BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA

INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITECNICO

Santiago Mariño
BARCELONA HEADQUARTERS

SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

CHAPTER II
REFERENTIAL FRAMEWORK

Barcelona, Anzoátegui state

June 2022

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 INDEX

Pp.

CHAPTER

II. REFERENTIAL FRAMEWORK 4-5-6

Background of the Research 6-7
Theoretical Bases 7-8
Legal Bases 8-9
Hypothesis Systems 9-10-11
Variable System...................................................... 11-12
Operationalization of Variables 12-13
Definition of Basic Terms.......................................... 14

CONCLUSION AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

Conclusion 15
Bibliography 16
 INTRODUCTION

Science over the years has remained a pursuit.

permanent knowledge valid for this, to give validity to their
principles and their foundations their investigations carried out by means of
of the scientific method, but its content must be based on the
existing knowledge and likewise take a position regarding the
same; for this reason it is important that the reference framework must be made of
an appropriate way so that it does not affect the research project to be established.
This chapter analyzes and presents theories, research, laws and
valid and reliable background information. The framework or
reference framework is a text that identifies and exposes the background, the
the theories, regulations and/or guidelines of a project
investigation, of an action program or of a process, having as
main function is to collect the background of a study topic (theories,
experiments, data, statistics, etc.
In a thesis or scientific or humanistic research work, the framework
The reference can be considered equivalent to the theoretical or conceptual framework.

when it identifies and exposes the concepts that support the argumentation of
the hypothesis. This work aims to provide us with a description
clear, concise about what makes up the referential framework. In the framework
the theoretical or referential framework of the research must include the elements
theoretical order centers that will guide the study must be
related to the research topic and the problem.
 CHAPTER II

REFERENCE FRAMEWORK

Reference framework

It is the theoretical and conceptual basis on which a project is based.

investigation. The referential framework is a transversal axis of the entire
research for the researcher to identify the established theory on
the hypotheses surrounding the project; and from there identify gaps
academic and procedural around the problem. The reference framework
It serves to get to know the theories, previous studies, regulations,
key concepts and essential characteristics of the context in which it
develop the research. The frameworks that generally make up the
reference framework are:
Background framework: it is commonly the framework that opens the
reference section and it is a review of the previous works related to the task
of studies that have research significance, they can be works
degree, presentations, conferences, indexed journal articles, or
institutional studies; they provide sources that contribute data to the
study and that is why it is recommended to draft them taking into account the

título, autor(es), fecha de publicación, objetivos de investigación,

methodology and relevant conclusions, and organize them according to the

international, national, and regional context.

Theoretical framework: it is the part in which any
research, for theory is the foundation that will support any
analysis, experiment or proposal in the development of any study,

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 that is why the theoretical framework must be done strictly and with
reliable academic sources to validate the work are recommended.
that the theory is presented in an organized way, aiming to go to the author

original so that interpretations are avoided being taken as theories.

Conceptual framework: it is the collection, exposition, and, according to some
experts, the interpretation of fundamental concepts that are
they are related in the development of research. The presentation of
this section differs according to research methodologies, some
Sometimes it is presented at the beginning, at the end or even immersed in the frame

theoretical or introduction; when it is discriminated it appears in order

alphabetical.
Legal framework: it is the set of regulations that revolve around the topic.
of research, it is based on legal documents issued
by international and national organizations such as the
Constitutions and the laws issued by the congress, the different
ministries, local regulations and codes of conduct, among
others.
Contextual framework: it is the framework that describes the place or environment in which

where the investigated phenomenon is located, for this it is valid to describe

generalities of the context, such as extension, limits, economy,

demography, culture, and above all clarify the problem studied at the level
regional.

Characteristics of the Referential Framework

It is defined according to the research topic (not all frameworks

references have the same conditions.
It is made based on authors and concepts, while the state of
art is made from research, although sometimes these two
elements of the research intersect.

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 The approach defined in the delimitation of the topic will direct the
content of the referential framework.

Background of the Research

The background of the research consists of all those works of

research that precedes the one being carried out, but that additionally
it is closely related to the objectives of the study being addressed. That is,
they are the previously conducted research works, related to
the object of study present in the research we are conducting
again.
Characteristics of the research background:
It refers to the research that precedes the current one.
It is directly related to the research objectives.
The number of words depends on the established parameters.
between the tutor and the tutored.
It is concise, that is, brief in the way of presenting information.
It is necessary, though it has specialized vocabulary (from the
discipline), it is clear, not ambiguous.

The lexicon is formal and specialized.

Field backgrounds and backgrounds can be found.
theoretical.
The structure of the background is not completely rigid. In each
in higher education institutions, variations can be found in the
structure of the text, since they establish certain schemes for theses and
degree works taken as research background, which clarify
what are guides for the thesis student or researcher. The background of the
we can structure them in the following way:

a) El título de la tesis o trabajo consultado.

