Integrative project.

Evolution and
reproduction
SERGIOERASMOUGARTE CONDE

Advisor: ADRIANA GABRIELA RAMOS RAMIREZ

Group: M16C5G19-BA-043
 HUMAN EVOLUTION

Introduction

The synthetic theory of evolution proposes a link between Darwinian theories.

from natural selection and the theories of inheritance proposed by Gregor Mendel.
Describe evolution as the sum of random events such as mutations and
recombinations.
Now if you ask yourself why evolution, there are various factors such as the
isolation of populations, genetic variations. And the development of
adaptations, which help us to adjust to our environment and make things much easier
our survival in hostile environments.

The origin of man or anthropogenesis, referred to the origin or beginning of the species
The current human refers to two very different perspectives. In the past and during the
most of human history, the mythical and religious vision, anthropology,
was the most accepted despite lacking physical evidence, and generally conceives the
origin of man as an act of will of one or several gods. However, thanks
a change in vision occurred in the development of science, and currently the point of view
universally accepted is the scientific view that places the human species as a
more in the biological evolution of organisms on Earth, although the details of this
origin and evolution are subjects of constant study and research of the multiple
scientific disciplines participate

The topic of human evolution has been a subject that has not been overlooked.
hombre siempre ha estado realizando investgaciones acerca de su cuerpo y su entorno,
starting with the establishment of theories of its origin, how physics has evolved
emotionally and socially, studies the social and political problems that cause a
phenomenon that has been present since the beginning of time however in the
current events hold consequences that should not be overlooked, in addition to the
technological advances that today humanity has achieved to the point of knowing the
code of each individual.

Human evolution or hominization is the process of biological evolution of the species

human from its ancestors to the present. The term human, in the context of its
evolution refers to individuals of the genus Homo. However, studies of the
human evolution includes other hominids, such as Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, etc.
In this way, the specific study of human evolution is the study of lineage, or clearly,
that incorporates all species closer to modern humans than to chimpanzees,
the closest living relative.
Molecular and paleontological evidence has allowed us to estimate that the ancestor
common between Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes, lived in Africa between 5 and 7 million years ago
years. From this divergence, within the hominid lineage, continued to emerge
new species, all of them currently extinct except for Homo sapiens.
 Development

The scientific vision of the origin of man has its greatest milestone in the work of the naturalist
English Charles Darwin places the current human species (Homo sapiens) within the
biological evolution of natural selection and sexual selection.

Darwin's theory of selection is one of the premises based on natural selection in

the individuals transfer traits to the next generation and on the other hand Mendel
that with their laws deduced the inheritance and under these two schemes decades later the
biologists combined Mendel's genetics with Darwin's theory to formulate a
more detailed explanation of what is known today as synthetic theory

Since naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) published The Origin in 1859

the species has been harshly attacked and ridiculed in cartoons with a monkey's body.
He never said that man descended from monkeys or even invented evolution.

What Darwin did was build an entire theory around that idea, which floated in the air.
scientific a century earlier, when Linnaeus began to classify species by their
similarities and it left him with a diagram with many branches coming out of a few trunks.
It couldn't be a coincidence. Seeing that sort of family tree, it seemed that the species
they were related and had evolved from common ancestors. That
inspired a certain Erasmus Darwin to write a poem that anticipated evolution
biological and, much later, his young grandson Charles saw it clearly after turning around the
world on board the Beagle..

The synthetic theory of evolution explains the variation observed by Darwin among the
descendancy in terms of mutation and recombination. Currently, the synthetic theory
Evolution recognizes several evolutionary mechanisms in addition to natural selection.
It establishes that the characteristics of a species are inherited in the form of units to the
which were called genes, also the establishments of speciation are due to the
accumulation of small genetic modifications over the years.
The synthetic theory of evolution emphasizes the importance of inheritance; it can be explained.
that genetic information is transmitted from one individual to another, this occurs in a
transmission process.
Regarding evolution, the synthetic theory also considers it due to discoveries.
of fossils and prehistoric remains, which when studied show us the variations that
they exist in different individuals of the same species.

The main precepts of the synthetic theory of evolution are the conception of
populations, the recognition of genes and the ratification of natural selection which
it is a fundamental element in the evolution of species.

The synthetic theory defends that gradual changes and natural selection on them
are the main mechanism of evolutionary change, rejecting other mechanisms that
other theories defend: Saltationism considers the sudden origin of new
species.

Throughout history, the continuous flow or exchange of people at the borders of

The world has become a great movement of people, the causes are the search for
survival possibilities and improve quality of life, since in their place of
they cannot find the residence.

