5.

Real Time communication

 The words “real-time” may be among the most misused words in the history of industrial automation. In
other contexts, real-time means experiencing something live such as the video from the parking lot
camera. Real-time in these applications is synonymous with “live communications” and applications like
Skype, Slack, and Zoom. On the plant floor, “real-time” is what’s necessary for two systems to
communicate appropriately for the application. In a tank level application, that can be tens of seconds.
When evaluating a grain of rice in a quality control application, it can be much less than a millisecond.

• Web Real-Time Communication (WebRTC) is a new standard and industry effort that extends the web browsing model.

For the first time, browsers are able to directly exchange real-time media with other browsers in a peer-to-peer fashion.

• The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) are jointly defining the

JavaScript APIs (Application Programming Interfaces), the standard HTML5 tags, and the underlying communication
 WHAT ARE REAL-TIME COMMUNICATIONS?
 On the factory floor, there are three distinct types of control system application layer messaging
connections: open system communications, soft real-time communications, and hard real-time
communications.

 An open system connection is a type of computer communication interaction that is a “best-effort”

connection.

 An open system connection doesn’t concern itself with precise communication performance. Emphasis is on
best efforts performance in achieving a reliable communication interaction.

 Modbus TCP messages, PROFINET IO acrylic messages, and EtherNet/IP explicit messaging are good
examples of an open system connection-oriented application protocol. It utilizes a connection-oriented
transport protocol, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), to provide the properties of an open system
connection.
 Open System Communications Connections
 EtherNet/IP explicit messages are guaranteed to arrive and guaranteed to be delivered in the order that they were
sent, or the connection is explicitly terminated with both the sender and receiver being notified of a
communication failure.

 There is no explicit requirement or promise as to the delivery of application messages for EtherNet/IP explicit
messages.

 For applications like EtherNet/IP that occasionally send connection-oriented traffic, delays can be measured in
multiples of the typical message delivery time (some number of milliseconds). It takes some number of message
delivery times to know something is amiss, for the missing message to be resent and for the message to be
received.

 When the application’s cyclic data update rate is measured in multiple seconds as it is with EtherNet/IP explicit
messages, a corrupt data recovery behavior measured in tens of milliseconds hardly matters.
 Soft Real-Time
 A soft real-time system connection is a type of computer communication interaction in which there are specific message delivery
requirements but where some amount of missed delivery is tolerable. Rapid and efficient communication of continuously updated data is
the goal of soft real-time systems.

 In open system connections, procedures are in place to manage missed deliveries. In soft real-time connections, missed deliveries are
tolerated by continuing the stream of data and assuming the missed delivery data is now obsolete.

 EtherNet/IP implicit messages are an example of a soft real-time system. EtherNet/IP implicit messages use the connectionless User
Datagram Protocol (UDP) transport layer protocol to send inputs from an end device to an EtherNet/IP scanner (typically a
programmable controller) and to send outputs from an EtherNet/IP scanner to an end device (drive, valve…etc.) Each implicit message is
a series of data bytes whose context is known to both the sender and the receiver.

 The soft real-time, EtherNet/IP implicit message connection sacrifices the open system connection guarantee of in-sequence data
delivery to provide more timely data delivery. Control system data passed over a cyclic, soft real-time connection tolerates dropped or
missing messages as the next received message contain more up to date data than any previous message. And unlike an open system
connection, the receiving entity of a soft real-time connection is not required to re-send what would now be obsolete data.
 Hard Real-Time

 A hard real-time connection is a type of computer communication interaction requiring precise,

uninterruptable timing. Hard real-time connections are found in our automobile safety systems, pacemakers,

and airplane flight controls.

 EtherNet/IP is not often used in systems requiring these types of connections, but it can be extended using the

CIP Sync and CIP Motion extensions. CIP Sync uses the IEEE 1588 standard, known as the Precision Time

Protocol (PTP), to very precisely synchronize clocks in devices across the network. CIP Sync automatically

corrects for infrastructure delays and network latencies. With CIP Sync and PTP, clocks in distributed devices

are synchronized to an accuracy of hundreds of nanoseconds.

Answer the following duetion

• Why is real-time communication important?

• What are the modes of real-time communication data transmission?

• What are the examples, or types of real-time communication

technologies?

• Why do businesses need real-time communication services?

• What does the future of real-time communication look like?

5.1 Basic concepts and examples of real time communication
• Real-time communications (RTC) is a term used to refer to any live telecommunications that occur without
transmission delays.

