CHAPTER -14 SEMIGonOUCTOR ELECTRONICS A Electonigs Eloctrmia fhe branch. of Science frat ceols auth doe consoled flow of- elechons Prrough Ofpecant motutob and Oeuess. * Llomppreation of materials: 4U matwal Con be clorfied jvto Por Categories. 4 conclucts = Iruuotsns 3, Semicarcvctors * Vallenes Band: ft ts dopinih ay te enungy lautls In a houd fret b by fue of lon orbitals ULhin atoms Lome plow. dogettun. fo Q . -H#L upvally Lorplotcly se pocaay foal wlth ot brorat Ok, ~ Tha & prosutk tn filo ‘band ane bound fo Phat Atgpectiut. atom ard thai de not Contrsbuti Fo wachical conductiulty, * Conduction Banc: It as defn 08 tos of erwroyy loucls 7 abel frat ds forwmel by fs oustep Ai unaceupled. Atrruic prbitals within ators corms Clow ira he - St Bes abou fer volence Band and ts usually enapry at Ok. - elachens opemypying His bard aw fue fo ous gut Jue wuptel and are rusporsib fr techical conductor. # Forbidden erway Gop le): Ir ate ergy Agere. bafuss je tp of yotun ce Bard and py bottom ef the conduchon Band fn & bold.X Gn tos Basis off Eneroy- Bands: YD Londucnns: Conductor are fcr madesals in us be foe Volona. Band and conduction Band effin guanlap on fhe fponbiecon trangy gop Us rand. : B of ths auslop, a ke woof pe er ake ee X) (620) bidudgh err th foe corductm Band. aun at'oK. rt V nk ~ fhm fuse © Lan mous. cosy turduran applied chuchre fteld. Ava. motusol a geod Conductar of elecbicly-” » fcanple: Copper (04), iby (Pq), Aluminium (Ad. (1D) Frswlodens? Inaulodoss are pratuvals t Latter yolant Band 4 Completely filed and Conductton Band ks = That down Boras are ayporsted by forge forbidden snegy br Gesu) Ganductin Bard. - Boca Gis witolt gop £ from VB Cant galn ereugh energy Po jump into C8. G>5eV — Honet, nwo 2 Om aquallabe for concluctin and masertal. buenos an puchicol Irrularr. Valence band. Eran Rusby glo, wood ete. Ci) Sentaonductons: Thise ars de mottals whion Hane DPrtwsredrats onaly Hulty, bepucasr @pncuctod and Ssulotord r— The Ey tt Bonds B dmal(mtev) : Bocas of Hilo senall gop on olschon : | cath pen VB Can gain enough truumal emg © jump int 0-6. Phun a trol no. of fre alichn , a and hols are availa. for. Conductors & Hu conducsroity [ vate | Exon: Lilien, Germanium, Golam Arseniide. \ B Type» of Sersioonductes 1 Inpinate Seratconduchr: feb 0. pure Mrsiconuc foot Ae no Ampusi tie added tit 9+ Commits erly of doe Py pe of artorns, such Od Sldenn Cod) on. Crermariven Cie), Woe oe — Trane bechors bucon fut echo , kaauing bebtad Hels in V8. pn an brbinsic bericonductys , errant conductin alos ut. dus fe bon elechory avol bolts. - hoof, ele chore (ne) py otto ty ual bd to ofp Moles My) (Nexo) - Th,4 Eerinste Aerteorductent $i On Boypure(doped) serniconcluche by adding a bmall amount fy dmpurlly cadens gn Aemloonducter ,uch a4 dtlicen oh. germanium, “fo Increase. [Arden ry fs ent Wak depp. D Bepundl on Hutype of drupiuity added, extinste henniconducer Uk Atudded hat hype bi ©) Az type bemicondluctr : ft whi a pentavoluct Arpuaity (howing 5 valence electron) 2 added to x pure denrtcoucuctor. > Kample bn pacity’. Presphorwale), Arsenic CAs) Brrtimany Ces), Puen a fare seritconducter depped win panfawoluet es a Covatunt book with nughbous bltitm atrw ing ft fue > Tha ppt uchron remains boosely bound and d eossty nabotped Into fus tendluctin band at