ANCHORAGE LENGTH

BAR ANCHORING IN BEAMS

The limited commercial length of the bars often necessitates their splicing or anchoring on site.
Generally, the anchors are made by overlapping a certain minimum length (ld).

Graph No. 1. Bar anchoring by overlap

For the location and longitude of the anchors, the following must be taken into account:

a) In the lower bars, the maximum stresses occur in the central area of the beams or slabs.
while for the upper bars the maximum stresses occur at the supports and areas
contiguous to them. In the supports, in the case of earthquakes, forces can be generated in the bars.
inferior, mainly in beams of frames.
Therefore, we must avoid splicing in areas where the bars are subject to maximums.
efforts. In the following graph, 'm' is the recommended area for splicing beam bars.

Chart No. 2. Recommended anchorage areas

In lightweight beams and flat beams, the lower bars can be spliced over the supports.
b) Do not overlap more than half of the bars within the required overlap length.
c) Alternate the joints. Do not concentrate them in a single section in any way.
d) Do not splice in section changes.

ANCHORED LENGTH
The concept of anchor length is based on the adhesion tension achieved at the length.
embedded in the bar or wire. The specified anchoring lengths are required, greatly
due to the tendency of highly stressed bars or wires to crack relatively sections
slender concrete that surrounds and contains them. An isolated bar or wire, embedded in a
concrete slab, does not require a long anchorage length, however, a row of bars
or embedded wires even in massive concrete can create a weak plane with cracking
The longitudinal yield along the plane of said bars or wires.
In practice, the concept of anchor length involves having lengths or extensions.
minimums of the bars or wires from the sections where tensions are produced
maximums in the armor.

When small diameter bars or wires are used, with spaces between them
greater than those prescribed by the Regulations, but with good coatings, the failure occurs
will be produced by pulling the bar or wire from the concrete.

On the other hand, the failure due to rupture occurs when the coating or the separation between the
bars or wires, or their confinement is insufficient, in which case the fracture of the concrete is
extend to the end of the bar or wire.

In both cases, the sliding of the steel generated is interpreted as a state of failure.
for considering the adhesion resistance of the bar or wire to be exceeded, without the piece
has developed its load-bearing capacity.

According to specialized literature in Construction, the following information was found:

If the planned location of junctions corresponds to the recommended areas shown in the
Graph No. 2 and, moreover, no more than half of the bars overlap in the same place, the
Minimum overlap lengths of the bars will be indicated in the following Table No. 1:

Bars Top Bars *

f
Inferiors H < 30cm H > 30cm
3/8 40 40 50
1/2 45 45 60
5/8 55 55 70
3/4 65 65 90
1 115 115 140

Table No. 1. Minimum splice lengths (cm)

Anticipating the eventual decrease in the quality of the concrete on the upper part of the beams.
ridge greater than 30 cm, the length of joints has been multiplied by 1.3.

According to the ACI and the Peruvian Standard for Reinforced Concrete E0.60, the following were carried out
calculations

2. Anchorage of the bars and wires shaped requested for Tension

1 fy abg
ld * * *d b
3.54 f`c c  K tr
db
Where:
ldAnchorage length (m).
Specified yield strength of non-prestressed reinforcement (kg/cm²).
f'c: Specified compressive strength of concrete (kg/cm²).
aRelative factor to the location of the reinforcement.
bRelative factor for concrete coating.
 Relative factor regarding the size of the reinforcement.
Factor related to lightweight aggregate concrete.
c: Spacing or dimension of the coating (cm).
KtrTransversal reinforcement index (cm).
dbNominal diameter of a bar (cm).

Additionally: c  K tr
2.5
ab 1.7 ld 0.30m
db
a
It is the factor that considers the position of the reinforcement and reflects the adverse effects, for the
adhesion, of the position of the upper reinforcement during the placement of the concrete.

a
Horizontal reinforcement placed in such a way that it
pour more than 300 mm of fresh concrete in the 1.3
element below the anchor length.
Other reinforcements. 1.0

b
It is a coating factor of the reinforcement that considers the epoxy coating.
existing a limit value for the product α β.

b
Bars or wires coated with epoxy with
coatings less than 3Db, or a spacing 1.5
free less than a6 db.
All other bars or wires coated with
1.2
epoxy.
Uncoated reinforcement. 1.0

It is a factor that considers the diameter of the reinforcement and reflects the more favorable behavior.
of the smaller diameter reinforcement.

Bars No. 19 or smaller and corrugated wires 0.8

Bars No. 22 or larger 1.0

It is a factor that considers the lower tensile strength of lightweight concrete and the consequent
reduction of tensile strength due to diametral compression, which in lightweight concrete
increase the anchor length.

When lightweight aggregate concrete is used. 1.3

When normal density concrete is used. 1.0

c
It is a factor that represents the shortest distance from the center of the rod or wire to the surface.
concrete closest or half the distance between the centers of the bars or wires.
 Where:
r : coating (cm)
e: diameter of the stirrup (cm).
db : diámetro del acero de refuerzo (cm).
b: beam width (cm).

db
C1 r e
2

db
C2 0.5*b 2(r and
2

The minimum value of C1 and C2 is taken.

Ktr
It is a factor that represents the contribution of the confinement reinforcement, which crosses the
potential failure modes of tensile stress due to diametral compression.

