Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
This is the first chapter of the research that will elaborate the main theme and purpose of the
research study with the brief overview of the background of study along with problem statement.
Moreover, this chapter will also present research question, research aim along with the
objectives. Moreover, this chapter will also present overview of the main contents of the research
project. At the end, summary of the chapter will be presented.
1.2 Background
Projects’ quality is one of the important aspects of the project management. According to Arditi
and Gunaydin (1997), project quality management involves continuous measurement of the
quality standards and benchmark of the project. The evaluation of the project’s quality may help
project team ensure that project targets are met. Such an evaluation may also help in knowing if
there are any areas in which project team is lagging in terms of quality, and there is a need of
corrective action so that desired level of quality can be achieved (Winch, Usmani and Edkins,
1998). According to Goetsch and Davis (2014), project quality management has distinct stages
or processes, which includes quality planning, quality assurance, and quality control. Baker
(2018) added another stage, continuous improvement, in the quality management. Bhonde and
Shaikh (2015) elaborated that project quality management requires commitment to quality and
ensuring that project requirements are met. This can be done by ensuring different endeavors
related to the quality control. There are number of benefits of project quality management. For
example, Petrick (2002) suggested that project quality management leads to timely completion of
project as right things are carried out in the first instance so no delays will take place. Moreover,
according to Pambreni et al., (2019), if project meets its quality targets, it will increase the level
of satisfaction of customers, and they will continue buying from the organization and this will
increase the level of sales and profits of the organization. Further, commitment to project’s
quality standards will also increase the level of efficiency of the firms and will lead to reduction
in the waste.
1.3 Problem Statement
The increase in Covid-19 cases, around the globe required different health and safety measures
including social distancing (Fong et al., 2020). Businesses in various sectors were ordered to
close, public meetings were restricted, and lockdown measures were applied as part of the social
distancing. This had a significant impact on the global economy. The UK economy had a double-
digit drop during the lockdown period, according to economic modelling (PwC, 2020).
Moreover, it was discovered that the Covid-19 outbreak has a negative impact on project
management, processes, and productivity in several industries around the world (Bushuyev,
Bushuiev and Bushuieva, 2020). For instance, Bushuyev, Bushuiev and Bushuieva, (2020)
highlighted that as a result of social distancing and changing work environment arising from
work from home, employees were getting demotivated and had low job security. Moreover,
supply chain became less effective. These things had a significant impact on the decline of
pharmaceutical firms as they were less efficient in performing their responsibilities in a
proficient and progressive manner (Killen, Geraldi, and Kock, 2020). Due to the pandemic, firms
were unable to meet their production targets. Furthermore, pharmaceutical businesses had quality

1
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

control related challenges resulting in the delivery of low-quality products (Hyder et al., 2020). It
was difficult for the pharmaceutical industry to meet the demands of products due to increase in
demand, revision in diagnostic and treatment regulations, delays in research and development,
regulatory delays, and supply chain inefficiencies (Ayati, Saiyarsarai, and Nikfar, 2020).
To handle this situation, there was need for the leadership from the senior management of the
pharmaceutical industry. Muller and Turner (2010) suggested that that leadership is the ability of
a person to motivate others to achieve organizational goals and objectives. Leaders envision
employees and drive them to the desired path so that organization may achieve its quality targets.
In case of pharmaceutical industry, project managers may have the opportunity to handle covid
related situation. So, there is a need for an evaluation of role of project managers in leading
pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.
1.4 Research Question
The research key question of the research study is:
How did Covid-19 influence project managers’ to lead differently in the pharmaceutical industry
in order to meet their project quality management goals?
1.5 Research Aim and Objectives
The aim of this research is to evaluate the impact of Covid-19 on a project managers’ to lead and
achieve project quality management goals in the pharmaceutical industry.
Following are the research objectives of the study based on aforementioned research aim:
1. To critically review literature and identify leadership attributes that project managers may
show in time of crisis as well as to review literature to identify dimensions of project’s quality.
2. To evaluate the project managers’ action in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving
project’s quality goals during covid-19.
3. Based on the findings of the research, to put forth implications for project managers of
pharmaceutical organizations so that they may lead their organizations in the time of crisis.
1.6 Significance of Research
There are number of benefits of conducting research in this area. Following are few of these.
1. The findings of this research will highlight the key quality management challenges that
pharmaceutical Industry faced during covid-19.
2. This research will highlight the key challenges that project managers face in achieving quality
management goals through managing project teams.
3. The findings of this research will also highlight the way project managers lead pharmaceutical
project teams in achieving quality management goals.
4. This project will also present recommendations to project managers so that they may be able
to attain project’s quality management targets by working on their leadership styles.

2
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

5. The findings of this research will also present information related to the use of leadership
styles under crisis.
1.6 Structure of Research Report
The research report comprises of five chapters.
The first chapter starts with the introduction and background of the research along with the
problem statement. Moreover, this chapter also presented research aim and objectives. This
chapter also presented significance of research as well as structure of research report. In the end,
chapter summary will be presented. The second chapter will contain review of literature. The
main content that will be discussed in this chapter include >>>>>>>. Third chapter is related to
the research methodology. This chapter will present an account of research philosophy, research
approach, research strategy, time scale, and data collection instrument. This will be followed by
discussion on population and sampling along with data collection and analysis. Moreover,
researcher will also present discussion on research ethics. Chapter four will present findings and
discussion related to research objectives whereas chapter five will present conclusion,
recommendation along with limitations of research and future research areas.
1.8 Summary
This was the first chapter of the research. In this chapter, researcher presented background and
problem statement of the research. It was argued that project’s quality is important so project
managers should pay attention to it. Moreover, it was also discussed that Covid -19 posed
different types of challenges to project managers in achieving project quality goals. Based on the
background and problem statement, research aim was developed which was to evaluate the
impact of Covid-19 on a project managers’ to lead and achieve project quality management goals
in the pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, this chapter also presented an account of the structure
of the report along with significance of conducting research on this topic. In the next chapter,
researcher will present literature review.

3
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
In the previous chapter, researcher present aim and objectives of research. In the second chapter,
literature review of the research will be presented. Different themes that will be covered in this
chapter include project quality management and goals, role of project managers, project
managers leadership roles in crisis, Covid 19 as crisis and theoretical framework. At the end,
summary of the chapter will be given.
2.2 Project Quality Management and Goals
A projects consist of a series of events that begin with the emergence of a need, a development
plan would be prepared, and considered to be c ompleted when the project execution and
evaluation conclude the process (Aubry and Lavoie-Tremblay, 2018). In the project
management, there are tasks to be performed for the accomplishment of specified goals, within
pre-defined time schedule and by using specific resources (Horváth, 2019). Horváth (2019)
further said that definition of project management is the implementation of a new, one-time,
unique, and complex task by applying the associated project management tools and techniques in
accordance with the predefined deadline, budget, and quality constraints. The exercise of
constantly determining the quality acquisition of all operations and proper measures is to be
taken until the attention of desired quality is called project quality management (Zafarani, 2011).
Zafarani, (2011) further said that the process of quality management assist in cost management,
standardization, and the identification of the methods required to meet and maintain those
standards. The quality management of a project also minimizes the probability of defective
product or customers' dissatisfaction.
Project quality management can be assisted through quality planning, quality assurance, and
quality control. Quality control can't be measured after finishing the project. Project quality
management must be included from the start of the project and assist throughout the quality
management procedure (Kwak and Ibbs, 2002). Kwak and Ibbs (2002) further explain those
three quality management processes as in quality planning, which is the initial phase of the
quality process, identifying the desired grades and quality of services or products by using a
budget, scope, and schedule estimations. High quality can be achieved through proper planning,
instead of responding to identified problems. Requirements are chosen, and methods to meet
those standards are implemented. A company's quality policy should specify how it assesses
quality throughout the organization. Make it clear that the project adheres to the business policy
as well as any applicable government norms or regulations regarding quality planning. Once a
company has a quality plan and guidelines, the company can control project quality and quality-
control measures should be mentioned in the plan. Evaluation of project success and project
failure is important for every member of the team to understand the metrics used. Quality
assurance, the second phase, involves the lifecycle of the project instead of focusing on one step.
It ensures that some other procedures (Planning and Controlling) are followed correctly and also
that the project meets with any applicable company requirements. Quality assurance
involves pre-planning, periodic reviews, and internal audits to make it sure that work is executed
regularly and according to defined protocols, also to provide confidence to stakeholders that the

4
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

project will fulfil applicable quality requirements. To assure that the output of the project is
according to the need, perfect for the objectives, achieve the stakeholders' satisfaction, control
the quality, examination of the procedure, and quality measures are applied. The method utilized
for quality control should be based on the project's requirements. Quality control is evident in the
inspections and tests conducted to determine whether a product meets its specifications.