• RTC is nearly instant with minimal latency. The term ‘real-time’ pretty much means ‘live’.

• In real time communication, there is always a direct path between the source and the destination.

• Although the link might contain several intermediate nodes, the data goes from source to destination
without being stored in between them.

• In contrast, asynchronous or time-shifting communications, such as email and voicemail, always involve
some form of data storage between the source and the destination.

• In these cases, there is an anticipated delay between the transmission and receipt of the information.

• Real time communication data and messages are not stored between transmission and reception.

• RTC is generally a peer-to-peer, rather than broadcasting or multicasting, transmission

RTC generally refers to peer-to-peer (P2P)
communications, not broadcast or multicast.

• Real-time communications examples

✓ fixed-line telephony.
✓ mobile telephony.
✓ voice over IP (VoIP)
✓ teleconferencing.
✓ video calling.
✓ video conferencing.
✓ presence.
✓ file sharing.
 5.2 Real Time communication in LAN
A real-time system means the system is subjected to real-time that means the response should be
guaranteed within a specified timing constraint or system should meet the specified deadline.
For example − Flight control system, real-time monitors etc.
Real-time electronic distributed control systems are an important development of the
technological evolution.
Electronics are employed to control and monitor most safety-critical applications from flight
decks to hospital operating rooms.
As these real-time systems become increasingly prevalent and advanced, so does the demand to
physically distribute the control in strict real-time.
Thus, there is a need for control network protocols to support stringent real-time requirements.
Real-time networks must provide a guarantee of service so they will consistently operate
 Introduction to Real-Time Ethernet
 Ethernet, as defined in IEEE 802.3, is non-deterministic and thus, is
unsuitable for hard real-time applications.

 The media access control protocol, CSMA/CD with its backoff

algorithm, prevents the network from supporting hard real-time
communication due to its random delays and potential transmission
failures
 Decreasing costs and increasing demand for a single network type, from boardroom to plant-floor,
have led to the development of Industrial Ethernet.

 The desire to incorporate a real-time element into this increasingly popular single-network solution
has led to the development of different real-time Industrial Ethernet strategies
 Con …
 RT systems are generally broken into two main sub-categories:
❖ hard and soft
❖ Hard Real-Time (HRT) systems are those in which incorrect operation can lead to
catastrophic events.
❖ Errors in HRT systems can cause accidents or even death,
❖ such as in flight control or train control.
❖ Soft Real-Time (SRT) systems, on the other hand, are not as brittle.
❖ An error in a SRT system, while not encouraged, will not cause loss of property or
life.
❖ SRT systems are not as safety-critical as HRT systems, and should not be
employed in a safety-critical situation.
❖ Examples of SRT systems are online reservation
❖ systems and streaming multimedia applications where occasional delays are inconvenient
but not serious.
 To develop a RT distributed system of interconnected computers, it is vital to provide
communication among the various computers in a reliable and timely fashion.
Distributed processors running RT applications must be able to intercommunicate via a RT
protocol, otherwise the temporal quality of work is lost

 Real-Time Communication networks are like any RT system.

They can be hard or soft, depending on requirements and their ‘jobs’ include
message transmission, propagation, and reception.

 A number of RT control networks are employed in industry, but none have the
popularity or bandwidth of Ethernet.
 Con …

 RT systems are those that depend not solely on the validity of data but also on its timeliness. A

correct RT system will guarantee successful system operation

 Jobs

 Jobs are the RT system’s building blocks. Each RT job has certain temporal quantities (Figure 2):

1. Release Time,

2. Ready Time,

3. Execution Time,

4. Response Time,

5. Deadline.
 Goals for Real-time Communication Techniques
 All the methods of real-time communication aim to provide real-time
message delivery with either low or zero loss rates (soft or hard real-time,
respectively).

 The goals for the real-time communication techniques are as follows −

• Low jitter

• Low latency

• Ability to easily integrate non-real-time and real-time services

• Adaptable to dynamically changing network and traffic conditions

• Good performance for large networks and large numbers of connections

• Modest buffer requirements within the network.

• High effective bandwidth utilization.

 Devices
• 1. Physical Layer 3. Network Layer
• Hubs: • Routers:
• Cables: • Brouters:
• Modem: 4. Transport Layer
• Repeaters: • Gateways:
2. Data Link Layer • Firewall:

• Bridges: 5. Application Layer

• Switch: • Gateways and Firewalls

• Network Interface Card:

Real Time communication in LAN network protocol
 Soft Real-time Communication Algorithm :
• Soft real-time communication uses a fixed rate traffic smoothing algorithm. Fixed-
rate traffic smoothing algorithm was developed by Kweon and Shin.