Asc Anpuatire. > Tj teamed alichn becomes a pe chon apis. fo conduction. | 2 i CaNuors: + Hajonit Camjors', Blech eminondty conmiors: Hpled,© Ersngy Banol biagrarn: 2In an n-type surui conduct ed Fee donor gmpur'tgaton Sripdivers a. donor (evel, ee ec ete £o CB) fet balowe fas onc in ee) B pruent tr fey ru Volunee Level (Donor sregy eual) and. ‘and ——— Aagudre Ue (about [Link]\) fo ante Gonductin band £ become fret Hiner, ©-6. gets a barge no. 4 elect , maping ehechon Hoe majortty carne > Gree 0° our Profle CB, froles Aumosns br Poe VB, but hole numb in Ueey dymall (prey ane minority Garner). bronple Anpuity: Baron (a), Alurriniam(Aty Galtiom, Jncumte) > usin a poe pemicorduchs 4s depped with tivalert Impunly ~ bach pr'vadent atom jou fare Covalent bends wlth neighhousleg Suton atom. Intornplct. Cmining ove alechm) — 4 fal. - Ture done boud Lift crete a Yalant ste or hole in the rp : —Thes bole brhaus Lie a tve ch Conier, D full puts tot ara bol - When & prarby thcfen mous Bb rrrated In th ravous Bositten. Thuis, poles appcor te our Harvey tn mypstal and Canny aurnent [Link] Larios: + majpuity Lanes’, Hols o minority Lannion: Electrons.2 Enugy Bond dg aon —The pivot mpurity Inpoducs a. ,__ Accpton'enuigy lnvel (Es) Just Sa abeuse Valence bord. - At rcom temperotuny, Sore Lhachion (VL V-B. gan enough frsamal. ae ae aceypton (auth, Eg oceupls ut) taung A hole th fre voline band. trey — Thaw; tha v0 of duos in VB. srcuoss, bard making Aolutes mojoity Cantus. — $0, conduchuity moirly dusfo Lots, % Both n-type and p-type sericonductes art hechically neudot Breaux Bota type of Adermal rpualty And hot gent cordlutts) ane Lhicrically petrol and hence, $0 produced n-typrand p-type semiconductor is ebeerricalyy reubas. ® kelatn bo no-desttiag @ Lhols fr an Fxcbtruse surnieondcton: PE any Stwsivendud Crane or pines, ab orfined fap. The. product ob Leo -of, Llechen (ne) ondl Mole Cna) 1 Combat and 24 val doe Squost A In Mune Cvrultr Coneenpotion nenen? L212 InprincCantr Concunbotra) Th bs wht fe law of ma Actin.# PN Tunction: J i fe bouindory (Function jn) fro forma yP Q 8 and an n-dype seriicenduchs ame food Hoyt in o. sighs emptal. 2 feameton ofr EN Tunchors wlan 2 p-type andl n-type sera conductors an Jotned : Bi fet eal eae The p-side ae fem p- id chi} Indo fran Side. Ths give rte 40 te by on arnt Aero fe gun . ? ee frou burind Immobie bons on foe! N-idle Gragotive change) and gute p-siee Gue Chong) a fagion douthoped wtcr d alypletec (prs) % pret choy > That fined fons root. an eluchse fild pom fp. quich ft ni ard dwoleps 2 tral. acres His pancfinn os pofenttol Bonnier. > Due fo foe slecpic fil, tha minority hare carious Cer from prstde & diols from ne sids) Shorts pro ving ard C00 > Hency fea drupe eons is opepaite totus diffusa” eunrard. 2 At eguibisalom ; ths difpuarer ccununt and abift dunart holon each ofa ank no pat cumnent flows ard tds & bow 2 PN Junction & ferred& Lavinonductr. Diao 02(P-N Functor bred): IF ts 0. dleuler prmed by joining a p-typeand n-type sniionducter. Phat alles ‘fo easily tn gue direction (forward bios) but offers a vey high Awsitfanee In tr oppoot. disacpren (raverst bles). shyribolt Pegion nenaplen. “he Oa { 1 20000 108108) « 0200 O86! . oo oo 0 JO Gl@e), 0° 0° oo © o coca okt +00 [06106 ' aoe 12 e168 2000 iP 908 > unhin tos peside