APIs
Definition Framework for how IoT devices communicate Software interfaces for IoT communication
Layers Perception, Network, Edge, Cloud, Application RESTful APIs, MQTT APIs, CoAP APIs
Examples Smart home automation, Industrial IoT Google Cloud IoT API, AWS IoT API