JOSÉ MIGUEL CARRERA NATIONAL INSTITUTE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
SEVENTH GRADE
Coordinador: Jorge Varela Sierra.
First Semester 2019

GUIDE No. 4 - NUMERIC SETS - RATIONAL NUMBERS.

Nombre: ____________________________________________________ Curso: 7°___ Fecha: ___/___/_____

Rational numbers are those that can be written as a ratio. The set of rational numbers is
denotes with the letterℚEvery rational number expresses one or several equal parts of the whole. Furthermore, in every fraction there exists
two terms: called numerator and called denominator. That is to say:

ℚ={| ∈ℤ∧ ∈ ℤ − {0}}

Numerator: indicates the number of equal parts considered of the whole.

Denominator: indicates the number of equal parts into which the integer is divided.

Examples:

3 9
= =
8 14

Observations:
Don’t forget that the denominator must be different from zero.
Every integer can be written as a rational number.
Not every rational number can be written as an integer.

AMPLIFY AND SIMPLIFY.

To amplify a fraction, multiply both the numerator and the denominator by a non-zero integer.
Example:
2 2*4 8
application for 4 es =
3 3 * 4 12

To parasimplify a fraction, divide both the numerator and the denominator by a non-zero integer.
Example:
9 9:3 3
Simplified for 3 yes =
15 15:3 5

EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS.
Two fractions are equivalent if they represent the same part of a whole.

6 12
=
8 16
Observations:
To obtain equivalent fractions, a given fraction must be amplified or simplified.
ACTIVITY 1.
Amplify the following rationals by 4.

2 11
a) = b) =
5 10

-2 -5
c) = d) =
3 7

Amplify the following rationals by -3.

3 1
e) = f) =
7 8

-4 -5
g) = h) =
5 8

ACTIVITY 2.
Simplify until obtaining an irreducible fraction.

16 80
a) = b) =
28 30

-12 -27
c) = d) =
6 36

28 -64
e) = f) =
84 132

ACTIVITY 3.
Write 3 fractions equivalent to the given fraction. Remember that you can amplify or simplify.

1 6
a) = = = b) = = =
5 7

20 -225
c) = = = d) = = =
30 75

-8 -11
e) = = = f) = = =
6 18

ACTIVITY 4.
Write in the the number that is missing for the fractions to be equivalent.
1 8 80
a) = b) =
3 18 10

56 −7 9
c) = d) =
8 54 6

8 -9 -108
e) f) =
ORDER IN THE RATIONALS.
Rational numbers represent quantities, so some can represent more and others less, that is to say there are
an order relation between them.

That is why we can determine when one number is greater than another or if they are equal.

> ⟺ ∗ > ∗ < ⟺ ∗ < ∗ = ⟺ ∗ = ∗

Examples:

1 1 2 2 7 14
> 1*3>1*2 < 2*3<2*5 = ⟺ 7* 20 = 14 * 10
2 3 5 3 10 20

In addition, a set of rational numbers can be ordered, from least to greatest or vice versa, in the following way:

Calculate the LCM of the denominators.

2. Amplify each fraction so that they all have the same denominator.
3. Sort from least to greatest or vice versa.

Example:
1 1 2
Arrange the following fractions from smallest to largest:, .,
3 4 5

Calculate the least common multiple of the denominators.

PMC (3,4, 5 =) 60

2. Amplify the fractions so that they have the same denominator.

1 * 20 20 1∗ 15 15 212 24
= ; = ; =
3 multiplied by 20 60 4* 15 60 5 * 12 60

3. Write the ordered fractions.

15 20 24 1 1 2
< < ⟹ < <
60 60 60 4 3 5

DENSITY IN THE SET OF RATIONAL NUMBERS.

A set is dense when between two distinct numbers, infinitely many numbers from the same set can be interspersed.

It is possible to intersperse infinite rational numbers between two distinct rationals, since the setℚ it is dense.

1. Calculate the LCM of the denominators of the two fractions.

2. Amplify the fractions so they have the same denominator.
3. Write the interleaved fractions.

Example:
1 4
Interleave 3 fractions between 3y . 5

4. Calculate the least common multiple of the denominators.

FMC (3,5 )= 15

5. Amplify the fractions.

1 1 times 5 5 4 4 * 3 12
= = = =
ACTIVITY 5.
Place in the ( ) the sign >, < or = as appropriate.