• It is based on network-wide transmission limits. The input limit for each node in
system is derived from transmission limits. The traffic smoother is placed between
MAC layer and TCP/IP layer. It is used to smooth a hard real-time system so that
guarantees to real-time messages could not be violated. The traffic smoothing
algorithm is just like a leaky bucket algorithm which is known as Credit Bucket
Depth (CBD). It has two statically fixed parameters Credit Bucket Depth (CBD) and
Refresh Period (RP).
RTC data transmission modes are as follows:
• Half Duplex: Occurs bidirectionally but not simultaneously on a single carrier or circuit

• Full Duplex: Occurs bidirectionally and simultaneously on a single carrier or circuit

• Examples of RTC include the Internet, land lines, mobile/cell phones, instant messaging (IM),
Internet relay chat, video conferencing, teleconferencing and robotic telepresence. Emails,

• bulletin boards and blogs are not RTC channels but occur in time-shifting mode, where there is a
significant delay between data transmission and reception.

• RTC features were first introduced in Windows XP and included Microsoft Office
Communicator, MSN Messenger, Windows Messenger, real-time voice and video and IM.

• Microsoft operating systems and software applications include RTC platforms comprised of
RTC-enabled component sets
 Features of Real-timeSystem
• the features of real-time system are as follows −

• Reliability − The system can operate for a long time without any interfere of the human

• Manageability − In a real-time system the cost of implementation is to be reduced.

• Performance − The system should be designed for the purpose of working easier and

the workload should be reduced.

• Predictability − Within the given time, the actions should be taken and the result to be

produced by the system.

• A real-time communication system (RTCS) is the backbone of distributed
control applications.
• To support the timely completion of distributed real-time activities, RTCS
must ensure bounded delivery delay for real-time messages.
• Real Time systems are the system whose execution depends not only on the
logical validity of data but also on its timeliness. A correct real time system
will guarantee the successful operation of a system.

• Subcategories of RT Systems
5.3 Bounded access protocol

• Bound control – associated with a field in an underlying table.

• Use bound controls to display, enter, and update values from fields in the database.

• Multiple Access Protocols in ComputerNetwork

• The Data Link Layer is responsible for transmission of data between two nodes. Its main

functions are-

• Data Link Control

• Multiple Access Control

• Data Link control –

• The data link control is responsible for reliable transmission of message over transmission channel by using
techniques like framing, error control and flow control

• Multiple Access Control –

• If there is a dedicated link between the sender and the receiver then data link control layer is sufficient,
however if there is no dedicated link present then multiple stations can access the channel simultaneously.
Hence multiple access protocols are required to decrease collision and avoid crosstalk.

• For example, in a classroom full of students, when a teacher asks a question and all the students (or stations)
start answering simultaneously (send data at same time) then a lot of chaos is created( data overlap or data
lost) then it is the job of the teacher (multiple access protocols) to manage the students and make them answer
one at a time.

• Thus, protocols are required for sharing data on non dedicated channel
Multiple access protocols can be
subdivided further as
 5.4 Real time communication over internet
 Both TCP and UDP are built on top of Internet Protocol (IP). The Real-time IP delivers
streaming of audio and video over the internet by enabling Voice Over Internet
Protocol (VOIP). Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) designed Real-time IP (RTP)
for sending live or real-time videos over the internet via discrete branches known as
Packets. Due to the distributed nature of internet communication it is highly likely
that packets may receive at the other end in different time spaces or jitter, they
may be received in the wrong order or lost in the way. Real-time IP compensate for
this problem without severely impacting the content quality by favoring the quick
delivery of packets along with insurance of whole packets of data being received.
As a result the video or audio on the other end is played without jitter, or buffer and
smooth playback is presented to the user.
 What is Real-time IP?

 The Real-time IP provides the jitter free, buffer free smooth playing of multimedia content on
the user end. If the same multimedia content is played using some different protocol such as
HTTP for any lost packets it will slow down and request for lost packets to be sent over again,
however still the multimedia content will be executed in the same manner.

 Why do we need Real-time IP?

 We need real-time IP to meet the high end demand of multimedia content to be played
fast, without any jitter and loss of packets and also easily being played in forward or double
speed mode without any delays in data packets.
• Real-time communications over internet (RTC) are the near simultaneous
exchange of information over any type of telecommunications service from the
sender to the receiver in a connection with negligible latency, according to
SearchUnified Communications.
• Examples of real-time communications include:

➢ Voice over landlines and mobile phones

➢ VoIP

➢ Instant messaging (e.g., WhatsApp, WeChat, Facebook Messenger)

➢ Video and teleconferencing

➢ Robotic telepresence

➢ Explore different chat client programs.

