Industrial Refrigeration Applications
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Cooling
1.1. Refrigeration
• Applications in industries and transportation, preparation,
storage and distribution of food.
Food preservation is longer the lower the temperature of the
storage is very low, the temperatures in general that are used
for the preservation of all meats, of viticulture products, of fruits and
Vegetables range from 15°C (60°F) to -60 to -70°C (-76 to -94°F).
Industrial refrigeration refers to the magnitude of the temperatures that are
used in refrigeration processes, that is, the technology used in the
food, chemical, and process industry.
In 1912, it was observed that the quality of fish frozen at very low temperatures
temperatures are preserved for a long time, with this discovery of the
Freezing in hours instead of days, the formation of microscopic structures has been eliminated.
ice crystals inside the products. As well as achieving production
a change in the characteristics of the chemical structure of food, due to
example in the making of cheese, beverages such as beer, wine, and juices
citrus.
Among the most important sectors that can be mentioned as users of
The following refrigeration systems are:
Meat products: Quality control and hygiene in the meat industry demand
installation of large cooling systems. These products are
sensitive to environmental conditions and under circumstances
Unfavorable conditions would inevitably lead to the loss of the product due to decomposition.
Bottlers: A problem in the cooling system would represent
a stoppage in the production of a bottling plant, due to the beverages
require a pasteurization process (heat + cold) and those that
they contain CO2they must be cooled even more to dissolve this gas in the
drink.
Breweries: Refrigeration is of vital importance for the process of
beer production: malt production, fermentation and
maturation. During the process, the beer requires prolonged
storage periods in large tanks that are needed
important amounts of cold.
Chemical Industry: Process control in a chemical industry
requires large refrigeration facilities. For example, the generation of
the heat given off in chemical reactions is primarily controlled
with cold generation systems.
Plastics: In the plastic industry, cooling water is required.
to cool the machinery and injection molds; if one does not have
She, production must be interrupted.
Textiles: Controlled environments for humidity need to be maintained.
temperature to prevent thread breakage. For the proper
operation of some machines, water supply is necessary
de enfriamiento proveniente de torres.
Transport: The cold chain requires controlling the product conditions.
throughout its transport to the final recipient. In air transport,
land and maritime precautions should be taken to carry the
product from source to destination with minimal variations
possible. For example, during the transportation of bananas, part of the
maturation process.
Industrial air conditioning is another application of refrigeration in
the state of the supplied air, defined by the level of temperature, humidity
precisely controlled, stricter filtering, and prior removal of contaminants.
Industrial refrigeration systems consist of machines
refrigerators with a series of devices for maximum exploitation of the
cold produced through the absorption of heat.
Chemical industries and industrial processes.
There are many chemical industrial processes that require the use of cold,
among these processes is the separation of gases, which consists of a
fractional distillation of a liquid mixture of gases, in this case we are talking about the
air but it can be applied to other mixtures.
"For example, if we blend air and subsequently control its boiling first
Oxygen will pass first, then argon, and finally nitrogen, other examples would be the
gas condensation, air drying, the dissipation of reaction heat,
solvent recovery, the control of fermentation processes, and an example
The removal of waxes in the oil dewaxing process would be theirs.
In this case, the wax precipitates around -25°C and can be separated from the liquid.
by filtering.
Refrigeration Cycle Written by Ángel Luis Miranda Barreras, Pedro Rufes, Pedro
Rufes Martínez.
Air conditioning.
For air conditioning, the temperature conditions vary in a
small margin, between 24ºC and 28ºC air conditioners operate according to
a refrigeration cycle similar to that of household refrigerators, have four
main components:
Evaporator.
Compressor.
Capacitor.
Expansion valve.
The air conditioning process consists of cooling or heating the air.
depending on the environmental conditions of winter or summer, and clean and
circulate air with controlled humidity to meet the needs
of the comfort of the inhabitants of a facility.
The air conditioning unit is responsible for producing cold or
heat and to push the treated air into the home or premises
• Step by step process of air conditioning.
By heating with humidification
Simple heating and cooling
Humidification
Cooling with dehumidification or evaporative cooling
On the other hand, dehumidification is an energy alternative for the
air conditioning using a dehumidifier device that
has desiccants a sensible heat recovery unit, a heater and a
pair of humidifiers
According to ASHRAE, thermal comfort is that mental condition that expresses
satisfaction with the thermal environment. Comfort is influenced by many
comfort is defined when 85% of people feel comfortable.