1 3 1 8
a) ( ) b) ( )
3 4 4 -9

-2 5 -17 -32
c) ( ) d) ( )
3 -9 20 45

15 5 42 168
e) ( ) f) ( )
3 1 60 240

ACTIVITY 6.

a) Order the following rationals from least to greatest.

3 -5 -3 1 1
, , , ,1
4 6 5 1 3

b) Arrange the following rationals from smallest to largest.

3 2 -3 -2 -1
, , , ,
4 5 4 5 2

c) Arrange the following rational numbers from greatest to least.

3 -5 1 1 -370
, , , , , ,
4 6 2 1 8 6 1

d) Arrange the following rational numbers from greatest to least.

−7−4 0 6 4 −3
, , , , ,
9 5 879 10
ACTIVITY 7.
Interleave 5 rationals between:

-2 5
a) , , , , , ,
5 7

5 5
b) , , , , , ,
2 9

9 11
c) , , , , , ,
7 8

3 4
d) , , , , , ,
8 9

1 1
e) , , , , , ,
3 2

ACTIVITY 8.
Place the given rationals on the same number line.
13 -17
a) , , 32, -5
5 10 7

b) 131, 32, 17, -2, −312, -9

5 5 2
Algebraic structure of the rationals.
The set of rational numbers, with the operations of addition and multiplication, defines a field. That is:

( ℚ, +,∗) it is a body:
i. ( ℚ, + )it is an abelian group:
Closure.
2. Commutativity.
3. Associativity.
4. Additive Neutral Element.
5. Additive Inverse Element (Additive Opposite).
ii. ( ℚ ,∗
) it is an abelian group:
Closure.
2. Commutativity.
3. Associativity.
4. Multiplicative Neutral Element.
5. Multiplicative Inverse Element.
iii. ( ℚ, +,∗) it fulfills the distributivity.

ADDITION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS.

There are different ways to add two rationals.

1. Fractions with equal denominators: The numerators are added and the common denominator is kept.
+
+ =
2. Fractions with different denominators: Each fraction must be amplified so that they have a common denominator.
common and then add the numerators (amplified).
+
+ =

PROPERTIES OF THE ADDITION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS.

The set of rational numbers with the operation of addition forms an abelian group. That is, it satisfies the following
properties:

Closure
Associativity
Additive neutral element Group
Abelian group
Additive inverse element

Commutativity

ACTIVITY 9.
Solve the following additions of rational numbers.

a)71+ 73+ 72=

b)321+ 51+ -3 =
4

c) -1+ 43=
4

d) 32+ (−81+ 43) =

-8 7
e) + =
5 15
SUBTRACTION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS.
Subtraction is the inverse operation of addition. Therefore:
−
− = +

ACTIVITY 10.
Solve the following subtractions of rational numbers.
27 13
a) − =
31 31

b)-1− 83=
5

-2 -1
c) − =
3 6

3 -1
d) − =
7 7

e)-1- 153=
2

f)-5− 21− 43− -5 =

8 12

ADDITIVE EQUATIONS IN Q.
Given the equation + = where , ∈ ℚ with variable, the value of the variable can be calculated by summing, in
both sides of the equality, the additive inverse of the rational . That is to say:

−
+ = |+

− −
+ + = +

( ∗ ) +( − ∗)
=
∗

ACTIVITY 11.
Solve the following additive equations with rationals.
2
a) + 51= 3

2 5
b) + 71= − 342

1
c) − 21+ 61= − 435

3
d) 41+ + 52= − 218
 ACTIVITY 12.
Solve the following combined exercises in your notebook.

a)(213- 312) − [415− (221+ 153)] =

b)− (− 21− 21) − -1 =

2

c)41− (2 -21) − (− 13− 21+ 2) =

3
d) 18+ [14− (81+ 2 −50) - 132] =

3
e)10− [− 21− (13− 41) − 51] − 32=

MULTIPLICATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS.

∗
∗ =
∗

PROPERTIES OF THE MULTIPLICATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS.

The set of rational numbers, excluding zero, with the multiplication operation forms an abelian group. That is to say, it satisfies
with the following properties:

Closure
Associativity
Multiplicative neutral element Group
Abelian group
Multiplicative inverse element

Commutativity

ACTIVITY 13.
Solve the following rational multiplications.
3 -2
a) 8
∗9 =

b)-4∗5 21∗ 31=

-12 -3 30
c) 15
∗ 4 ∗40 =

1 -1 -2
d) 2
∗4 ∗3 =

e) 221∗ -1∗4 32∗ -5 12

=

DIVISION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS.

