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25. 다음 도표의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은? 27. Summer Job at Wildlife Rescue Center에 관한 다음 안내문의
내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?

Summer Job at Wildlife Rescue Center

We are looking for summer workers who will take care of
the animals rescued from Mount Donovahn.
Schedule
∙Dates: August 1st to 31st
∙Hours: 10 a.m.—4 p.m.
※ On rainy days, working hours may change.
Requirements
∙Only those aged 18 and over can apply.
∙Previous experience with animals
Tasks
∙Preparing food for animals and feeding them
The above graph, based on a survey conducted in 2023,
∙Writing reports about animals
shows the share of respondents who say reading is one of their
personal hobbies according to their gender group in five - Summer workers will get training from our caretakers.
countries. ① Among the countries shown in the graph, Spain - Free shuttle bus service will be provided twice a day.
had the largest share of females who said reading was one
To learn more about the summer job, please visit our website,
of their hobbies, which was 58%. ② The gap between the
[Link].
share of females and that of males who selected reading as
one of their hobbies was larger in Germany than in Mexico. ① Mount Donovahn으로부터 구조된 동물을 돌본다.
③ The share of males who selected reading as one of their ② 우천 시 업무 시간이 변경될 수 있다.
hobbies in Mexico was 41%, which was smaller than that in ③ 18세 이상만 지원할 수 있다.
the United States. ④ The share of females who selected ④ 동물에 관한 보고서를 작성한다.
reading as one of their hobbies in the United States was larger ⑤ 무료 셔틀 버스 서비스가 하루에 세 번 제공된다.
than that in South Korea. ⑤ As for South Korea, the share of
respondents who selected reading as one of their hobbies was
28. LCU Geography Field Trip에 관한 다음 안내문의 내용과
the smallest among the countries shown in the graph for each
일치하는 것은?
gender, respectively.

LCU Geography Field Trip

26. Will Rogers에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은? Lionsford City University is offering a one-day geography
Will Rogers (1879—1935) was a famous American public field trip on June 17th. We believe it is one of the finest
figure. He was born as the eighth child. When he was young, field trips in the country.
he was clever and mature but he dropped out of school after Participants: First-year students majoring in geography
the 10th grade. He was very interested in cowboys and horses, Course Options
and he even learned how to do rope tricks. He left the U.S. in A B
1902 and worked as a cowboy and roping artist in South Exploring the landscape Examining coastal features
Africa and Australia. After returning to the U.S., he appeared while hiking Mount Belena along Lionsford Beach
in more than 50 movies and was often heard on the radio as an
Participation Fee: $70 per person (lunch included)
entertainer. He was also an outstanding newspaper columnist
How to Apply
with his wit and humor, writing more than 4,000 columns. He
∙Email the application to geography@[Link] or drop it
unfortunately died at the height of his career in 1935. Rogers
off at the department office.
was so popular that after his death his statue was installed in
∙Deadline: June 4th
the U.S. Capitol. He will be remembered as a great American
※ For further information, please contact us at 607-223-2127.
of many talents.
① 여덟 번째 아이로 태어났다. ① 2일 동안 진행된다.
② 카우보이와 말에 매우 관심이 있었다. ② 모든 전공의 학생들이 참여할 수 있다.
③ 미국에 돌아온 후 50편이 넘는 영화에 출연했다. ③ A코스에서는 Lionsford Beach 해안의 특징을 조사한다.
④ 뛰어난 신문 칼럼니스트였다. ④ 참가비에 점심이 포함되어 있다.
⑤ 생전에 그의 동상이 U.S. Capitol에 설치되었다. ⑤ 지원서는 이메일로만 제출이 가능하다.

