78 CHAPTER 3 | Vectors and Two-Dimensional Motion

path, assuming (a) the projectile is launched horizon- 8. Determine which of the following moving objects
tally and (b) the projectile is launched at an angle u obey the equations of projectile motion developed in
with the horizontal. this chapter. (a) A ball is thrown in an arbitrary direc-
tion. (b) A jet airplane crosses the sky with its engines
5. Explain whether the following particles do or do not thrusting the plane forward. (c) A rocket leaves the
have an acceleration: (a) a particle moving in a straight launch pad. (d) A rocket moves through the sky after
line with constant speed and (b) a particle moving its engines have failed. (e) A stone is thrown under
around a curve with constant speed. water.
6. A ball is projected horizontally from the top of a 9. Two projectiles are thrown with the same initial speed,
building. One second later, another ball is projected one at an angle u with respect to the level ground and
horizontally from the same point with the same veloc- the other at angle 90° 2 u. Both projectiles strike the
ity. (a) At what point in the motion will the balls be ground at the same distance from the projection point.
closest to each other? (b) Will the first ball always be Are both projectiles in the air for the same length of
traveling faster than the second? (c) What will be the time?
time difference between them when the balls hit the 10. A ball is thrown upward in the air by a passenger on a
ground? (d) Can the horizontal projection velocity of train that is moving with constant velocity. (a) Describe
the second ball be changed so that the balls arrive at the path of the ball as seen by the passenger. Describe
the ground at the same time? the path as seen by a stationary observer outside the
7. A spacecraft drifts through space at a constant velocity. train. (b) How would these observations change if the
Suddenly, a gas leak in the side of the spacecraft causes train were accelerating along the track?
it to constantly accelerate in a direction perpendicular 11. A projectile is launched at some angle to the horizontal
to the initial velocity. The orientation of the spacecraft with some initial speed vi , and air resistance is negligi-
does not change, so the acceleration remains perpen- ble. (a) Is the projectile a freely falling body? (b) What
dicular to the original direction of the velocity. What is is its acceleration in the vertical direction? (c) What is
the shape of the path followed by the spacecraft? its acceleration in the horizontal direction?

Apago PDF Enhancer

■ PROBLEMS
The problems in this chapter may be assigned online in 1. denotes problems most often assigned in Enhanced WebAssign
Enhanced WebAssign. Selected problems also have Watch It video denotes biomedical problems
solutions.
denotes guided problems
1. denotes straightforward problem; 2. denotes intermediate problem;
denotes Master It tutorial available in Enhanced WebAssign
3. denotes challenging problem
1. denotes full solution available in Student Solutions Manual/ denotes asking for quantitative and conceptual reasoning
Study Guide denotes symbolic reasoning problem

S
3.1 Vectors and Their Properties 4. Three displacements are A 5 200 m due south,
S S S
1. Vector A has a magnitude of 29 units and points in B 5 250 m due west, and C 5 150 m at 30.0° east of
S S
the positive y-direction. When vector B is added to A, north. (a) Construct a separate diagram for each of
S S
the resultant vector A 1 B points in the negative the following possible ways of adding these vectors:
S S S S S S S S S S S S
y- direction with a magnitude of 14 units. Find the mag- R1 5 A 1 B 1 C; R2 5 B 1 C 1 A; R3 5 C 1 B 1 A.
S
nitude and direction of B. (b) Explain what you can conclude from comparing
S
2. Vector A has a magnitude of 8.00 units and makes an the diagrams.
S
angle of 45.0° with the positive x-axis. Vector B also has 5. A roller coaster moves 200 ft horizontally and then
a magnitude of 8.00 units and is directed along the rises 135 ft at an angle of 30.0° above the horizontal.
negative x-axis. Using graphical methods, find (a) the Next, it travels 135 ft at an angle of 40.0° below the
S S S S
vector sum A 1 B and (b) the vector difference A 2 B. horizontal. Use graphical techniques to find the roller
S
3. Vector A is 3.00 units in length and points along the coaster’s displacement from its starting point to the
S
positive x-axis. Vector B is 4.00 units in length and end of this movement.
points along the negative y-axis. Use graphical meth- 6. An airplane flies 200 km due west from city A to
ods to find the magnitude and direction of the vectors city B and then 300 km in the direction of 30.0° north
S S S S
(a) A 1 B and (b) A 2 B. of west from city B to city C. (a) In straight-line dis-