2.3 Role of Project Managers

The project manager must be more skillful than technical knowledge for efficient management.
Besides basic technical skills, the role requires a strategic business mindset, team-building
capabilities, conflict-resolution skills, change management expertise, and other key qualifications
in high demand. Among these roles, at a basic level, an effective project manager demonstrates
leadership, motivates teammates, prioritizes tasks, and solves problems. But to be a high-
performing project manager, the manager needs to be a strategic business partner with an interest
in the organization's success and be able to deal with difficulties. Certain qualities, combined
with the necessary technical skills, will allow becoming more attractive as a project manager,
providing a solid reason for adapting to ever-changing project dynamics by prioritizing the needs
of stakeholders (Ribeiro, Amaral, and Barros, 2021). The project manager has various roles in
the industry to perform, project quality management is also a key role of a manager within an
organization. Project quality manager refers to the process in which maintenance of the product
quality is a key factor (Munns and Bjeirmi, 1996). In order to understand project quality
management, these are the fundaments including; customer satisfaction, the process of
improvement, fact base management, and performance empowerment, which refers to enhancing
the understanding of project quality management more clearly (Arditi and Gunaydin, 1997).
The importance of leadership of the project manager plays a vital role to ensure success because
the manager ensures that the deliverable is what the customer needs, that it is in good shape and
that the client receives a genuine value. One of the most important qualities of a project manager
is leadership. The basic roles of the leadership of a project manager include initializing planning,
coordination with employees and their tasks, keeping motivated and inspiring employees, and
making effective decisions (Müller and Turner, 2010). A clear purpose is an important aspect for
a project manager because it ensures good planning and execution of the project so that the final
goals are met. Effective project managers work with the customer, team, and management to set
realistic timeframes. When a team works on a project, quality is the first thing that is expected of
them. If the project's quality is harmed, the team, particularly the project manager, is liable to the
client, stakeholders, and management because he is the one in charge of the project. A project
manager is an expert in his field who is well-known in all aspects of project management. He's
also capable of handling a crisis. A project manager monitors a project on a daily basis and keeps
track of its progress. He keeps the client informed at all times and achieves a positive outcome
(Meng and Boyd, 2017).
The role of the project manager with the perspective of project quality management is very
important. A project manager assures that project quality is well organized and practical. He also
assures that the whole team of the project is working together for the same goals of quality and
common concern of cost-efficiency. Quality and cost-effectiveness within the project are
possible when it comes to the constant process of education, communication with the team

5
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

members for suggestions and recommendations, motivating the teammates, showing

professionalism, and dedicated participation of every member of the team. Participation of every
member is mandatory as each of them is involved in the quality management process. Active
involvement of the project's team members is key to its success because the more members feel
they are contributing to the success of a project, the more efforts they will put into that project
(Patterson, 1983).
In times of crisis, the importance of leadership in project management cannot be emphasized. In
fact, in a difficult situation like Covid-19, good leadership is needed. All team members under
the command of the leadership of the project manager must need guidance and advice from their
heads in order to perform their duties during this uncertain time. As a project manager, the
importance of his leadership has a mandatory effect on the efficiency of the project, and his
attitude and approach in times of adversity will have a significant impact on team members
(Chen and Sriphon, 2021). The project manager has to lead at all levels must be like the voice of
reason and comfort especially in the crises like the Covid-19 pandemic when employees are
adjusting themselves to work remotely and trying to maintain themselves in global health crises
(Cyfert, Glabiszewski, and Zastempowski, 2021).

2.4 Role of Project Manager in Managing Quality

A project manager is in charge for implementing the project management methodology to ensure
project quality success consistently. On the other hand, according to views of Jugdev and Müller
(2005), the project may seem successful from a project manager’s perspective, but if the final
product fails to meet the expectation of customers, even though it is delivered within the given
time, budget, and quality constraints, the project may be considered unsuccessful. To achieve
project quality is directly proportional to the experience and learning of the project manager
(Rubin and Seelig,1967; Belassi, and Tukel, 1996). Quality refers to expectations of client and
stakeholder from the project output and project manager is responsible of implementing a project
quality management plan. The fundamental goal of the manager is offering a product in
accordance the description of customers and stakeholders. In order to accomplish this, a
knowledge of quality management is required.. (Anderson, 1992).
The role of the project manager and his strategies has a great impact on the success of products
and services when the effectiveness of these strategies can greatly enhance the success of
products or services when successfully implemented (Carvalho and Rabechini, 2017). Carvalho
and Rabechini (2017) further said that IPMA (International Project Management Association)
encourages effective performance management systems for quality project management
processes, as well as testing systems to evaluate the potential of project managers for the
upcoming challenges. These managerial methods and procedures with prescribed strategies and
resources help to boost the capacity of production and maintain project budget and project
schedule. A project manager has a vital role of managing the project quality by implementing
appropriate standards of project management, handling the required production of deliverables,
reporting and scheduling the project, preparing and establishing the project, error handling,
controlling the project challenges, monitoring overall growth and energy use, establishing
appropriate action as required, as well as applicable change control and design management
processes, awareness and comparison of possible interdependencies with the impact of the other

6
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

projects, implementation, and adaptation of techniques and standards of quality strategies,

recognize and acquire assistance and advice needed for project quality management, undertaking
a project evaluation analysis to identify how often the project was managed, and arranging any
follow-on action if recommended (Meng and Boyd, 2017). Benson, Saraph, and Schroeder
(1991) further explain the roles of project managers in managing quality, a project quality
manager's job is to lead quality assurance and control methods for diverse projects. They usually
work with project managers to determine the project's needs and objectives, guaranteeing
timeliness and a seamless workflow. Management of quality control and assurance teams,
formulating goals and objectives, establishing guidelines, and designing strategies to optimize
operations are all part of their responsibilities. Furthermore, it is a manager's responsibility to
oversee the team and inspire them to meet their objectives while complying with the norms of
the company.