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29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은? [31～34] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
What makes practicing retrieval so much better than review? 31. When trying to establish what is meant by digital
One answer comes from the psychologist R. A. Bjork’s concept preservation, the first question that must be addressed is:
of desirable difficulty. More difficult retrieval ① leads to what are you actually trying to preserve? This is clear in
better learning, provided the act of retrieval is itself successful. the analog environment where the information content is
Free recall tests, in which students need to recall as much as inextricably fixed to the physical medium. In the digital
they can remember without prompting, tend to result in better environment, the medium is not part of the . A bit
retention than cued recall tests, in which students ② give hints stream looks the same to a computer regardless of the media
about what they need to remember. Cued recall tests, in turn, it is read from. A physical carrier is necessary, but as long as
are better than recognition tests, such as multiple-choice the source media can be read, bit-perfect copies can be made
answers, ③ where the correct answer needs to be recognized cheaply and easily on other devices, making the preservation
but not generated. Giving someone a test immediately after of the original carrier of diminishing importance. As the
they learn something improves retention less than giving them physical media that carry digital information are quite delicate
a slight delay, long enough so that answers aren’t in mind relative to most analog media, it is expected that digital
when they need ④ them. Difficulty, far from being a barrier to information will necessarily need to be migrated from one
⑤ making retrieval work, may be part of the reason it does so. physical carrier to another as part of the ongoing preservation
process. It is not the media itself but the information on the
* retrieval: 불러오기 ** retention: 보유력 media that needs to be preserved.
* inextricably: 풀 수 없게
① platform ② storage
③ message ④ challenge
⑤ transformation

30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지

않은 것은? [3점]
Internalization depends on supports for autonomy. Contexts
that use controlling strategies such as salient rewards and
32. Creativity is commonly defined as the production of
punishments or evaluative, selfesteem-hooking pressures are
ideas that are both novel (original, new) and useful
① least likely to lead people to value activities as their own.
(appropriate, feasible). Ideas that are original but not useful
This is not to say that controls don’t ② work to produce
are irrelevant, and ideas that are useful but not original are
behavior ― decades of operant psychology prove that they
unremarkable. While this definition is widely used in research,
can. It is rather that the more salient the external control over a an important aspect of creativity is often ignored: Generating
person’s behavior, the more the person is likely to be merely creative ideas rarely is the final goal. Rather, to successfully
externally regulated or introjected in his or her actions. solve problems or innovate requires one or a few good
Consequently, the person does not ③ develop a value or ideas that really work, and work better than previous
investment in the behaviors, but instead remains dependent on approaches. This requires that people evaluate the products
external controls. Thus, parents who reward, force, or cajole of their own or each other’s imagination, and choose those
their child to do homework are more likely to have a child ideas that seem promising enough to develop further, and
who does so only when rewarded, cajoled, or forced. The abandon those that are unlikely to be successful. Thus, being
salience of external controls ④ drives the acquisition of creative . In fact,
self-responsibility. Alternatively, parents who supply reasons, the ability to generate creative ideas is essentially useless if
show an emotional understanding of difficulties overcoming these ideas subsequently die a silent death.
problems, and use a ⑤ minimum of external incentives are ① does not stop with idea generation
more likely to cultivate a sense of willingness and value for ② rarely originates from practical ideas
work in their child. ③ is often regarded as a shortcut to innovation
* autonomy: 자율성 ** salient: 두드러진 ④ frequently gives way to unanticipated success
*** introject: 투입하다 ⑤ brings out tension between novelty and relevancy