 What Is
Chat?
• Chat is a general term for real-time communication that occurs over the Internet.

• Voice Chat: where participants speak to each other in real time, much like they would be using a
telephone. Video Chat: where participants can see and speak to each other.

• Chats can be continuous, with participants entering and leaving ongoing discussions for a specific
time and to last for a specific duration.

• Because chatting requires participants to type quickly, and not to worry about proper
spelling and grammar, acronym is used.
 Objectives Explore the history of the wireless Internet.

• Internet Relay Chat - You need special chat client software and connect to an
IRC server.

• Talk – used by early UNIX computers that allowed users to exchange short text
messages.

• Internet Relay Chat (IRC) - In 1988, Jarkko Oikarinen wrote a communications

program that extended the capabilities of the Talk program to multi-user.

• IRC uses a client-server network model - IRC servers are connected through the
internet to form an IRC network.
Evolution of WirelessNetworks
• The conversion from 2G to 3G wireless requires the carriers to invest in technology to makethe
change.

• The technology is only as good as the network and its coverage area. Many carriers have transformed
and upgraded their existing networks by creating 2.5G wireless systems.
• Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi): a trademarked name of the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance
(WECA) that specifies the interface between a wireless client and a base station or between two
wireless clients.

• A wireless local area network (WLAN) is a network in which devices use high frequency radio waves
instead of wires to communicate.

• Wi-Fi operates in the 2.4 GHz radio spectrum, which is the same spectrum used by cordless phones,
garage door openers, microwave ovens, and other devices.
Wireless Local Area Networking
• Because Wi-Fi is unlicensed, it is free. The 3G wireless spectrum needs to be licensed for huge

fees.

• Four of the most widely used standards for WLANs are , a, b, and g. Transfer rate:

• the speed at which data is transmitted from an access point (or base station) to the wireless

device.

• Access point: a hardware device with one or more antennae that permits communication between

wired and wireless networks for sending and receiving data.

Wireless Wide AreaNetworking
❑ The next horizon for wireless connections is being able to access the
Internet on a PDA, wireless phone, or notebook computer from
anywhere in the world without a wired connection.

• A WLAN provides a wireless connection to a network, but devices

must be within the stated boundary of the WLAN. In 2.5G and 3G
wireless systems, wireless wide area networking (WWAN) makes it
possible to access the Internet from anywhere within the boundaries of
the wireless network to which you are connected.
 5.5 Internet of things /IOT
• The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are embedded with
sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices
and systems over the internet. These devices range from ordinary household objects to sophisticated industrial
tools. With more than 7 billion connected IoT devices today, experts are expecting this number to grow to 10
billion by 2020 and 22 billion by 2025. Oracle has a network ofThe Internet of Things (IoT) expands the M2M
concept with analytics and context to provide more ways to interact, collaborate, and communicate. The number
of possible things to connect will grow rapidly to include wearable devices and every day products we use both in
the home and at work.

• Augmented reality, artificial intelligence, analytics, and RTC are turning the Internet of Things into the

Internet of Everything.

• Watch this video to see Dialogic’s vision on the benefits of bringing together AI and IoT withReal- Time
 What technologies have made IoT possible?
 While the idea of IoT has been in existence for a long time, a collection of recent advances in a number of
different technologies has made it practical.
• Access to low-cost, low-power sensor technology. Affordable and reliable sensors are making IoT technology
possible for more manufacturers.
• Connectivity. A host of network protocols for the internet has made it easy to connect sensors to the cloud and
to other “things” for efficient data transfer.
• Cloud computing platforms. The increase in the availability of cloud platforms enables both businesses and
consumers to access the infrastructure they need to scale up without actually having to manage it all.
• Machine learning and analytics. With advances in machine learning and analytics, along with access to
varied and vast amounts of data stored in the cloud, businesses can gather insights faster and more easily. The
emergence of these allied technologies continues to push the boundaries of IoT and the data produced by IoT
also feeds these technologies.
• Conversational artificial intelligence (AI). Advances in neural networks have brought natural-language
processing (NLP) to IoT devices (such as digital personal assistants Alexa, Cortana, and Siri) and made them
appealing, affordable, and viable for home use.
IOT platform for real time internet of things application
• The market for the Internet of Things (IoT) platforms is evolving. Reports suggest, by
2023, the global market value for IoT platforms is expected to reach $74.74 billion.
• The reason for this proliferation in the demand for IoT platforms is the increase of the IoT
devices and other related components. The IoT devices and the various related
components in order to communicate and interact seamlessly in the same environment and
generate maximum business value need a facilitator— “IoT platforms.”