 ACTIVITY 14.
Solve the following divisions of rationals.
−7 3
a) ∶ =
8 5

4
b): 16 =
9

4
c) 0 ∶ 7
=

d)(21: 2) : 4 =

1 1 1
e) 4
∶ 2
∶ 3
=

MULTIPLICATIVE EQUATIONS IN Q.

Given the equation ∗ = where , ∈ ℚ with variable, the value of the variable can be calculated by multiplying,
on both sides of the equality, by the multiplicative inverse of the rational That is to say:

∗ = |∗

∗ ∗ =∗

∗
=
∗

ACTIVITY 15.
Solve the following multiplicative equations.
-2
a)34 = 5

-1
b)21∗ 4= 2

2 1
c) ∗ (31∶ −21) = ∶ 3 4

1
d) -2 3 = (−21∗ 41) ∶ 6

ACTIVITY 16.
Solve the following combined exercises.

a)32∗ [-3−4(−21* 4 -12∗ 10) - 1] =

b)12+ 14∗ [21− 34: (1 -31)] =

c) (32- 1) ∗ 112+ 34∗ -4 3

=
ACTIVITY 17.
Solve the following equations inℚ , +, (∗ . )
-3
a) 2+ 41=
5

b) 3+ 5= 61− 21

1
c) 6+ 5 =
3

4
d)= 32− 3
9 4

-4
e) -5=0
3

+2 5
f) − =
12 2

g) 7+ 47+ 2− 21+ 4 = 7

2+1 -6 3
h) ( )= ( )
3 5 4 3

-1 -2 -3 -5
i) − − =
2 3 4 5

6 +1 11 -2 1 5
j) − − ( 5x - 2=)
3 9 4 6

k)4 -10 +1
= 4x -16 +3
6 4

3 2 -1
l) ( ) − 34(3 +2
) − 15( -2
) + 51= 0
5 6 4 3
ACTIVITY 18.
Solve and respond in your notebook to the following problems that involve rational numbers.
-5 3
a) What number added to8 results in 2
?

9 1
b) What number should be subtracted from
to obtain ?
7 2

9 1
c) What number subtracted from
to obtain ?
7 2

3 -1
d) The sum of three fractions is equal to53The first addend is 7 and the second is 4
What is the third
summing?
1
e) A water pond contains 6
of its capacity, if 64 liters are added, it reaches half. What is the
pond capacity?
1 1
f) After spending 3
y 8
From the money I had, I have $3,990 left. How much money did I have?

7 4
g) Determine the number whoseexceed
8
their 5
in 2.

3
h) What number should be divided
4
to by?
get –2?

3 5
i) Find three consecutive integers such that the sum of 5 the smallest and6 the largest exceeds
in 31 to the medium.

3
j) Find the number that decreased in
8
itsequivalent to its double decreased by 11.
it is

3 5
On Thursday I lost 5what I lost on Wednesday and on Friday
6
what I lost on Thursday. If in the three
I lost $252,000. How much did I lose on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday?

2 2
The age of a son is 5 the age of his father and 8 years ago the son's age was 7
of the age of
father. Calculate the current ages of the father and the son.

4
m) Un padre tiene 40 años y su hijo 15. ¿Dentro de cuantos años la edad de la hija 9será
of the
los age of

father?
2 3
n) What number added to its 9
and with its
8
it is 318.

2
A young woman saves $12,000 from her allowance at the beginning of each month and spends the remaining amount
delthat corresponds to 3
total. How much money do you receive as allowance in the month?

1
p) A pool contains 1,200 liters of water when it is 4 atof its total capacity. What is the capacity

total liters of water in the pool?

1
A bottle of juice contains143liters of the liquid. The necessary juice is extracted to fill 5 glasses of
4

liter, each. How many liters of juice are left in the bottle?

A pottery merchant goes out to sell planters. In the first house, they buy half of the planters.
what it brings, more than half a pot; in a second house they buy half of the pots that are left.
more than half a flowerpot; and in a third house they buy from him the half of the flowerpots he had left
DECIMAL REPRESENTATION OF A FRACTION.
Every fraction can be represented in decimal form by dividing the numerator by the denominator.

Decimal numbers are formed from a whole part separated from a decimal part with a comma. According to how
the decimal can be classified as:

[Link] decimal: a decimal number whose decimal part has an end.

2. Infinite decimal: a decimal number whose decimal part does not have an end.
a. Newspaper: the decimal part is formed by a numerical sequence that repeats (period).