However, there are no conditions parameters that provide comfort to all.
people.
• Types of air conditioning equipment:
air-cooled and water-cooled condensers.
Likewise, the equipment can be compact (one-piece equipment) and
matches
The first consist of a single unit, while the parties are
formed by two or more units.
Regarding the service they provide, the equipment is referred to as unitary or
individuals, if it involves independent units in each room, or
centralized, when a single system serves the entirety of the home or
local.
Window conditioner, It is a unitary, compact equipment and of
direct download. Usually, one is placed per room or if the venue is
of large surface, several are placed according to the needs. The installation
it is done in a window or wall. The exterior section requires air intake and
expulsion through the practiced hole
Console conditioner: Unit equipment, compact and discharge
direct. One or more consoles are placed in each room according to the
local needs. The installation is done on the wall, requiring a connection.
from outside air through the opening made, whose dimensions are
similar to those of the console. This can be placed resting on the ground or
hung on the wall
Portable air conditioner.
It is a unitary, compact or split team, with direct discharge and
transportable from one room to another. It only requires, for its installation,
a simple opening in the frame or the glass of the window or balcony
1.2. Refrigeration Cycle
• Fundamental processes.
Expansion: it is the first step the refrigerant is in a liquid state and at a
high temperature and pressure flow from the receiver to the flow control of the
refrigerant. The pressure of the liquid is reduced to the pressure of the evaporator
when the liquid passes through the refrigerant flow control, in such a way
that the saturation temperature of the refrigerant entering the
The evaporator is lower than the temperature of the refrigerated environment.
Evaporation: In the evaporator, the liquid evaporates at a temperature and
constant pressure, while the heat needed for the supply of heat
latent evaporation passes from the walls of the evaporator to the liquid
what evaporates, all the refrigerant evaporates in the evaporator.
Compression: By the action of the compressor, the vapor resulting from the
evaporation is carried along the suction line from the evaporator to the
suction inlet of the compressor, in the compressor, the temperature and
Vapor pressure increases due to compression.
Condensation: The vapor flows through the discharge line towards the
condenser where it releases heat to the relatively cold air than it.
The condenser fan circulates through the condenser. When
the hot steam releases heat to the cooler air, its temperature becomes
reduce to the new saturation temperature that corresponds to the new
pressure and the vapor condenses, returning to the liquid state.
• Carnot refrigeration cycle
A refrigeration cycle is an inverted cycle of a thermal machine. Heat is
transferred from a low temperature level to a higher one, according to the
second law, this requires an external source of energy.
The ideal refrigerator, like an ideal heat engine, operates in a Carnot cycle.
which in this case consists of two isothermal stages, in which the heat/QC/
It is absorbed at the lowest temperature and the heat /QH/ is discarded at the
highest temperature TH, and in two adiabatic stages.
The cycle requires the addition of the net work to the system.
Since ∆U of the working fluid is zero for the cycle, the first law states
w = IQHI - IQCI
The usual measure of the effectiveness of a refrigerator is called the coefficient of
performance, which is defined as
w: heat absorbed at the lowest temperature
Net work
• Standard cycle for vapor compression
The Standard vapor compression cycle refers to the processes in which
the refrigerants are subjected to a thermodynamic compression cycle
condensation, expansion, and evaporation which are widely used in
the world, with a participation of over 98% of refrigeration applications.
In this system, the vapor pressure of the refrigerant is increased, from which
it has in the evaporator up to the necessary in the condenser, through the
incorporation of electrical energy provided to the compressor.
In the compressor, the refrigerant enters in the form of saturated vapor at low pressure and
receives a mechanical work that raises its pressure, temperature, and enthalpy to
bring it to a state of superheated vapor, then, in the condenser, the
refrigerant is cooled by passing through saturated vapor at high pressure and
subsequently condensing it, releasing energy into the environment in the form of
heat; subsequently, this liquid under pressure passes through a device for
strangulation that suddenly expands it bringing it to the state of wet vapor
at low pressure, which in turn cools the refrigerant preparing it to be the
cold source of the process; finally, in the evaporator the refrigerant will extract
heat of the refrigerated material to return to the saturated vapor state
low pressure, which passes to the compressor closing the cycle.