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33. Because the environment plays a significant role in 35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
aiding meaningful internal processes, subjective experience Avian song learning occurs in two stages: first, songs must
and the environment act as a ‘coupled system.’ This coupled be memorized and, second, they must be practiced. In some
system can be seen as a complete cognitive system of its
species these two events overlap, but in others memorization
own. In this manner, subjective experience is extended into the
can occur before practice by several months, providing an
external environment and vice versa; the external
impressive example of long-term memory storage. ① The young
environment with its disciplinary objects such as
bird’s initial efforts to reproduce the memorized song are
institutional laws and equipment becomes mental institutions
usually not successful. ② These early songs may have uneven
that . A subjectively
pitch, irregular tempo, and notes that are out of order or poorly
held belief attains the status of objectivity when the belief is
reproduced. ③ However, sound graphs of songs recorded over
socially shared. That is, even if we are trained as hard-nosed
several weeks or months reveal that during this practice period
health care rationalists, or no-nonsense bureaucrats, or
data-driven scientists, research has shown that our decisions the bird fine-tunes his efforts until he produces an accurate
are influenced by various institutional practices. They include copy of the memorized template. ④ An important idea to
bureaucratic structures and procedures, the architectural emerge from the study of birdsong is that song learning is
design of health care institutions, the rules of evidence and the shaped by preferences and limitations. ⑤ This process requires
structure of allowable questions in a courtroom trial, the hearing oneself sing; birds are unable to reproduce memorized
spatial arrangement of kindergartens and supermarkets, and a songs if they are deafened after memorization but before the
variety of conventions and practices designed to manipulate practice period.
our emotions. [3점] * avian: 조류의

* vice versa: 역으로 ** bureaucrat: 관료

① affect our subjective experience and solutions
② serve as advocates for independent decision-making
③ position social experience within the cognitive system
④ comprise subjective interpretations of the environment
⑤ facilitate the construction of our concept of subjectivity
[36～37] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한
것을 고르시오.

36.
34. Any attempt to model musical behavior or perception in a Wildfire is a natural phenomenon in many Australian
general way is filled with difficulties. With regard to models environments. The intentional setting of fire to manage the
of perception, the question arises of whose perception we are landscape was practised by Aboriginal people for millennia.
trying to model ― even if we confine ourselves to a
particular culture and historical environment. Surely the (A) However, the pattern of burning that stockmen introduced
perception of music varies greatly between listeners of was unlike previous regimes. When conditions allowed,
different levels of training; indeed, a large part of music they would set fire to the landscape as they moved their
education is devoted to developing and enriching (and animals out for the winter. This functioned to clear woody
therefore likely changing) these listening processes. While vegetation and also stimulated new plant growth in the
this may be true, I am concerned here with fairly basic aspects following spring.
of perception ― particularly meter and key ― which I believe (B) Although grasses were the first kinds of plants to
are relatively consistent across listeners. Anecdotal evidence recolonize the burnt areas they were soon succeeded by
suggests, for example, that most people are able to ‘‘find further woody plants and shrubs. About the only strategy
the beat’’ in a typical folk song or classical piece. This is
to prevent such regrowth was further burning ― essentially
not to say that there is complete uniformity in this regard ―
using fire to control the consequences of using fire.
there may be occasional disagreements, even among experts,
as to how we hear the tonality or meter of a piece. But I (C) The young shoots were a ready food source for their
believe . [3점] animals when they returned. However, the practice also
tended to reinforce the scrubby growth it was intended to
* anecdotal: 일화의
control.
① our devotion to narrowing these differences will emerge
② fundamental musical behaviors evolve within communities * regime: 양식 ** scrubby: 관목이 우거진
③ these varied perceptions enrich shared musical experiences ① (A) － (C) － (B) ② (B) － (A) － (C)
④ the commonalities between us far outweigh the differences ③ (B) － (C) － (A) ④ (C) － (A) － (B)
⑤ diversity rather than uniformity in musical processes counts ⑤ (C) － (B) － (A)

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37. 39.
There are a number of human resource management This active involvement provides a basis for depth of
practices that are necessary to support organizational aesthetic processing and reflection on the meaning of the
learning. work.

