TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE

Costa Grande de Guerrero

Project:
Design of clamping tool for extraction of
diesel injectors

MAESTRO:
Engineer José de Jesús Ramos Maciel

INTEGRANTES:

Jesus Salgado Manguilar

Juan Jesús Melendez Terrones
José Amado Vásquez Rojas
Carlos Daniel Solano Ortega
Luis Octavio Moncada Acosta

PETATLÁN, GRO., JUNE 2019

Index
PROBLEMATIC............................................................................................................................. 3
OBJECTIVE........................................................................................................................................ 4
General objective: ........................................................................................................................ 4
Specific objectives:.............................................................................................................. 4
JUSTIFICATIONN .............................................................................................................................. 5
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.......................................................................................................................... 6

Classification of materials:............................................................................................. 6
Ferrous alloys................................................................................................................... 6
Carbon simple steels...................................................................................................... 6
Low carbon steels (carbon content less than 0.30%)) ................................ 6
High carbon steels (carbon content of 0.70% to 2.00%).............................. 7
Low alloy steels. .......................................................................................................... 7
Designation and specification of carbon steels and low alloy steels..................... 8
AISI/SAE/NOM designation system............................................................................... 9
Force analysis.................................................................................................................... 9
PIEZA............................................................................................................................................... 12
CALCULATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS........................................................................................ 13

WORK PLANO..................................................................................................................... 14
ASSIGNMENT OF ACTIVITIES.............................................................................................. 15
Bibliography16
PROBLEMATIC
There is an inconvenience when extracting the injectors from a diesel engine due to the area.
where they are located, in such a way that time is wasted to carry out the
respective preventive or corrective maintenance.
OBJECTIVE.

General objective:
The design of a tool with which the extraction can be carried out
diesel engine injectors without difficulty.

Specific objectives:
The easy removal of a diesel engine injector.
The reduction of type in the execution of said task.
The care of the component during extraction.
JUSTIFICATION
This project was born with the purpose of (for Meléndez to fuck his mother) helping
to the diesel mechanic, as removing injectors from diesel engines is usually something
complicated with this tool is intended to save time and do less
effort in the extraction of these injectors
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.

Classification of materials:
The commonly used materials in Engineering can be classified into two main categories.
groups, namely:
Metal Materials and
Non-Metallic Materials
The first group includes ferrous alloys and the
non-ferrous alloys and among the non-metallic materials, plastics,
polymers and composite materials.
Ferrous alloys.
There is a wide variety of groups or ways to classify steels, which
it can be done taking into account various factors such as the type and content
percentage of carbon, as observed previously, as well as due to its
chemical composition. Therefore, steels are also classified in the field
industrial according to its chemical composition in the following categories:
Simple carbon steels.
2) Low alloy steels.
3) Low-alloy high-strength steels.
4) Stainless steels.
Tool steels.

Simple carbon steels.

Simple steels can be defined as follows: - Iron alloy with carbon with a
content of this last one in the range of 0.02 to 2% with small amounts
of other elements that are considered as impurities such as P, S, Mn, Si, Cu,
etc.
The group of carbon steels can be classified according to the content of
carbon: low, high, and medium carbon. within each group, there are subclasses that are formed
according to the concentration of carbon as described below.
Low carbon steels (carbon content less than 0.30%)
Steels with a carbon percentage of 0.10% to 0.15%. Referred to as steel.
very sweet.
Alloys with a carbon content of 0.15% to 0.30%. Known as steel.
sweet.
Low carbon steel (from SAE 1016 to 1030)
This group has greater resistance and hardness, reducing its deformability. They are
the commonly referred to case-hardening steels. The annealed ones are used for
forges. Their response to hardening depends on the % of C and Mn; those with higher content
They have a higher core response. The others with a high % of Mn harden more.
conveniently in the core and in the layer. They are suitable for welding and brazing.

The machinability of these steels improves with forging or normalizing, and decreases.
with the annealing.

High carbon steels (carbon content of 0.70% to 2.00%)

Steels with carbon content in the range of 0.80% to 1.00%.
Steels with carbon percentage in the range of 1.00% to 1.20%.
Alloys with carbon content in the range of 1.20% to 2.00%.
They are used in applications where it is necessary to increase resistance to
wear and high hardnesses that cannot be achieved with lower content steels
of C.
In general, cold work is not used, except for plating or rolling of
springs.
Practically all parts are heat treated before use.
special care must be taken in these processes to avoid distortions and
fissures.

Low alloy steels.

They are Fe-Fe3C alloys to which other alloying elements are added.
deliberately, controlled and in certain proportions that together
total a a maximum of 5% by weight. Alloys cause in steels of
low alloy mechanical properties such as strength, hardness, toughness and
combinations of these properties; which are of course superior to the
that are obtained in simple carbon steels. The alloying elements that are
they are added to the alloy either individually, although generally it is in
combination is chromium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, silicon, etc.
which form solid solutions with iron and with carbon form compounds
metallic substances known as carbides.

These low-alloy steels are not easily weldable, especially when they are
at medium and high carbon levels.
The effects caused by alloying elements in low alloy steels
they are the following:
Chromium: Significantly improves the following properties: resistance to
corrosion, mechanical, wear resistance, as well as hot hardness. In addition to
increase the temperability.
Manganese: Improves hardenability when the steel is subjected to a treatment
thermal, in addition to improving resistance and hardness.