7
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

2.4 Project Managers Leadership Roles in Crisis

2.5 Covid 19 as Crisis

2.6 Theoretical Framework

The pharmaceutical industry is responsible for the development, production, and marketing of
medicines and pharmaceuticals equipment. It includes a variety of activities such as research,
chemicals, regulation, and interaction. The pharmaceutical industry, on the other hand, has
different characteristics depending on the region. The pharmaceutical industry in Europe, the
European Medicines Agency and European Union-wide legislation oversee this industry,
focusing on packaging, quality, transparency, and regulatory procedures. Bayer is Europe's
largest pharmaceutical firm. Pharmaceutical firms invested approximately 35.2 billion euros in
research & development in 2017, and this figure is expected to rise in the next years, indicating
that this industry in Europe has a bright future (Hutton et al., 1994). The annual report shows that
the turnover of pharmaceutical products in the wholesale market of the United Kingdom which
was over 51 billion pounds for the year of 2019. The market of pharmaceutical in the United
Kingdom considered to be one of the top ten markets world widely, with 2.5 percent of world
widely pharmaceutical sales (Mossialos and Oliver, 2005).
To enhance the reputation, increase profits and provide higher-quality medications,
pharmaceutical firms strive to develop high-quality products. They rely on well-designed
pharmaceutical quality systems (PQS) to fulfill these goals, which involve the management of
quality through processes with the goal of creating high-quality finished goods (Haleem et al.,
2015). Quality Assurance (QA) encompasses all aspects of pharmaceutical products that may
affect the quality. The goals of quality assurance include the verification and confirmation of
prescribed medicine effectively gives the desired impact to the person taking it; to keep
the patients away from receiving a wrong prescription by mistake; and to verify that medications
follow all the rules. (Dubey et al., 2011).
The new virus (Covid-19) was found in Wuhan, China and it was reported for the first time in
December 2019. The first case was officially registered on the 31st of December, 2019 for no
known reason. So this case was registered as pneumonia and informed to World Health
Organization (WHO). After some weeks, WHO announced the rapidly increasing cases of this
new virus on the 30th of January, 2020, and declared the official name of the new virus as a
coronavirus (Covid-19) on the 11th of February, 2020. After nine days, US Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) reported the first case of death caused by Covid-19. With the
increasing rate of viral disease, over 2.5 million cases were registered by the 23rd of April, 2020
(Almaghaslah et al., 2020). Government officials, health authorities, and the general public were
unable to understand the cause of the rapidly increasing rate of viruses in the first month. The
high rate of spreading this virus was considered as one of the biggest challenges for health
organizations worldwide and it was breaking down the healthy safety measures and crashing the
economy of the countries (Tanrıvermiş, 2020). Covid-19 was considered to be unstoppable and

8
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

became a severe problem that seemed to be confined to China, Covid-19 transformed into a
global health emergency overnight. So WHO declared a pandemic on the 11th of March, 2020
(Ciotti et al., 2020). To overcome pandemic, strict lockdown with precautionary measures, like
proper social distancing, using of masks, hand sanitization, and traveling restrictions locally and
internationally, was implemented all over the world in order to minimize the ratio of virus
transformation. Because scientists knew that these measures could only minimize the ratio of
spreading the virus but not recover coronavirus (Ornell, et al., 2020).

9
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

2.7 Chapter Summary

2.4 Problems that Project Manager May Face in Managing Quality

Earlier in the pandemic, decision-making procedures were clear, and resource management was
effective, nevertheless, in the business world, the change induced by Covid-19 is regarded as a
technological issue (Müller and Klein, 2020). Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, multiple industries
were facing an increasing rate of challenges. It became difficult for the industries, especially
those which were associated with the health and care sector like; the pharmaceutical industry, to
perform their operations in order to maintain their product quality and product management
procedure. Furthermore, due to the outbreak of the virus, every industry including
pharmaceutical found it difficult to balance and accommodate their system and their employees
and maintain the quality of products and progress of the industry (Jasmine, 2019). The pandemic
has increased digitization, putting additional strain on project managers, team members,
stakeholders, and the quality assurance department. (Bushuyev, Bushuiev and Bushuieva, 2020).
Bushuyev, Bushuiev, and Bushuieva (2020) further said that due high pressure of Covid-19,
project managers have no time to adequately examine project needs, requirements, or quality,
which would blow heavily in the later stages of multiple projects, resulting in more funds and
effort spent on the redesign of the project. The project manager of an organization is responsible
for ensuring that the organization complies with all legal responsibilities and finds precautionary
measures which is implemented by the authorities in order to take efficient and suitable action to
maintain the quality of the products or services (Casady and Baxter, 2020).
Many pharmaceutical companies have already taken a precautionary approach in the context of
the threat posed by Covid-19 (Chatterjee, 2020). Chatterjee (2020) further explains that the
changes in the operation of pharmaceutical project operations (e.g., availability of products and
product quality) and the continuing of these activities with additional organizational measures in
order to avoid risks are examples of changes that will last indefinitely. The Covid-19 pandemic's
social distancing and quarantine precautions have transformed the way things are done
by limiting typical activities and seminars, hospital access, and communication with physicians
directly (Aravind and Manojkrishnan, 2020). In order to take logistic support in this industry, an
administrator must be able to have a thorough understanding that how the organization works
and operations that distinguish it from others, for example managing the sensitive goods, quality
control, documentation and adherence to strict regulations (Aravind and Manojkrishnan, 2020).
In the industry of pharmaceutical, a development model of process adjustment requires in every
project. The goods have their own distinct characteristics, sensitivity, and quality, and their
logistics necessitate a comprehensive awareness of customer requirements as well as the delivery
of customized solutions. (Corey et al., 2020).
Some problems and challenges which are listed below are the major obstacles to effective quality
assurance. Each problem is discovered, concerns are expressed, and a
successfully identified solution. Because the majority of these problems are interconnected
and have an impact on the others (Goolsby, 2018).

10
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

2.4.1. Management Commitment

According to Goolsby (2018), all of the issues raised have a connection to quality management
commitment. If the correct details are not given to management, there will almost certainly be a
lack of support. Identifying and determining the details, cost, setting a timeline, and obtaining
clearance for completing all essential steps is the first stage in a strategy to correctly solve
challenges and reduce risk. It's also important to keep management up to date on the progress of
these challenges.
2.4.2 Insufficient Quality and Production Planning
Goolsby (2018) further stated that team support is necessary for technical and logistical capacity
for the sales function to create reasonable rates. Setting up a product price without consulting the
team and without team feasibility analysis may lead to the sales being underquoted. This
insufficiency may lead the result in quality reductions. To stay on the top of any possible
technological issues, a risk analysis needs to be included in the evaluation capability. The needs
of the client as a result of design plans should be shared with all major stakeholders.
2.4.3 Quality Support for Problem-Solving and Continuous Improvement Project Teams
Goolsby (2018), Marnewick and Marnewick (2019) found out that the maximization of an
organization's performance and maintain a competitive edge, continuous efforts to sort out the
hurdles and continuous improvements are essential on basis of problems. Failure to build project
teams or add improper team members would be the resultant of less service quality, and high rate
of risk for the company.
2.4.4 Employees Communication and Engagement
Ladewski and Al-Bayati (2019) elaborated that to keep all employees informed is important for
production and quality assurance, and the organization's morale which can help in developing a
healthy culture. Employees and management are both involved in this two-way strategy.
Unable to build these links will result in information gaps in both directions, resulting in a drop
in quality and productivity and the commitment of employees to contribute. Employees are
communicated through monthly meetings, posting (current) statistics, newsletters, and other
means. Maximizing employee engagement through countermeasures, continuous improvement
projects, and training needs analysis. Communication and engagement also include managers
engaging their employees on a regular basis to encourage two-way communication.
2.4.5 Procedures and Instructions not Written/Updated
Mullen (2019) introduced that there is no trend of written instructions in some organizations and
they mostly focus and rely on oral communications and retain memories. The number of
documentation required must be disclosed by the complexity and interactions of the several
processes, and also the degree of the employee's training. In order to create a set of work
instruction for individuals who perform the task frequently, it is a good idea to have a basic
version available at the point of use.
2.4.6 Breakdown in Customer Relationship
Mukami and Kiiru (2019) found out that breakdown the relationship of customer is normally
happened because of weak or unavoidable delivery quality and associated communications. This
is often associated by a failure to follow up on problems or a lack of significant effort in
resolving issues. The importance of keeping continuous communication on the progress of any
problem must include a plan of action with a deadline.