(A) Their role should be to assist, consult, and advise teams There are interesting trade-offs in the relative importance
on how best to approach learning. They must be able to of subject matter (i.e., figure) and style (i.e., background).
develop new mechanisms for cross-training peers ― team ( ① ) In highly representational paintings, plays, or stories,
members ― and new systems for capturing and sharing the focus is on subject matter that resembles everyday life and
information. To do this, human resource development the role of background style is to facilitate the construction of
professionals must be able to think systematically and mental models. ( ② ) Feelings of pleasure and uncertainty
understand how to promote learning within groups and carry the viewer along to the conclusion of the piece. ( ③ ) In
across the organization. highly expressionist works, novel stylistic devices work in an
(B) For example, performance evaluation and reward systems inharmonious manner against the subject matter thereby
that reinforce long-term performance and the development creating a disquieting atmosphere. ( ④ ) Thus, when the
and sharing of new skills and knowledge are particularly work is less “readable” (or easily interpreted), its departure
important. In addition, the human resource development from conventional forms reminds the viewer or reader that an
function may be dramatically changed to keep the emphasis “aesthetic attitude” is needed to appreciate the whole episode.
on continuous learning. ( ⑤ ) An ability to switch between the “pragmatic attitude” of
everyday life and an “aesthetic attitude” is fundamental to a
(C) In a learning organization, every employee must take the
balanced life. [3점]
responsibility for acquiring and transferring knowledge.
Formal training programs, developed in advance and * aesthetic: 미학의 ** pragmatic: 실용주의의
delivered according to a preset schedule, are insufficient to
address shifting training needs and encourage timely 40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A),
information sharing. Rather, human resource development (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
professionals must become learning facilitators. [3점]
There is a tendency, once the dust of an emergency has
① (A) － (C) － (B) ② (B) － (A) － (C) settled down, to seek the reduction of famine vulnerability
③ (B) － (C) － (A) ④ (C) － (A) － (B) primarily in enhanced economic growth, or the revival of
⑤ (C) － (B) － (A) the rural economy, or the diversification of economic
activities. The potential contribution of greater economic
success, if it involves vulnerable groups, cannot be denied.
[38～39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 At the same time, it is important to recognize that, no
적절한 곳을 고르시오. matter how fast they grow, countries where a large part of
38. the population derive their livelihood from uncertain
sources cannot hope to prevent famines without specialized
Continuous emissions measurement can be costly, entitlement protection mechanisms involving direct public
particularly where there are many separate sources of
intervention. Rapid growth of the economy in Botswana,
emissions, and for many pollution problems this may be a
or of the agricultural sector in Kenya, or of food
major disincentive to direct taxation of emissions.
production in Zimbabwe, explains at best only a small part
Environmental taxes based directly on measured emissions of their success in preventing recurrent threats of famine.
can, in principle, be very precisely targeted to the policy’s The real achievements of these countries lie in having
environmental objectives. ( ① ) If a firm pollutes more, it provided direct public support to their populations in times
pays additional tax directly in proportion to the rise in of crisis.
emissions. ( ② ) The polluter thus has an incentive to reduce * famine: 기아 ** vulnerability: 취약
emissions in any manner that is less costly per unit of abatement 󰀻
than the tax on each unit of residual emissions. ( ③ ) The great
attraction of basing the tax directly on measured emissions is Although economic growth can be somewhat (A) in
that the actions the polluter can take to reduce tax liability are diminishing a country’s risk of famine, direct approaches
actions that also reduce emissions. ( ④ ) Nevertheless, the to helping the affected people play a(n) (B) role in
technologies available for monitoring the concentrations and this process.
flows of particular substances in waste discharges have been
developing rapidly. ( ⑤ ) In the future, it may be possible to (A) (B) (A) (B)
think of taxing measured emissions in a wider range of ① productive …… complicated ② fruitful …… critical
applications. ③ dominant …… comprehensive ④ restrictive …… appropriate
* abatement: 감소 ** liability: 부담액 ⑤ desirable …… cost-effective