og P-NJunctin Otcde & Donneckd to forive twmniral. and n- side-fo te negative zannnal of te Gottuy fhe Otods w Sard to be formod biased. > Sn fawn Lonciition tre applied vo! ox fhe built in fofertol [Link] tHe digit sagt died Re i uctdtn, = Mp fra Barrin becorus finn, clechora [rom the r-side gain ough ensigy fo erowtis junchnand tomblre Usty Moles onthe p-Gde. > Ths moment oF charge Loins Constiuty a eeuanrd Curt farough bs diode. Fh ? lhen fr appliecd vo excads re bomen pobertiol (OF for Sibicoy 03 V for germar/ar) fre Lode Conducts paauily, 7 Tha cheectin of Con vein a cumentle prom p tn, wdrite elecpove actualy. mut from ‘n' fo p’,35 000 10 G0/6OG los oe 000 920,000 | . 16201 @@0 |. ee lee eloee! 020 2% 120 C000 Le 0000 whooe ooo 00099 oe elgo® o0e000 Woe a @ 002000 198 loo loo lee ! > when fre p-FidLop a pon punction Bceunsctd Po fre neganiut tamirol and for n-tets pode portius feruminal og Battery, fis Diode B said fo be prs pwede Biased. > In foes esnaitien, foe applied voltage Bids(suyoport) tre. bultt-tn fot Lorrler, dausmy the ctepledny hagion to wor > fsa rosubl; fit provumut of mojortty change Comios Celuchan in n-diced hols in p- ds) Is Completely blocked, a tos cliods of pus a poy high AeHonc. 2 uly a vey troll pause Jatumation durront dust fo the motion of, ninonty Chorge Caries Lomb oy fassrraly > Tis cunt alert Constast ond Indipurdut of The appr ed voltage , unsil fre breakdown voltape it DT® VT chosactrasties of 2 PnTunctien Brod: P The VL chonacteusiies of a Biode sow fhe rstatinghip befusew He ted aorow Pu biods (y) and the curent ( shat fi pile hg ke e In G Brant ve : Y Vollape Reverse Gout) L Gi) Forward Bias eharacteistia; whan fre Diode forward Bicsed. 0 fora wry tall bo lYapes, almost po punent heart, Pos oped voltage DB uot Augpicient fo ounnomé fur popentiaL Barter. oA he voltage incriars and peadius a cerita vate Caled cuut-in voltaye or frrusholel Yo Gaye, tre Gomler potential D rtacrad arda murnbtr of chore LAMIO crott the function. 0 Tt Bode Phin Marts Conducting rapidly and prs Currant Increayn Hhanply witha dyna Fncraase in voltage.YW Reverse- Bias Chonacterisher Unhin de Qiods 2 ravers Brased. © The Culdtn of fou clepletion regio dnoroane and erly & tyrall ound dalled fre povprse Saturation currant flo. © Ths curmment b due fr minority Charge dovnien and ramnon'n almest ooviteut, Indepundutt of tte appled voltase. If fre neers volrae O Snoraased uyord. A baton vole ben os fre Breacdown voltage Tie AWere currant Droracses duddunly ard jie diode may get domagt k Depinitora © Depletion Region: fix ragion around p-n Tanchog wrote Charge Carr os Cobechans £ holes) OL lenuing benind nmobile lors ,)¢ called Ayplation raylen- © Potential bavienr: Te pokutial ou a daweloped Qerop ths dsplation pagion dist do fox cbfpuance Of Charge Carrion Is called Hue fokutral Barrier. (fr sivien~o-FV fer germanium 031) « Cut-in VoUape/ Thrushold Volare, The minimum foruad Voltage. atushich fre Biods tart Conducting appreciably & Calted. a Cut-in Vo 7 » Reverse Sasuratio cumant. The tynall Lovetaut surat frat us ha Otel iy Advene Bias ut fo pInorify Change orien ts Dolled Rovase Jadurotion Curt. «© Grsakdowwn voltage: The savers Voltage atuhidr fre diode Awe put Incroass rapidly duste Avalanche or Torr Auokdour- 0s dalud Broakdoin voltage. . Krae