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 | Problems 79

tance, how far is city C from city A? (b) Relative to city 15. A vector has an x-component of 225.0 units and a
A, in what direction is city C? (c) Why is the answer y-component of 40.0 units. Find the magnitude and
only approximately correct? direction of the vector.
7. A plane flies from base camp to lake A, a distance 16. A quarterback takes the ball from the line of scrim-
of 280 km at a direction of 20.0° north of east. After mage, runs backwards for 10.0 yards, then runs side-
dropping off supplies, the plane flies to lake B, which ways parallel to the line of scrimmage for 15.0 yards.
is 190 km and 30.0° west of north from lake A. Graphi- At this point, he throws a 50.0-yard forward pass
cally determine the distance and direction from lake B straight downfield, perpendicular to the line of scrim-
to the base camp. mage. What is the magnitude of the football’s resultant
S displacement?
8. A force F1 of magnitude 6.00
17. The eye of a hurricane passes over Grand Bahama
units acts on an object at the
Island in a direction 60.0° north of west with a speed
origin in a direction u 5 30.0° S F2 S
F1 of 41.0 km/h. Three hours later the course of the hur-
above the positive x-axis (Fig.
S
u ricane suddenly shifts due north, and its speed slows to
P3.8). A second force F2 of mag-
25.0 km/h. How far from Grand Bahama is the hurri-
nitude 5.00 units acts on the
cane 4.50 h after it passes over the island?
object in the direction of the Figure P3.8
positive y-axis. Find graphically 18. A map suggests that Atlanta is 730 miles in a direction
the magnitude and direction of the resultant force 5.00° north of east from Dallas. The same map shows
S S
F1 1 F2. that Chicago is 560 miles in a direction 21.0° west of
north from Atlanta. Figure P3.18 shows the location of
9. A man in a maze makes three consecutive displace- these three cities. Modeling the Earth as flat, use this
ments. His first displacement is 8.00 m westward, and information to find the displacement from Dallas to
the second is 13.0 m northward. At the end of his third Chicago.
displacement he is back to where he started. Use the
graphical method to find the magnitude and direction
of his third displacement.

3.2 Components of a Vector Chicago

Apago PDF Enhancer
10. A person walks 25.0° north of east for 3.10 km. How far
21.0

560 mi
due north and how far due east would she have to walk
to arrive at the same location? 730 mi Atlanta
S
11. The magnitude of vector A is 35.0 units and points Dallas 5.00
in the direction 325° counterclockwise from the posi-
tive x-axis. Calculate the x- and y-components of this
vector. Figure P3.18

12. A figure skater glides along a circular path of radius

5.00 m. If she coasts around one half of the circle, 19. A commuter airplane starts from an airport and takes
find (a) the magnitude of the displacement vector and the route shown in Figure P3.19. The plane first flies to
(b) what distance she skated. (c) What is the magnitude city A, located 175 km away in a direction 30.0° north
of the displacement if she skates all the way around the of east. Next, it flies for 150 km 20.0° west of north, to
circle? city B. Finally, the plane flies 190 km due west, to city
C. Find the location of city C relative to the location of
13. A girl delivering newspapers covers her route by trav-
the starting point.
eling 3.00 blocks west, 4.00 blocks north, and then
6.00 blocks east. (a) What is her resultant displace-
ment? (b) What is the total distance she travels? y (km) N
C 250 B
14. A hiker starts at his camp and moves the follow- S
c W E
ing distances while exploring his surroundings: 75.0 m 200 20.0°
S
b S
north, 2.50 3 102 m east, 125 m at an angle 30.0° north S 150
R
of east, and 1.50 3 102 m south. (a) Find his resul- 100 110°
tant displacement from camp. (Take east as the posi- S
a A
50
tive x-direction and north as the positive y-direction.) 30.0°
(b) Would changes in the order in which the hiker x (km)
O 50 100 150 200
makes the given displacements alter his final position?
Explain. Figure P3.19

