Chapter 1 note
INTERNET
A worldwide publicly accessible network of networks It
enables individuals and business to share information,
resources and services Business uses of internet:
E-commerce
Communication
Collaboration and training
ISP: is a company or organization through which
subscriber can obtain internet access
ISP provides services such as:
Equipment co-location
Web hosting
FTP hosting
Application and media hosting
Voice over IP
Technical support
Connection options of ISP:
Dialup: access is an inexpensive option that uses any phone line
and a modem. To connect to the ISP, a user calls the ISP access
phone number. Dialup is the slowest connection option, and is
typically used by mobile workers and in areas where higher speed
connection options are not available.
DSL: is more expensive than dialup, but provides a faster
connection. DSL also uses telephone lines, but unlike dialup
access, DSL provides a continuous connection to the Internet.
This connection option uses a special high-speed modem that
separates the DSL signal from the telephone signal and provides
an Ethernet connection to a host computer or LAN.
Cable: A cable modem is a connection option offered by cable
television service providers. The Internet signal is carried on the
same coaxial cable that delivers cable television to homes and
businesses. A special cable modem separates the Internet signal
from the other signals carried on the cable and provides an
Ethernet connection to a host computer or LAN.
Satellite: Satellite connection is an option offered by satellite
service providers. The user's computer connects through Ethernet
to a satellite modem that transmits radio signals to the nearest
POP within the satellite network.
Bandwidth:
T1 connections transmit data up to 1.544 Mbps. E1 is a
European standard that transmits data at 2.048 Mbps.
T3 connections transmit data up to 45 Mbps. E3 is a
European standard that transmits data at 34.368 Mbps.
Metro Ethernet offers a wide range of high-bandwidth
options, including Gbps links
Internet hierarchy: individual computers and business
networks connect to the ISP at pop
The ISP POPs connect to an Internet Exchange Point (IXP). In
some countries, this is called a Network Access Point (NAP).
Provide a local point of connection and authentication for
end users.
High-speed routers and switches move data between the
various POPs.
ISP requirements:
1. Access device--- DSLAM, CMTS, modem 2. Wireless bridging equipment
1. Border gateway routers 4. Power conditioning equipment 5. higher capacity
air conditioning
Chapter 2 note
OSI MODEL:
Application layer# 7: provides interface between user
and application and the network
application layer provides a variety of functions:
Identifies communication partner
Determines resource availability
Synchronise communication
Presentation layer # 6: controls formatting and syntax of user
data for application layer this ensure that data from sending host
can be understood by receiving host presentation layer can
perform encryption, compression of data
Session layer #5: it is responsible for establishing,
maintaining, and ultimately terminating session between
device
Transport layer # 4: this layer is responsible to transfer
data reliably and sending data to destination error-free
and in order
Network layer # 3: controls internetwork
communication and has two responsibilities:
Logical addressing
Routing
Data link layer # 2: is responsible for transporting data
within a network.
Data link layer has two sub layers:
LLC--- logic link control
MAC--- media access control
Physical layer # 1: controls the signalling and transferring of
raw bits onto the physical medium, convert data to bit an
generate timing and signal
ISP help desk organization:
Solving the network problems is priority for businesses
ISP help desk technicians have the knowledge and experience to fix
problems and get users connected.
ISP help desk technicians provide solutions to customers' problems.
The ISP help desk is usually the first place a user or business turns to for
help.
A good help desk team ensures that problems are resolved quickly and to
the customer's satisfaction.
At ISP there are three level for customer support:
Level one for immediate support
Level two for handle escalated call
Level three on-site technician
MSP: is a company that remotely manages a customer’s IT infrastructure or
end user systems.
SLA: Service Level Agreement is a contract between service provider and end
user.
Troubleshooting using OSI model: we can troubleshoot the problem
using OSI model sequentially
The basic problem-solving procedure are the following:
Define the problem
Isolate the cause of the problem
Solve the problem
Layer 1 troubleshooting: at first technician must start troubleshooting with
layer 1 and layer 1 problem can be cabling electricity trouble such as following:
Device power off
Device power unplugged
Lose network cable connection
Incorrect cable type
Faulty network cable
Layer 2 troubleshooting: network switches and host NICs perform
layer 2 functions. On-site technician can check whether the NIC is installed
and working properly.
Faulty equipment
Improperly configured switch
Incorrect device driver
Layer 3 trouble shooting: technician should investigate logical the
addressing correct subnet mask correct default gateway and other setting such
as DNS, DHCP and most network problem can be solved by layer 3
Common utilities:
IP configuration
Trace route
Ping
Trouble 5 to 7 trouble shooting: f
In these layers, application configuration must be checked for example checking
an email issue. For remote technician, higher layer issues can be checked by:
Packet sniffer
Network application such as telnet
NAT: network address translation it is used to translate private into public IP and
It is temporarily method for shortage of IP addresses