11
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

2.4.7 Training and Development

According to Hamid et al. (2019), at some stage, this is a systematic problem that affects the
majority of organizations. It is common practice to assign a job area to the new worker as early
as possible. Managers who often contact new workers in their workplace report that they
frequently express concern regarding job training. Workers are often hesitant to contact their
boss about being criticized in order to get or recall all of the knowledge given to them during
their brief training session. The ideal training program would have approved written documents
that take into account previous knowledge.
2.4.8 High Turnover and Shortage in Quality
Chegini, Asghari and Kakemam (2019) stated that a turnover at all levels of an organization can
have an impressive impact. In addition to poor supervisory training relating to performance
difficulties, high turnover with poor quality production can also be a result of lake of
appreciation or mistreatment by supervisors. A common phrase "People are your finest
resource," must be a management's thoughts.
2.4.9 Lack of Investment in Quality Equipment
Hakim (2019) conducted a research and analyzed that management must have plans ahead so
that enough funding available for equipment maintenance, restoration, or replacement after
problem-solving and improvement team have determined the objectives. Many organizations
have expectations for the solution of problem and ongoing improved activities on the front end,
but many activities fail because of diminishing or shifting priorities. Management must have a
long-term vision to keep the commitments in order to carry forward investments.
2.4.10 Supplier Evolution and Development
Yu, Zhang and Huo (2019) presented that suppliers play a vital role in the quality equation, and
their importance cannot be overstated. Usually, organization has no issues with suppliers till they
may create problems. Frequently, organizations do not address these problems until they receive
rejected materials from the supplier. To examine the improvement of suppliers is an important
features which must be on the top of the list.

12
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

2.5 Solution that Project Manager May Have in Managing Quality

In the sector of pharmaceutical, quality management is essential for achieving the industry's
quality control and regulatory standards. Risk management, scheduling, planning, and control, as
well as complete quality assessment, can all be used effectively in the process of bringing
medicine to market in a cost and time-efficient manner using project quality management
methodologies (Azanha et al., 2017). The project quality manager makes sure that the
completion of all projects correctly for the very first time in order to avoid revision and reduce
the time schedule of project. The manager of project quality ensures the consistency and
regulation in tracking of project, initial cost and whole project cost, quality control, project plans,
and project authorization for reconsideration as well as for evaluation. Timetable and quality
control measures are the two most important challenges in the pharmaceutical sector, both of
which are addressed particularly by project management tools and project manager's procedures
(Hohmeier and Desselle, 2019). Project quality management normally involves essential stages:
initiation, planning and preparation, supervision, and completion. In the pharmaceutical sector,
these measures are becoming more complicated, and the risks connected with medication
discovery, developing a high quality medicines, and testing it from the beginning is essential
(Gemünden et al., 2018). Due to the expected cost rises, the increased focus on risk of
management across supply chains network will undoubtedly during Covid-19. The
pharmaceutical industry must evaluate its aims, risk assessment, and network footprint in order
to control these risks. They may also reconsider how much additional capacity they will require,
as well as how they might improve or maintain quality while growing capacity (Kelleher et al.,
2020). According to the further studies of Kelleher et al. (2020), some possibilities can improve
pharmaceutical authorization, such as quality assessment and risk evaluation procedures for new
material certification and verification, monitoring systems for both the site audit work and the
use of electronic batch records are all required.
Russell and Miles (1998) define quality as “the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics
fulfill the requirement". According to ISO 9000, Russell and Miles (1998) further explain the
solution for the project manager to manage quality as; to commit the quality and share it with the
team members and consider how to resolve the discrepancy between the stated goal and an
attractive cost-cutting. Stick to the criteria and project requirements once the quality has been
defined. Work with the team members to create a practical framework for quality management,
including appropriate standards and quality protocols, and conduct a quality audit to assess how
appropriately the team is following the plan and satisfying customers' requirements. Ensure that
the products are correct and defect-free, and maintain quality attention throughout the project.
Clear and well-defined instructions lead to reduce in reworking and delays. Documentation is
needed for everything from the beginning to the end of the project to ensure that nothing is
neglected. It is safe to maintain all of the records. Whenever project adjustments are made or a
new requirement is added to the project execution, a record of such variations should be kept to
stay ahead. This will assist in the project's assessment leading up to the final project delivery
deadlines.
Chauhan, Jakhar, and Kumar (2022) conducted a research that the supplies of pharmaceutical
considered to be a protection against Covid-19 disease. As a result, the research goal was to
develop a complete socio-technical decision-making framework in order to select pharmaceutical
suppliers in a pandemic setting in order to ensure pharmaceutical quality. The investigation of

13
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

researcher was carried out using the Bayesian best worst method (BWM) and the multi-
attributive border approximation area comparison (MABAC) approach. The relevance of criteria
identified for supplier selection in a pandemic was computed using Bayesian BWM, and the
suppliers were assessed using the MABAC approach. In addition to manage the quality of
products, pharmaceutical distributors can use hybrid models to make profitable and socially
beneficial business decisions during pandemic. The hybrid models suggested that pharmacies are
most concerned about quality supplies in a pandemic environment.
Abdallah, A.A. (2021) delivered a purpose to assist the product quality managers to a strict
structure that provides a company's performance during a pandemic. In order to examine the
criteria of quality assurance and maintenance, the author conducted a survey of 500 companies to
find out the way they use in their manufacturing procedure. Among the selected companies, the
author examined that many of the companies use lean management procedure in order to have a
high quality products and maintain the quality of products during pandemic. According to the
research, use of lean or any other method is to develop a framework for the preparation of
pandemic. After the pandemic of Covid-19, companies started thinking of a taking precautionary
measures and healthy work place by using lean management and/or kaizen, but it is ok if any of
the company use any other method to maintain the quality of the products.
Abdolazimi et al. (2021) stated that Covid-19 influenced healthcare and pharmaceutical supply
chain. In this research, the researcher found that the infection rate of Covid-19 among the
workers of pharmaceutical affected by the supply chain of products in order to deliver effective
and quality products. The researcher introduced an upgraded version of the enhanced e-
constraint technique, which was used to solve the case study of a supply chain of company in
order to demonstrate the efficiency of producing quality products. Finally, the researcher was
able to introduce two robust model to prevent the pharmaceutical worker from the infection of
Covid-19.

14
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

2.6 Pharmaceutical Industry, Quality Management and Covid-19

2.9 Summary
This is summarized in that the chapter presented detailed information on the topic of the
research. This chapter elaborated the brief definition and explanation of the manager of project
quality as well as the interconnection of the manager of project quality with project quality
management and the roles of the manager in managing the quality. Furthermore, the study
elaborated that the project quality manager may face different kinds of problems and challenges
in the pharmaceutical industry for the sake of maintenance and managing the project quality
within the crucial time of the Covid-19 pandemic and how the manager led the industry as well
as led his team in order to execute policies and quality assurance measures in the tough era
where the main problem was to prevent the industry worth as well as the to prevent people from
the virus. The research presented that several pharmaceutical companies have already taken
precautions as a result of Covid-19 threat. Every medicine has different characteristics, their
logistical management involves not only a comprehensive assessment of consumer needs but
also the implementation of customized strategies, particularly during Covid-19 emergencies.
Moreover, this chapter explained the pharmaceutical industry, its quality management, and the
history of Covid-19 which influenced the growth of the pharmaceutical industry as well as
damaged the product quality and availability which affected both the employees and the
management and it became difficult to get rescued from the outbreak of pandemic and its
disaster.

