Tutorial 1
MECH 2410
Chapter 2: Atomic structure and interatomic bonding
17th Feb 2025
About me
• Xinyue HUANG
• Room G031B (lift 1, nearby Bank of China)
• E-mail: xhuangcz@[Link]
Review
• Atom mass: The sum of the masses of protons and neutrons within
the nucleus.
• Atom weight: The weighted average of the atomic masses of the
atom’s naturally occurring isotopes. The atomic mass unit (amu) may
be used to compute atomic weight.
1
1 amu= mass of 12𝐶
12
1 amu per atom is a constant
Question 1
Iron metal has four stable isotopes as shown in the table below.
Determine the average atomic mass of Iron:
Solution 1
• average atomic weight = (53.9396 x 0.05845) + (55.9349 x 0.91754) +
(56.9354 x 0.02119) + (57.9333 x 0.00282) average atomic weight =
55.845 amu
Review
Atomic Model
• Bohr’s model: Electrons revolve around the atomic nucleus in discrete
orbitals, and the position of any particular electron defined in terms
of its orbital
• Wave-mechanical model: Position is considered to be the probability
of an electron’s being at various locations around the nucleus
Review
Quantum numbers:
• n-principle quantum number: main energy state of an electron shell
• 𝒍-azimuthal quantum number: subshell energy state
• 𝒎𝒍 -magnetic quantum number: determines the number of possible
orientations of the orbital in space
• 𝒎𝒔 -spin number: describes the intrinsic angular momentum of an
electron or other subatomic particle
Review
Pauli exclusion rule
Question2
• Sodium chloride (NaCl) exhibits predominantly ionic bonding. The Na+
and Cl- ions have electron structures that are identical to which two
inert gases? Can you write down their electron configuration?
Question2
• Sodium chloride (NaCl) exhibits predominantly ionic bonding. The Na+
and Cl- ions have electron structures that are identical to which two
inert gases? Can you write down their electron configuration?
Solution：
Na+ ion is a sodium atom that has lost one electron; therefore, its
electron configuration is the same as neon, 1s22s22p6.
Cl- ion is a chlorine atom that has acquired one electron; therefore, its
electron configuration is the same as argon, 1s22s22p63s23p6.
Question3
Which of the following electron configurations is for an inert gas?
• 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2
• 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝5
• 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6
• 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑2 4𝑠 2
Question3
Which of the following electron configurations is for an inert gas?
• 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 - belongs to the element magnesium (Mg), which has
a partially filled valence shell.
• 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝5 - belongs to the element chlorine (Cl), which also
has a partially filled valence shell.
• 𝟏𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒑𝟔 𝟑𝒔𝟐 𝟑𝒑𝟔 - belongs to the element argon (Ar), which has a
completely filled valence shell.
• 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 4𝑠 2 3𝑑2 - belongs to the element Titanium (Ti),
which has a partially filled valence shell.
Review - periodic table
Review
Example
The net potential energy between two adjacent ions, EN, maybe be represented by:
𝐴 𝐵
𝐸𝑁 = − + 𝑛
𝑟 𝑟
Calculate the bonding length and bonding energy.
Solution: 𝑑𝐸𝑁 𝑑 𝐴 𝐵
𝐹𝑁 = = (− + 𝑛 ቇ 𝑛𝐵 1Τ(𝑛−1ሻ
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
1: Calculate the correspond length by minimizing the equation: 𝑟0 =
𝐴 𝑛𝐵 𝐴
= 2 − 𝑛+1 = 0
𝑟 𝑟
𝐴 𝐵
𝐸0 = − +
𝑟0 𝑟0𝑛
2: Substitute r0 into Equation to solve the bonding energy 𝐴 𝐵
=− 1Τ(1−𝑛ሻ
+
𝐴 𝐴 𝑛Τ(1−𝑛ሻ
𝑛𝐵 𝑛𝐵
Review - Ionic bonding
• Composed of both metallic and nonmetallic elements
• Attractive bonding forces: coulombic
𝐴 1
• Attractive energy 𝐸𝐴 = − ; where 𝐴 = ( 𝑍1 𝑒ሻ ( 𝑍2 𝑒ሻ
𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0
𝜀0 = 8.85 × 10−12 𝐹/𝑚; 𝑒 = 1.062 × 10−19 𝐶;
𝑍1 and 𝑍2 are absolute values of the valences for the two ion types
Question 4
The atomic radii of Na+ and Cl- ions are 0.102 nm and 0.181 nm,
respectively. (a) Using Coulomb's law, calculate the force of attraction
between these two ions at their equilibrium interionic separation (i.e.,
when the ions just touch one another). (b) What is the force of
repulsion at this same separation distance if the repulsive force
Question4
𝐴
𝑑𝐸𝐴 𝐴 𝑑𝐸𝐴 𝑑(− ሻ 𝐴
(𝑎ሻ 𝐹𝐴 = ; 𝐸𝐴 = − 𝐹𝐴 = = 𝑟 = 2
𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟
1
𝐹𝐴 = ( 𝑍 𝑒ሻ ( 𝑍2 𝑒ሻ
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2 1
𝑟 = 0.102 + 0.181 = 0.283 𝑛𝑚
1
𝐹𝐴 = −12 −9 2
+1 1.062 × 10−19 −1 1.062 × 10−19
4𝜋 8.85 × 10 0.283 × 10
−9
= 1.25 × 10 𝑁
(𝑏ሻ 𝐹𝑅 = −𝐹𝐴 = −1.25 × 10−9 𝑁
In metallic element and
Review Ionic bonding nonmetallic element; one gives its
electrons to another element
Mostly, it forms between
Primary bonding Covalent bonding nonmetallic elements, one shears
(strong bonding) its electrons to another.
Hybridization
Metallic bonding In metallic elements. Electrons
Different freely drifting within the material
bonding type:
A weak interaction between
atoms/molecules with certain
Van der Waals bonds
polarization.
Secondary bonding Polarized diople
(weak bonding)
Hydrogen bonds A weak interaction between hydrogen
atom and other electronegative atoms.
From between atoms and molecule or
two separate molecules.
Tutorial 1
Questions
Chapter 2: Atomic structure and interatomic bonding
Xinyue HUANG
xhuangcz@[Link]