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
80 CHAPTER 3 | Vectors and Two-Dimensional Motion

20. The helicopter view in Figure P3.20 shows two people the equations for the x- and y
pulling on a stubborn mule. Find (a) the single force y-components of the veloc- v0  18.0 m/s
S

that is equivalent to the two forces shown and (b) the ity of the stone with time.
force a third person would have to exert on the mule to (d) Write the equations for
make the net force equal to zero. The forces are mea- the position of the stone
S
sured in units of newtons (N). with time, using the coor- h  50.0 m g
dinates in Figure P3.23.
(e) How long after being
y released does the stone
strike the beach below the x
O
cliff? (f) With what speed
and angle of impact does S
v
the stone land?
F 2  80.0 N F 1  120 N
Figure P3.23
75.0 60.0 24. A rock is thrown
x upward from the level ground in such a way that the
maximum height of its flight is equal to its horizontal
range R. (a) At what angle u is the rock thrown? (b) In
terms of the original range R, what is the range R max
the rock can attain if it is launched at the same speed
but at the optimal angle for maximum range? (c)
Figure P3.20
Would your answer to part (a) be different if the rock
is thrown with the same speed on a different planet?
Explain.
21. A novice golfer on the green N 2.00 m 1.00 m
takes three strokes to sink the 25. The best leaper in the animal kingdom is the puma,
ball. The successive displace- W E
which can jump to a height of 3.7 m when leaving the
ments of the ball are 4.00 m S 30.0 ground at an angle of 45°. With what speed must the
to the north, 2.00 m north- 4.00 m animal leave the ground to reach that height?
east, and 1.00 m at 30.0° west
of south (Fig. P3.21). Starting
Apago PDF26. Enhancer
The record distance in the sport of throwing cow-
at the same initial point, an pats is 81.1 m. This record toss was set by Steve Urner of
Figure P3.21
expert golfer could make the the United States in 1981. Assuming the initial launch
hole in what single displacement? angle was 45° and neglecting air resistance, determine
(a) the initial speed of the projectile and (b) the total
3.3 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration time the projectile was in flight. (c) Qualitatively, how
in Two Dimensions would the answers change if the launch angle were
greater than 45°? Explain.
3.4 Motion in Two Dimensions
27. A place-kicker must kick a football from a point
22. One of the fastest
36.0 m (about 40 yards) from the goal. Half the crowd
recorded pitches in
hopes the ball will clear the crossbar, which is 3.05 m
major-league baseball,
high. When kicked, the ball leaves the ground with a
thrown by Tim Lin-
speed of 20.0 m/s at an angle of 53.0° to the horizon-
cecum in 2009, was
Michael Zagaris/Getty Images

tal. (a) By how much does the ball clear or fall short of
clocked at 101.0 mi/h
clearing the crossbar? (b) Does the ball approach the
(Fig. P3.22). If a pitch
crossbar while still rising or while falling?
were thrown horizon-
tally with this velocity, 28. From the window of a building, a ball is tossed
how far would the ball from a height y 0 above the ground with an initial veloc-
fall vertically by the ity of 8.00 m/s and angle of 20.0° below the horizon-
Figure P3.22 Tim Lincecum
time it reached home throws a baseball. tal. It strikes the ground 3.00 s later. (a) If the base
plate, 60.5 ft away? of the building is taken to be the origin of the coor-
23. A student stands at the edge of a cliff and throws dinates, with upward the positive y-direction, what are
a stone horizontally over the edge with a speed of the initial coordinates of the ball? (b) With the posi-
18.0 m/s. The cliff is 50.0 m above a flat, horizontal tive x-direction chosen to be out the window, find the
beach as shown in Figure P3.23. (a) What are the coor- x- and y-components of the initial velocity. (c) Find the
dinates of the initial position of the stone? (b) What equations for the x- and y-components of the position
are the components of the initial velocity? (c) Write as functions of time. (d) How far horizontally from the

