E1 Reaction – Elimination
Unimolecular
Here are complete and concise notes on Grignard’s Reagent, suitable for
JEE and Class 12 level:
🌟 Grignard’s Reagent – Notes
🔹 General Formula:
\text{R-Mg-X}
R = Alkyl or Aryl group
X = Halogen (Cl, Br, I)
Eg: CH₃MgBr, C₆H₅MgCl
🔹 Preparation:
From alkyl/aryl halide and dry ether:
\text{R-X} + \text{Mg} \xrightarrow[\text{Dry Ether}]{} \text{R-Mg-X}
Essential condition: Dry ether is required (Grignard reagent reacts
violently with water).
Reaction is exothermic.
🔹 Nature:
Grignard reagent is highly reactive.
It acts as a strong nucleophile and strong base.
Carbon attached to Mg behaves like a carbanion (C⁻ character).
🔹 Reactivity with Various Compounds:
✅ 1. With Water / Alcohol / Acid:
\text{R-Mg-X} + \text{H₂O} \rightarrow \text{R-H} + \text{Mg(OH)X}
✅ 2. With Aldehydes and Ketones:
a. Formaldehyde (HCHO):
\text{R-Mg-X} + \text{HCHO} \xrightarrow[\text{H₃O⁺}]{} \text{1°
alcohol}
b. Other Aldehydes:
\text{R-Mg-X} + \text{R’-CHO} \xrightarrow[\text{H₃O⁺}]{} \text{2°
alcohol}
c. Ketones:
\text{R-Mg-X} + \text{R’-CO-R’’} \xrightarrow[\text{H₃O⁺}]{} \text{3°
alcohol}
✅ 3. With CO₂:
\text{R-Mg-X} + \text{CO₂} \xrightarrow[\text{H₃O⁺}]{} \text{R-COOH}
✅ 4. With Esters:
\text{R-Mg-X} + \text{R’-COOR’’} \xrightarrow[\text{H₃O⁺}]{} \text{3°
alcohol}
✅ 5. With Epoxides:
\text{R-Mg-X} + \text{epoxide} \xrightarrow[\text{H₃O⁺}]{} \text{alcohol
(2 carbons longer)}
🔹 Important Points:
Moisture-sensitive: decomposes in water.
Stored in dry conditions, often under inert atmosphere.
Used in organic synthesis for building carbon-carbon bonds.
🔹 Example Reaction:
\text{CH₃MgBr} + \text{HCHO} \xrightarrow[\text{H₃O⁺}]{} \
text{CH₃CH₂OH}
Would you like a handwritten-style image or PDF of these notes?
🔹 Definition:
The E1 reaction is a two-step
elimination reaction where:
The leaving group leaves first,
forming a carbocation.
A base removes a β-hydrogen,
forming a double bond.
🔹 General Reaction:
Copy code
LaTeX
\ce{R-CH2-CHX-R’ ->[heat] R-
CH=CH-R’ + HX}
🔹 Mechanism:
Step 1: Formation of Carbocation
(slow, rate-determining step)
Copy code
LaTeX
\ce{R-CH2-CHX-R’ -> R-CH2-
C^{+}H-R’ + X^-}
Step 2: Deprotonation by base
(fast)
Copy code
LaTeX
\ce{R-CH2-C^{+}H-R’ -> R-CH=CH-
R’ + H^+}
🔹 Rate Law:
Copy code
LaTeX
\text{Rate} = k[\ce{R-LG}]
Depends only on the substrate.
Unimolecular rate-determining
step.
🔹 Favorable Conditions:
Factor
E1-favoring condition
Substrate
3° > 2° (Carbocation stability)
Solvent
Polar protic (e.g., H₂O, ROH)
Base
Weak base (e.g., H₂O, ROH)
Leaving group
Good (e.g., Br⁻, I⁻, H₂O)
Temperature
High (heat favors elimination)
.
🔹 Important Features:
Competes with SN1 (both form
carbocation intermediate).
Rearrangement possible
(hydride/methyl shift).
Zaitsev Rule: Major product is the
more substituted alkene.
Stereochemistry: Not stereospecific
(mixture of E/Z possible).
🔹 Examples:
Example 1:
Copy code
LaTeX
\ce{(CH3)3C-Br ->[\text{EtOH,
heat}] (CH3)2C=CH2 + HBr}
Example 2:
Copy code
LaTeX
\ce{CH3CHBrCH3 ->[\text{H2O,
heat}] CH2=CHCH3 + HBr}
Let me know if you want:
Handwritten version
Comparison with E2
PDF format
Diagram with mechanism arrows
Or all of them together 😊