• What are IoT Platforms?

• IoT platforms are the middleware solutions that connect the IoT devices to the cloud and
help seamlessly exchange data over the network. It acts as a mediator between the
application layer and the hardware.

• There are innumerable IoT platform providers in the market today and each of the platforms
has their
 This is the type of IOT
platforms
IoT cloud platforms. ...
IoT connectivity platforms. ...
IoT device platforms. ...
IoT analytics platforms. ...
Make managing device connectivity simple. ...
Receive, store, and route your data. ...
Help your business visualize device data and provide key insights

read each platform with in function

 5.6 sensor and actuator
• Sensors and actuators often work in tandem, but they are essentially opposite devices. A sensor
monitors conditions and signals when changes occur. An actuator receives a signal and performs
an action, often in the form of movement in a mechanical machine.
 Sensor
• Sensor is a device used for the conversion of physical events or characteristics into the
electrical signals.
This is a hardware device that takes the input from environment and gives to the system
by converting it.

• For example, a thermometer takes the temperature as physical characteristic and then
converts it into electrical signals for the system.
Actuator
• Actuator is a device that converts the electrical signals into the physical

events or characteristics. It takes the input from the system and gives output to

the environment.

• For example, motors and heaters are some of the commonly used actuators.
 The difference of Sensor andActuator
SENSOR ACTUATOR

It converts physical characteristics into It converts electrical signals into physical

electrical signals. characteristics.
It takes input from output conditioning unit of
It takes input from environment.
system.
It gives output to input conditioning unit of
It gives output to environment.
system.
Sensor generated electrical signals. Actuator generates heat or motion.
It is placed at input port of the system. It is placed at output port of the system.

It is used to measure the continuous and

It is used to measure the physical quantity.
discrete process parameters.
It gives information to the system about
It accepts command to perform a function.
environment.
Example: Photo-voltaic cell which converts Example: Stepper motor where electrical
5.7 Recourse Reservation

• Resource reservation is a service used to rent resources for a

long time at a discount. Cloud resources are usually rented for
a short time and paid by the minute or hour. Resource
reservation works like a wholesale purchase: you rent a server
for one or three years at once at a reduced price.
 Resource Reservation Protocol
(RSVP)
• RSVP is used in real-time systems for an efficient quality band transmission to a particular receiver.

• It is generally used by the receiver side for the fast delivery of the transmission packets from the sender to the receiver

❖ . Features of Resource Reservation Protocol:

❖ RSVP is receiver initiated. Receiver node in the real time system initiates the protocol.

❖ RSVP is simplex(unidirectional). The receiver node just receives the packets and does not want to send any data.

❖ Quality of Service is provided by RSVP protocol.

❖ Admission Control is used in RSVP at each hop in the network topology.

❖ Classification, buffer management, and scheduling is managed efficiently by RSVP

❖ It dynamically adapts to the change in route for the efficient message transfer.

❖ It is actually not a routing protocol. It depends upon other routing protocols.

5.8 Traffic shaping and policing

• This section describes the basic concepts of traffic policing and traffic
shaping and the differences between traffic policing and traffic shaping.

• Traffic Policing

• Traffic Shaping
 Traffic
Policing
• To make full use of limited network resources, you can police special service flows to adapt
to the allocated network sources.

• Traffic policing is a traffic control action used to limit traffic and resources by monitoring
the specification of the traffic.
• Traffic policing is used to police the volume of certain traffic
entering a network and retain it in a proper range. In addition,

it discards the excessive traffic to protect network resources and profits of carriers.
• Traffic policing is widely used to police the volume of traffic

entering the Internet Service Provider (ISP).using a token bucket to measure the
Traffic
 Traffic
• The traffic shaping Shaping
function is used to control the rate of packets so that packets are sent at
an even rate. Traffic shaping is used to adapt the transmission rate of packets to the
upstream devices to prevent unnecessary packet loss and congestion.

• Traffic shaping is a traffic control action used to limit traffic and resources by
monitoring the specification of the traffic. In traffic shaping, token buckets are also used
to measure the traffic.

