DYNAMIC SYSTEMS

PROPOSED EXERCISES IN CLASS

PRESENTED BY

HAROLD DEIVI CONTRERAS CONTRERAS

hadeicont_1110@[Link]

PRESENTED TO

Dr. SIMEON CASANOVA TRUJILLO

scasanovat@[Link]

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MANIZALES– UNIVERSITY OF SUCRE

FACULTY OF EXACT AND NATURAL SCIENCES– FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCES

MASTER'S IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS

SINCELEJO

2013
 EXERCISES

( { } (

Ax
A supx 1Ax supx 0
x
AB A B
c) Prove thatAm Am
d) Prove thate A (eA)1
e) Prove thatAeA e AA
f) Prove thate A B e AeB, if AB=BA.

5. Let p be a fixed point of f, f differentiable at p.

i) if |f´(p)|<1 then p is an attractor.
ii) if |f´(p)|>1 then p is a repeller.
iii) if |f´(p)|=1, the criterion does not decide.

Ifp is a fixed point of f, f(p)=p, the attraction basin of (or attraction base) of p is the
setB x f(n) (x)
p
p
 SOLUTION EXERCISES

i) (

ii) ( (

iii) ( ( ( ( (
(

( { } (

( (

( (

(
 Ax
A supx 1Ax supx 0
x

Ax Ax
Sea M=supx 0 , then M x 0 In particular M Axx such that x 1 ,
x x
with whatM What'sup?x 1AxConversely, yes M supx 1Axthen M Axx tal
x
whatx 1 Let x be an arbitrary non-zero vector, then it is a unit vector, so
x

x Ax Ax
whatM A ThereforeM supx 0
x x x

AB A B

Oh A y

Ax Oh
A supx 0 Oh A y
x y

x x 1 AB ABx

Now applying * twice, we have:

AB ABx0 A Bx A B x A B

c) Prove thatAm Am

Dm:

Let's use induction on m and applying the previous exercise we have:

i) If m=1, it is clear that A1 A1 . Now if m=2 we have

A2 AA A A A2

ii) Assume that the property holds for n=k–That is,Ak 1 Ak 1

 iii) Let's see that it holds for n=k.
Ak Ak1 A Ak1 A Ak1 A Ak1 1 Ak

SoAk Ak

For i), ii) and iii), we have thatAm Am

d) Prove thate A (eA)1

Dm:

Note thate A (eA )1 (eA )1 e A e0 I, for being (eA)1 the inverse ofe A .

In addition, e A (e A ) e A (  A) e A A e0 I. Then by the uniqueness of the inverse, we have

e A (eA)1 .

e) Prove thatAeA e AA

Dm:

Ak A2 Ai A3 A1I
AeA= A A I A   ...  ... A  A2  ...  ...
k 0 k! 2! i! 2! i!

A3 AI1
= A  A2  ...  ...
2! i!

A2 Ai
= I A   ...  ...A
2! i!

k
A
= A = e AA
k 0 k!

f) Prove thate A B e AeB, if AB=BA.

Dm:

Note that since AB=BA, then(A B)2 A2 AB BA B2 A2 2AB B2 .
Similarly for the power series

n! n!
(A B)n An An1B ... AnkB k ...Bn
(n 1)!1! (n k)!k!

Now:

1 1 1
e A B = I (A B) (A B)2 (A B)3 ... (A B)n ...
2! 6 n!

1 1 3! 2 3!
= I (A B) (A 2 2AB B 2)  (A 3 A B AB2 B 3 )  ...
2! 3! 2!1! 1!2!

1 n! n!
…  (A n  An1B An2 B 2 ... B n )  ...
n! (n 1)!1! (n 2)!2!

1 2 1 1 3 21 1 1
= I (A B) A  AB B 2 A  A B AB2 B3 ...
2! 2! 3! 2! 2! 3!

1 n 1 1 1 1
… A  An1B An2B 2 ... B n  ...
n! (n 1)! (n 2)! 2! n!

1 1
= I A  A2 ...I B B 2 ...
2! 2!

= e Ae B

5. Let p be a fixed point of f, f differentiable at p.

i) if |f´(p)|<1 then p is an attractor.

ii) if |f´(p)|>1 then p is a repeller.

iii) if |f´(p)|=1, the criterion does not decide.

Dm:

f(p h) f(p) f(x) f(p)

i) f ' ( p ) lim lim Then there exists a neighborhood V(p) such that
h 0 h x p x p

f(x) f(p)
A 1 For some A V, since |f´(p)|<1 from wheref(x) f(p) A x p
x p
For each x this means thatf(x) p f(x) f(p) A x p *

So f(x V(p), because 0 < A < 1. Thus f(x) is as close to p as x. Let x be a fixed point in
V, iff (n) (x) =p for some n, then f(n) (x) p when n ∞, so let's assume
from now on thatf(n) (x) p for all n. Now it will be proven by induction that

f(n) (x) p Anx pfor all n Indeed:

1. if n=1, then it is clear thatf(x) f(p) A x pwell, it has already been said before (*)
2. Suppose it holds for n=k, that is,f(k ) (x) p Akx p
3. Let's see that it holds for n=k+1.
f(k 1 )(x) p f(f(k ) (x)) p A f(k ) (x) p A(An |x p|)so
f(k 1 )(x) p Ak 1 x pTherefore it is fulfilled that f(n) (x) p Anx p
for all n 1. Note that An→0 when n→∞and this implies that f(n) (x) →p,
for all x V(p).

f(p h) f(p) f(x) f(p)

ii)f ' ( p ) lim lim Then there exists a positive constant A
h 0 h x p x p
>1 ya neighborhood V(p), such that if x V(p) and x , then

f(x) f(p)
A 1 , therefore f(x) f(p) A x pfor all x V(p), that is,
x p

f(x) p f(x) f(p) A x p**

Thus f(x) V(p), since A>1. That is, f(x) is not close to p.

Let x be a fixed point in V(p).Let's test that f (n)

(x) p Anx pfor all n 1.

Forn=1, it is clear that f(x) p A x pby **.

2. Let's assumethat the property holds for n=k, that is, fk(x) p Akx p
3. Let's trywhich is fulfilled for n=k+1.
f(k 1 )(x) p f(f(k ) (x)) p A | f (k ) (x) p| A(Ak|x }that is to say,
f(k 1 )(x) p > Ak 1 (|x p|)

Then it is fulfilled thatf (x) p Anx  pfor all n 1.

(n)
 Thereforef(n) (x) V ( p ) , and so p is repulsive.

iii) If |f´(p)|=1 then there are two possibilities:

1
f'(p) If the first is given, then all points of f are fixed, so none
1
it attracts or repels, if the latter occurs, then 0 is a fixed point. It is neither an attractor nor
repulsor, all other points are periodic with a period of 2, so none move away or move away.
about 0, so there are no repulsive or attractive points.

6. Ifp is a fixed point of f, f(p) = p, the basin of attraction of (or attracting base of) p is the
setB x /f(n) (x)
p
p .

If f(x) = x2, B0Calculate B1.

If: f´(x)=2x, then |f´(1)|>1. Then applying criterion ii from the previous exercise,
we have to 1 is a repulsive point, and thus, the only point that is inB1it is 1.