Tutorial 4
MECH 2410
4. Mechanical properties of materials
HKUST
Huang Xinyue 10th Mar 2025
1 Review—Equation for stress and strain calculation
Equation
Engineering 𝑭
𝝈𝒆𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒓 𝒔 =
Stress 𝑨𝟎
Engineering 𝜺𝒆𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒓 𝒆
Strain 𝒍𝒊 − 𝒍𝟎
=
𝒍𝟎
Shear Stress 𝑭𝒔
𝝉=
𝑨𝟎
Shear Strain 𝜸 = tan 𝜽
Stress-Strain Hooke’s Law
behavior 𝝈 = 𝑬𝜺
2 Review—True Stress- True strain
3 Review—Equation for stress and strain calculation
4
8.7 For a bronze alloy, the stress at which plastic deformation begins is 280MPa, and the modulus
of elasticity is 115GPa.
(a) What is the maximum load that may be applied to a specimen with a cross-sectional area
of 325mm2 without plastic deformation?
(b)If the original specimen length is 120mm, what is the maximum length to which it may be
stretched without causing plastic deformation?
5
8.7 For a bronze alloy, the stress at which plastic deformation begins is 280MPa, and the modulus
of elasticity is 115GPa.
(a) What is the maximum load that may be applied to a specimen with a cross-sectional area
of 325mm2 without plastic deformation?
(b)If the original specimen length is 120mm, what is the maximum length to which it may be
stretched without causing plastic deformation?
Solutions: (a)
𝐹𝑡
𝜎=
𝐴𝑜
𝐹𝑡 = 𝜎𝐴𝑜 = 280 × 106 𝑁Τ𝑚2 325 × 10−6 𝑚2
= 91000𝑁
(b)
𝜎
𝑙𝑖 = 𝑙𝑜 1 +
𝐸
280𝑀𝑃𝑎
= 120𝑚𝑚 1 + = 120.29𝑚𝑚
115 × 103 𝑀𝑃𝑎
6
8.15 A cylindrical specimen of aluminum having a diameter of 20 mm and length of 210 mm is deformed
elastically in tension with a force of 48,800N. Using the data in Table 8.1, determine the following:
(a) The amount by which this specimen will elongate in the direction of the applied stress.
(b) The change in diameter of specimen. Will the diameter increase or decrease?
Table 8.1 Room-Temperature Elastic and Shear Moduli and Possion’s
Ratio for Various Metal Alloys
7 8.15 A cylindrical specimen of aluminum having a diameter of 20 mm and length of 210 mm is deformed
elastically in tension with a force of 48,800N. Using the data in Table 8.1, determine the following:
(a) The amount by which this specimen will elongate in the direction of the applied stress.
(b) The change in diameter of specimen. Will the diameter increase or decrease?
Solutions:
(a)
To determine the elongation of a cylindrical specimen of aluminum. Combining three
equations below, lead to
𝐹 Δ𝑙
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖, 𝜎 = 𝐴 , 𝜖 = 𝑙
𝑜 𝑜
𝐹 ∆𝑙
=𝐸
𝐴0 𝑙0
Solving for Δ𝑙 (and realizing that 𝐸 = 69 GPa, Table 8.1), yields
𝑑02
𝐴𝑜 = 𝜋
4
4𝐹𝑙𝑜
Δ𝑙 =
𝜋𝑑02 𝐸
(4)(48000𝑁)(210 × 10−3 𝑚)
=
(𝜋)(20 × 10−3 𝑚)2 (69 × 109 𝑁Τ𝑚2 )
= 4.72 × 10−4 𝑚 = 0.47 mm
8 8.15 A cylindrical specimen of aluminum having a diameter of 20 mm and length of 210 mm is deformed
elastically in tension with a force of 48,800N. Using the data in Table 8.1, determine the following:
(a) The amount by which this specimen will elongate in the direction of the applied stress.
(b) The change in diameter of specimen. Will the diameter increase or decrease?
Solutions:
(b)
To determine the change in diameter, Δ𝑑. Using Equation 8.8
𝜖 Δ𝑑/𝑑0
𝑣 = − 𝜖𝑥 = −
𝑧 Δ𝑙/𝑙0
From Table 8.1, for aluminum, 𝑣 =0.33. Now, solving the above expression for Δ𝑑 yields
𝑣Δ𝑙𝑑0 0.33 0.47 𝑚𝑚 20 𝑚𝑚
Δ𝑑 = − =−
𝑙0 210 𝑚𝑚
= −1.5 × 10−2 𝑚𝑚
The diameter will decrease.
9 Review—Engineering Stress-strain curve
10 Review—Plastic deformation
11 Review—Plastic deformation
Load/N Length/mm
12
0 50.800
8.29 A cylindrical specimen of aluminum having a diameter of 12.8 mm and a gauge
7,330 50.851
length of 50.800 mm is pulled in tension. Use the load-elongation characteristics
shown in the following table to complete parts (a) through (f). 15,100 50.902
23,100 50.952
(a) Plot the data as engineering stress versus engineering strain. 30,400 51.003
(b) Compute the modules of elasticity. 34,400 51.054
(c) Determine the yield strength at a strain off-set of 0.002. 38,400 51.308
41,300 51.816
(d) Determine the tensile strength of this alloy.
44,800 52.832
46,200 53.848
47,300 54.864
47,500 55.880
46,100 56.896
44,800 57.658
42,600 58.420
36,400 59.182
Fracture
13 8.29 A cylindrical specimen of aluminum having a diameter of 12.8 mm and a gauge length of 50.800 mm is pulled
in tension. Use the load-elongation characteristics shown in the following table to complete parts (a) through (f).
Solutions:
(a) Plot the graph with excel or other
software for the entire stress-strain curve
Plot the data only up to a bit over the
entire elastic range
14 8.29 A cylindrical specimen of aluminum having a diameter of 12.8 mm and a gauge length of 50.800 mm is pulled
in tension. Use the load-elongation characteristics shown in the following table to complete parts (a) through (f).
Solutions:
(b) Use any of the two data points within the above elastic range curve, to
calculate elastic modulus
Δ𝜎 200 𝑀𝑃𝑎 − 0 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸= = = 62.5 × 103 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 62.5 𝐺𝑃𝑎
Δ𝜖 0.0032 − 0
(c) The yield strength is about 285MPa
(d) Tensile strength 370MPa at the maximum loading point
15 From the tensile stress–strain behavior for the brass specimen shown in Figure 6.12, determine
the following:
(a) The modulus of elasticity
(b) The yield strength at a strain offset of 0.002
(c) The maximum load that can be sustained by a cylindrical specimen having an original
diameter of 12.8 mm (0.505 in.)
(d) The change in length of a specimen originally 250 mm (10 in.) long that is subjected to a
tensile stress of 345 MPa (50,000 psi)
16 Solution:
∆𝜎 𝜎2 −𝜎1 150
(a) 𝐸 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = = 0.0016 = 93.8 𝐺𝑃𝑎
∆𝜀 𝜀2 −𝜀1
(b) The 0.002 strain offset line is constructed as shown in the inset; its intersection with the stress–
strain curve is at approximately 250 MPa (36,000 psi)
2
𝑑0 2 6 1.28×10−3
(c) 𝐹 = 𝜎𝐴 = 𝜎 𝜋 = 450 × 10 𝜋 = 57900𝑁
2 2
(d) ∆𝑙 = 𝜀𝑙0 = 0.06 250 = 15 𝑚𝑚
Tutorial 4
Questions
HKUST
HUANG Xinyue
xhuangcz@[Link]