Molybdenum: This element forms carbides to increase resistance to

wear, increases hot strength, toughness, in addition to the
resistance to thermal creep. It also helps to improve hardenability.
Nickel: Improves hardness and toughness. Added significantly improves the
corrosion resistance also increases hardenability, although not as much
like the other alloying elements.
Vanadium: During the different processes that take place in steel at temperatures
high temperatures or during heat treatment inhibit grain growth,
causing better resistance and toughness in steel. It forms carbides that
they increase wear resistance.

Designation and specification of carbon steels and low alloy steels.

How the microstructure of steel determines most of its properties and
that is determined by the treatment and chemical composition; one of the
The most generalized systems in the nomenclature of steels are those based on
in its chemical composition.
A classification and designation system for steels provides an identification.
specific for each grade, type or class of steel, using a clear symbolism
established. Most of the steel designation systems are
based on the chemical composition, leaving the mechanical properties as
second most important attribute. A specification is understood as a
written statement of the attributes that must be possessed and of the restrictions and
conditions that a product must meet to satisfy an application
determined. A standard specification is a public document that describes
An acceptable product for many users and that can be fulfilled by many.
producers, those who can invoke it in their contracts.
The most universal steel designation system is the one developed by the
American Institute of Iron and Steel (AISI) in conjunction with the Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE), which has the advantage of having a certain degree
of systematicity. On the other hand, the set of standard specifications more
widely used is that of the American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM), and in our country it was accepted as an official standard NOM.
AISI/SAE/NOM designation system.
This system is based on four digits XXXX, the first two numbers are
refer to the two most important alloying elements of which the first
design the main combination of alloying elements, the second defines the
specific composition ranges and the last two or three digits indicate the amount
of carbon present in the alloy in hundredths of percentage by weight. The
percentage contents of the alloys are also expressed in
weight percentages. The numbers indicate the type of steel.
A 1040 AISI steel is a steel with 0.4%C; a 4340 AISI steel is an alloy steel.
which contains 0.4% carbon, the 43 indicates the presence of other elements
glen
The conventions for the first digit are:
1.-Manganese
2.- Nickel
3-Nickel-chromium, the main alloying element is nickel.

Molybdenum
5.-Chromium
6 - Chromium-vanadium, main alloying element is chromium

8 - Nickel-chromium-molybdenum, with molybdenum as the main alloying element

9 - Nickel-chrome-molybdenum, nickel is the main alloying element.

There are no numbered 7XXX steels because these are heat-resistant steels.
they are practically not manufactured.

It is observed then that if the first number is 1 it is known that it is a steel at

carbon; if the next digit is 0, meaning that the designation is 10XX, it is about
a regular carbon steel.
(Rodriguez, 208)

Analysis of forces.
The effort is a function of the internal forces in a body that occur.
due to the application of external loads. The mechanics of materials is a study
of the magnitude and distribution of these internal forces. To understand the
composition and distribution of internal forces, let us consider a simple beam
subjected to an axial force P at each end, as indicated in Fig. (a).
Let's assume that this bar is made up of a large number of aligned fibers.
in parallel. If a section of the bar is made, a diagram is obtained
free body similar to that indicated in Fig. (b).

A basic rule of statics is that if a structure is in equilibrium, any

a portion of the structure must be in equilibrium. In the free body diagram of
the Fig, (b), the external force applied is to the right. As the body is in
equilibrium, there must also be forces acting to the left. These forces
that resist the applied load, are transmitted by the fibers of the bar. This is
analogous to the case of the threads of a rope. When a rope supports a load,
each individual thread supports a fraction of that load. In a similar way,
Although not so obvious, each fiber of the bar transmits a portion of the load.
the sum of the loads supported by each fiber is equal to the applied load. The force
the total interior in the bar is the resultant of all the forces in the fibers, and it is equal
a P Ib. However, it is not common to talk about the total force on the bar, but rather more

well of the intensity of the force in the fibers. This intensity of the force is called
the effort, or unit stress. Unit stress is defined as the force per
area unit. In algebraic terms,

=
Where:

unit effort o )
2 2

P = applied load (lb or N)

A = area upon which the load acts ( 2 2)

(Fitzgeralil, 1996)
PART
CALCULATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS
In consideration of the proposed dimensions, an analysis will be conducted on the
efforts to consider for the selection of the materials with which it will be
formed our tools.

= 0.01 2

= 1x10-4 2

3
= − 250 =0
5

250
= (
= 416.667 coresion )
3
5

4
= − Bc = 0
5

4
(
= 416.667 ) tension (
333.33 )
5

833.33
= 33,333.33 = 33.3 kPa
0.12 2

416.667
= = 4,166,666.66 = 41.166M₦
1x10-4 2 2
WORK PLAN

MAY - AUGUST WEEKS

Project activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ideas for implementation
of the tooling
Analysis of the forces
carry out
Analysis of the materials
for consideration
Implementation of the
instrumental in a
software
Quotation of the
materials

Purchase of materials

Implementation of the
instrumental in form
physics
ASSIGNMENT OF ACTIVITIES

Member Activity

Juan Jesús Melendez Terrones Analysis of the forces

Analysis of the materials to

José Amado Vásquez Rojas
consideration

Manufacturing of the tool in

Jesus Salgado Manguilar
software

Luis Octavio Moncada Acosta Quotation and purchase of materials

Carlos Daniel Solano Ortega Tooling production

Bibliography

Fitzgeralil, R. (1996). Mechanics of Materials. Mexico: Alfaomega.

Rodriguez, F. D. (208). Tool design. CUAUTITLÁN IZCALLI.