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 | Problems 81

base of the building does the ball strike the ground? street below, and a passerby returns it by launching it
(e) Find the height from which the ball was thrown. at an angle of u 5 53.0° above the horizontal at a point
(f) How long does it take the ball to reach a point d 5 24.0 m from the base of the building wall. The
10.0 m below the level of launching? ball takes 2.20 s to reach a point vertically above the
wall. (a) Find the speed at which the ball was launched.
29. A brick is thrown upward from the top of a building
(b) Find the vertical distance by which the ball clears
at an angle of 25° to the horizontal and with an initial
the wall. (c) Find the horizontal distance from the wall
speed of 15 m/s. If the brick is in flight for 3.0 s, how
to the point on the roof where the ball lands.
tall is the building?
30. An artillery shell is fired with an initial velocity of
300 m/s at 55.0° above the horizontal. To clear an
avalanche, it explodes on a mountainside 42.0 s after
firing. What are the x- and y-coordinates of the shell
where it explodes, relative to its firing point?
31. A car is parked on a cliff overlooking the ocean on an h
incline that makes an angle of 24.0° below the horizon-
u
tal. The negligent driver leaves the car in neutral, and
the emergency brakes are defective. The car rolls from d
rest down the incline with a constant acceleration of Figure P3.34
4.00 m/s2 for a distance of 50.0 m to the edge of the
cliff, which is 30.0 m above the ocean. Find (a) the car’s
position relative to the base of the cliff when 3.5 Relative Velocity
the car lands in the ocean and (b) the length of time
35. A jet airliner moving initially at 3.00 3 102 mi/h
the car is in the air.
due east enters a region where the wind is blowing
32. A fireman d 5 50.0 m away from a burning building 1.00 3 102 mi/h in a direction 30.0° north of east.
directs a stream of water from a ground-level fire hose (a) Find the components of the velocity of the jet air-
at an angle of ui 5 30.0° above the horizontal as shown liner relative to the air, S v JA. (b) Find the components
in Figure P3.32. If the speed of the stream as it leaves of the velocity of the air relative to Earth, S v AE. (c) Write
the hose is vi 5 40.0 m/s, at what height will the stream
Apago PDF Enhancer an equation analogous to Equation 3.16 for the veloci-
of water strike the building? ties S
v JA, S
v AE, and S
v JE. (d) What are the speed and direc-
tion of the aircraft relative to the ground?
36. A car travels due east with a speed of 50.0 km/h.
Raindrops are falling at a constant speed vertically
with respect to the Earth. The traces of the rain on the
side windows of the car make an angle of 60.0° with
the vertical. Find the velocity of the rain with respect
h
S
to (a) the car and (b) the Earth.
vi
37. A bolt drops from the ceiling of a moving
ui d
train car that is accelerating northward at a rate of
2.50 m/s2. (a) What is the acceleration of the bolt rela-
tive to the train car? (b) What is the acceleration of the
Figure P3.32 bolt relative to the Earth? (c) Describe the trajectory of
the bolt as seen by an observer fixed on the Earth.
33. A projectile is launched with an initial speed of 38. A Coast Guard cutter detects an unidentified ship at
60.0 m/s at an angle of 30.0° above the horizontal. The a distance of 20.0 km in the direction 15.0° east of
projectile lands on a hillside 4.00 s later. Neglect air north. The ship is traveling at 26.0 km/h on a course at
friction. (a) What is the projectile’s velocity at the high- 40.0° east of north. The Coast Guard wishes to send a
est point of its trajectory? (b) What is the straight-line speedboat to intercept and investigate the vessel. (a) If
distance from where the projectile was launched to the speedboat travels at 50.0 km/h, in what direction
where it hits its target? should it head? Express the direction as a compass
bearing with respect to due north. (b) Find the time
34. A playground is on the flat roof of a city school, 6.00 m
required for the cutter to intercept the ship.
above the street below (Fig. P3.34). The vertical wall of
the building is h 5 7.00 m high, to form a 1-m-high 39. An airplane maintains a speed of 630 km/h relative
railing around the playground. A ball has fallen to the to the air it is flying through, as it makes a trip to a