A*f
tr yt
K tr
10*s*n

Where:
AtrTotal area of all the transverse reinforcement that is within a spacing s and that crosses
the potential cracking plan through the reinforcement that is being developed (mm²).
fytSpecified lateral reinforcement yield strength (Mpa).
Maximum spacing of transverse reinforcement inside of ldmeasured from center to center (mm).
n: Number of bars or wires that are being spliced or developed along the
cracking plan.

3. Anchor of ribbed bars subjected to Compression

The weakening effect that exists in the tensile cracks due to bending does not occur in the bars.
In compression, and generally, the extreme supports of the bars in concrete are useful.
consequently, shorter development lengths have been specified for compression than for
traction.

The length must be the greater of:

0.08*db*fy
ld ld 0.004*db*fy
f`c

but not less than:

ld 0.20m
5. Interpretation of Results

The equation proposed by the A.C.I. for the calculation of the anchorage length of deformed bars
in tension is more accurate than the formula proposed by the Peruvian Standard for Reinforced Concrete
E-0.60 since it includes correction factors such asa, b, γ, λ, c y Ktr.

On the other hand, we have that the equation proposed by the A.C.I. for the calculation of the length of
Anchoring of rebar in compression corresponds to that given by the Peruvian Standard.
of Reinforced Concrete E-0.60 whose variation in the coefficients is due to the change in units

The methods proposed by the ACI are based on conducted experiments and their considerations.

The generated steel reinforcement bars will be a great help in the daily work of design.
structures.
.

e
s.
 ANCHORAGE LENGTH OF THE REINFORCEMENT

Anchor length in tension steel bars

= 1.910 (3/4'') Ref. (tables)

= 4200
→ 210
→ 1 Ref. (tables)
→ 1 Ref. (tables)
→ 0.8 Ref. (tables)
→ 1 Ref. (tables)
→ 4

Defined by:
(0_1 2 1_3/3.5 4__/√( 〖 ′〗 _ ) Fgy/(((b+f_hi)/d_k)))

Where:

α Bar Location Factor

β Surface treatment factor of steel
γ Diameter factor of the bar
λ Light aggregate factor
c Coating or spacing of the bar between axes
Ktr Transversal reinforcement index

TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT INDEX

Defined▭(
by:[Text contains unrecognized characters or symbols]_(105.6 kg K))
K → 0 Okay

Where:

Atr Transversal reinforcement area in a longitudinal span equal to "s"

fyt Elastic limit of the transverse reinforcement
s Maximum spacing of the transverse reinforcement along the length
n number of bars anchored or bonded along the slip plane

CONDITIONS:
FACTOR (( + _ ))/ _ ≤2.5 → ((A+B_CDE))/F_G 2.09 ≤ 2.5

2. α x β x×y≤1.7z → αxβ 1.000 ≤ 1.7

3. Long. D' A. > 30 degrees → ld 59.74 > 30

→ l 59.74 <> 60

Length of splice in steel rods in Tension

CLASS A 1.0 db → Ld 59.74 <> 60

CLASS B 1.3 db → Ld 77.66 <> 80

Overlap length in steel bars under compression

→ 1.910 (3/4'')
→ 4200

▭( _ 0.08 _ _ /√(〖 ′〗 _ ))
Defined by: ▭( _ ≥0.004 _ _ )

CONDITIONS:

→ 64.176 ≥ 30 as per

→ 64.176 <> 70

Development length in steel bars in compression (COLUMNS)

→ 1.270 (1/2'')
→ 4200 = 420 Mpa
→ 210

Defined by:
(l_dc 0.071f_y
d_b )

CONDITIONS: (It's greater than or equal to 20)

→ 37.871
→ 37.871 <> 40 cm
I refer to the code and to the RNE
according to

according to

as per
TABLE No. 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF REINFORCING STEEL

# db (in) db (cm) As (cm2)

2 1/4" 0.635 0.32
3 3/8" 0.952 0.71
4 1/2" 1.270 1.29
5 5/8 inch 1.588 2.00
6 3/4 inch 1.905 2.84
7 7/8 inch 2.222 3.87
8 1" 2.540 5.10
9 1 - 1/8" 2.864 6.45
10 1 - 1/4" 3.226 8.19
11 1 - 3/8 inch 3.580 10.06
14 1 - 11/16" 4,300 14.52
18 2 - 1/4" 5.733 25.81

TABLE N°2 FACTORS OF ANCHORAGE LENGTH

FACTOR DESCRIPTION OF THE CONDITIONS VALUE

Location of the UpperRods. 1.3
bar _ Other rods. 1.0
Rodsorwireswithepoxycoatingand
Treatment covering less than 3db and free spacing 1.5
Superficial of less than 6db.
steel _ Other rods or wires with epoxy coating. 1.2
Uncoatedrods. 1.0
Diameter of the Wires and rods smaller than #6. 0.8
bar _ Rodsequaltoorgreaterthan#7. 1.0
Concrete with lightweight aggregate. 1.3
Light aggregate
Concrete with lightweight aggregate and specified f'c. 1.0
(λ)
Concrete with conventional aggregate. 1.0

NOTE:

[Link] when there is at least 30 cm of fresh concrete underneath

Superior about her.
2 αxβ < 1.7