The sociocultural effects regarding human mobility can be positive and

negatives. Among the positive effects, we can find cultural diversity,
since coexistence enables an important exchange, another aspect may
be the opening of new political options.

As for the negative effects, the most serious one is family disintegration,
the rupture of the core of society brings very serious consequences, migrants occupying
other spaces provoke intolerance in other people, even xenophobia, in addition to that
Migration causes the population not to find employment, resulting in criminality.

The human being has evolved and in the meantime has moved to different parts of the
world where people make changes and mix cultures. These changes have
caused modifications in races, personalities, and identities of people regarding
to its environment. In humans, migration is caused by other reasons, the
human beings are in constant search of survival and stability, that is why
at certain moments in their life, they find themselves in the need to move or relocate
from their place of origin. The causes of these mobilizations are due to consequences
social, political, or personal factors that prevent individuals from remaining in their country.

Human mobility can be seen as a single process viewed from two points.
From a perspective: immigration and emigration. Immigration is the process by which a being
a human or group arrives in a different country from their place of origin to settle and reside
in another country, however, emigration refers to leaving the place of origin to
to settle in another place. The different causes being economic, political, and social.
migrations change societies, which lose their citizens and also to the
that receive them, generating different reactions and consequences, some very serious.

The vital functions of living beings include the function of reproduction.

in which the reproductive system participates and functions in relation to the nervous system. The
the reproductive system is related to the nervous system in that the latter
is responsible for helping to perceive, integrate and respond to the world around us and also to
send, receive and interpret information from all parts of the body.

The nervous system monitors and coordinates voluntary and involuntary actions and
allows the transmission of signals in the body. These functions help the system
reproduce to work correctly, in the case of man as the main one
labor the production of sex cells or sperm that are transported to the
the woman's vagina and they move to the fallopian tubes, where once settled a
an embryo that develops and gestates over a period of approximately nine months.
The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating the functioning of the
internal organs, such as the stomach, the intestine, or the heart, which consists of a network
very complex neuronal system that aims to maintain a physiological balance
internal. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord and the system
peripheral nervous system encompasses the ganglia throughout the body

What is the nervous system?

The nervous system is a complex set of cells responsible for directing, supervising and
to control all the functions and activities of our organs and organism in general.
A large part of living beings, as well as humans, have nervous systems. Without
embargo, there are organisms that do not have it, such as protozoa and the
Poriferans. The nervous system has the function of relation, since, as the word indicates,
relate the functions and stimuli of the different parts of the body through this
central system. In this way, it is possible for humans and other animals
they can coordinate their movements or responses both conscious and reflexive to
To study the nervous system, the human body has been anatomically divided into two
parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

The main functions of the autonomic nervous system are: the control of the frequency
cardiac and the force of contraction of the heart, dilation and contraction of the vessels
blood vessels, dilation and contraction of the smooth muscle of various organs. The smooth muscle is
found in the blood vessels in the reproductive and excretory systems, and others
structures, regulates heart rate, controls the elimination of waste (urination)
and defecation), participates in sexual arousal, among others.
There are many advances in technology in the field of biology; currently the being
humans have had the ability to isolate and clone genes, those molecules that in
set forms the genome of the species and determines the properties of living beings
living beings transmissible by inheritance. The central nervous system

The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.
the encephalon is composed of:
The brain: an organ that controls voluntary actions. It is related to learning,

memory and emotions.

The cerebellum: coordinates the movements, reflexes, and balance of the body.
The medulla oblongata: it directs the activities of the internal organs such as, for example,
breathing, the heartbeat the body temperature.
y

The spinal cord connects to the brain and extends throughout the body from within.
from the

spine.
The peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) encompasses all the nerves that exit the system
central nervous system throughout the body. It is composed of nerves and nerve ganglia.
grouped in:

Somatic nervous system (SNS): it includes three types of nerves that are the nerves
sensory, motor nerves, and mixed nerves.
Autonomic or vegetative nervous system (ANS): includes the sympathetic nervous system and the
parasympathetic nervous system.

The cells of our nervous system are called neurons, and they are of utmost importance.
for its proper functioning, as they are responsible for transmitting the information
sensory.
Neurons are specialized cells that receive stimuli from all parts of
our body and, in turn, send the responses so that the organs and others
physical capabilities function properly.

A few years ago, the genome was like a closed book, as it contained the story
the evolution of each individual, molecular technological advancements have allowed us to go
deciphering the codes that make up the human species introducing biology to a
new era. With the management of this genetic information, not only has it been obtained
message but the man is capable of modifying it.