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
82 CHAPTER 3 | Vectors and Two-Dimensional Motion

city 750 km away to the north. (a) What time interval is Additional Problems
required for the trip if the plane flies through a head-
wind blowing at 35.0 km/h toward the south? (b) What 44. A moving walkway at an airport has a speed v1 and
time interval is required if there is a tailwind with the a length L. A woman stands on the walkway as it moves
same speed? (c) What time interval is required if there from one end to the other, while a man in a hurry to
is a crosswind blowing at 35.0 km/h to the east relative reach his flight walks on the walkway with a speed of
to the ground? v 2 relative to the moving walkway. (a) How long does it
take the woman to travel the distance L? (b) How long
40. Suppose a chinook salmon needs to jump a water- does it take the man to travel this distance?
fall that is 1.50 m high. If the fish starts from a distance
45. How long does it take an automobile traveling in
1.00 m from the base of the ledge over which the water-
the left lane of a highway at 60.0 km/h to overtake
fall flows, (a) find the x- and y-components of
(become even with) another car that is traveling in the
the initial velocity the salmon would need to just reach
right lane at 40.0 km/h when the cars’ front bumpers
the ledge at the top of its trajectory. (b) Can the fish
are initially 100 m apart?
make this jump? (Note that a chinook salmon can
jump out of the water with an initial speed of 6.26 m/s.) 46. You can use any coordinate system you like to solve a
projectile motion problem. To demonstrate the truth
41. A river has a steady speed of 0.500 m/s. A student
of this statement, consider a ball thrown off the top of
swims upstream a distance of 1.00 km and swims back
a building with a velocity Sv at an angle u with respect
to the starting point. (a) If the student can swim at a
to the horizontal. Let the building be 50.0 m tall, the
speed of 1.20 m/s in still water, how long does the trip
initial horizontal velocity be 9.00 m/s, and the initial
take? (b) How much time is required in still water for
vertical velocity be 12.0 m/s. Choose your coordinates
the same length swim? (c) Intuitively, why does the
such that the positive y-axis is upward, the x-axis is to
swim take longer when there is a current?
the right, and the origin is at the point where the ball
is released. (a) With these choices, find the ball’s maxi-
42. This is a symbolic version of Problem 41. A river
mum height above the ground and the time it takes to
has a steady speed of vs . A student swims upstream a
reach the maximum height. (b) Repeat your calcula-
distance d and back to the starting point. (a) If the stu-
tions choosing the origin at the base of the building.
dent can swim at a speed of v in still water, how much
time tup does it take the student to swim upstream a Apago PDF47. Enhancer
A Nordic jumper goes off a ski jump at an angle
distance d ? Express the answer in terms of d, v, and of 10.0° below the horizontal, traveling 108 m horizon-
vs . (b) Using the same variables, how much time t down tally and 55.0 m vertically before landing. (a) Ignoring
does it take to swim back downstream to the starting friction and aerodynamic effects, calculate the speed
point? (c) Sum the answers found in parts (a) and (b) needed by the skier on leaving the ramp. (b) Olym-
and show that the time ta required for the whole trip pic Nordic jumpers can make such jumps with a jump
can be written as speed of 23.0 m/s, which is considerably less than the
answer found in part (a). Explain how that is possible.
2d/v
ta 5
1 2 v s 2/v 2 48. In a local diner, a customer slides an empty coffee
cup down the counter for a refill. The cup slides off
(d) How much time tb does the trip take in still water? the counter and strikes the floor at distance d from the
(e) Which is larger, ta or tb ? Is it always larger? base of the counter. If the height of the counter is h,
(a) find an expression for the time t it takes the cup
43. A bomber is flying horizontally over level terrain at
to fall to the floor in terms of the variables h and g.
a speed of 275 m/s relative to the ground and at an
(b) With what speed does the mug leave the counter?
altitude of 3.00 km. (a) The bombardier releases one
Answer in terms of the variables d, g, and h. (c) In the
bomb. How far does the bomb travel horizontally
same terms, what is the speed of the cup immediately
between its release and its impact on the ground?
before it hits the floor? (d) In terms of h and d, what is
Ignore the effects of air resistance. (b) Firing from
the direction of the cup’s velocity immediately before it
the people on the ground suddenly incapacitates the
hits the floor?
bombardier before he can call, “Bombs away!” Conse-
quently, the pilot maintains the plane’s original course, 49. Towns A and B in Figure P3.49 are 80.0 km apart.
altitude, and speed through a storm of flak. Where is A couple arranges to drive from town A and meet a
the plane relative to the bomb’s point of impact when couple driving from town B at the lake, L. The two cou-
the bomb hits the ground? (c) The plane has a tele- ples leave simultaneously and drive for 2.50 h in the
scopic bombsight set so that the bomb hits the target directions shown. Car 1 has a speed of 90.0 km/h. If
seen in the sight at the moment of release. At what the cars arrive simultaneously at the lake, what is the
angle from the vertical was the bombsight set? speed of car 2?