yottages Tha yoltays at ysnich fie forutord ewan o Prods ins to Incruase Sharply 0b halted Prat voltage. “s* [Link] of- Junction Sods: K Rectifier: A notifier b an obechoric Dura frat Conudti abternating currint CAC) info direct curnunt Coc) Using one On mone P-N Junct Ofode. — I wueiks OU te poinciple prot a diode allows Cunuut te flow La one Artech avd blocks th rovwrse AlrocHon, > Habfy-tuave Rechprnr $1 med ir 0. lowes that Lonverds only one hotf. Ctve or ve) of te Input Ac fignal fo OC gufput using a bngle P-N Junthon brods. 2 Circuit Diagram: K, => Uborlingt = (D Ouing tue hadf- cycle Of AC: * The p-side of Biods beaomes Sve' and ne IL biomes nogatut 0 Te Abed fonsiets Blond, Xk LOS WO [Link] ph © The oudpur voltage Qeten fis. load fo isu fre pus’ half ofs Snput uignok-UD Ouning Sve! Dolf euch af ac: eT p-sidlt brome ve ana ne Hide beacons Pue'. © The Diocle L ravaseBiasedl and doent conduct. «No cunrunt flows tunsugh fire load and output vollye 1 coro. D> Wavehorm : oT oudput wiauatewn Const uly of Sue! holf aycle of Input Ac © The Sve! half cycles art blockad by rx biods. © Hancty the gutpus rs umdlech mal but putiatig- De > Rippu nt It is Ee ee led oe gage noes fesctiate) — 4 pte rato of RMS valuc of A be eh of AC Compennt te Dc Consponud re The Toc © DC Cument > Toe = Tnox I + OC output Volta > Ve = Vee2 Exficuneys Radyo of DC powur output do thu fotok Ac Pour Input 2 Advantages — Pimple arrouit - tow cost - Earyfo opuate 2 Brsadvontaze: me tow fp e Rppp facrr Fa Ausragioudput ? licattone pe — Used in low pow OC supply. - Wed far Testing Orode. = Pn wmple battery hogy Fell was Ractfias Jeb olipined 04 pole that Conunds Lotn holuss (pve doy of The Ac Srp ngnek Int> DC oudput wring tuto Otedae. > Chouit Dropoon:D wor Yburing poottus poly cycle? The uppu end of Ateouolary usinding becomes positive. Diode 0, 1s formard blased and Coriduch cum. — Brodit, 'reterse biawed and dpenot conduct. - Cunmnt [ous frrerpr Load ®’ gn one Oprection. (i) During pegasus Lob - cychs : — The (pur avd Of off Meondayusindiiy beccrnt osties — Oinde O Conduct & 0, & ruwue blas ~ Camsnt again flows freup bn barns dhnsction, Tiny, bafta habeus of fx Srpot Ac are wed On he puspuc 7) continusus pulsating AC. D Oupput waveform: Ths gusput wanufeun yf Of full was puchpn Cows of orn a a 2 0c gutput Yoltas -> Vor. = LVnae Tw? Advantayy: - oppiceney and autput volfase ( about £1.27.) — low “upp. fackr> Lmnooth pC - Better. Panagounen Usbiration. ? Ovaduontay, — Cinewit Js mere comple ( wtuso or four Ofods&). ~ Repulus prore comporuth + Mighdly pigher ent: 2 Applicodow: -In nadto, felayisten avd e Chrowt. -§n Batty chang econ - bn oc Pow supplix do tenust ACmaint to OC. & Fit. cireuits: A pitta eult is an obuctonr Clacutt used. +o romneut. fe Ac foe pubating DC ougput of a. nechpiede fo produce @ Imovtr 4 Steady DC voltage. Ned: As fur ouput from a rechfies Bw wot pure De - Ctonterms Ac Alpe. To mace tt futtable It pubs fa las tn eichrt duit fhe Mpls must be ssamnouesl A fitter chaeure Berporrns th functor, 7A ple use Ingurctery eopaciter ox Lote to oppose tee AC yarrasrons Wd alleuss Oc fo pam. Gpaeipor:- Bleck De but allow Ac +0 Bara Huwoigh Gnductor :> allows OC but oppor AC ( breause out Anaclan, 2 By pepe combnaim, the Ac ryppls ane. fetred ut, dealing alyuctt pure DC.