15
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
The research question was established in the first chapter of this research, and a literature review
was conducted in the second chapter based on the research question. The literature was examined
in order to acquire a thorough understanding of the impact of Covid-19 on the project manager in
order to achieve the goals of project quality in the pharmaceutical business.
In addition to the introduction and summary, chapter three includes various sections. This
chapter will examine the research design, including the research philosophy, approach, and
strategy, how data will be analyzed, and the data collection instrument. This chapter will also
cover data collection methods and how to choose between positivism and interpretivism. This
chapter will cover population analysis and unit of analysis. In addition, the chapter will cover an
overview of quantitative and qualitative research methods that can be utilized to acquire a better
understanding of data, as well as the ethical framework and ethical issues. In the end, the chapter
will include a presentation on research planning as well as a chapter summary.
3.2 Need and Type of Research
Sometimes researcher faces a situation in which he does not have sufficient knowledge to make a
decision. In this scenario, he has to collect the data from the different mediums in order to make
a concept regarding the situation and decision. In order to conduct research, the researcher used
three different types of research and these types include; primary vs secondary, qualitative vs
quantitative, and basic vs applied (Cooper, Schindler, and Sun, 2006). In this research, the
researcher found that the increase in the rate of Covid-19 spreading over the world is due to the
implementation of several health and safety precautions, including social distance. As part of the
social distancing, businesses were ordered to close, limitation in public meetings, and lockdown
precautions were implemented. This had a substantial influence on the global economy as a
whole, as well as the UK economy, which appears to have dropped by double digits during the
lockdown (PwC, 2020). Due to the pandemic and a lack of effective project management
practices, most organizations were unable to reach their production potential. Furthermore, due
to a lack of proper regulatory bodies, most pharmaceutical companies were unable to regulate
quality, resulting in the distribution of low-quality medicines all over the world (Hyder et al.,
2020).
According to the situation, the researcher needs to conduct research about the leadership
behavior of the project manager during the crucial time of pandemic and how the manager meets
up his responsibilities within the organization and fulfills his duties in order to achieve the
project quality goals. The researcher conducted this research is to collect the information about
the defined statements and be able to aid his research process according to the available
information or research conducted by the other authors. For this research, the researcher set an
aim and that was to examine the impact of Covid-19 on a project manager's ability to lead and
achieve project quality management objectives in the UK pharmaceutical sector.
Since the researcher hasn’t had sufficient information, he decided to collect data linked to the
research concerns in order to solve problems. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the
findings of that areas through surveys that are still undiscovered. The evaluation process includes

16
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

the responsibilities, duties, and rights of the project manager and his leadership as well as
includes the key factors that influence the quality assurance of the products of the pharmaceutical
industry of the UK during Covid-19. The findings of the research will help people to maintain
and run their organization at the crucial time and to learn managerial skills and prepare them to
face any kind of situation that they may have. Furthermore, this research will provide an analysis
of developing productive strategies, identify and solve business problems, and the opportunities
for new comer companies.
Bassellier, Reich, and Benbasat (2001) elaborated the definition of research is to describe a
comprehensive examination of a specific subject or problem using scientific methodologies.
Research is a systematic investigation into a phenomenon in order to describe, explain, forecast,
and control it. In this research, the researcher identified the research aim and objectives in the
light of research problems in chapter one and then elaborated the research history in chapter two
in order to make a survey questionnaire and detailed analysis of research and its methodology in
chapter three.
In this research, the researcher will do primary research as he will collect data through a
questionnaire in order to gather information about the research topic. As well as this can be
applied research as it has a set research aim and purpose (Bickman, Rog, and Hedrick, 2009). In
this primary research, a framework of the research onion of Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill,
(2007) will be applied.
3.3 Research Design
Research design is a framework of a researcher in which he chooses methods and techniques to
proceed with his research in a specific area of interest. Research design includes research
philosophies, approaches, strategies, time scales, and data collection tools (Ikuine, 2022). For
this research, the research choose Saunders research onion framework.
3.3.1 Research Philosophy
Crossan, (2003) elaborated the research philosophy is the information, assumptions, and nature
of the research. This theory governs the specific technique to obtaining information with a
thorough understanding of ideas and assumptions of various researchers. In other words, the
theory guides the researcher in designing a research strategy, formulating questionnaires, and
selecting samples. According to the definition of Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill, (2007)
philosophies of research refer to the knowledge developed by researchers during their research
and according to their research onion, there is three kind of philosophies and these are
positivism, interpretivism, and realism.
Positivism Philosophy:
The positivism philosophy approach is interlinked to the concept of true information obtained
through measurements and observations (Winit‐Watjana, 2016). Since the researcher has chosen
quantitative research methods, positivism will be the research philosophy of choice. Positivism is
a technical philosophy that assumes that researchers and research methodologies can perceive
study phenomena even when researchers are the separate entity from the research setting
(Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill, 2007).
Interpretivism Philosophy:

17
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

It is a philosophical approach based on the philosophical position of idealistic philosophy, in

which researchers interpret study factors in light of this philosophy (Ryan, 2018). This
philosophy is normally used in the qualitative method of research in which it can be assumed that
the researcher and research settings are same. There is a flexibility in this philosophy, as long as
the researcher has no goal or objective for the research (Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill, 2007).
Realism Philosophy:
This research philosophy usually refers to the researcher conducting research in natural science.
Normally a controlled environment is required while conducting this research, like laboratories.
So, here, the researcher does not need this philosophy.
3.3.2 Research Approach
The research approach is dependent on the nature of a research question. The approach is a plan
and technique that includes everything from broad assumptions to precise data collecting,
analysis, and interpreting procedures (Flanagan, 1978). A research approach is divided into three
categories: the deductive approach, the inductive approach, and the abductive approach, and
these approaches provide a general plan for conducting a study.
Deductive Approach:
After critical observations have been made of any particular subject, a deductive approach is
used to develop a theory (O’Gorman, Lochrie, and Watson, 2014). The researcher will choose
the deductive approach of research as it is directly proportional to positivism as well as to the
quantitative approach. This approach supports the researcher if the research has identified the
research question, research aim, and research objectives.
Inductive Approach:
The inductive approach of research is directly proportional to interpretivism as well as to the
qualitative approach where the researcher does not have identified research question, research
aim, and research objectives (Katelaan, Matheja, and Zuleger 2019). Due to the fact that this
research project does not rely on qualitative data, an inductive approach will not be chosen.
Abductive Approach:
Dubois and Gadde (2002) stated that the abductive approach of research is a theoretical
framework that can be explained, developed or altered before, during or after the research
process as opposed to inductive and deductive research. This approach can be useful when both,
qualitative and quantitative data is used for research purposes, but here we are conducting
research with only quantitative data.
3.3.3 Research Strategy
According to Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2007), the research philosophy and approach
determine the research strategy. Both quantitative, as well as a qualitative strategies, can be
involved. Due to the quantitative nature of this research, the researcher will choose research
strategy from the options that included experiment, action research, and survey and discarded all
qualitative methodologies such as case studies, grounded theory, ethnography, and archival
research.
Experiment:

18
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

It's usually associated with realism, as it allows researchers to explore causes and effects in
specific settings and controlled situations (Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill 2007). Experiments as
a philosophy will not be chosen because the findings of this research will be dependent on facts
acquired from natural science research.
Action research:
Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2007) further explained action research as it might be either
qualitative or quantitative in nature. Action research is linked to positivism since the researchers
have a research problem. It includes gathering information and putting it into practice in order to
achieve the desired outcomes. If the desired outcomes are not obtained, the researcher must redo
the study procedure, which is not practically possible in practice due to a lack of time and
resources.
Survey:
According to the research onion framework of Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2007), survey is
the most frequently implemented approach and is linked with the deductive method and
positivism. The deductive method and positivism relate to quantitative data collected from a
large population through the use of a questionnaire. Therefore the survey strategy will be used in
this study and carried out data in the pharmaceutical industry of the United Kingdom.
3.3.4 Time Scale
The layer includes the option of cross-sectional design and time-series design. The researcher
used a cross-sectional approach to collecting data because there was no need to collect data twice
or more than once. Time-series data is characterized by the collection of data twice or more.
3.3.5 Data Collection Instrument
According to the framework of research onion of Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill (2007), data
collection can be possible through questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, and
observation. As the research is conducted on quantitative data, the instrument that a researcher
can use during his research in order to collect the data is a questionnaire that can be utilized in
the survey. The researcher created a computerized version of the questionnaire in Microsoft form
and sent it to potential respondents as a fillable link. The goal of the study will be explained to
respondents before their participation in the study. Researchers will do this to ensure that
participants would give an informative response. Interviews, focus group discussions, and
observation are the other options which are interlinked with qualitative data base research and
these options will not be chosen since they produce qualitative information.
3.4 Population and Sampling
The population of this research study is the pharmaceutical industry of the United Kingdom. Due
to lack of time and lack of financial resources, the researcher was unable to collect information
from the whole population. Therefore, the researcher decided to collect information through a
defined sample size of pharmaceutical companies and collected data from representatives of
these companies. It was determined that a sample of 100 project managers of pharmaceutical
companies would be chosen, and data from those companies would be collected. Only forty-
eight respondents responded out of a total of 100 that were contacted by the researcher. Nineteen
of these respondents responded right away, while the remaining twenty-one responded after the
first and second reminders. Eight of the forty-eight responses were incomplete, thus the