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 | Problems 83

54. A farm truck S

v
moves due east with a
L constant velocity of
9.50 m/s on a limitless,
horizontal stretch of
road. A boy riding on
1 Figure P3.54
2 the back of the truck
throws a can of soda upward (Fig. P3.54) and catches
the projectile at the same location on the truck bed,
but 16.0 m farther down the road. (a) In the frame of
40.0° 80.0 km reference of the truck, at what angle to the vertical
A B does the boy throw the can? (b) What is the initial
speed of the can relative to the truck? (c) What is the
shape of the can’s trajectory as seen by the boy? An
Figure P3.49
observer on the ground watches the boy throw the can
and catch it. In this observer’s frame of reference,
(d) describe the shape of the can’s path and (e) deter-
50. A chinook salmon has a maximum underwater mine the initial velocity of the can.
speed of 3.58 m/s, but it can jump out of water with a 55. A home run is hit in such a way that the baseball
speed of 6.26 m/s. To move upstream past a waterfall, just clears a wall 21 m high, located 130 m from home
the salmon does not need to jump to the top of the fall, plate. The ball is hit at an angle of 35° to the horizon-
but only to a point in the fall where the water speed is tal, and air resistance is negligible. Find (a) the initial
less than 3.58 m/s; it can then swim up the fall for the speed of the ball, (b) the time it takes the ball to reach
remaining distance. Because the salmon must make the wall, and (c) the velocity components and the
forward progress in the water, let’s assume it can swim speed of the ball when it reaches the wall. (Assume the
to the top if the water speed is 3.00 m/s. If water has ball is hit at a height of 1.0 m above the ground.)
a speed of 1.50 m/s as it passes over a ledge, (a) how 56. A ball is thrown straight upward and returns to the
far below the ledge will the water be moving with a thrower’s hand after 3.00 s in the air. A second ball
speed of 3.00 m/s? (Note that water undergoes projec- Apago PDF Enhancer thrown at an angle of 30.0° with the horizontal reaches
tile motion once it leaves the ledge.) (b) If the salmon the same maximum height as the first ball. (a) At what
is able to jump vertically upward from the base of the speed was the first ball thrown? (b) At what speed was
fall, what is the maximum height of waterfall that the the second ball thrown?
salmon can clear?
57. A quarterback throws a football toward a receiver with
51. A rocket is launched at an angle of 53.0° above the an initial speed of 20 m/s at an angle of 30° above the
horizontal with an initial speed of 100 m/s. The rocket horizontal. At that instant the receiver is 20 m from the
moves for 3.00 s along its initial line of motion with quarterback. In (a) what direction and (b) with what
an acceleration of 30.0 m/s2. At this time, its engines constant speed should the receiver run in order to
fail and the rocket proceeds to move as a projectile. catch the football at the level at which it was thrown?
Find (a) the maximum altitude reached by the rocket,
58. A 2.00-m-tall basketball player is standing on the floor
(b) its total time of flight, and (c) its horizontal range.
10.0 m from the basket, as in Figure P3.58. If he shoots
52. Two canoeists in identical canoes exert the same effort the ball at a 40.0° angle with the horizontal, at what ini-
paddling and hence maintain the same speed rela- tial speed must he throw the basketball so that it goes
tive to the water. One paddles directly upstream (and through the hoop without striking the backboard? The
moves upstream), whereas the other paddles directly height of the basket is 3.05 m.
downstream. With downstream as the positive direc-
tion, an observer on shore determines the velocities of
the two canoes to be 21.2 m/s and 12.9 m/s, respec-
tively. (a) What is the speed of the water relative to the
shore? (b) What is the speed of each canoe relative to 40.0
the water? 2.00 3.05 m
m
53. (a) If a person can jump a maximum horizontal dis-
tance (by using a 45° projection angle) of 3.0 m on
Earth, what would be his maximum range on the
Moon, where the free-fall acceleration is g/6 and g 5
9.80 m/s2? (b) Repeat for Mars, where the acceleration 10.0 m
due to gravity is 0.38g. Figure P3.58