It is a set of different organs responsible for the vital function of reproduction.

The condition of vital function is due not to a single individual but to the entirety of the species.
An individual may not have children and does not die because of it. But if no individual from the
if the species had offspring, the species would disappear. That is why it is a vital function. The
Human reproduction is a sexual reproduction: it requires a sexual cell.
male (sperm) and a female sex cell (ovum).

Due to these advances, we can mention the following achievements:

Assisted human reproduction:
Man is capable of reproduction; however, in some individuals it is not possible.
due to various physical or emotional situations. Scientists can either conduct the
external fertilization of the egg by sperm without problems, it proceeds to do
possible the reproduction of individuals whose sperm were unable to initiate the
fusion. To achieve this, fertilization was forced by injecting a single sperm.
directly into the egg, it is introduced into the uterus and gestation occurs.

Cloning:
The phenomenon of cloning is the replica that is achieved of an organism that is
frequent in nature, for example the production of reproductive buds
in vegetables and animals, as well as the production of monozygotic twins. To
biotechnologically obtaining in mammals, the production of organisms from
the nuclear transfer of somatic cells to enucleated oocytes has led to new
technical possibilities. Nowadays, duplicates of a new individual have been achieved.
part of mammary somatic cells taken from a 6-year-old sheep in its last
trimester of gestation.

Cloning in nature
Asexual reproduction, also called cloning reproduction, is a natural form of
reproduction used by numerous forms of life since they have existed, starting with
bacterial. Although the fundamental form of reproduction in eukaryotes is the
sexual, in which the descendants are genetically different from their parent or
parents, in all groups, asexual reproduction is frequently resorted to.
(clone). This character also has the extension of the number of feet of plants in the
called clonal colonies some examples are the blueberry, the hazelnuts, the Pando,
Kentucky coffee tree, the myricas or the sweetgum.

Molecular cloning
Molecular cloning is used in a wide variety of biological experiments and the
practical applications range from fingerprinting to protein production
large scale. In practice, in order to amplify any sequence in an organism
I live, the sequence to clone you that is linked to a replication origin; which is a
DNA sequence.

Experiences with human embryos and gene therapy:

Cloning with mammals opens the possibility of cloning human individuals. There are many
the scientific questions raised by this technique, however, they have indeed conducted
experiments with human embryos obtained through external fertilization even when they
they present problems of chromosomal alterations which increase the issues
in order to achieve such cloning.
 Conclusion
Thanks to a biological process we call Natural Selection, we are what we are.
the theory of biological evolution by natural selection first presented by Charles
Darwin (1859) is probably the most revolutionary idea in the history of thought.
human. Surprisingly, and despite the crucial importance it has for the
understanding of ourselves as a species and of any other biological species, very
few human beings truly understand, or even know, the natural mechanism that
has created us. Never has a concept that seemingly simple been so difficult to
understand. It's as if natural selection, in creating an intelligent species like the
our, at the same time hiding the elemental biological logic that lies behind it
operation.
Reproduction is a biological process that enables the creation of new organisms.
for the permanence of a species being a common characteristic of all forms of
known life. In humans, reproduction begins with the union of two gametes: the
ovum and sperm, which have chromosomes doubling. The union of
the gametes occur after copulation. The union and fusion of the gametes is called
fertilization. Fertilization occurs within the fallopian tube. The pregnancy lasts
nine months in which the fetus forms and develops, being ready for its birth.
The baby may be premature, meaning that the pregnancy lasts only seven months.
Birth is the process by which the fetus is expelled outside the organism.
mother, that is to say, birth.
Throughout time, man has endeavored to search for and understand his origin.
where it comes from, how it arises, and once it establishes theories, its need to advance until
to reach an understanding of what happens in their body and little by little scientists have
discovered codes like DNA that, when analyzed, are very useful regarding
information about each of us, with this we can find diseases, the
which doctors are responsible for analyzing to such an extent as to achieve the cure of
many of these. Technological advances have pushed many people to
to establish in those countries where their medical development has reached such extents that
they have managed to answer many questions.
The curiosity of the human being has led to understanding almost entirely its
organism, currently and thanks to many doctors, scientists, biologists, among others
that have been responsible for analyzing our body and its functioning, now biology
it is part of a subject that is taught from basic education since it is of
it is of great importance that we all understand how it works so that in this way
we can take care of it and prevent harm or illness. Technology continues to advance by leaps and bounds,
let's see what the future holds for us.
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