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[41～42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오. (B)
The band performance was the first event of the ceremony.
If we understand critical thinking as: ‘the identification and
The host introduced the band, and each member took their
evaluation of evidence to guide decision-making’, then
place on stage. Garcia stood at the center of the stage. As he
ethical thinking is about identifying ethical issues and started playing, everyone fell silent, fascinated by the music.
evaluating these issues from different perspectives to guide Garcia’s trumpet playing was flawless. When the band was
how to respond. This form of ethics is distinct from higher finished, the audience loudly cheered. After the show, Jeff
levels of conceptual ethics or theory. The nature of an ethical approached Garcia. “It was fantastic. I think that was the best
issue or problem from this perspective is that there is no clear performance I’ve ever seen,” (b) he said. Garcia beamed
right or wrong response. It is therefore (a) essential that with joy at his brother’s praise.
students learn to think through ethical issues rather than
(C)
follow a prescribed set of ethical codes or rules. There is a
need to (b) encourage recognition that, although being Garcia felt good as he arrived at the concert hall for the
rehearsal wearing his new clothes. His confidence was,
ethical is defined as acting ‘in accordance with the principles
however, quickly changed to nervousness when he thought
of conduct that are considered correct’, these principles vary
of how many people would be there. As the rehearsal
both between and within individuals. What a person (c) values
began, (c) he struggled with the rhythm, making several
relates to their social, religious, or civic beliefs influenced by mistakes. Tom, Garcia’s band mate, came over and put a
their formal and informal learning experiences. Individual hand on Garcia’s back, saying, “Don’t worry, I’ll be right
perspectives may also be context (d) dependent, meaning behind (d) you.” He looked at his friend, took a deep breath
that under different circumstances, at a different time, when and started to feel much better.
they are feeling a different way, the same individual may
(D)
make different choices. Therefore, in order to analyse ethical
issues and think ethically it is necessary to understand the “Aren’t these cool?” Garcia asked, pointing at a patterned
personal factors that influence your own ‘code of behaviour’ red shirt and yellow pants he had found in the store. “Um,
and how these may (e) coincide, alongside recognizing and I think they’re a bit too colorful,” Jeff objected. Instead,
Jeff picked out a white shirt and black jeans. He asked the
accepting that the factors that drive other people’s codes and
store clerk, “Don’t you think these would look great on
decision making may be different.
(e) my brother?” The clerk stopped her work and looked
at the clothes, quickly agreeing with Jeff’s choice. Garcia
41. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은? bought the recommended clothes, saying, “Maybe I’ll wear
these for tonight’s rehearsal, too.”
① Critical Reasoning: A Road to Ethical Decision-making
② Far-reaching Impacts of Ethics on Behavioural Codes
③ Ethical Thinking: A Walk Through Individual Minds 43. 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로
④ Exploring Ethical Theory in the Eyes of the Others 가장 적절한 것은?
⑤ Do Ethical Choices Always Take Priority? ① (B) － (D) － (C) ② (C) － (B) － (D)
③ (C) － (D) － (B) ④ (D) － (B) － (C)
42. 밑줄 친 (a)～(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 ⑤ (D) － (C) － (B)

것은? [3점]
44. 밑줄 친 (a)～(e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른
① (a) ② (b) ③ (c) ④ (d) ⑤ (e) 것은?
① (a) ② (b) ③ (c) ④ (d) ⑤ (e)
[43～45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
(A) 45. 윗글에 관한 내용으로 적절하지 않은 것은?
Garcia stood outside Frontcountry Mall, waiting for his ① Jeff는 교통 체증 때문에 늦었다.
brother, Jeff. Garcia’s band had been chosen to perform at the ② Garcia는 환영식 공연 무대의 중앙에 섰다.
welcoming ceremony for a large group of students from their ③ 밴드가 환영식 공연에서 연주를 마치자 관객은 환호했다.
sister university in Singapore. Garcia was hoping to find the ④ Garcia는 리허설을 앞두고 긴장감을 느꼈다.
perfect clothing for the performance. That was why (a) he ⑤ Garcia는 본인이 가리킨 색상의 옷을 구매했다.
had asked Jeff to help him pick out new clothes. “I’m sorry.
I’m late because traffic was terrible,” Jeff apologized as he * 확인 사항
arrived. “Don’t worry. I haven’t waited long,” Garcia replied ◦ 답안지의 해당란에 필요한 내용을 정확히 기입(표기)했는지 확인
as they entered the lively shopping center. 하시오.

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