NOMBRE DE LA CARRERA: INGENIERIA EN PROCESOS

AGRI-FOOD
SUBJECT NAME: Crop Systems II
TÍTULO: Aparatos Básicos de Laboratorio.
TEACHER: Ing. Teresa de Jesús Flores Rodarte
NOMBRE DEL ALUMNO: AbigailTerrazas
 MARIGOLD
Tagetes erecta

HISTORY.
The Cempasúchil flower is native to Mexico, its name comes from the Nahuatl "Cempohualxochitl" which means "twenty flowers".
various flowers
It is an annual plant measuring 60cm to 1m in height, very aromatic. Its flowers range from yellow to orange. It is native to
from Mexico and inhabits warm, semi-warm, dry, and temperate climates, from 8 to 3900 meters above sea level. Adapted to different
habitats, cultivated in gardens, grows in milpas or urban areas, associated with different types of vegetation such as forests
deciduous tropical and sub-deciduous, xerophytic scrub and thorny forests, mountain mesophyll, oak, pine, and mixed pine-
oak
It has been used since pre-Hispanic times and is used as an ornamental in the funeral adornments of the Day of the Dead.
It is also used in the production of soups, pharmaceuticals, traditional medicine, margarine, beverages.
Essential oils are extracted from plants to manufacture agrochemicals to combat insects and are used in the poultry industry.
the purpose of making the chicken meat and the yolk of the eggs take on a more yellow color.
It is a flower with carotenoids, which are substances that provide these very strong colorants to dye the flesh and the yolk.
egg
Another characteristic of the cempasúchil flower is its short lifespan.
Most marigold flowers are annuals, meaning they are born and live only for one season. But as it has
many seeds, they reproduce very easily.
 THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF CEMPASÚCHIL.
The planting of the cempasúchil flower, a characteristic flower that adorns Mexican altars for the
Day of the Dead will increase in Mexico in 2023 to 2,448 hectares, it was estimated this
Tuesday the Secretariat of Agriculture and Rural Development (Sader) of Mexico.
In a statement, the agency specified that the planting of this flower has been increasing in the
last few years since in 2021, 2,198 hectares were planted, while in 2022 it rose to
2.289 hectares.
The head of Sader, Víctor Villalobos, also noted that for this year a production is estimated.
over 21,000 tons of marigold flowers, more than 2.4 million plants and more than
509,000 bundles (rolls), which guarantees supply and availability at the national level.
According to data from the Agricultural and Fisheries Information Service (SIAP), in 2022 the
National production consisted of 16,307 tons, 2.3 million plants, and 490,786 bundles.
Despite being a native species of Mexico, China is the main producer of cempasuchil for use
industrial, with three-fourths of what is sown in the world, reports the UNAM website
with data from 2019.
According to data from the Economic Development Secretariat of Mexico City (Sedeco)
and from the Commission of Natural Resources and Rural Development (Corenadr), the value of production of the
The flower in the capital of the country amounts to 65 million pesos (about 3.4 million euros) for the
rural families.
 MORPHOLOGY.
The marigold is a dicotyledon, as could be observed by the arrangement of its
vascular surgeries.
It measures up to 1.8 meters in height.
The stems are erect, striated, sometimes ribbed, smooth or slightly hairy, cylindrical, oval and
from herbaceous to slightly woody, with resin canals in the bark; it is aromatic when crushed.
Opposite leaves at the bottom, alternate at the top, up to 20 cm long, pinnate,
composed of 11 to 17 leaflets, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, up to 5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide,
sharp to pointed, sawtoothed to subentire, the lower parts of each leaf frequently bristly (in
thread-like form), the upper ones sometimes completely setiform; with abundant round glands.
The leaflets are lanceolate to linear with serrated edges, the upper leaflets are reduced and possess
abundant glands, which give it the characteristic smell of the species. This smell predominates in the
Mexican offerings.
The inflorescence consists of solitary heads or grouped on peduncles up to 15 cm long with bracts.
green.
The main characteristic of flowers is that they are grouped in heads or in solitary inflorescences.
about peduncles up to 15 cm long, they are ligulate in colors from yellow to red. In the disk flowers: 150 to
250 in the simple heads, in the 'double' ones shows different degrees of transformation in ligules, corollas
yellow to orange, 8 to 10 mm long.
The fruits and seeds are: linear achenes 7 to 10 mm long, smooth or slightly covered with hairs.
rigid at the angles. It has a long flowering period that extends throughout summer and autumn.
It reproduces easily by seeds.
MORPHOLOGY OF THE MARIGOLD.