19
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

researcher did not use them in the study. Finally, the conclusions given in the next chapter are
based only on information gathered from forty respondents.
In order to select a sampling technique, two strategies are available named probability base
sampling and non-probability-based sampling. The researcher selects the probability base
sampling if he has the accurate figure and information of all elements (members/ respondents).
Non-probability base sampling is the opposite when no accurate figure and information is
available of all elements (Kim and Wang, 2019). In this research study, the researcher did not
have access to the list of project managers/respondents of pharmaceutical companies in the
United Kingdom, so he decided to use non-probability-based sampling. The researcher contacted
research from 100 project managers/respondents of pharmaceutical companies in the United
Kingdom using a variety of approaches, including phone calls and social media platforms.
3.5 Data Collection
Data collection is the first phase in any research project, and a researcher defines his aim,
objectives, and hypothesis based on that data. It is the process of gathering and analyzing data
using research ideologies, research techniques, research plans, time scales, and data collection
tools (Dauter, 1999). Data can be divided into two categories, one is primary data and the other is
secondary data. Primary data refers to the collection of data for the first time, while on the other
hand, secondary data refers to the collection of data from different sources, like; journals,
articles, or newspapers (Hox and Boeije, 2005). The data collection strategy used in this study is
a primary data collection method in a quantitative approach, in which data will be acquired
through designed questionnaire.
3.6 Data Analysis
The basis of any research or data analysis is the research question as well as the research strategy
of any given study. In other words, data analysis is the process of evaluating collected data using
logical approaches (Garg, 2016). The information gathered will be reviewed to ensure that it is
suitable for use in the research project. Following that, the researcher will code the information
and enter it into the statistical program for social sciences (St. Pierre and Jackson, 2014). The
data will be analyzed primarily using multiple regression, which will involve evaluating the
impact of various external and internal variables on the viewpoint of the project manager who
concerns with quality management in the pharmaceutical industry. While conducting this study,
the researcher will analyze the measures of central tendency and dispersion to confirm that the
multiple-regression assumptions are achieved.
3.7 Reliability and Validity
Consistency in measurement refers to reliability while the accuracy of measurement refers to
validity (Lakshmi and Mohideen, 2013). Test/retest, parallel form, inter-rater, and inter-item are
four metrics that can be used to confirm the reliability of findings. Inter-item, as measured by
Cronbach's alpha, will be used in this study and required alpha value is 0.7 or higher (Bajpai and
Bajpai, 2014). Bajpai and Bajpai, 2014) further stated that to find out the validity of the project,
the researcher will establish content validity, construct validity, internal validity, and external
validity of the findings of research the project. *************** more elaboration if needed.
3.8 Research Ethics

20
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

During the preparation and implementation of this research, the researcher promises to respect
research ethics. This research, for example, will not damage human or animal lives. Furthermore,
the researcher will carry out this study on his own account. There will be no plagiarism or data
that has been copied in this paper. There will be citations and references for all secondary
literature sources. Furthermore, there will be no betrayal of respondents because responses will
be acquired after they have been informed of the research's goal.
3.9 Summary
The third chapter of the research study included the research design after the introduction of the
chapter. In research design, it is stated that why this research is needed in the context of project
manager’s leadership challenges in the pharmaceutical industry during Covid-19 and the
adoption of Saunders framework of research onion in order to design research philosophy,
research approach, research strategy, time scale, and data collection tools. According to the
framework of Saunders, this research study allowed to conduct a quantitative research method
and adopted a positivism research philosophy. Positivism research philosophy refers to the
deductive research approach because, in this study, the aim and objectives are already identified.
Moreover, research designs refer to the research strategy, research strategy indicated the way of a
collection of data and information and then research data collection tools are defined with the
time scale. After that, the selection of population and sample size along with sample techniques
were presented by the researcher. Data collection methods and data analysis also elaborated the
methods adopted by the researchers and the analytical approach referred to the measure of
central tendency and dispersion of multiple-regression. Population and sampling techniques with
a hundred sample size were also explained in this chapter with responses of respondents.
Reliability and validity also presented with the research ethics in which the researcher ensured
that the researcher conducted this research without any plagiarism and no betrayal to the
respondents.

21
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

Chapter Four Findings and Discussion

4.1 Introduction
In the previous chapter, researcher explained research methodology. In this chapter, researcher
will present findings of the research along with related discussion. The findings are linked with
each research objective. At the end of the chapter, summary will be presented.
4.2 Findings of Research Objective One
The first research objective of this research project was to critically review literature and identify
leadership attributes that project managers may show in time of crisis as well as to review
literature to identify dimensions of project’s quality.

4.2 Findings of Research Objective Two

The second research objective of this research project was to evaluate the project managers’
action in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals during Covid-19. To
achieve this research objective, a multi-organization case study was carried out. The findings and
related discussion on the case study is given here under:

4.2.1 Finding of Case Study One – Name of Organization

4.2.2 Finding of Case Study Two– Name of Organization

4.2.3 Finding of Case Study Three – Name of Organization

4.3 Summary of the Chapter

22
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

Chapter Five Conclusion and Recommendations – 1500 words

5.1 Introduction
Previous chapter presented findings and discussion are presented. In this chapter, conclusion, and
recommendations of the research along with limitations and future research areas will be given.

5.2 Conclusion – 450 Words

5.3 Recommendations – 350 Words

The third research objective of this research project was to use findings of the research and to put
forth implications for project managers of pharmaceutical organizations so that they may lead
their organizations in the time of crisis. Based on the findings of research and conclusions drawn
from the findings, following are major recommendations of the research project.
5.3.1 Recommendation One: Do This

5.3.2 Recommendation Two: Do This

5.3.3 Recommendation Three: Do This

5.3.4 Recommendation Four: Do This

5.3.5 Recommendation Five: Do This

5.4 Limitations of Research

Following are some of the main limitations of the research.

1.
2.
3.
4.

23
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

5.

