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EXAM REVISION NOTES (CBSE Class 9 – Green Skills-I)
Unit 5 – Session 1: Society and Environment
1. Environment
Environment influences all aspects of human life.
We depend on natural resources such as water, fuel, wood, grasslands, forests, rivers, and
seas.
These resources come from the interconnected web of plants and animals.
2. School Environment
(a) Physical Environment
Includes:
School building
Classrooms
Library
Laboratories
Corridors
Kitchen
Toilets
Garden
Playground
(b) Socio-cultural Environment
Shaped by:
Quality of teaching
Student activities
Inclusivity
Social behaviour
Discipline
Respect for diversity
Together these provide a supportive learning environment.
3. Impact of Economic Development
High-input agriculture, use of fertilisers, pesticides, hybrid crops → soil and environmental
degradation.
Balanced environment is essential for a healthy life.
4. Relationship Between Society and Environment
Humans are social animals and live in groups → form a society.
Society follows common rules, ethics, and cooperation.
Human activities (development, luxuries, exploitation) affect the ecological balance.
Misuse of resources disrupts the natural environmental system.
ECOSYSTEM
A component of the environment where plants, animals, and microbes live together
through a chain mechanism.
Includes:
Producers
Consumers
Decomposers
All living things help complete the life cycle of the environment.
NATURAL RESOURCES
Definition:
Anything natural or artificial used by humans for survival, well-being, and development.
Can be:
Organic / Inorganic
Solid / Liquid / Gas
Metallic / Non-metallic
Types of Natural Resources
1. Land Resources
Used for residence, agriculture, production, and recreation.
Finite in nature → must be used sustainably.
2. Forest Resources
Self-sustaining ecosystems dominated by trees.
Provide:
Wood (furniture, construction)
Fuel (cooking, heating)
Products like tannins, gums, drugs, spices
Support biodiversity.
3. Water Resources
Cover ¾ of Earth.
Freshwater = only 2.5% of total water.
Important for:
Irrigation
Drinking
Industry
Hydro-electricity
Recreation
Environmental conservation
4. Mineral Resources
Natural deposits extracted to make useful materials.
Non-renewable.
Metals: gold, iron, copper, aluminium
Non-metals: salt, gypsum, coal
Some minerals (diamond) consist of a single element.
5. Food Resources
Derived from plants and animals.
Agriculture = main source of plant-based foods.
Provide nourishment for organisms.
6. Energy Resources
Generate heat, power, electricity.
Sources:
Solar energy
Wind energy
Geothermal
Nuclear
Chemical energy (fossil fuels)
CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
A. Renewable Resources
Can be regenerated naturally.
Sustainable for long-term use.
Examples
1. Water
Crucial for:
Irrigation
Drinking
Electricity (hydropower)
Tidal energy
2. Solar Energy
From the Sun.
Used in:
Calculators
Street lights
Solar heaters
3. Wind Energy
Power from wind.
Used for:
Grinding grain
Water pumping
Electricity generation
4. Biomass
From plant & animal waste.
Used for:
Cooking
Heating
Electricity generation
5. Soil
Provides nutrients for plants.
Affected by:
Pollution
Construction
Deforestation
6. Forests
Maintain ecological balance.
Provide:
Clean air
Rain support
Food, fruits, medicinal plants
B. Non-renewable Resources
Cannot be regenerated on a human timescale.
Formed over millions of years.
Examples:
Coal, oil, natural gas
Minerals like gold, copper, iron
Their overuse leads to sustainability concerns.
SHORT EXAM ANSWERS (Quick Revision)
Q1. What is an ecosystem?
A system where plants, animals, and microbes interact through producers, consumers,
and decomposers to maintain environmental balance.
Q2. What are natural resources?
Materials from nature used by humans for survival and development (air, water, minerals,
forests, soil).
Q3. Name renewable resources.
Water, solar energy, wind energy, biomass, soil, forests.
Q4. Name non-renewable resources.
Coal, petroleum, natural gas, minerals like gold and copper.
Q5. What is the relationship between society and environment?
Society uses environmental resources; misuse causes imbalance and environmental
degradation.
If you want, I can also make:
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✔ Important questions with answers
✔ Fill-in-the-blanks / MCQs / True-False
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EXAM REVISION NOTES – GREEN SKILLS-I (Continuation)
Environmental Degradation & Pollution
1. Overexploitation
Meaning:
Using natural resources faster than they can be replenished.
Effects:
Extinction of species
Ecological imbalance
Degradation of forests, soil, and water bodies
Biodiversity loss
Examples:
Overfishing
Deforestation
Excessive grazing
Overuse of water aquifers
Excessive harvesting of wild plants
2. Deforestation
Meaning:
Cutting down trees and clearing forests.
Effects:
Disturbs habitats of organisms
Causes scanty rainfall
Leads to water crisis
Reduces clean air
Causes unusual climatic changes
3. Mining
Meaning:
Digging the earth to extract minerals and ores.
Effects:
Erosion and sinkholes
Contaminated soils and water
Noise pollution
Disturbs natural habitats
Harms living organisms near mining areas
4. Pollution
Meaning:
Addition of harmful substances to air, water, and land.
Examples:
Gaseous emissions from industries and vehicles
Chemical waste
Plastic waste
Noise from machines
Types:
Air pollution
Water pollution
Land pollution
5. Industrialisation
Meaning:
Setting up industries and manufacturing goods.
Effects:
Dumping of industrial waste
E-waste, chemicals, salts making soil infertile
Water and air pollution
Destruction of natural ecosystems
Important Fact (Exam-Point):
Pollution kills over 1 million seabirds and 100 million mammals annually.