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 b) The author or authors of the work.
c) El año en que fue presentado y la institución a la cual se presentó.
d) The title that was being sought with the presentation of that work
consulted.
e) A brief review of the characteristics of the work that it
relate to one or some of the specific objectives of the
research.
f) The contribution or guidance that this work provided during the course of the

research that is being conducted.

The importance of the background lies in that it serves as a reference for us.
to guide us on the topic to be addressed, it helps us stabilize the research by
means of bases with solid arguments. Its purpose is to expose what
has been done so far to clarify the phenomenon object of
research.

Theoretical Bases

According to Bavaresco (2006), the theoretical foundations are related to the theories.

that provide the researcher with initial support within the knowledge of the object
of study, that is, each problem has some theoretical reference, which
indicates that the researcher cannot make abstraction for it
lack of knowledge, unless their studies are based on research
pure or exploratory. Now, in descriptive approaches,
experimental, documentary, historical, ethnographic, predictive or others
where the existence of reference frameworks are fundamental and which
encourage the scholar to seek connection with previous theories or
the search for new theories as a product of new knowledge.
To develop the theoretical foundations of the research, the following must be considered

the following aspects: (a) Location of the problem within a theoretical framework

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determined; (b) Relationship between theory and the subject of study; (c) Position of
different authors on the research problem or object and (d) Adoption
from a stance taken by the researcher, which must be justified. In the
the same rules, it is stated that another important aspect that must be
highlight in the Theoretical Bases are the Legal Bases.
The theoretical foundations are important because they constitute the heart of the

research work, of the degree theses, since it is about these that

build all the work. A good theoretical foundation will form the platform
on which the analysis of the results obtained is based
work, without it you cannot analyze the results. Without a good foundation
theoretical any instrument designed or selected, or technique used in the
study will lack validity.

Legal Bases

The legal bases are all those laws that must be observed.
relationship with the study research, the articles must be copied as is
what they are and how to paraphrase the final objectives in relation to
the investigation. It is about the set of legal documents of a nature that
They serve as reference testimony and support for the research being conducted.
Some of the legal documents that can be named are:
Standards
Laws
Regulations
Decrees
Resolutions
To cite the theoretical bases, one must take into account the Pyramid of
Kelsen, (Ramos, 2011) which is a strict legal method. The pyramid
Kelsiana, it is to categorize the different classes of norms by placing them in a

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easy way to distinguish which predominates over the others, e.g. Constitution
National, Organic Law of Labor, decree law, municipal ordinance, etc.

Hypothesis System

The hypothesis system, also known as the hypothetical system,

within the theoretical framework of the research, it represents the theoretical structure

that crystallizes into a set of hypotheses, which allow to explain and

establish an approximation with the researched reality. Now then, for
to be able to create a hypothetical system that guides research, it is necessary to
to know what a hypothesis entails.
The hypotheses are related to the propositions they establish.
relationships between the facts. It can also be noted that it is a possible
solution to the problem. It should be clarified that not in all investigations
formulate hypotheses, and this basically depends on two elements: the
study approach and its scope. Below is presented a

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summary table on the use of the proposed hypotheses by
Hernández, Fernández and Baptista (2003).
Hypotheses can be formulated at different levels of abstraction, and
to classify according to a variety of criteria. It is important
mention that the hypotheses, from their delimitation, must demonstrate their
relationship with the theory, should not contain vague or ambiguous criteria, that is to say they must

to be expressed in carefully defined terms. In the project of

research, specifically in the hypothetical system, the following are distinguished

research hypothesis (general or fundamental), the medium hypotheses, the

operational that include auxiliary or working and finally the
statistical or null hypotheses, also referred to as auxiliary or of
meaning.
The Research Hypotheses: They are those referred to
also as general or fundamental, and are related to the
prepositions presented broadly and abstractly, which
they tentatively express the causative factors of the problem
in study; from which hypotheses can be derived and tested further
concrete. These hypotheses propose a relationship between variables.
conceptual, for this reason they predict a relationship between two or
more variables. Finally, these hypotheses refer to the
social reality is tested through data.
The Medium Hypotheses: They are those constituted in propositions.
that derive from the research hypotheses. Through the
mean hypotheses, it is possible to decompose and specify the content
of the general hypotheses.
The Operational Hypotheses: Derived from the hypotheses of
investigation or general and are referred to the propositions
systematically related, which allow for testing
to the first ones. These hypotheses are linked to the
objectives and the units of the immediate reality of the problem

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 object of study. Do these hypotheses allow for operationalization
of the variables in terms of the research deployment
proposed.
Statistical or null hypotheses: These oppose the
research hypothesis, represents a stage of its
empirical verification. The denial of the null hypothesis (H1) is
what is called the null hypothesis (Ho), contrasted with the
statistical parameters through hypothesis testing. These
hypotheses generally determine that there is no relationship between
the variables considered in the study.
The importance of hypotheses in a research or work of
research comes from the link between theory and empirical reality between the
formalized system and the investigation. In this sense, the hypothesis serves to
to guide and define a research, giving it a definitive direction to the
search for the solution to a problem, without it, without the hypothesis, that is,
without an option for explanation or answer to that doubt, there is no science that

can develop.