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84 CHAPTER 3 | Vectors and Two-Dimensional Motion

59. In a very popular lec- Target maximum speed of 12 km/h with respect to the water.
ture demonstration, a projec- What is the minimum time necessary for crossing?
tile is fired at a falling target S 64. When baseball outfielders throw the ball, they usu-
v0
as in Figure P3.59. The projec- ally allow it to take one bounce, on the theory that the
tile leaves the gun at the same θ0 Point of ball arrives at its target sooner that way. Suppose that,
instant the target is dropped collision
after the bounce, the ball rebounds at the same angle
from rest. Assuming the gun u that it had when it was released (as in Fig. P3.64), but
is initially aimed at the target, loses half its speed. (a) Assuming that the ball is always
show that the projectile will thrown with the same initial speed, at what angle u
hit the target. (One restric- Figure P3.59 should the ball be thrown in order to go the same dis-
tion of this experiment is that tance D with one bounce as a ball thrown upward at
the projectile must reach the target before the target 45.0° with no bounce? (b) Determine the ratio of the
strikes the floor.) times for the one-bounce and no-bounce throws.
60. Figure P3.60 illustrates the difference in propor-
tions between the male (m) and female (f) anatomies.
S S
The displacements d1m and d1f from the bottom of
the feet to the navel have magnitudes of 104 cm and
S S
84.0 cm, respectively. The displacements d2m and d2f
have magnitudes of 50.0 cm and 43.0 cm, respectively. 45.0°
S
(a) Find the vector sum of the displacements dd1 and θ θ
S
dd2 in each case. (b) The male figure is 180 cm tall, the D
female 168 cm. Normalize the displacements of each
figure to a common height of 200 cm and re-form the Figure P3.64

vector sums as in part (a). Then find the vector differ-

ence between the two sums. 65. A daredevil is shot out of a cannon at 45.0° to the hori-
zontal with an initial speed of 25.0 m/s. A net is posi-
tioned a horizontal distance of 50.0 m from the can-
non. At what height above the cannon should the net
be placed in order to catch the daredevil?
S
d2m Apago d PDF Enhancer S
23.0 2f 66. Chinook salmon are able to move upstream faster
28.0 by jumping out of the water periodically; this behav-
ior is called porpoising. Suppose a salmon swimming
S S in still water jumps out of the water with a speed of
d1m d1f 6.26 m/s at an angle of 45°, sails through the air a dis-
tance L before returning to the water, and then swims
a distance L underwater at a speed of 3.58 m/s before
beginning another porpoising maneuver. Determine
Figure P3.60
the average speed of the fish.
67. A student decides to measure the muzzle velocity
61. By throwing a ball at an angle of 45°, a girl can of a pellet shot from his gun. He points the gun hori-
throw the ball a maximum horizontal distance R on a zontally. He places a target on a vertical wall a distance
level field. How far can she throw the same ball ver- x away from the gun. The pellet hits the target a verti-
tically upward? Assume her muscles give the ball the cal distance y below the gun. (a) Show that the position
same speed in each case. (Is this assumption valid?) of the pellet when traveling through the air is given by
62. The equation of a parabola is y 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c, y 5 Ax 2, where A is a constant. (b) Express the constant
where a, b, and c are constants. The x- and y- coordinates A in terms of the initial (muzzle) velocity and the free-
of a projectile launched from the origin as a func- fall acceleration. (c) If x 5 3.00 m and y 5 0.210 m,
tion of time are given by x 5 v 0xt and y 5 v 0yt 2 12gt 2, what is the initial speed of the pellet?
where v 0x and v 0y are the components of the initial 68. A sailboat is heading directly north at a speed of
velocity. (a) Eliminate t from these two equations and 20 knots (1 knot 5 0.514 m/s). The wind is blowing
show that the path of a projectile is a parabola and has toward the east with a speed of 17 knots. (a) Determine
the form y 5 ax 1 bx 2. (b) What are the values of a, b, the magnitude and direction of the wind velocity as
and c for the projectile? measured on the boat. (b) What is the component of
63. A hunter wishes to cross a river that is 1.5 km wide and the wind velocity in the direction parallel to the motion
flows with a speed of 5.0 km/h parallel to its banks. of the boat? (See Problem 58 in Chapter 4 for an expla-
The hunter uses a small powerboat that moves at a nation of how a sailboat can move “into the wind.”)