[Link]-periodic: the decimal part is formed by some digits (ante-period) accompanied by a

period.

c. In non-periodic decimals: the decimal part is infinite and non-repeating.

= 3.141592654..

FRACTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF A DECIMAL.

Decimal numbers, depending on their nature, can be expressed as a fraction (proper, improper or
equal to the integer). The only decimal numbers that cannot be represented as a fraction are the non-repeating infinite ones.
periodic decimals, which is why all decimals except non-repeating infinite ones belong to the set of
rational numbers.

1. Finite decimal to fraction: the entire decimal is written in the numerator omitting the comma. It is in the
the denominator is written as a power of ten, where the exponent is equal to the number of digits in the whole part
decimal.

2. Periodic infinite decimal to fraction: the complete decimal is written in the numerator omitting the comma and
It retains everything that is before the period. In the denominator, as many nines are written as there are digits in the.
period.
 3. Infinite semiperiodic decimal to fraction: the complete decimal is written in the numerator omitting the comma.
and everything before the period is subtracted. In the denominator, as many nines are written as there are digits.
the period accompanied by as many zeros as there are digits in the anteperiod.

Operations with Decimal Numbers.

Let us remember by observing the given example and write in your own words the appropriate procedure to solve each.
operation with decimal numbers.

i. ADDITION.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

ii. SUBTRACTION.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

iii. MULTIPLICATION.
iv. DIVISION.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

FAST CHALLENGE!

What happens when we divide a decimal number by 10, 100, 1,000, ...?
(Answer the question after observing the three examples)
 UNIQUE SELECTION TEST AND MULTIPLE SELECTION.

Instructions: Blacken one and only one of the alternatives. Every exercise must include its calculations.
coherent mathematical reasoning to the content and the chosen answer.

-2 -5
What fraction is equivalent to5 ? What fraction is obtained by amplifying
8
by–3?

-8 15
A) 15
A) 24
8 -15
B) 20
B) 24
-6 15
C) 20
C) 8
10 -15
D) -25
D) 8
4 -5
E) 10
E) 24

What number should be written in the∆ so that the4) Which of the following inequalities is correct?
Are fractions equivalent?
3
A)0, 3 ̅ >
4
11 33
A) 5 = B)
-2
>
5
15 ∆ 3 -9
B) 10 1
C)0.25 <
8
C) 30
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ > 0.25 ̅
D)0.25
D) 45
-3 -6
E) N.A. E) >
5 8

5) The number̅0,
̅ ̅ ̅ 08 is equivalent to: 6) Which of the following fractions is the largest?

8
A) 90 -8
A) 11
16
B) 180 -3
B) 4
16
C) 198 -5
C) 7
4
D) 45 -17
D) 23
8
E) 99 -19
E) 25

7)¿Cuál de los siguientes racionales es mayor que 2,7 ? 8)¿Cuál(les) de las siguientes afirmaciones es(son)
always true?
29 An integer rational has no decimal development.
A) 11
5
11
ii.0.025̅ ̅ ̅ =̅
198
B) 5 1
iii. The rationale 33
it has infinite decimal development
18
C) newspaper.
7
13
D) A) Only i. and ii.
5
26
B) Only ii. and iii.
E) 9 C) Only i. and iii.
9)¿Cuál de los siguientes racionales está a igual 10)El punto P en una recta numérica corresponde al
1 3
distance of y 4 ? 5 number-19What
4
is the closest integer to P?

9
A) 20
-6
16
B) -3
40
17
C)–5
C) 40 -4
8 -2
D) 20
19
E) 40

-3 -2 −7 1
11)Yes = 2 ; = 3
y = 8
, then the order 12) The result of(21+ 13) ∶ es: 5
growing is:
6
A) 25
A) a, b, c
25
B) b, c, a B) 6
C) c , b , a 1
D) a, c, b C) 6
b, a, c D)6
1

What is the value of Q? A quarter of the third part of half of 2 is:

1
Q=1-
1
1− 1
1
A)
1- 4
2
1 1
A) B) 12
2

B)
-1 C) 2
2
D)12
C)2
E) Another value.
D)-2
E) Another value.

3 2 1 1 1
15)Si hoy leí de
8
un libro y ayer leí menos
6
que hoy. 16)¿Cuánto es la mitad de 4
of 5
of 10
of 40,000?
How much do I have left to read?

2 A) 400
A) 8
B) 300
3
B) 8
C) 200
4 D) 100
C) 8 E) 50
5
D) 8
1
E) 8