Types of Pollutants
1. Biodegradable Pollutants
Definition:
Break down naturally into harmless substances.
Examples:
Vegetable waste
Sewage
Paper
Wood
Cattle dung
Agricultural waste
2. Non-biodegradable Pollutants
Definition:
Do NOT break down; remain harmful for long periods.
Examples:
Plastics
Insecticides, pesticides
Mercury, lead
Aluminium
Glass
Other Causes of Environmental Pollution
Vehicle exhaust fumes
Overuse of agricultural chemicals (fertilisers, pesticides)
Plastic waste
Emission of greenhouse gases (CO₂, methane, CFCs)
Types of Pollution (Table Form for Exams)
1. Land Pollution
What: Harmful substances added to land.
Consequences: Diseases, land degradation, reduced forest and farm productivity.
Causes: Deforestation, chemicals, mining, construction.
Prevention: Use organic farming, reduce waste, segregate waste.
2. Water Pollution
What: Contamination of rivers, lakes, oceans.
Consequences: Diseases (cholera, jaundice), harm to aquatic life, reduced drinking water.
Causes: Sewage discharge, chemical waste, oil spills, agricultural runoff.
Prevention: Treat sewage, avoid dumping waste, prevent chemical spills.
3. Air Pollution
What: Addition of harmful gases/particles to air.
Consequences: Heart & breathing problems, cancer, climate change.
Causes: Burning fuels, vehicle emissions, industrial smoke, spray chemicals.
Prevention: Use renewable energy, avoid polluting vehicles, reduce burning waste.
Non-Renewable Resources (More Examples)
1. Coal
Affordable, widely used, generates electricity and heat.
2. Petroleum
Petrol, diesel, mineral oils
Used for vehicles, industries, and power generation
3. LPG
Derived from petroleum
Used in cooking and heating
4. Natural Gas
Formed from decomposed organic matter
Used as CNG for vehicles
5. Nuclear Energy
Produced in nuclear power plants
Powerful but risky
6. Minerals
Gold, bauxite, mica, iron ore
Extracted through mining (causes environmental harm)
Inexhaustible Resources
Unlimited and cannot be depleted
Examples: Solar energy, wind energy
Exhaustible Resources
Limited, can be depleted
Examples: Coal, natural gas, petroleum, some minerals
Factors Causing Environmental Imbalance
1. Population Growth
Increases demand for food, water, housing, transport, factories
Earth’s resources are limited
Leads to overuse and pressure on natural systems
Causes global warming, extreme weather events (cyclones, floods, droughts)
If you want, I can also prepare:
✔ One-page summary of the whole chapter
✔ Very short questions (1 marks)
✔ Short answers (3 marks)
✔ Long answers (5 marks)
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EXAM REVISION NOTES – GREEN SKILLS-I (Final Part)
1. Climate Change
Meaning:
Increase in Earth’s temperature due to trapping of heat by greenhouse gases.
Main Causes:
Burning of fossil fuels (coal, petrol, diesel)
Deforestation (reduces oxygen, increases CO₂)
Industrialisation
Emission of greenhouse gases:
Water vapour
Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
Methane (CH₄)
Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
Ozone (O₃)
CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs from refrigerators, ACs, cleaners
Effects:
Global warming
Frequent floods
Climate change
Damage to crops and wildlife
2. Harmful Radiation
Ozone Layer:
Protects Earth from harmful UV radiation.
Depletion:
Caused by:
CFCs (cleaning agents, ACs, refrigerators)
Effects:
Skin cancer
Eye problems
Damage to plants and animals
3. Natural Disasters
Examples:
Floods
Earthquakes
Landslides
Storms
Drought
Causes:
Natural processes
Human activities (mining, construction, deforestation) that weaken nature
4. Saving the Environment
Three types of environmental learning:
1. Learning about the environment
Understanding surroundings and environmental issues.
2. Learning through the environment
Hands-on activities, problem-solving, outdoor learning.
3. Learning for the environment
Developing responsible behaviours, using resources efficiently, adopting green
technologies.
5. Actions for Saving the Environment (Table)
Aspect Avoid Prefer
Air Pollution Burning materials like rice/wheat straw Use natural ventilation, fans
Energy Use Leaving lights/appliances ON unnecessarily Use public transport,
cycling, solar/wind energy
Water Pollution Throwing waste in rivers/lakes Use recycled water, rainwater
harvesting
Waste Management Using plastic bags Segregate waste, compost biodegradable waste
Chemicals in Food Using pesticides/fertilisers Organic, chemical-free farming
Forest Plants Overusing paper Reuse paper, use both sides
Water Overusing water Use bucket while bathing, reduce wastage
6. 5R’s for Effective Waste Management
1. Refuse
Say no to unnecessary and non-recyclable products.
Avoid single-use plastics.
2. Reduce
Use minimum resources required.
Print double-sided.
Reduce plastic packaging.
3. Reuse
Use items multiple times instead of buying new.
Use reusable containers, bags, bottles.
4. Repurpose
Convert waste into useful items (e.g., old jars as planters).
5. Recycle
Recycle paper, plastic, metal, glass.
Set up waste segregation systems.
7. Quick Revision Points (Very Useful for Exams)
Greenhouse effect = heat trapped by greenhouse gases.
Carbon dioxide increased by 31% since industrial times.
CFCs = main cause of ozone depletion.
UV radiation → skin cancer & health risks.
Floods & drought linked to climate change.
5Rs = Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose, Recycle.
If you want, I can also make:
✔ One-page summary of the entire chapter
✔ Important 1-mark, 2-mark, 3-mark, and 5-mark questions
✔ Mind map for quick memorisation
Just tell me!