Index
S. No Content Page No
1 Introduction 2
2 Objective 3
3 Theory 4
4 Materials Required 5
5 Procedure 6
6 Observations 7
7 Calculations 8
8 Result 9
9 Discussion 10
10 Environmental Impact of Chlorides 11
11 Applications of Chloride Estimation 12
12 Conclusion 13
13 Precautions 14
14 Bibliography 15
1
Water is one of the most essential resources for life. The quality of drinking water is
assessed through various chemical and biological tests.
Chloride ions are naturally occurring minerals found in water due to dissolution of salt
deposits, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and sewage contamination.
Although chlorides do not pose major health hazards at low concentrations, higher levels
may indicate pollution and can affect taste, cause corrosion of metal pipes, and damage
agricultural soil.
Thus, determining chloride concentration is an important aspect of water quality
assessment.
2
1. To determine the concentration of chloride ions in a given drinking water sample.
2. To understand the argentometric titration method.
3. To study the chemical reaction involved between chloride ions and silver nitrate.
4. To analyze water quality based on chloride content.
3
Chloride ions (Cl) react with silver nitrate (AgNO) to form a white precipitate of silver
chloride (AgCl).
Potassium chromate (KCrO) acts as an indicator. At the endpoint, reddish-brown silver
chromate (AgCrO) forms.
Chemical Reactions:
1. Ag + Cl → AgCl↓ (white precipitate)
2. 2Ag + CrO² → AgCrO↓ (reddish-brown precipitate – endpoint)
This is known as Mohr’s method, an argentometric titration technique used specifically for
chloride ion estimation.
4
• Burette
• Pipette (25 mL)
• Conical flask
• Standard AgNO solution (0.02 N)
• Potassium chromate indicator (KCrO)
• Distilled water
• Measuring cylinder
• Funnel
• Drinking water sampler
5
1. Rinse the burette with AgNO solution and fill it up to the zero mark.
2. Pipette out 25 mL of the drinking water sample into a clean conical flask.
3. Add 1 mL of potassium chromate indicator to the flask.
4. Titrate the solution with AgNO until a permanent faint reddish-brown color appears.
5. Note the burette reading.
6. Repeat the titration to obtain concordant values.
7. Record all readings accurately.
6
Table: Titration Readings
• Volume of water sample taken = 25 mL
• Normality of AgNO = 0.02 N
Trial 1: 7.5 mL
Trial 2: 7.5 mL
Trial 3: 7.5 mL
Concordant value = 7.5 mL
7
Formula:
Chloride concentration (mg/L) = (V × N × 35.5 × 1000) / 25
Where,
V = Titre value (mL)
N = Normality of AgNO (0.02 N)
35.5 = Molar mass of Cl
25 = Volume of water sample (mL)
Substitute values after experiment to calculate final chloride concentration.
8
The concentration of chloride ions in the given drinking water sample was found to be:
212.7 mg/L
This value indicates whether the water sample is fit for drinking based on WHO water
standards (maximum permissible limit: 250 mg/L).
9
The Mohr's method is a precise and reliable method for estimating chloride levels in water.
A clear endpoint depends on correct use of indicator and avoiding excess.
Fresh AgNO solution gives more accurate results because old solutions darken due to
photochemical reaction.
The accuracy can also vary due to temperature, concentration errors, or human
observation of the color change.
10
Excess chloride in water can lead to:
1. Corrosion of pipelines and household appliances.
2. Soil degradation and reduced agricultural productivity.
3. Increased salinity harming aquatic life.
4. Poor taste and odor in drinking water.
5. Health effects like dehydration in sensitive individuals.
Therefore, chloride monitoring is critical for environmental and public health safety.
11
• Drinking water quality testing
• Industrial water treatment plants
• Sewage treatment monitoring
• Agricultural water analysis
• Marine water studies
• Desalination plant efficiency checking
12
The chloride concentration in the given water sample was successfully determined using
argentometric titration (Mohr’s method).
Based on the obtained value, the suitability of water for drinking purposes can be
assessed.
This project helped in understanding water chemistry, titration techniques, and
environmental relevance of chloride estimation.
13
1. Use freshly prepared AgNO solution.
2. Do not expose solutions to sunlight.
3. Add indicator in correct amount.
4. Ensure all apparatus is clean.
5. Avoid parallax error while taking readings.
6. Shake the flask continuously during titration.
7. Perform multiple trials for accuracy.
14
1. NCERT Chemistry Class 12 Textbook
2. Vogel’s Qualitative Analysis
3. School Laboratory Manual
4. WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality
5. Chemistry Reference Books
6. Verified Educational Websites
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