The terms male and female are used in

the farmers' societies to differentiate
the two types of flowers.
In botanical terms, the gametes
feminine and masculine are present in
both.
TAXONOMY.
•Nombre común:Tagetes erecta
Superior classification: Cempasúchil
Category: Species
•Especie:Tagetes erecta; L., 1753
Family: Asteraceae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Order: Asterales

NUTRITIONAL VALUE.
Not found
It is an annual plant and reproduces easily by seeds. It grows in full sun and in soil that
it contains black soil and compost and should be kept moist but well-drained.
The first thing we will do to obtain this crop is to choose the seed of the variety that we
We want. Then we will choose the suitable substrate, which generally has to be loamy or
Franco arenoso. The container in which they will grow will be a bag (35X35 or 40X40) or in slabs of
coconut fiber.
Direct sowing is recommended in cultivation bags with coconut coir substrate or
peat moss, trying to ensure that the seeds are well distributed in the substrate and covering them with another.
a little bit of substrate and pouring water on them.
You can also use indirect sowing by planting in a seedbed with a powdery substrate.
of coconut or peat moss, placing two seeds per cavity. Similarly, you can sow in a
agricultural foam seedbed, which facilitates transplantation and reduces root damage.
The seed generally germinates in a week depending on the variety and you can see your emerge
plant between 7 and 10 days.
The first thing you will see are the two cotyledons which will nourish the seedling for a few days, then
your first true leaves will come out, at this stage you can start to add nutrient solution
to your seedlings. You will first add one third of the recommended amount and gradually increase it.
dose.
1. When your seedlings have 3-4 pairs of leaves or are 12-15 cm tall, you can transplant them. For
To do this, we will use a tongue depressor to take our seedlings out of the nursery.
trying not to hurt the root. In the case of agricultural foam trays only
we carefully detach in a cube.
2. The cultivation will be in substrate, this has to be a loamy substrate, such as coconut fiber (in the
presentation of pens), you can also use the mixtures like mixture 3.
3. With the help of a disinfected and clean garden shovel or with your hand (which must be clean to
to prevent infections in the plant, we will make a hole in the substrate, previously moistened and
we will place our little seedling to finish watering a little with the nutrient solution or with water. It
they will be placed at a distance of between 30-40 cm.
It is a very important activity as it gives strength and vigor to your plants, improving flowering and the
development.
This process involves removing the upper or terminal bud of the plant in order to ensure that the
the plant stops growing upwards and the side buds are the ones that branch out, but sideways.
It is done approximately when it has 6 nodes or measures 20-30 cm tall.
A second pinching can be done on those buds 35 - 50 days after branching.
that were produced from the first topping. Remember that each topping will produce at least 2
stems more, so with this you will get a larger number of plants. They should be cut with scissors.
to prune clean and disinfected or with your previously washed hand, by pinching, trying to
to hurt the stem as little as possible
Just like the leaves, you will need to remove the sickest flowers that are old or wilted.
preventing the others from getting damaged.
The cutting of the flower will be done only with the help of clean and disinfected pruning shears.
cutting from the part closest to the main stem slightly angled towards it.
Its flowers are grouped in heads or solitary inflorescences, on peduncles of 15 cm.
They are long, in colors ranging from yellow to red. Blooming starts at 60 or 70 days, which can last
around a month.
The irrigation must be intense enough to only moisten the substrate; it should not remain.
waterlogged. And your solution should maintain a pH range of 5.5-6.5 and your EC should be less than
3mS/cm.
You can perform manual or automated irrigation through irrigation tapes, localized irrigation or
sprinkler irrigation
In order to choose an appropriate system, you must take into account the climate, the location, the type of
substrate among other factors, since generally about 450 ml must be applied
solution per day for each plant, however, this data may vary, for example, during hot weather
You can supplement the solution irrigation with sprinkler irrigation using water or dilute your solution.
50% to increase your irrigation during the hottest hours.
The flower is harvested after 90-120 days (depending on the variety, climatic factors and the
management) from sowing, at weekly intervals (7 to 8 times between days 60 and 120), will be cut
the mature flowers at ground level, the cut will preferably be made in the morning or in the
afternoon with clean and disinfected pruning shears.
In the case that the flowers are for commercial sale for large industries or export, you must
consult the guidelines that must be followed to carry out a proper collection and cuts,
since it will depend on the type of flower you cultivate, for example: length and erection of the stem or the phenotype and
number of flowers, etc.
If the sale is national or for medium and small businesses, you can leave them in the bags of
I cultivate or use pots with the appropriate characteristics, or in the case of making floral arrangements,
solo debes tener cuidado de cortar el tallo sesgadamente y ponerlas en agua templada para alargar
the time of wilting and not causing a stronger stress.
SOIL PREPARATION.
I plow at a depth of 50 cm, followed by a fallow at a depth of 30 cm, and harrowing.
plowed