5.5 Avenues of Future Research

Following are some of the areas in which future research can be carried out.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

24
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

REFERENCES

Abdallah, A.A. (2021), "Effective implementation of Japanese quality methods during health
pandemics", Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 27 No. 7, pp. 2123-
2143. [Link]
Abdolazimi, O., Salehi Esfandarani, M., Salehi, M., Shishebori, D. and Shakhsi-Niaei,
M. (2021), "Development of sustainable and resilient healthcare and non-cold pharmaceutical
distribution supply chain for COVID-19 pandemic: a case study", The International Journal of
Logistics Management, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. [Link]
2021-0232
Adalja, A.A., Toner, E. and Inglesby, T.V., 2020. Priorities for the US health community
responding to COVID-19. Jama, 323(14), pp.1343-1344.
Almaghaslah, D., Kandasamy, G., Almanasef, M., Vasudevan, R. and Chandramohan, S., 2020.
Review on the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic: its outbreak and current
status. International journal of clinical practice, 74(11), p.e13637.
Anderson, S.D., 1992. Project quality and project managers. International Journal of Project
Management, 10(3), pp.138-144.
Aravind, M. and Manojkrishnan, C.G., 2020. COVID 19: Effect on leading pharmaceutical
stocks listed with NSE. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci., pp.31-36.
Arditi, D. and Gunaydin, H.M., 1997. Total quality management in the construction
process. International journal of project management, 15(4), pp.235-243.
Aubry, M. and Lavoie-Tremblay, M., 2018. Rethinking organizational design for managing
multiple projects. International Journal of Project Management, 36(1), pp.12-26.
Ayati, N., Saiyarsarai, P. and Nikfar, S., 2020. Short and long term impacts of COVID-19 on the
pharmaceutical sector. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28(2), pp.799-805.
Azanha, A., Argoud, A.R.T.T., de Camargo Junior, J.B. and Antoniolli, P.D., 2017. Agile project
management with Scrum: A case study of a Brazilian pharmaceutical company IT project.
International Journal of Managing Projects in Business.
Bajpai, S. and Bajpai, R., (2014). Goodness of measurement: Reliability and
validity. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health, 3(2), pp.112-115.
Bassellier, G., Reich, B.H. and Benbasat, I., (2001). Information technology competence of
business managers: A definition and research model. Journal of management information
systems, 17(4), pp.159-182.
Belassi, W. and Tukel, O.I., 1996. A new framework for determining critical success/failure
factors in projects. International journal of project management, 14(3), pp.141-151.
Benson, P.G., Saraph, J.V. and Schroeder, R.G., 1991. The effects of organizational context on
quality management: an empirical investigation. Management science, 37(9), pp.1107-1124.

25
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

Bickman, L., Rog, D.J. and Hedrick, T.E., (2009). Applied research design: A practical
approach. Handbook of applied social research methods, 2, pp.3-43.
Blackburn, S., 2002. The project manager and the project-network. International Journal of
Project Management, 20(3), pp.199-204.
Bushuyev, S., Bushuiev, D. and Bushuieva, V., 2020. Project management during Infodemic of
the COVID-19 Pandemic. Innovative Technologies and Scientific Solutions for Industries, (2
(12)), pp.13-21.
Bushuyev, S., Bushuiev, D. and Bushuieva, V., 2020. Project management during Infodemic of
the COVID-19 Pandemic. Innovative Technologies and Scientific Solutions for Industries, (2
(12)), pp.13-21.
Carvalho, M.M. and Rabechini Jr, R., 2017. Can project sustainability management impact
project success? An empirical study applying a contingent approach. International Journal of
Project Management, 35(6), pp.1120-1132.
Casady, C.B. and Baxter, D., 2020. Pandemics, public-private partnerships (PPPs), and force
majeure| COVID-19 expectations and implications. Construction Management and Economics,
38(12), pp.1077-1085.
Chatterjee, P., 2020. Indian pharma threatened by COVID-19 shutdowns in China. The Lancet,
395(10225), p.675.
Chauhan, A., Jakhar, S.K. and Kumar Mangla, S. (2022), "Socio-technological framework for
selecting suppliers of pharmaceuticals in a pandemic environment", Journal of Enterprise
Information Management, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. [Link]
02-2021-0081
Chegini, Z., Asghari Jafarabadi, M. and Kakemam, E., 2019. Occupational stress, quality of
working life and turnover intention amongst nurses. Nursing in critical care, 24(5), pp.283-289.
Chen, J.K. and Sriphon, T., 2021. Perspective on COVID-19 pandemic factors impacting
organizational leadership. Sustainability, 13(6), p.3230.
Ciotti, M., Ciccozzi, M., Terrinoni, A., Jiang, W.C., Wang, C.B. and Bernardini, S., 2020. The
COVID-19 pandemic. Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences, 57(6), pp.365-388.
Cooper, D.R., Schindler, P.S. and Sun, J., (2006). Business research methods (Vol. 9, pp. 1-744).
New York: Mcgraw-hill.
Corey, L., Mascola, J.R., Fauci, A.S. and Collins, F.S., 2020. A strategic approach to COVID-19
vaccine R&D. Science, 368(6494), pp.948-950.
Crossan, F., (2003). Research philosophy: towards an understanding. Nurse Researcher (through
2013), 11(1), p.46.
Cyfert, S., Glabiszewski, W. and Zastempowski, M., 2021. Impact of management tools
supporting industry 4.0 on the importance of csr during covid-19. generation z. Energies, 14(6),
p.1642.

26
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

Dauter, Z., (1999). Data-collection strategies. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological

Crystallography, 55(10), pp.1703-1717.
Dubey, N., Gupta, H., Sharma, R.K., Dubey, N. and Dubey, N., 2011. Pharmaceutical quality
management system: Current concept. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research, 2,
pp.120-124.
Dubois, A., Gadde, L.E (2002). “Systematic combining: an abductive approach to case
research”, Journal of Business Research, vol.55, pp.553-60.
Flanagan, J.C., (1978). A research approach to improving our quality of life. American
psychologist, 33(2), p.138.
Fong, M.W., Gao, H., Wong, J.Y., Xiao, J., Shiu, E.Y., Ryu, S. and Cowling, B.J., 2020.
Nonpharmaceutical measures for pandemic influenza in nonhealthcare settings—social
distancing measures. Emerging infectious diseases, 26(5), p.976.
Fox, E.R., Stolbach, A.I. and Mazer-Amirshahi, M., 2020. The landscape of prescription drug
shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 16(3), pp.311-313.
Garg, R., (2016). Methodology for research I. Indian journal of anaesthesia, 60(9), p.640.
Gemünden, H.G., Lehner, P. and Kock, A., 2018. The project-oriented organization and its
contribution to innovation. International Journal of Project Management, 36(1), pp.147- 160.
Goolsby, D., 2018. Critical Challenges faced by Quality Departments and Recommended
Actions. Quality, 57(13), pp.26-29.
Hakim, L., 2019. Quality Management of Madrasah Diniyah Takmiliyah in the Era of Regional
Autonomy (Case Study in Tasikmalaya Regency). Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 5(1), pp.101-116.
Haleem, R.M., Salem, M.Y., Fatahallah, F.A. and Abdelfattah, L.E., 2015. Quality in the
pharmaceutical industry–A literature review. Saudi pharmaceutical journal, 23(5), pp.463-469.
Hamid, S.R., Isa, S., Chew, B.C. and Altun, A., 2019. Quality management evolution from the
past to present: Challenges for tomorrow. Organizacija, 52(3), pp.157-186.
Hardwicke, C.J., 2002. The World Health Organization and the Pharmaceutical Industry.
Common areas of interest and differing views. Adverse drug reactions and toxicological
reviews, 21(1-2), pp.51-99.
Hohmeier, K.C. and Desselle, S.P., 2019. Exploring the implementation of a novel optimizing
care model in the community pharmacy setting. Journal of the American Pharmacists
Association, 59(3), pp.310-318.
Horváth, V., 2019. Project management competence–definitions, models, standards and practical
implications. Vezetéstudomány-Budapest Management Review, 50(11), pp.2-17.
Hox, J.J. and Boeije, H.R., (2005). Data collection, primary vs. secondary. Encyclopedia of
social measurement, 1(1), pp.593-599.
[Link] [Accessed
on: 3rd March 2021].