Variable Systems

In any research, it is important to establish variables, as they

they allow to relate some concepts and refer to the
Characteristics that the researcher is going to study. A variable is a
quality susceptible to change (characteristic that varies). Some
Examples to better understand the concept of a variable are the following:

Variable:Sexo. Valores: Mujer, Hombre.

Variable:Edad. Valores: 0, 1, 2, 3…

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 Variable:Ingresos Anuales. Valores: cualquier número entre 0 y
hundreds of thousands or millions of Bolivars, or as they say
mathematically towards infinity.
More examples of variables are: marital status, social status, level
educational, political ideology, religiosity, among others. The types of variables
from a research can be classified and distinguished in various ways
depending on the types of values they take, but for
to start in the world of research, it is necessary to distinguish the
following: independent, dependent, and intervening variables.
Independent Variable: Refers to "the one where the
the researcher can manipulate certain effects; in other words
supposes the cause of the studied phenomenon.
Dependent Variable: Implies 'the effect produced by the variable
independent, that is to say it represents what is intended to be determined in

direct form in research.

Intervening Variable: "It is one that can influence the variable.
dependent, but not subjected to consideration as
research variable.

Operationalization of the Variables

An important aspect to consider in some research is the

operational conceptualization of the variables under study, or as some
authors call the Operationalization of the Variables which is defined
by Arias (2006) as the conceptual and operational definition of the variables
from the hypothesis moving from an abstract level to a concrete and specific level
in order to observe it, measure it, or manipulate it, with the purpose of
contrast the hypothesis.

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 Regarding this process, Korn (Cited by Balestrini, 2006) suggests
that procedures like the ones mentioned should be followed
continuation:
Nominal definition of the variable to be measured, real definition: in the
that the dimensions and the operational definition are listed in which
the indicators are selected. In this regard, Arias (2006) agrees that
What is important to consider to carry out the
operationalization of the variables the conceptual definition and
operational of the same. As for what was previously mentioned
Balestrini (2006) and Álvarez (2008) point out that:

The conceptual or nominal definition: which consists of the

definition of the variable under study, which refers to the
research objectives and is closely related
related to the theoretical body in which it is contained
hypothesis in question or the variable under study.
The real definition or dimensions: it is related to the
statements related to properties or dimensions
considered essential to the object or fact referred to in the
definition. This is the moment when it decomposes
original concept in the dimensions that integrate it.
The operational definition (indicators): It refers to the set
of procedures that will describe how the variable will be 'measured'
in study. That is to say, it implies selecting the indicators
contents, according to the meaning that has been given to
through its dimensions to the variable under study. This moment
of the operational development of the variables, it must indicate in a way
needs the what, when, and how of the variable and the dimensions that
they contain it. It is about finding the indicators for each one.
of the established dimensions.

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Definition of Basic Terms

The definition of basic terms is an optional section of the work.

thesis or dissertation goes at the end of the theoretical or referential framework, that is, chapter II,

It is a kind of glossary that is made from the statement of the problem.

finds in chapter I) and it serves to clarify the problem better,
to avoid ambiguities in the terms used to present it. with this it
gains greater clarity in research.
One must not confuse this part of the research work with a
glossary, as here only important terms reflected in are defined
el planteamiento del problema. En este sentido las Normas para la
Preparation, Presentation, Evaluation and Approval of the Works of
Bachelor's (Specialization and Master's) from the National Experimental University
from the Western Plains Ezequiel Zamora (2006) suggests that the definition
of terms, it consists of establishing the specific meaning and according to the
context to the main concepts involved in the formulated problem.
Only the terms that present ambiguity or have are defined.
meanings different from common use, which is necessary for the
reader comprehension, and for the researcher to know what data is
those that you have to look for.

This aspect is optional, as mentioned earlier, always and

when the concepts are defined, as the framework is drafted
Referential. The definition of terms is presented in strict alphabetical order.
In qualitative studies, this section is not included as they are the
subjects object of the study who must define them from their own
perspective.

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 CONCLUSION

The theoretical framework directs the research; this section depends on it.
methodology, the analysis of results and the entire research process, in
where in the end the theory, background, and results can be contrasted
found, forming a deep discussion and taking into account the
research context. The reference framework is the theoretical basis of
this depends on the conceptual clarity of the research. It is precisely a
Marco, for that reason, it must be limited in coherence to the same delimitation of the

theme (space - theme - focus).

The theoretical framework is of great importance in our project of
research, as it constitutes a fundamental segment and helps us to
gather the background of our study topic and in this way
we can identify a large number of gaps and questions that may
to exist, and thus have a justification for our project.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

What is a referential framework? (31 de marzo de 2020)

[Link]
García R. Luz Angela (n.d.) The research background
[Link]
Degree thesis (n.d)
[Link]
Franco Y. Research Thesis. Legal bases of research.
Available in[Link]
[Link]
Degree work (n.d)
[Link]
Degree work (n.d)
[Link]
Thesis (n.d)
[Link]

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