ORGANIC AND MINERAL FERTILIZER 'BACKGROUND'.

As a general dosage, it is recommended to incorporate 3-4 kg/m2 of manure and 4 kg/m2 of peat or bagasse.
As a base mineral fertilizer, it is recommended: 80 g/m2 of 18-46-00, 80 g/m2 of potassium chloride.
and 120 g/m2 of agrical.

PRE-EMERGENT IRRIGATION: In temporary.

METHOD AND SEEDING DENSITY: Direct or transplant

PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN SURCO:

The furrows are made at a distance of 0.80 m, establishing the plant in a single row.
a distance between plants of 15 cm for a density of 6.6 plants / linear meter

NUTRITION:
Through prepared formulas:
For start-up and development:
Phosphonitrate: 3 g/l of water, plus minor elements in a foliar solution applying 5 ml/l of
NUTRICIÓN:
Through prepared formulas:
For startup and development:
Phosphonitrate: 3 g/l of water, plus minor elements in a foliar solution applying 5 ml/l of
water
For production:
Potassium nitrate: 2 g/lt. of water

CULTURAL WORK.
WEED CONTROL: based on a selective herbicide called linorox or linuron, applying
1.5 to 2.0 kg/ha. in pre or post-emergency

IRRIGATIONS: Due to the storm

Weed control: Perform weeding 35 days after planting

Pests that damage the crop:

Being an aromatic plant with an unpleasant smell, it is not attractive to pests.
.
Diseases that damage the crop.
Leaf spot: it is controlled with chlorothalonil 1.5 kg/ha.
AVERAGE YIELD: one multiflora stem per plant
INDUSTRIAL USES.
Colorant.
Lutein can be extracted from the petals of Tagetes erecta using organic solvents.
extract is used in the food industry as a colorant for foods that gives them color
bright yellow. From the dry petals, oleoresin is first extracted, which contains lutein, ester of
lutein, carotenoids and waxes, subsequently lutein is separated by saponification.
INSECTICIDE
it has been discovered that the cempasuchil flower works as a natural insecticide for treatment or
to drive away certain pests from our crops.
In agriculture, it is used to repel nematodes, and it is especially effective against the species
Pratylenchus penetrans, which attacks some crops, such as tomato. In addition, it is used to test and
create new natural and artificial fertilizers due to their high stability.
In poultry farming
The flower is used as a natural pigment and organic additive to chicken feed for production of
eggs with more colorful yolks.
CULTURAL USES
Day of the Dead
In Mexico, it is used in the festivities of the Day of the Dead to decorate altars and graves; hence the
name "flower of the dead".
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
Vázquez-García L. M., Víveros-Farfán I. M. G. and Salomé-
Castañeda E. 2002. Cempasúchil (Tagetes spp.) Resources
Ornamental Phytogenetics of Mexico. State University
from Mexico. 28-67.
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