27
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

Hutton, J., Borowitz, M., Oleksy, I. and Luce, B.R., 1994. The pharmaceutical industry and
health reform: lessons from Europe. Health Affairs, 13(3), pp.98-111.
Hyder, A., Mahmood, Z., Ullah, W., Anjum, G., Nakhoda, A., Shabbar, S., Iqbal, N. and Khalid,
S., 2020. eBook Short Notes on the Economy during the COVID-19 Crisis. Vol-Ii. Vol-Ii (June
21, 2020).
Hyder, A., Mahmood, Z., Ullah, W., Anjum, G., Nakhoda, A., Shabbar, S., Iqbal, N. and Khalid,
S., (2020). eBook Short Notes on the Economy during the COVID-19 Crisis. Vol-Ii. Vol-Ii (June
21, 2020).
Ikuine, F., (2022). Analytical Framework and Research Design: Definition of Innovations, Types
of Innovations and the Methods of Empirical Research. In The Efficiency and Creativity of
Product Development (pp. 39-50). Springer, Singapore.
Jasmine, C.A., 2019. Impacts of Covid-19 on Company and Efforts to Support Organization
Adaptable. Dr. David F. Rico, PMP, ACP, CSM, pp.67-70.
Jugdev, K. and Müller, R., 2005. A retrospective look at our evolving understanding of project
success. Project management journal, 36(4), pp.19-31.
Katelaan, J., Matheja, C. and Zuleger, F., 2019, April. Effective entailment checking for
separation logic with inductive definitions. In International Conference on Tools and Algorithms
for the Construction and Analysis of Systems (pp. 319-336). Springer, Cham.
Kelleher, K., Kumar, K., Patel, P. and Schrader, U., 2020. Pharma operations: The path to
recovery and the next normal. [online] Mckinsey and company. Available at:
[Link]
pharma-operations-the-path-to-recovery-and-the-next-normal [Accessed 18 July 2021].
Kelleher, K., Kumar, K., Patel, P. and Schrader, U., 2020. Pharma operations: The path to
recovery and the next normal. [online] Mckinsey and company. Available at:
[Link]
pharma-operations-the-path-to-recovery-and-the-next-normal [Accessed 18 July 2021].
Killen, C.P., Geraldi, J. and Kock, A., 2020. The role of decision makers’ use of visualizations in
project portfolio decision making. International Journal of Project Management, 38(5), pp.267-
277.
Kim, J.K. and Wang, Z., (2019). Sampling techniques for big data analysis. International
Statistical Review, 87, pp.S177-S191.
Kwak, Y.H. and Ibbs, C.W., 2002. Project management process maturity (PM) 2 model. Journal
of management in engineering, 18(3), pp.150-155.
Ladewski, B.J. and Al-Bayati, A.J., 2019. Quality and safety management practices: The theory
of quality management approach. Journal of safety research, 69, pp.193-200.
Lakshmi, S. and Mohideen, M.A., (2013). Issues in reliabilityand validity of
research. International journal of management research and reviews, 3(4), pp.275-292.

28
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

Marnewick, C. and Marnewick, A.L., 2019. The demands of industry 4.0 on project teams. IEEE
Transactions on Engineering Management, 67(3), pp.941-949.
Meng, X. and Boyd, P., 2017. The role of the project manager in relationship
management. International Journal of Project Management, 35(5), pp.717-728.
Meng, X. and Boyd, P., 2017. The role of the project manager in relationship
management. International Journal of Project Management, 35(5), pp.717-728.
Mossialos, E. and Oliver, A., 2005. An overview of pharmaceutical policy in four countries:
France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The International journal of health
planning and management, 20(4), pp.291-306.
Mukami, K.M. and Kiiru, D., 2019. Quality Management Strategies and Customer Satisfaction
among Public Hospitals in Embu County, Kenya. International Journal of Current Aspects, 3(II),
pp.12-25.
Mullen, J.A., 2019. Total quality management: a mindset and method to stimulate change.
In Catalysts for Change (pp. 91-108). Routledge.
Muller, R. and Klein, G., 2020. The COVID-19 Pandemic and Project Management Research.
Ofori, D.F., 2013. Project management practices and critical success factors-A developing
country perspective. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(21), p.14.
Muller, R. and Turner, R., 2010. Leadership competency profiles of successful project
managers. International Journal of project management, 28(5), pp.437-448.
Munns, A.K. and Bjeirmi, B.F., 1996. The role of project management in achieving project
success. International journal of project management, 14(2), pp.81-87.
O’Gorman, K., Lochrie, S. and Watson, A., (2014). Research philosophy and case
studies. Research Methods for Business & Management, pp.152-172.
Ornell, F., Moura, H.F., Scherer, J.N., Pechansky, F., Kessler, F.H.P. and von Diemen, L., 2020.
The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on substance use: implications for prevention and
treatment. Psychiatry research, 289, p.113096.
Patterson, J. L. (1983). Quality management: the project managers [sic] perspective. Project
Management Quarterly, 14(1), 33–38.
Ribeiro, A., Amaral, A. and Barros, T., 2021. Project Manager Competencies in the context of
the Industry 4.0. Procedia Computer Science, 181, pp.803-810.
Rubin, I.M. and Seelig, W., 1967. Experience as a factor in the selection and performance of
project managers. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, (3), pp.131-135.
Russell, G.R. and Miles, M.P., 1998. The definition and perception of quality in ISO-9000
firms. Review of Business, 19(3), pp.13-17.
Ryan, G., (2018). Introduction to positivism, interpretivism and critical theory. Nurse
researcher, 25(4), pp.41-49.

29
Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

Ryan, G., (2018). Introduction to positivism, interpretivism and critical theory. Nurse researcher,
25(4), pp.41-49. 11 PwC, 2020. COVID-19: UK industry focus – Where next for pharma and life
sciences? [Online]. Retrieved from:
Ryan, G., 2018. Introduction to positivism, interpretivism and critical theory. Nurse researcher,
25(4), pp.41-49. 11 PwC, 2020. COVID-19: UK industry focus – Where next for pharma and life
sciences?. [Online]. Retrieved from:
[Link] . [Accessed
on: 3rd March 2021].
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2007). Research methods. Business Students 4th
edition Pearson Education Limited, England.
Sharma, S.K. and Chanda, U., 2017. Developing a Bayesian belief network model for prediction
of R&D project success. Journal of Management Analytics, 4(3), pp.321-344.
St. Pierre, E.A. and Jackson, A.Y., (2014). Qualitative data analysis after coding. Qualitative
Inquiry, 20(6), pp.715-719.
Tanrıvermiş, H., 2020. Possible impacts of COVID-19 outbreak on real estate sector and
possible changes to adopt: A situation analysis and general assessment on Turkish
perspective. Journal of Urban Management, 9(3), pp.263-269.
Winit‐Watjana, W., (2016). Research philosophy in pharmacy practice: necessity and
relevance. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 24(6), pp.428-436.
Yu, Y., Zhang, M. and Huo, B., 2019. The impact of supply chain quality integration on green
supply chain management and environmental performance. Total Quality Management &
Business Excellence, 30(9-10), pp.1110-1125.
Zafarani, E., 2011. Project quality management approaches: A comparative evaluation of
international standards. In 2nd International Conference on Construction and Project
Management IPEDR (Vol. 15, pp. 37-43).
Arditi, D. and Gunaydin, H.M., 1997. Total quality management in the construction process. International
journal of project management, 15(4), pp.235-243.

Winch, G., Usmani, A. and Edkins, A., 1998. Towards total project quality: a gap analysis
approach. Construction Management & Economics, 16(2), pp.193-207.

Baker, B., 2018. Project quality management practice & theory. American Journal of Management, 18(3),
pp.10-17.

Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle
River, NJ: pearson.

Bhonde, B.K. and Shaikh, A.F., 2015. Review of project quality plan. International Journal for Research in
Emerging Science and Technology, 2(1), pp.26-34.

30
 Role of project managers in leading pharmaceutical teams in achieving project’s quality goals.

Petrick, J.A., 2002. Managing project quality. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Pambreni, Y., Khatibi, A., Azam, S. and Tham, J.J.M.S.L., 2019. The influence of total quality
management toward organization performance. Management Science Letters, 9(9), pp.1397-1406.

31