• The traffic shaping technology limits the rate of outgoing traffic, and mainly controls the
local outgoing traffic based on the traffic policing specification of a downstream network
node. Network diagram of traffic shaping
 Difference Between Traffic Shaping and TrafficPolicing

• Traffic policing directly discards the packets whose rate is greater than the traffic policing rate.

• Traffic shaping, however, buffers the packets whose rate is greater than the traffic shaping rate., if there are sufficient tokens in
the token bucket, the buffered packets are then forwarded at an even rate. If the number of packets to be buffered is greater
than the queue length, packets are discarded.

• Now, we are going to discuss two related QoS tools that we use for bandwidth management and improving network
performance – QoS traffic shaping and policing.

• Traffic shaping is a QoS tool that allows higher-priority traffic to flow at optimal levels even when the bandwidth is highly

utilized (prioritize traffic). It reduces the chances of more important packets being delayed or dropped as they leave the

interface by setting a bandwidth limit for less critical packets.

• On the other hand, traffic policing can be configured for both traffic exiting and entering an interface. Instead of storing

packets in a temporary queue, policing will simply drop them. As a result, policingis generally regarded as less efficient.
 Notable QoS Traffic Scheduling
Methods
• Weighted Round Robin (WRR) − In this method, frames or packets of all the queues in the scheduler are serviced in each

cycle. Priority among the different queues is maintained by forwarding a specific number of frames in each queue per cycle in
a rotational manner. For example in a system with four queues 𝑄0, 𝑄1, 𝑄2, 𝑄3, 5 frames of 𝑄0, 3 frames of 𝑄1, 1 frame each

of 𝑄2 and 𝑄3 may be sent in each cycle. This assigns the highest priority and consequently better traffic flow to 𝑄0 while not

starving low priority traffic infinitely.

• Strict Priority (SP) − This method imparts the highest service to high priority traffic. Here, the queuing mechanism

forwards as many frames as possible in a higher priority frame before moving to the queue with the next priority level. For

example in a system with four queues 𝑄0, 𝑄1, 𝑄2, 𝑄3, with decreasing priority, strict priority method with send as many

frames as permissible of 𝑄0 before moving on to 𝑄1.

• Combination of WRR and SP − This queuing method is configurable in nature and it combines both WRR and SP. In this

method, strict priority is given to time-sensitive or real-time traffic like voice and video, while WRR is adopted for other

traffics.
 5.9 Scheduling mechanisms-QOS models
• QoS traffic scheduling is a scheduling methodology of network traffic based upon QoS (Quality of Service). Here, the frames or
packets are mapped to internal forwarding queues based on its QoS information, which are then services according to a queuing scheme

• One application for advanced queuing mechanisms is to support real-time transport – that is, traffic with delay constraints on
delivery.

• In its original conception, the Internet was arguably intended for non-time-critical transport. If you wanted to place a digital phone call
where every (or almost every) byte was guaranteed to arrive within 50 ms, your best bet might be to use the (separate) telephone network
instead.

• And, indeed, having an entirely separate network for real-time transport is definitely a workable solution. It is, however, expensive; there
are many economies of scale to having just a single network. There is, therefore, a great deal of interest in figuring out how to get the
Internet to support real-time traffic directly.

• The central strategy for mixing real-time and bulk traffic is to use queuing disciplines to give the real-time traffic the service it
requires. Priority queuing is the simplest mechanism, though the fair-queuing approach below offers perhaps greater flexibility.
 QO
• Quality of Service (QoS) is aS
set of technologies that work on a network to guarantee its
ability to dependably run high-priority applications and traffic under limited network capacity.
QoS technologies accomplish this by providing differentiated handling and capacity allocation
to specific flows in network traffic. This enables the network administrator to assign the order
in which packets are handled, and the amount of bandwidth afforded to that application or
traffic flow.

• Measurements of concern to QoS are bandwidth (throughput), latency (delay), jitter (variance
in latency), and error rate. This renders QoS of particular importance to high-bandwidth, real-
time traffic such as voice over IP (VoIP), video conferencing, and video-on-demand that have
a high sensitivity to latency and jitter. These applications, with minimum bandwidth

requirements and maximum latency limits, are called “inelastic.”

Con …

• The QoS mechanisms for ordering packets and allotting

bandwidth are queuing and bandwidth

 management respectively. Before they can be implemented

however, traffic must be differentiated using classification

tools. The classification of traffic according to policy allows

organizations to ensure the consistency and adequate

availability of resources for their most important applications.

• Traffic can be classified crudely by port or IP, or using a

more sophisticated approach such as by application or