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 | Problems 85

69. A golf ball with an initial speed of 50.0 m/s lands new pair of power roller BEEP
exactly 240 m downrange on a level course. (a) Neglect- skates, which provide BEEP
ing air friction, what two projection angles would a constant horizontal
achieve this result? (b) What is the maximum height acceleration of 15 m/s2,
reached by the ball, using the two angles determined as shown in Figure P3.73.
in part (a)? The coyote starts off at
70. A landscape architect rest 70 m from the edge
is planning an artificial of a cliff at the instant
waterfall in a city park. the roadrunner zips by Figure P3.73
Water flowing at 0.750 m/s in the direction of the
h
leaves the end of a horizon- cliff. (a) If the roadrunner moves with constant speed,
tal channel at the top of find the minimum speed the roadrunner must have
a vertical wall h 5 2.35 m to reach the cliff before the coyote. (b) If the cliff is
high and falls into a pool 100 m above the base of a canyon, find where the coy-
(Fig. P3.70). (a) How far ote lands in the canyon. (Assume his skates are still
Figure P3.70 in operation when he is in “flight” and that his hori-
from the wall will the water
land? Will the space behind the waterfall be wide zontal component of acceleration remains constant at
enough for a pedestrian walkway? (b) To sell her plan 15 m/s2.)
to the city council, the architect wants to build a model 74. A truck loaded with cannonball watermelons stops sud-
to standard scale, one-twelfth actual size. How fast denly to avoid running over the edge of a washed-out
should the water flow in the channel in the model? bridge (Fig. P3.74). The quick stop causes a number of
71. One strategy in a snowball fight is to throw a snowball melons to fly off the truck. One melon rolls over the
at a high angle over level ground. Then, while your edge with an initial speed vi 5 10.0 m/s in the horizon-
opponent is watching that snowball, you throw a sec- tal direction. A cross section of the bank has the shape
ond one at a low angle timed to arrive before or at the of the bottom half of a parabola with its vertex at the
same time as the first one. Assume both snowballs are edge of the road, and with the equation y 2 5 (16.0 m) x,
thrown with a speed of 25.0 m/s. The first is thrown at where x and y are measured in meters. What are the
an angle of 70.0° with respect to the horizontal. (a) At x- and y-coordinates of the melon when it splatters on
what angle should the second snowball be thrown to Apago PDF Enhancer the bank?
arrive at the same point as the first? (b) How many sec-
onds later should the second snowball be thrown after
the first in order for both to arrive at the same time? y
S
72. A dart gun is fired while being held horizontally at vi
x
a height of 1.00 m above ground level and while it is
at rest relative to the ground. The dart from the gun
travels a horizontal distance of 5.00 m. A college stu-
dent holds the same gun in a horizontal position
while sliding down a 45.0° incline at a constant speed
of 2.00 m/s. How far will the dart travel if the student
fires the gun when it is 1.00 m above the ground?
73. The determined Wile E. Coyote is out once more to try Figure P3.74 The blue dashed curve shows the parabolic shape of the
to capture the elusive roadrunner. The coyote wears a bank.

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.