• Heat pumps
They use the same equipment as the refrigeration system to perform a
process of recovering waste heat, which is absorbed in the evaporator of the
cycle, and it complements the work of the compressor, which increases the amount
of energy to then deliver it at another point through the capacitor of the
cycle or heat pump. Its most common use is as a double effect system:
heating in winter and air conditioning in summer.
• Ciclos de aire
Idealized heat transfer processes can replace processes
of combustion that take place in internal combustion engines and, in this
It is feasible to treat such machines as if they were termite machines.
So, the general behavior of individual cycles and the comparison
between cycles is done with a common base.
These idealized cycles, called ideal standard air cycles (or also cycles
of normal air), are frequently analyzed, in this case, we take that the fluid of
work behaves like an ideal gas, with specific heats independent of
the temperature. In addition, the mechanical devices and the transfer processes
de calor empleados en el ciclo se consideran reversibles. Estas restricciones
they can be less severe when one wishes to model something more carefully
system.
• Absorption cooling.
Absorption cooling systems differ from conventional ones by
vapor compression, in that the compression stage is replaced
for 2 processes:
Generation.
absorption.
These systems take advantage of their absorption and desorption capacity.
certain substances over others. A clear example would be water and ammonia for
generate the cooling effect.
• The absorption cycle works like this:
The mixture of refrigerant and absorbent rich in refrigerant is pumped to
generator, where it is heated to evaporate a large part of the refrigerant, which
it goes to the condenser where it cools down, the refrigerant continues its path through a
expansion device where pressure is lost and as a consequence is further cooled
more, then it goes to the low-pressure evaporator where the refrigerant absorbs energy
external medium thermal evaporating and achieving the cooling effect
required, then the refrigerant goes to the absorber where it meets with
a rich absorbent mixture that returns from the generator, there they mix
absorbent and refrigerant to be pumped once again to the generator.
• Jet of steam.
They produce cold water between 2ºC and 20ºC and are mainly used in
processes where the product being treated evaporates directly, such as concentrates
of natural juices or foods that deteriorate with heat. In this system, the
cooling effect is produced by cooling water in the evaporator at the expense of
water evaporated at low pressure, and the increase in vapor pressure is achieved
through ejectors.
Bibliography
Book: Principles of Thermodynamics for Engineering
Autor:John R. Howell, Richard 0. Buckius
Editorial: McGraw-Hill
Book: Introduction to Thermodynamics in Chemical Engineering
Autor:Smith, Van Nes, Abbott.
Editorial: McGraw-Hill Fifth Edition
Book: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Autor:Stoecker w.f.
Editorial: McGraw-Hill 1965
Book: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning System
Autor:Diego Alejandro Trujillo Vera
Editorial: Farid Chejne Janna, Katerina Sánchez 2007.
Book: Refrigeration Cycles
Autor:Ángel Luis Miranda Barreras, Pedro Rufes, Pedro Rufes Martínez
Editors: Ceac technical
Air conditioning
Introduction
Cooling and air conditioning constitute widely used systems.
used for various industrial and domestic applications, also involve
equipment that requires high energy consumption and materials with a high
environmental risk, for this reason it is necessary to take precautions in its installation and
management that allows for appropriate functioning without affecting the environment
and in a profitable way.
The following points will be developed for the training on what is the
refrigeration, applications, refrigeration cycles air conditioning
among others, whose content is elementary, practical and fundamental to fulfill the
the objective of this unit is to investigate, know, develop, and obtain
knowledge of the unit to be addressed.
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Ministry of Popular Power for Defense
U.N.E.F.A
Carried out by:
Castro Yilde
Finol Edgar
Alicia Guzmán
Section: NAV-8th
Maracaibo, November 2011.
Scheme
Unit I: Refrigeration.
1.1. Refrigeración:
• Applications in industries and transportation units.
• Preparation, storage, and distribution of food.
Chemical industries and industrial processes
Special uses.
Air conditioning.
[Link] cycle:
Fundamental processes.
Carnot refrigeration cycle.
Standard vapor compression cycle.
• Multiple pressure system.
Air cycle.
Absorption.
Jet of steam.
Conclusion
We conducted this research with the purpose of deepening our
knowledge in this case with the great topic addressed which was Refrigeration, to the
From this work we conclude that the thermodynamic systems which in
the cases used were refrigeration and air conditioning the same